Methods and Compositions for Treating Thief Zones in Carbonate Formations Using Crosslinked Polymeric Systems With Graphene Oxide Janus Nanosheets Crosslinker

Abstract

A chemical gel system having a polymer and a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker for treating thief zones in carbonate formations. The polymer and graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may form a crosslinked polymer gel to reduce or prevent water production via thief zones during hydrocarbon production. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker includes a first side having negatively charged functional groups and a second side having amines. The negatively charged functional groups may include carboxyl groups, negatively charged oxygen groups, and hydroxyl groups. Methods of reducing water production in a thief zone using the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker and methods of manufacturing the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker are also provided.

Claims

1. A graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker for carbonate formations, comprising: a graphene oxide nanosheet having a first side and a second side, an alkyl group bonded to the first side, the alkyl group selected from the group consisting of a C1-C8 alkyl; a functional group bonded to the alkyl group, the functional group selected from the group consisting of COOH, COO—, OH, and O—; and an amine bonded to the second side.

2. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker of claim 1, wherein the alkyl group is bonded to the first side by an oxygen atom.

3. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker of claim 1, wherein the amine is bonded to the second side by a nitrogen atom.

4. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker of claim 1, wherein the degree of amine functionality of the second side is in the range of 0.01 weight (wt) % to 50 wt %.

5. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker of claim 1, wherein the graphene oxide nanosheet has a thickness in the range of 1 nanometer (nm) to 10 microns (μm).

6. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker of claim 1, wherein the graphene oxide nanosheet has a lateral dimension in the range of 20 nanometers (nm) to 50 microns.

7. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker of claim 1, wherein the alkyl group comprises a first alkyl group, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker comprising a second alkyl group bonded to the second side, wherein the second alkyl group is selected from the group consisting of a C8-C30 alkyl.

8. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker of claim 1, wherein the degree of hydrophobic alkyl functionality of the second side is in the range of 0.00 weight (wt) % to 20 wt %.

9. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker of claim 1, wherein the amine comprises polyethylenimine.

10. A method for reducing water production in a thief zone in a carbonate formation, comprising: introducing a carrier fluid comprising a graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker and a polymer into the carbonate formation, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker comprising: a graphene oxide nanosheet having a first side and a second side, an alkyl group bonded to the first side, the alkyl group selected from the group consisting of a C1-C8 alkyl; a functional group bonded to the alkyl group, the functional group selected from the group consisting of COOH, COO—, OH, and O—; and an amine bonded to the second side, such that the polymer crosslinks with the amine.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the alkyl group is bonded to the first side by an oxygen atom.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the amine is bonded to the second side by a nitrogen atom.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the degree of amine functionality of the second side is in the range of 0.01 weight (wt) % to 50 wt %.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the graphene oxide nanosheet has a thickness in the range of 1 nanometer (nm) to 10 microns (μm).

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the graphene oxide nanosheet has a lateral dimension in the range of 20 nanometers (nm) to 50 microns.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein the alkyl group comprises a first alkyl group, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker comprising a second alkyl group bonded to the second side, wherein the second alkyl group is selected from the group consisting of a C8-C30 alkyl.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein the degree of hydrophobic alkyl functionality of the second side is in the range of 0.00 weight (wt) % to 20 wt %.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein the carrier fluid comprises a polar solvent.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the carrier fluid comprises water.

20. The method of claim 10, wherein the polymer comprises a polyacrylamide.

21. The method of claim 10, wherein the amine comprises polyethylenimine.

22. A method of manufacturing a graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker, comprising: obtaining a graphene oxide nanosheet comprising a first side and a second side; preparing a graphene oxide coated wax microsphere using the graphene oxide nanosheet, graphene oxide coated wax microsphere having an exterior surface comprising the first side of the graphene oxide nanosheet; functionalizing the exterior surface of the graphene oxide coated wax microsphere using a polyamine; dissolving the polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide coated wax microsphere to produce an intermediate graphene oxide nanosheet having the first side functionalized by the polyamine and the second side; converting one or more of the groups on the second side of the intermediate graphene oxide nanosheet using chloroacetic acid to produce a graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker comprising: an alkyl group bonded to the first side, the alkyl group selected from the group consisting of a C1-C8 alkyl; a functional group bonded to the alkyl group, the functional group selected from the group consisting of COOH, COO—, OH, and O—; and an amine bonded to the second side.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the alkyl group is bonded to the first side by an oxygen atom.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein the amine is bonded to the second side by a nitrogen atom.

25. The method of claim 22, wherein the degree of amine functionality of the second side is in the range of 0.01 weight (wt) % to 50 wt %.

26. The method of claim 22, wherein preparing a graphene oxide coated wax microsphere using the graphene oxide nanosheet comprises: emulsifying a mixture of graphene oxide nanosheet, deionized water, hydrochloric acid, and wax using a homogenizer; and neutralizing the mixture with a base after emulsifying.

27. The method of claim 22, wherein the polyamine comprises polyethylenimine.

28. The method of claim 22, wherein dissolving the polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide coated wax microsphere to produce an intermediate graphene oxide nanosheet comprises dissolving the polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide coated wax microsphere in chloroform.

29. The method of claim 22, wherein converting one or more of the functional groups on the second side of the intermediate graphene oxide nanosheet using chloroacetic acid comprises: ultrasonicating an aqueous suspension of the intermediate graphene oxide nanosheet for a time period; and mixing the aqueous suspension of the intermediate graphene oxide nanosheet with the chloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide.

30. The method of claim 22, wherein the alkyl group comprises a first alkyl group, wherein the graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker comprises a second alkyl group bonded to the second side, wherein the second alkyl group is selected from the group consisting of a C8-C30 alkyl.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] FIG. 1 shows the chemical structure of a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0012] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a process for using a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0013] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram depicting the mechanism of a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker in a carbonate formation in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0014] FIG. 4 a block diagram of a process for the synthesis of a graphene oxide nanosheet crosslinker in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0015] FIG. 5 depicts the chemical structure of an example single layer graphene oxide nanosheet produced according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0016] FIG. 6 shows a chemical reaction scheme for preparing and functionalizing graphene oxide coated wax microspheres to produce polyethylenimine (PEI)-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure; and

[0017] FIG. 7 shows a chemical reaction scheme for functionalizing a side of a PEI-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheet using chloroacetic acid in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The present disclosure will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate embodiments of the disclosure. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the illustrated embodiments. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.

[0019] Embodiments of the disclosure include a chemical gel system having a polymer and a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker for treating thief zones in carbonate formations. The chemical gel system having a polymer and a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may plug, seal, or block thief zones in a carbonate formation and may reduce or prevent water production via such thief zones during hydrocarbon production. In some embodiments, the polymer is an acrylamide-based polymer. The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker includes a crosslinker side having amines and an anionic side having negatively charged functional groups. In some embodiments, the amine is polyethylenimine (PEI). The negatively charged groups may include carboxyl groups (COOH), negatively charged oxygen groups (O—), and hydroxyl (OH) groups.

[0020] The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker and a polymer may be introduced into thief zone in a carbonate formation such that the anionic side attaches to the rock surface of pores of the carbonate formation via an anionic bond between the negatively charged groups and the positively charged calcium ions (Ca.sup.2+) on the rock surface. The crosslinker side of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker faces the pore space. The crosslinker side of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker provides crosslinking sites for the polymer to enable formation of a polymer gel in the pore space. The crosslinked polymer gel may plug, seal, or block the pores or other openings in the thief zone and reduce or prevent water production via the thief zone.

[0021] The graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker may be synthesized from a graphene oxide nanosheet obtained commercially or from graphite powder via known processes. The hydrophobic side of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker may be prepared by producing graphene oxide coated wax microspheres from the graphene oxide nanosheet and functionalizing the exterior surface of the graphene oxide coated wax microsphere using an amine (for example, polyethylenimine (PEI)). The opposite side of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may be prepared by converting some of the hydroxyl and negatively charged oxygen groups to carboxyl groups using a chloro-alkyl carboxylic acid such as chloroacetic acid (ClCH.sub.2COOH).

Structure of Graphene Oxide Janus Nanosheets Crosslinker

[0022] FIG. 1 is shows the structure of a graphene oxide Janus nanosheet crosslinker 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. As discussed in the disclosure the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may enable the crosslinking of a suitable polymer (for example, a polyacrylamide-based polymer) in thief zones in a carbonate formation.

[0023] As shown in FIG. 1, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheet 100 includes a graphene oxide nanosheet 102 having a first side 104 (referred to as the “anionic” side) that includes negatively charged functional groups and a second and opposite side 106 (referred to as the “crosslinking” side) having one or more amines (that is, molecules containing a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons). As used in the disclosure, term “negatively charged groups” may include groups that ionize by releasing a hydrogen (H) atom as a free proton. As discussed infra, the first side 104 that includes negatively charged groups enables the graphene oxide Janus nanosheet 100 to attach to the rock surface of a carbonate formation via interaction with calcium ions (Ca.sup.2+) present on the carbonate rock surface. The second side 106 having an amine acts as a crosslinker with a polymer introduced into the carbonate formation to enable formation of a crosslinked polymer gel.

[0024] As first shown in FIG. 1, the first side 104 includes groups G.sub.2 bonded to a surface 108 of the graphene oxide nanosheet 102, groups R.sub.1 bonded to groups G.sub.2, and groups Z bonded to groups G.sub.2. G.sub.2 is an oxygen atom (O). R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of C1 to C8 alkyls (that is an alkyl group having a number of carbon atoms in the range of 1 to 8). Z is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl (COOH and COO—), hydroxyl (OH), and negatively charged oxygen groups (O—).

[0025] The second side 106 includes groups G.sub.1 bonded to the opposite surface 110 of the graphene oxide nanosheet 102, groups R.sub.2 bonded to groups G.sub.1, and groups R.sub.3 bonded to groups G.sub.2. G.sub.1 is a nitrogen atom (N). R.sub.2 is an amine. R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of C8 to C30 alkyls (that is an alkyl group having a number of carbon atoms in the range of 8 to 30). In some embodiments, R.sub.2 is polyethylenimine (PEI). In some embodiments, the degree of PEI functionality provided by the R.sub.2 groups is in the range of 0.01 weight (wt) % to 50 wt %. The degree of hydrophobic alkyl chain functionality provided by the R3 groups may be in the range of 0.0 weight (wt) % to 20 wt %.

Process for Graphene Oxide Janus Nanosheets Crosslinker

[0026] FIG. 2 depicts a process 200 for using a chemical gel system of a polymer and a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. Initially, a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may be prepared (block 202). The graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may be prepared at a wellsite or, in some embodiments, prepared offsite and then transported to the wellsite. In some embodiments, a polymer and the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may be mixed with a carrier fluid and introduced into thief zones in one or more wells located in carbonate formations (block 204). The carrier fluid may be a polar solvent (for example, water). The one or more wells may include producing wells, injection wells, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker and polymer may be introduced into a well separately. In such embodiments, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may be may be mixed with a first carrier fluid and introduced into one or more wells located in carbonate formations. The first carrier fluid may be water, a water-based fluid, or a polar solvent. The polymer may then be mixed with a second carrier fluid and introduced into the one or more wells after the introduction of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker. The second carrier fluid may be water or a water-based fluid.

[0027] After injection, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may attach to the rock surface in pores and other openings in the carbonate formation (block 206) due to the ionic interaction between the negatively charged side of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets and the positively charged calcium ions (Ca.sup.2+) on the rock surface, such that the crosslinking side of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets is oriented outward away from the rock surface (for example, toward the pore space of a pore in the rock). The graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker crosslinks with the polymer to form a crosslinked polymer gel in the openings (block 208). The amines on the crosslinking side of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker provide crosslinking sites for the polymer. For example, in some embodiments, an acrylamide-based polymer (such as polyacrylamide (PAM)) may crosslink with the amines via a transamidation reaction. The crosslinked polymer gel may plug, seal, or block the pores or other openings in the thief zones and reduce or prevent water production via the thief zones (block 210).

[0028] Next, production operations may be initiated (block 212) to produce hydrocarbons from producing wells with reduced water production from the thief zones in the one or more wells having the chemical gel system of a polymer and a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker. As will be appreciated, the crosslinked polymer gel may remain in the thief zones without much mobilization due to the bond between the anionic side of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker and the carbonate rock surface, thus ensuring the water production remains reduced during production.

[0029] FIG. 3 depicts the mechanism of a graphene oxide Janus crosslinker 300 in carbonate rock 302 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The carbonate rock 302 may be located in a thief zone in the formation that produces water in a well. As described in the disclosure, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 300 may provide for the formation of a crosslinked polymer gel attached to the carbonate rock 302 to reduce or prevent water production in a thief zone.

[0030] As shown in inset 306 in FIG. 3, the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 300 includes a first side 308 having negatively charged groups (by way of example, only carboxyl groups are shown in FIG. 3) and a second (crosslinking) opposite side 310 having amines. As shown in FIG. 3, the first side 308 interacts with the calcium ions (Ca.sup.2+) on the surface 312 of the carbonate rock 302 to attach the first side 308 of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 300 to the carbonate rock 302. After attaching the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 300 to the carbonate rock 302, the second side 310 of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 300 is oriented outward from the surface 312, such as toward a pore space of a pore.

[0031] The second side 310 of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 300 provides a crosslinking site for a polymer 304. As illustrated in FIG. 3, for example, the amide group 314 of the polymer 304 may react with the amine of the second side 310 of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 300 via a transamidation reaction. FIG. 3 also depicts the resulting crosslinked polymer 316 bonded to the second side 310 of the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 300. The crosslinked polymer 316 may form a gel that reduces or prevents the flow of water via pores or other openings in the carbonate rock 302.

Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Janus Nanosheet Crosslinker

[0032] FIG. 4 depicts a process 400 for the synthesis of a graphene oxide nanosheet crosslinker in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. As will be appreciated, in some embodiments, a graphene oxide nanosheet may be prepared from graphite powder (block 402) using known techniques. In such embodiments, a graphite power may be converted to graphite via a strong oxidizing agent (SOA). For example, the strong oxidizing agent may be potassium manganate (KMnO.sub.4) in sulfuric acid (H.sub.2SO.sub.4) and may include sodium nitrate (NaNO.sub.3) in the mixture. Next, the graphene oxide may be exfoliated in water using ultrasonication (that is, sonication using ultrasonic waves) to produce graphene oxide having a single layer thickness or a thickness of in the range or two to four layers. FIG. 5 depicts an example single layer graphene oxide nanosheet 500 produced via this technique. As shown in FIG. 5, the graphene oxide nanosheet 500 includes functional groups such as carboxyl (COOH), epoxide (O), and hydroxyl (OH—). The carboxyl groups may be present in protonated (COOH) and deprotonated (COO—) forms (not shown).

[0033] In other embodiments, a commercially available graphene oxide nanosheet may be obtained (block 404). A “graphene oxide nanosheet” as used herein may include or refer to a bundle of graphene oxide nanosheets. In some embodiments, the graphene oxide nanosheet may be obtained from Techinstro of Nagpu, Maharashtra, India. By way of example, the graphene oxide nanosheet obtained from Techinstro of Nagpu, Maharashtra, India has a composition of 70.5% C, 23% O, 0.4% S, 1.2% H, and 4.9% N, a lateral dimension in the range of 20 nanometers (nm) to 50 microns, and a thickness in the range of 1 nanometer (nm) to 10 microns (μm).

[0034] Next, graphene oxide coated wax microspheres may be prepared from the graphene oxide nanosheets (block 406). For example, the graphene oxide nanosheets, deionized water, and hydrochloric acid may be sonicated for about 5 minutes. Wax may be added to the mixture, and the mixture may be heated until the wax is melted (for example, to a temperature of at least 60° C.). In some embodiments, the wax may have a melting point of about 55° C. The mixture may then be emulsified using a homogenizer. In some embodiments, the homogenizer may be an FJ400-S homogenizer available from Zhejiang L&B Fluid Equipment LTD. Of Zhejiang, China. After emulsification, GO coated wax microspheres may be obtained by filtering the mixture and neutralizing the resulting product with a base (for example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

[0035] Next, the exterior surface of the graphene oxide coated wax microspheres may be functionalized with an amine (for example, a polyamine) using a wax-in-water Pickering emulsion (block 408). The functionalization may be performed by reacting the polyamine with epoxide groups on the exterior surface of the graphene oxide coated wax microspheres, such that polyamine is bonded to the graphene oxide nanosheet via a nitrogen atom. In some embodiments, the amine may be a polyamine polymer. In some embodiments, the polyamine polymer is PEI.

[0036] Next, the polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide coated wax microspheres may be dissolved (block 410) to produce graphene oxide nanosheets having one side that includes amines (produced by the polyamine functionalization) and the other side having the groups of the nanosheet (that is, carboxyl (COOH), epoxide (O), and hydroxyl (OH—). In some embodiments, the polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide coated wax microspheres may be dissolved using chloroform.

[0037] FIG. 6 illustrates steps 406 and 408 of process 400 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. Initially, graphene oxide nanosheets 600 are mixed with hydrochloric acid (HCl), deionized water, and wax, and the mixture is emulsified (arrow 602). The resulting products are multiplayer graphene oxide coated wax microspheres 604. As shown in FIG. 6, the multiplayer graphene oxide coated wax microspheres 604 may be filtered washed with a base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (arrow 606). The resulting products are single layer graphene oxide coated wax microspheres 608, such one layer of the graphene oxide nanosheets forms the exterior surface of the wax microspheres and is available for the functionalization described in the process 400.

[0038] As shown in FIG. 6, the single layer graphene oxide coated wax microspheres 606 may be functionalized with a polyamine polymer such as PEI (arrow 610). The resulting product is polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide coated wax microspheres 612 having amines on the exterior surface. The polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide coated wax microspheres may then be dissolved using chloroform (arrow 614) to produce polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets 616 having one side 618 that includes amines and an opposite side 620 having groups from the original nanosheet (shown in FIG. 5).

[0039] The other side of the graphene oxide nanosheets may be functionalized using a chloro-alkyl carboxylic acid to produce a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker as described in the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, some of the hydroxyl and epoxide groups on the non-alkylamine functionalized side of the graphene oxide nanosheets may be converted to carboxyl groups using a chloro-alkyl carboxylic acid (Cl-alkyl-COOH) (block 412) to produce the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker. The carboxyl groups may include protonated (COOH) and deprotonated (COO—) groups (also referred to as carboxylate groups). Additionally, some of the hydroxyl groups are converted to negatively charged oxygen (O—) groups.

[0040] The hydroxyl groups of the graphene oxide nanosheet may be converted to an oxygen atom, such that the alkyl group from the chloro-alkyl carboxylic acid is bonded to the graphene oxide nanosheet via an oxygen atom (including oxygen atoms from the epoxide groups) and the carboxyl group from the chloro-alkyl carboxylic acid is bonded to the alkyl. In some embodiments, the chloro-alkyl carboxylic acid may be chloroacetic acid (ClCH.sub.2COOH). In such embodiments, the alkyl group bonded to the oxygen atom is methyl (CH.sub.2). The reaction with the hydroxyl groups on the polyamine-functionalized side (that is, the side having alkyl groups) of the graphene oxide nanosheet may be minimized by steric effects.

[0041] In some embodiments, for example, an aqueous suspension of the polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets may be mixed with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and chloroacetic acid (ClCH.sub.2COOH), and the mixture may be ultrasonicated to convert the hydroxyl and negatively charged oxygen groups to carboxyl groups. In some embodiments, the mixture may be ultrasonicated for at least 3 hours. In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension of the polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets may be ultrasonicated before mixing with the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and chloroacetic acid (ClCH.sub.2COOH) to obtain a clear suspension. In some embodiments, the mixture may include equal amounts by mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and chloroacetic acid (ClCH.sub.2COOH). After ultrasonication, the suspension having the graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker may be neutralized and purified via rinsing and filtration. The suspension may then be dialyzed against distilled water to remove ions and dried in a vacuum at a temperature of at least 65° C.

[0042] FIG. 7 illustrates steps 412 of the process 400 in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure. Polyamine-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets 700 having one side 702 functionalized with a polyamine and a non-functionalized opposite side 704 are functionalized using chloroacetic acid (ClCH.sub.2COOH) in a mixture that also includes sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (arrow 706). The resulting product is a graphene oxide Janus nanosheets crosslinker 708 having one (crosslinking) side 702 having amines and the opposite side 710 having carboxylate groups converted from the hydroxide and negatively charged oxygen groups of the graphene oxide nanosheets.

[0043] Ranges may be expressed in the disclosure as from about one particular value, to about another particular value, or both. When such a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one particular value, to the other particular value, or both, along with all combinations within said range.

[0044] Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the embodiments described in the disclosure. It is to be understood that the forms shown and described in the disclosure are to be taken as examples of embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described in the disclosure, parts and processes may be reversed or omitted, and certain features may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description. Changes may be made in the elements described in the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as described in the following claims. Headings used in the disclosure are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description.