CIRCUIT DEVICE AND FILTER CIRCUIT
20220231653 ยท 2022-07-21
Inventors
Cpc classification
H01F17/045
ELECTRICITY
H03H7/1708
ELECTRICITY
H01F2017/046
ELECTRICITY
H01F19/04
ELECTRICITY
International classification
Abstract
A circuit device includes a substrate, and a wiring pattern and a coil component on the substrate. The wiring pattern includes a first land electrode connected to a first electrode of the coil component and a second land electrode connected to a second electrode of the coil component. The wiring pattern includes a wiring line electrically connected to the land electrode at a position shifted along a first side surface from a center of the first side surface by a shifting value and a wiring line electrically connected to the land electrode at a position shifted along a second side surface from a center of the second side surface by a shifting value.
Claims
1. A circuit device, comprising: a substrate; a wiring pattern on the substrate; and a coil component on the substrate; wherein the coil component includes: a first coil and a second coil in a multilayer body such that coil surfaces of the first coil and the second coil face each other in a lamination direction, and the coil component is mounted such that the coil surfaces of the first coil and the second coil are parallel or substantially parallel to a surface of the substrate; and the wiring pattern includes: a first electrode portion connected to an input terminal of the coil component and provided along a first side surface of the multilayer body on which the input terminal is provided; a second electrode portion connected to an output terminal of the coil component and provided along a second side surface of the multilayer body, the second side surface being opposed to the first side surface; a first wiring portion electrically connected to the first electrode portion at a position shifted along the first side surface from a center of the first side surface by a first distance; and a second wiring portion electrically connected to the second electrode portion at a position shifted along the second side surface from a center of the second side surface by a second distance.
2. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein the first distance and the second distance are identical or substantially identical.
3. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein the first wiring portion and the second wiring portion are shifted in a same direction along the side surfaces of the multilayer body.
4. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein the first wiring portion and the second wiring portion are shifted in different directions along the side surfaces of the multilayer body.
5. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein the first distance or the second distance includes a distance of zero.
6. A circuit device, comprising: a substrate; a wiring pattern on the substrate; and a coil component on the substrate; wherein the coil component includes: a first coil and a second coil in a multilayer body such that coil surfaces of the first coil and the second coil face each other in a lamination direction, and the coil component is mounted such that the coil surfaces of the first coil and the second coil are parallel to a surface of the substrate; the wiring pattern includes: a first electrode portion connected to an input terminal of the coil component and provided along a first side surface of the multilayer body on which the input terminal is provided; a second electrode portion connected to an output terminal of the coil component and provided along a second side surface of the multilayer body, the second side surface being opposed to the first side surface; a first wiring portion not electrically connected to the first electrode portion; and a second wiring portion not electrically connected to the second electrode portion; the first electrode portion includes: a first connection portion at a position shifted in a first direction along the first side surface from a center of the first side surface by a first distance; and a second connection portion at a position shifted in a second direction opposite to the first direction along the first side surface from the center of the first side surface by the first distance; the second electrode portion includes: a third connection portion at a position shifted in the first direction along the second side surface from a center of the second side surface by a second distance; and a fourth connection portion at a position shifted in the second direction along the second side surface from the center of the second side surface by the second distance; the first wiring portion includes: a first end portion extending to a position facing the first connection portion; and a second end portion extending to a position facing the second connection portion; and the second wiring portion includes: a third end portion extending to a position facing the third connection portion; and a fourth end portion extending to a position facing the fourth connection portion; a first connection element electrically connects between the first connection portion and the first end portion or between the second connection portion and the second end portion; and a second connection element electrically connects between the third connection portion and the third end portion or between the fourth connection portion and the fourth end portion.
7. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein the first side surface and the second side surface of the coil component are surfaces parallel or substantially parallel to a longitudinal direction of the coil component.
8. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein the coil component includes a transformer coil in which the first coil and the second coil are magnetically coupled to each other.
9. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein a conductor defining the first coil and the second coil of the coil component includes respective portions running along the first side surface and the second side surface.
10. A filter circuit, comprising: the circuit device according to claim 1; and a capacitor connected to an electrode between the first coil and the second coil of the coil component.
11. The circuit device according to claim 6, wherein the first side surface and the second side surface of the coil component are surfaces parallel or substantially parallel to a longitudinal direction of the coil component.
12. The circuit device according to claim 6, wherein the coil component is a transformer coil in which the first coil and the second coil are magnetically coupled to each other.
13. The circuit device according to claim 6, wherein a conductor defining the first coil and the second coil of the coil component includes respective portions extending along the first side surface and the second side surface.
14. The filter circuit according to claim 10, wherein the first distance and the second distance are identical or substantially identical.
15. The filter circuit according to claim 10, wherein the first wiring portion and the second wiring portion are shifted in a same direction along the side surfaces of the multilayer body.
16. The filter circuit according to claim 10, wherein the first wiring portion and the second wiring portion are shifted in different directions along the side surfaces of the multilayer body.
17. The filter circuit according to claim 10, wherein the first distance or the second distance includes a distance of zero.
18. A filter circuit, comprising: the circuit device according to claim 6; and a capacitor connected to an electrode between the first coil and the second coil of the coil component.
19. The filter circuit according to claim 18, wherein the first side surface and the second side surface of the coil component are surfaces parallel or substantially parallel to a longitudinal direction of the coil component.
20. The filter circuit according to claim 18, wherein the coil component is a transformer coil in which the first coil and the second coil are magnetically coupled to each other.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0023] Hereinafter, circuit devices and filter circuits according to preferred embodiments will be described with reference to the drawings.
Preferred Embodiment 1
[0024] First, a circuit device 10A according to Preferred Embodiment 1 of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0025] The land electrode 80 is connected to an electrode 4c of the coil component 1, and the land electrode 81 is connected to an electrode 4d of the coil component 1. The electrode 4c described later is between a coil L1 and a coil L2 included in the coil component 1 and is connected to the coil L1 and the coil L2. The electrode 4d is not connected to the coil L1 or the coil L2.
[0026] A wiring line 61 is connected to the land electrode 60 as illustrated in
[0027] A wiring line 71 is connected to the land electrode 70 as illustrated in
[0028] The substrate 2 is formed by laminating multiple insulation layers and is made of, for example, low-temperature co-fired ceramics, glass epoxy resin, or the like. Each of the land electrodes 60, 70, 80, and 81, and the wiring lines 61 and 71 provided on the surface of the substrate 2 is a wiring pattern and is made of, for example, a metal such as Cu, Ag, or Al used as an electrode in many cases.
[0029] The coil component 1 is a transformer coil and includes the coil L1 (first coil) and the coil L2 (second coil) provided in a multilayer body such that the coil surfaces thereof face each other in the lamination direction. Further, the coil component 1 is mounted such that the coil surfaces thereof are parallel or substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate 2. The configuration of the coil component 1 will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0030] As illustrated in
[0031] The side surfaces of the multilayer body 3 include a first side surface and a second side surface on the long sides and a third side surface and a fourth side surface on the short sides. The first side surface is the side surface on which the electrode 4a (first electrode) is provided, the second side surface is the side surface on which the electrode 4b (second electrode) is provided, the third side surface is the side surface on which the electrode 4c (third electrode) is provided, and the fourth side surface is the side surface on which the electrode 4d is provided.
[0032] In the coil component 1, the multiple first wiring patterns 10, the multiple second wiring patterns 20, and the multiple third wiring patterns 30 defining the coils L1 and L2 are disposed inside the multilayer body 3. A portion of the multiple third wiring patterns 30 defines the coil L1 and the rest of the multiple third wiring patterns 30 defines the coil L2. That is, the multiple third wiring patterns 30 are a common portion of the coils L1 and L2. Including a common portion of the coils L1 and L2 as in the multiple third wiring patterns 30 makes it possible to reduce variations in magnetic coupling between the coil L1 and the coil L2. The coil shapes of the coils L1 and L2 are line-symmetrical or substantially line-symmetrical relative to the electrode 4c.
[0033] Among the multiple first wiring patterns 10 laminated in the lower layer, an end portion 11 of the first wiring pattern 10 in the lowest layer is electrically connected to the electrode 4a. The multiple first wiring patterns 10 are electrically connected to each other by a via conductor (first via conductor) not illustrated. The first via conductor may include one via conductor or multiple via conductors. It is sufficient that at least one of the multiple first wiring patterns 10 is electrically connected to the electrode 4a.
[0034] Among the multiple third wiring patterns 30 laminated in the middle layer, an end portion 31 of the third wiring pattern 30 in the lowest layer is electrically connected to the electrode 4c. The multiple third wiring patterns 30 are electrically connected to each other using a via conductor (seventh via conductor) not illustrated. Note that the seventh via conductor may include one via conductor or multiple via conductors. It is sufficient that at least one of the multiple third wiring patterns 30 is electrically connected to the electrode 4c.
[0035] The third wiring patterns 30 laminated in the middle layer are electrically connected to the first wiring patterns 10 in the lower layer using via conductors (second via conductor and third via conductor) not illustrated. The second via conductor provided in the first wiring pattern 10 and the third via conductor provided in the first wiring pattern 10 are located on different side surface sides of the multilayer body 3. Specifically, as illustrated in
[0036] Among the multiple second wiring patterns 20 laminated in the upper layer, an end portion 21 of the second wiring pattern 20 in the lowest layer is electrically connected to the electrode 4b. The multiple second wiring patterns 20 are electrically connected to each other using a via conductor 54 (fourth via conductor). Note that the via conductor 54 may include one via conductor or multiple via conductors. It is sufficient that at least one of the multiple second wiring patterns 20 is electrically connected to the electrode 4b.
[0037] The second wiring patterns 20 laminated on the upper layer are electrically connected to the third wiring patterns 30 in the middle layer using via conductors 55 and 56. Each of the via conductors 55 and 56 may include one via conductor or multiple via conductors. The via conductors 55 and 56 are electrically connected to the respective multiple second wiring patterns 20 and multiple third wiring patterns 30. Further, the via conductor 55 (fifth via conductor) provided in the second wiring pattern 20 and the via conductor 56 (sixth via conductor) provided in the second wiring pattern 20 are located on different side surface sides of the multilayer body 3. Specifically, as illustrated in
[0038] In the coil component 1, the mutual inductance M between the coil L1 and the coil L2 is determined as a constant value by providing the configuration illustrated in
[0039] Returning to
[0040] Further, the wiring line 71 is shifted in the minus direction from the center of the side surface of the coil component 1 by the shifting value Y (=the shifting value X) and is connected to the land electrode 70. This makes the current flowing through the land electrode 70 flow along the side surface of the coil component 1 away from the wiring line 71, as indicated by a solid line arrow in
[0041] Thus, the magnetic field generated in the coil L1 and the coil L2 of the coil component 1 is weakened by the current flowing through the land electrode 60 and the land electrode 70. This makes it possible to reduce the mutual inductance M between the coil L1 and the coil L2. That is, the mutual inductance M between the coil L1 and the coil L2 may be adjusted by changing the shifting value of the wiring line 61 and the wiring line 71, which are connected to the land electrode 60 and the land electrode 70, from the center of the side surface of the coil component 1.
[0042]
[0043]
[0044] In the circuit device 10B in
[0045] Further, the wiring line 71 is shifted in the plus direction from the center of the side surface of the coil component and is connected to the land electrode 70. This makes the current flowing through the land electrode 70 flow along the side surface of the coil component 1 away from the wiring line 71, as indicated by a solid line arrow in
[0046] A point B in
[0047] In the circuit device 10C in
[0048] Whereas, the wiring line 71 is shifted in the minus direction from the center of the side surface of the coil component and is connected to the land electrode 70. This makes the current flowing through the land electrode 70 flow along the side surface of the coil component 1 away from the wiring line 71, as indicated by a solid line arrow in
[0049] A point C in
[0050] In the circuit device, the shifting value X of the wiring line 61 and the shifting value Y of the wiring line 71 need not be the same or substantially the same and may be different from each other. For example, acceptable is a case that the shifting value X (first distance) of the wiring line 61 is about โ0.9 mm and the shifting value Y (second distance) of the wiring line 71 is about +0.5 mm.
[0051] In the circuit device 10D in
[0052] Further, the wiring line 71 is connected to the land electrode 70 at the center of the side surface of the coil component 1. This makes the current flowing through the land electrode 70 flow orthogonal or substantially orthogonal to the side surface of the coil component 1, as indicated by a solid line arrow in
[0053] In the circuit device 10E in
[0054] Whereas, the wiring line 71 is connected to the land electrode 70 at the center of the side surface of the coil component 1. This makes the current flowing through the land electrode 70 flow orthogonal or substantially orthogonal to the side surface of the coil component 1, as indicated by a solid line arrow in
[0055] In the circuit device 10A to the circuit device 10E described above, the coil component 1 is mounted on the substrate 2. However, a filter circuit may be configured by mounting a capacitor C1 on the land electrode 80.
[0056] A filter circuit 100 is an EMI suppression filter and is a third order T-type LC filter circuit, for example. The circuit device 10A, the circuit device 10B, the circuit device 10C, the circuit device 10D, or the circuit device 10E is used in the filter circuit 100. In the following Preferred Embodiment 1, the third order T-type LC filter circuit will be described as a configuration of the filter circuit 100, but a multilayer substrate having a similar configuration may be applied to a fifth order T-type LC filter circuit or a higher-order T-type LC filter circuit. First, as illustrated in
[0057] One end of the capacitor C1 is connected to the electrode 4c, and the other end is connected to a GND wiring as illustrated in
[0058] The coil L1 and the coil L2, in addition to the capacitor C1, are connected to the electrode 4c. The coil L1 and the coil L2 are magnetically coupled to each other and generate a negative inductance component (mutual inductance M). The parasitic inductance (inductor L3) of the capacitor C1 may be canceled using the negative inductance component, and the inductance component of the capacitor C1 may be reduced. In the filter circuit 100 including the capacitor C1, the coil L1, and the coil L2, the parasitic inductance of the capacitor C1 is canceled with the negative inductance component due to the mutual inductance M of the coil L1 and the coil L2. Thus, the noise reduction or prevention effect in a radio frequency range can be increased.
[0059] As described above, the circuit device 10A according to Preferred Embodiment 1 includes the substrate 2 on which the wiring pattern is provided and the coil component 1 to be mounted on the substrate 2. The coil component 1 includes the coil L1 (first coil) and the coil L2 (second coil) provided in the multilayer body such that the coil surfaces thereof face each other in the lamination direction. Further, the coil component 1 is mounted such that the coil surfaces thereof are parallel or substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate 2. The wiring pattern includes the land electrode 70 (first electrode portion) and the land electrode 60 (second electrode portion). The land electrode 70 is provided along the second side surface of the multilayer body 3 on which the electrode 4b is provided and is connected to the electrode 4b (input terminal) of the coil component 1. The land electrode 60 is provided along the first side surface of the multilayer body 3 opposed to the second side surface and is connected to the electrode 4a (output terminal) of the coil component 1. Further, the wiring pattern includes the wiring line (first wiring portion) and the wiring line 61 (second wiring portion). The wiring line 71 is electrically connected to the land electrode 70 at a position shifted along the second side surface from the center of the second side surface by the shifting value Y (first distance). The wiring line 61 is electrically connected to the land electrode 60 at a position shifted along the first side surface from the center of the first side surface by the shifting value X (second distance).
[0060] With this configuration, in the circuit device 10A according to Preferred Embodiment 1, a current may flow along the side surface of the multilayer body 3 through the land electrode 60 and the wiring line 61, and the land electrode 70 and the wiring line 71. With this, the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the coil component 1 may be weakened or strengthened by the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the land electrodes 60 and 70, and the mutual inductance M of the coil component 1 may be adjusted.
[0061] The shifting value X and the shifting value Y may be the same or substantially the same as in the circuit devices 10A to 10C. The wiring line 61 and the wiring line 71 may be shifted in the same direction along the side surfaces of the multilayer body 3 as in the circuit devices 10A and 10B. The wiring line 61 and the wiring line 71 may be shifted in different directions along the side surfaces of the multilayer body 3 as in the circuit device 10C. The shifting value X or the shifting value Y may include distance of zero or approximately zero as in the circuit devices 10D and 10E.
[0062] The first side surface and the second side surface of the coil component 1 are surfaces parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the coil component 1. Making the first side surface and the second side surface of the coil component 1 parallel or substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the coil component 1 allows the land electrodes 60 and 70 to be provided along the longitudinal direction of the coil component 1. Providing the land electrodes 60 and 70 along the longitudinal direction of the coil component 1 makes it possible to elongate the current path of the land electrodes 60 and 70 that may affect the current flowing through the coil component 1, in comparison with the case that the land electrodes 60 and 70 are provided along the lateral direction of the coil component 1.
[0063] It is preferable that the coil component 1 is a transformer coil in which the coil L1 and the coil L2 are magnetically coupled to each other. It is preferable that in the coil component 1, the first wiring pattern 10 to the third wiring pattern 30 (conductors) of the coil L1 and the coil L2 include respective portions running along the first side surface and the second side surface.
[0064] The filter circuit 100 includes the circuit device 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, or 10E and the capacitor C1 connected to the electrode 4c between the coil L1 and the coil L2 of the coil component 1. With this, in the filter circuit 100, the parasitic inductance of the capacitor C1 is canceled, and the noise reduction or prevention effect in a radio frequency range may be increased.
Preferred Embodiment 2
[0065] In the circuit device 10A according to Preferred Embodiment 1, the wiring lines 61 and 71 are formed in advance at positions shifted by the shifting value X (first distance) relative to the land electrodes 60 and 70. A circuit device according to Preferred Embodiment 2 of the present invention has a configuration in which a connecting position of a wiring line to a land electrode may be changed at the time of mounting the component.
[0066] The coil component 1 is mounted on the surface of the substrate 2 of a circuit device 15A in
[0067] The land electrode 62 includes a connection portion 62a (1A connection portion) and a connection portion 62b (1B connection portion). The connection portion 62a is provided at a position shifted in the plus direction from the center of the side surface (first side surface on which the electrode 4a is provided) of the coil component 1 by the shifting value X (first distance). The connection portion 62b is provided at a position shifted in the minus direction from the center of the side surface of the coil component 1 by the shifting value X. A wiring line 63 includes an end portion 63a (1A end portion) extending to the position facing the connection portion 62a and an end portion 63b (1B end portion) extending to the position facing the connection portion 62b. As a result, at the time of mounting the component, it is possible to select whether the connection portion 62a and the end portion 63a are connected by a connection element 90 (a zero ohm chip, for example) or the connection portion 62b and the end portion 63b are connected by the connection element 90.
[0068] The land electrode 72 includes a connection portion 72a (2A connection portion) and a connection portion 72b (2B connection portion). The connection portion 72a is provided at a position shifted in the plus direction from the center of the side surface of the coil component 1 by the shifting value Y (second distance), and the connection portion 72b is provided at a position shifted in the minus direction from the center of the side surface of the coil component 1 by the shifting value Y. A wiring line 73 includes an end portion 73a (2A end portion) extending to the position facing the connection portion 72a and an end portion 73b (2B end portion) extending to the position facing the connection portion 72b. As a result, at the time of mounting the component, it is possible to select whether the connection portion 72a and the end portion 73a are connected by a connection element 91 (a zero ohm chip, for example) or the connection portion 72b and the end portion 73b are connected by the connection element 91.
[0069] In the circuit device 15A in
[0070] Further, in the circuit device 15A, the wiring line 73 and the land electrode 72 are connected to each other at a position shifted in the plus direction from the center of the side surface of the coil component 1 by the shifting value Y, and a current flowing through the land electrode 72 flows along the side surface of the coil component 1 toward the connection portion 72b, as indicated by a solid line arrow in
[0071] In a circuit device 15B in
[0072] Further, in the circuit device 15B, the wiring line 73 and the land electrode 72 are connected to each other at a position shifted in the plus direction from the center of the side surface of the coil component 1 by the shifting value Y, and a current flowing through the land electrode 72 flows along the side surface of the coil component 1 toward the connection portion 72b from the connection portion 72a, as indicated by a solid line arrow in
[0073] In the circuit device, the shifting value X of the connection portions 62a and 62b and the shifting value Y of the connection portions 72a and 72b need not be the same or substantially the same and may be different from each other. Further, the shifting value of the connection portion 62a and the shifting value of the connection portion 62b need not be the same or substantially the same and may be different from each other. Furthermore, the shifting value of the connection portion 72a and the shifting value of the connection portion 72b need not be the same or substantially the same and may be different from each other.
[0074] In the circuit device 15C in
[0075] As described above, in the circuit devices 15A and 15B according to Preferred Embodiment 2, the land electrode 62 (first electrode portion) includes the connection portion 62a (1A connection portion) and the connection portion 62b (1B connection portion). The connection portion 62a is provided at a position shifted in the plus direction (first direction) along the first side surface from the center of the first side surface by the shifting value X (first distance). The connection portion 62b is provided at a position shifted in the minus direction (second direction) along the first side surface from the center of the first side surface by the shifting value X. The land electrode 72 (second electrode portion) includes the connection portion 72a (2A connection portion) and the connection portion 72b (2B connection portion). The connection portion 72a is provided at a position shifted in the plus direction along the second side surface from the center of the second side surface by the shifting value Y (second distance). The connection portion 72b is provided at a position shifted in the minus direction along the second side surface from the center of the second side surface by the shifting value Y. The wiring line 63 (first wiring portion) includes the end portion 63a (1A end portion) extending to the position facing the connection portion 62a and the end portion 63b (1B end portion) extending to the position facing the connection portion 62b. The wiring line 73 (second wiring portion) includes the end portion 73a (2A end portion) extending to the position facing the connection portion 72a and the end portion 73b (2B end portion) extending to the position facing the connection portion 72b. The circuit devices 15A and 15B include the connection element 90 (first connection element) that electrically connects between the connection portion 62a and the end portion 63a or between the connection portion 62b and the end portion 63b, and the connection element 91 (second connection element) that electrically connects between the connection portion 72a and the end portion 73a or between the connection portion 72b and the end portion 73b.
[0076] With this, in the circuit devices 15A and 15B according to Preferred Embodiment 2, a current may flow along the side surface of the multilayer body 3 through the land electrode 62 and the wiring line 63, and the land electrode 72 and the wiring line 73. With this, the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the coil component 1 may be weakened or strengthened by the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the land electrodes 62 and 72. This makes it possible to adjust the mutual inductance M of the coil component 1.
[0077] The filter circuit includes the circuit device 15A, 15B, 15C, or 15D and the capacitor C1 connected to the electrode 4c between the coil L1 and the coil L2 of the coil component 1. With this, in the filter circuit, the parasitic inductance of the capacitor C1 is canceled, and the noise reduction or prevention effect in a radio frequency range may be increased.
Preferred Embodiment 3
[0078] In Preferred Embodiment 2, described is the configuration in which, at the time of mounting the component, the connection element 90 can electrically connect the connection portion 62a and the end portion 63a or the connection portion 62b and the end portion 63b, and the connection element 91 can electrically connect the connection portion 72a and the end portion 73a or the connection portion 72b and the end portion 73b. In Preferred Embodiment 3 of the present invention, a configuration of a circuit device in which whether or not to include the coil component 1 can be determined at the time of mounting the component will be described.
[0079]
[0080] Specifically, as illustrated in
[0081] In the circuit device 18A, as illustrated in
[0082] Whereas, in the circuit device 18B, since the coil component 1 is not mounted, as illustrated in
[0083] As can be seen from
[0084]
[0085] The wiring pattern of the circuit device 18C and the circuit device 18D differs from the wiring pattern of the circuit device 18A and the circuit device 18B in the shape of a wiring line 86a. In the case of the circuit device 18A and the circuit device 18B, the wiring line 86 has a shape that the capacitor C1 and the capacitor C2 may be mounted on a straight line when the coil component 1 is not mounted. Whereas, in the case of the circuit device 18C and the circuit device 18D, the wiring line 86a has a shape that the capacitor C1 and the capacitor C2 may be mounted on a straight or substantially straight line when the coil component 1 is mounted. In the circuit device 18D in
[0086]
[0087] Specifically, as illustrated in
[0088] Further, as illustrated in
[0089] In the circuit devices 18A to 18D in
[0090] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it is to be understood that variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention, therefore, is to be determined solely by the following claims.