TOPICAL FORMULATIONS COMPRISING A STEROID

Abstract

The application provides formulations for the topical administration of an active agent comprising at least one steroid, in the form of topical sprays that are propellant-free, and/or substantially non-foaming, and/or alcohol-free. The present application also provides processes for preparing such compositions and methods of using them in management of skin diseases or disorders such as psoriasis, dermatoses, and other associated skin diseases or disorders.

Claims

1.-10. (canceled)

11. A propellant-free sprayable topical pharmaceutical composition, comprising a steroid, an emulsifying agent, a polymer, water, a water-immiscible substance, and a penetration enhancer.

12. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the penetration enhancer is in an amount of about 0.001-15 percent by weight.

13. The composition according to claim 11, wherein a steroid is selected from the group comprising alclometasone dipropionate, beclomethasone dipropionate, betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, fluocinolone acetonide, halobetasol propionate, hydrocortisone aceponate, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone valerate, hydrocortisone butyrate, mometasone furoate, triamcinolone acetonide, clocortolone pivalate, clobetasol propionate, desoximetasone, or fluticasone propionate.

14. The composition according to claim 11, wherein a penetration enhancer is selected from the group comprising a polyol and esters, ethers, sulfoxides, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, or any combination thereof.

15. The composition according to claim 14, wherein a penetration enhancer is selected from the group comprising polyethylene glycol, butanediol, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, dimethylsulfoxide, decylmethylsulfoxide, lauric acid, oleic acid, valeric acid, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, methyl propionate, ethyl oleate, or any combination thereof.

16. The composition according to claim 11, wherein a water-immiscible substance is selected from the group comprising vegetable oil, saturated paraffin oil, mineral oil, fatty acid, fatty ester of a natural fatty acid, triglyceride of animal or vegetable origin, medium chain triglyceride, mixture of mono-, di- and/or tri-glycerides, wax, hydrogenated vegetable oil, or any combination thereof.

17. The composition according to claim 11, wherein an emulsifying agent is selected from the group comprising cationic surfactant, anionic surfactant, zwitterionic surfactant, amphoteric surfactant, or any combination thereof.

18. The composition according to claim 17, wherein an emulsifying agent is selected from the group comprising a sorbitan fatty acid ester, a mixture of partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and di-anhydrides with fatty acids, a polyethylene glycol stearate, a glycol stearate, sodium lauryl sulphate, cetyl trialkyl ammonium bromide, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, or any combination thereof.

19. The composition according to claim 11, wherein a polymer is selected from the group comprising polyethylene glycol, acrylate polymer, methacrylate polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, copolymer based on butyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, xanthan gum, tragacanth, guar gum, locust bean gum, acacia, alginate, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, or any combination thereof.

20. The composition according to claim 11, is substantially free of either or both of an alcohol and propylene glycol.

21. The composition according to claim 11, is substantially non-foaming.

22. The composition according to claim 11, is an aqueous-based emulsion.

23. The composition according to claim 11, which, after spraying, does not form an occlusive film on a site of skin application.

24. A propellant-free sprayable topical pharmaceutical composition, comprising a betamethasone compound, in amounts equivalent to about 0.025 to about 0.1 percent by weight of betamethasone base, an emulsifying agent, a polymer, water, a water-immiscible substance, and a penetration enhancer.

25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the penetration enhancer is in an amount of about 0.001 to about 15 percent by weight.

26. The composition of claim 24, wherein a betamethasone compound is betamethasone benzoate, betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone sodium phosphate, or betamethasone valerate.

27. The composition according to claim 11, for treating one or more of atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, eczema, plaque psoriasis, erythroderma psoriasis, and psoriasis of the scalp, steroid responsive dermatoses, erythema, or contact sensitivity reactions, and other associated diseases or disorders.

28. The composition according to claim 24, for treating one or more of atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, eczema, plaque psoriasis, erythroderma psoriasis, and psoriasis of the scalp, steroid responsive dermatoses, erythema, or contact sensitivity reactions, and other associated diseases or disorders.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] FIG. 1 shows comparative in vitro dissolution profiles of drug released from formulations prepared in Example 1, and a commercially available reference product.

[0033] FIG. 2 shows the concentrations of drug in different skin layers at 8 hours and 24 hours after application, for certain formulations prepared in Examples 2 and 3.

[0034] FIG. 3 shows structural formulas for certain betamethasone dipropionate-related impurities.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The term “stable” as used herein refers to physical stability and/or chemical stability of the active agent in a topical composition, wherein changes in the drug assay values and/or impurities content are less than about 10%, during stability study storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity (RH), or 30° C. and 65% RH, or 40° C. and 75% RH, for durations such as 3, 6, 12, 18, or 24 months.

[0036] The term “propellant free” as used herein indicates that the compositions are not delivered in admixture with any of the commonly used aerosol propellants, such as fluorochlorohydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, compressed gases, and the like.

[0037] The term “substantially free” as used herein indicates that a specified substance referred to is present in amounts not more than 10% by weight of the total composition.

[0038] Aspects of the present application provide pharmaceutical topical compositions comprising at least one steroid as an active agent, which is non-irritating to the skin, non-toxic, and well-tolerated.

[0039] In an aspect, the present application provides pharmaceutical topical spray compositions comprising at least one steroid as an active agent, the compositions being propellant-free and/or substantially non-foaming.

[0040] In an aspect, the compositions of the present application are aqueous based emulsion sprays.

[0041] In an aspect, a steroid is present in its acid or base form, its salt form, its ester form, its isomer form, or as a prodrug thereof.

[0042] In embodiments, a steroid of the present application is betamethasone, or a salt, ester, isomer, derivative, or prodrug thereof.

[0043] In embodiments, betamethasone is present in the form of betamethasone dipropionate.

[0044] In embodiments, a steroid of the present application is mometasone furoate.

[0045] In embodiments, a steroid of the present application is betamethasone valerate.

[0046] In embodiments, a steroid of the present application is triamcinolone acetonide.

[0047] In embodiments, a steroid of the present application is alclometasone dipropionate.

[0048] In an aspect, an active agent can be added in an amorphous form, crystalline form, or mixtures thereof.

[0049] In an aspect, a composition of the present application is easily manufactured, non-irritating to the skin, non-toxic, and well-tolerated, thereby providing a high degree of patient compliance, and is useful in the prophylaxis, amelioration or treatment of skin diseases or disorders such as psoriasis, steroid responsive dermatoses, erythema, contact sensitivity reactions, and other associated diseases or disorders.

[0050] In an aspect, formulations of the present application provide sustained release of the active agent, for better skin permeation and patient comfort.

[0051] In embodiments, compositions of the present application are substantially alcohol-free and/or propylene glycol-free.

[0052] In an aspect, compositions of the present application are physically and chemically stable for commercially relevant times.

[0053] In an aspect, the present application provides methods of using propellant-free topical spray compositions comprising at least one steroid as an active agent, methods comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a spray composition directly onto an affected part of the skin of a subject in need thereof.

[0054] In an aspect, pharmaceutical topical spray compositions of the present application are useful in the management of psoriasis, and further can provide a moisturizing and/or soothing effect at the site of application to the skin. In an aspect, a composition reduces the dryness that accompanies the build-up of skin in psoriatic plaques. In an aspect, a composition can be applied directly to the psoriatic lesions or dermatoses and can help reduce inflammation, remove built-up scale, reduce skin turnover, and/or clear affected skin of plaques.

[0055] In an aspect, the present application provides propellant-free topical compositions in a sprayable form, comprising at least one active agent, at least one solvent, at least one emulsifying agent, at least one polymer, and at least one skin penetration enhancer in an amount of about 0.001 to about 15%, by weight, wherein a composition provides an enhanced flux of the active agent through the localized region of the body surface to reach the dermis layer, thus being useful in the prophylaxis, amelioration, or treatment of skin diseases or disorders.

[0056] In embodiments, a penetration enhancer is present in a composition in amounts about 0.05 to about 10%, by weight. In embodiments, a penetration enhancer is present in a composition in amounts about 3% to about 10%, by weight.

[0057] In an aspect, the skin diseases or disorders treated using compositions of the application include psoriatic plaques, steroid responsive dermatoses, erythema, contact sensitivity reactions, and other associated diseases or disorders.

[0058] In an aspect, the skin diseases or disorders treated using compositions of the application include atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, eczema, plaque psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, psoriasis of the scalp, and any combinations thereof.

[0059] In an aspect, the present application provides methods of prophylaxis, amelioration, or treatment of skin diseases or disorders, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a spray composition to a subject in need thereof. In aspects, the skin diseases or disorders are psoriasis, steroid responsive dermatoses, erythema, contact sensitivity reactions, and other associated diseases or disorders.

[0060] In embodiments, compositions of the present application comprise one or more additional active agents that are useful in the management of psoriasis and associated pathological conditions including synthetic, semi-synthetic, or naturally obtained active agents.

[0061] The compositions of the present application can be used for prophylaxis, amelioration, or treatment of skin diseases and disorders, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a spray composition to a subject in need thereof. The compositions of the present application are also useful in conjunction with other therapies, such as phototherapy.

[0062] In embodiments, compositions of the present application are easily water-washable and removable from the site of application. In embodiments, compositions of the present application, when applied by spraying onto the skin, are substantially non-occlusive to the skin.

[0063] In embodiments, compositions of the present application are substantially alcohol-free and/or propylene glycol-free, such that any amounts present do not cause significant skin irritation or impart any undesired attributes to the composition.

[0064] In embodiments, compositions comprise at least one steroid as an active agent and one or more excipients, in the form of topical sprays. Concentrations of an active agent contained in a composition of the present application range from about 0.01% to about 10%, or from about 0.025% to about 0.5%, by weight.

[0065] An aspect of the present application provides dispensing devices containing propellant-free topical compositions, wherein a device comprises a container, a pump dispenser, a dip tube, a metering valve, and an actuator, and wherein the pump dispenser is capable of dispensing the composition through a dip tube into a metering valve, and through the actuator fitted with an orifice, such that the composition is consistently released in the form of a substantially uniform spray.

[0066] An aspect of the present application provides dispensing devices containing a propellant-free topical composition; wherein the devices comprise a container having therein a pouch system or bag filled with the composition, optionally fitted with a dip tube and an actuator fitted with a valve, the container being filled with a gas such as nitrogen gas or compressed air, surrounding the pouch or bag. Introduction of the composition into the system can further increase the pressure of the system, which is capable of dispensing the composition from the pouch or bag into the actuator fitted with a valve, such that the composition is released upon actuation in the form of a spray.

[0067] An aspect of the present application provides processes for preparing propellant-free topical compositions in sprayable form, comprising at least one steroid as an active agent.

[0068] In embodiments, advantages of topical sprayable formulations of the present application include one or more of non-irritancy to the site of application, ease of application, usefulness for long periods, non-staining of fabrics, and not possessing a strong or objectionable odour. This facilitates a subject in need thereof to maintain regular applications of the medications, thus avoiding abrupt withdrawal of the steroidal composition applications, which in turn prevents an aggressive recurrence of the disease condition.

[0069] In embodiments, compositions of the application comprise at least one steroid drug, such as alclometasone dipropionate, amcinonide, beclomethasone dipropionate, betamethasone benzoate, betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone sodium phosphate, betamethasone valerate, budesonide, clobetasol propionate, clobetasone butyrate, clocortolone pivalate, desonide, desoximetasone, dexamethasone, dexamethasone acetate, dexamethasone nicotinate, dexamethasone propionate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, dexamethasone valerate, diflorasone diacetate, diflucortolone valerate, fluandrenolide, flumethasone pivalate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, fluocortin butyl ester, fluticasone propionate, halcinonide, halobetasol propionate, halometasone monohydrate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, hydrocortisone-17-butyrate-21-propionate, hydrocortisone aceponate, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrcortisone valerate, hydrocortisone butyrate, hydrocortisone probutate, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone acetate, methylprednisolone aceponate, mometasone furoate, prednisolone, prednisolone sodium phosphate, prednisolone acetate, prednisolone-17-valerate-21-acetate, triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone acetate, triamcinolone diacetate, and prednicarbate. Other drug compounds are also useful, and this application further specifically contemplates the use of any combinations of steroid drugs.

[0070] According to the invention, unless otherwise specified, recitation of an active agent, such as a steroid, is intended to include the drug compound or any salts, esters, isomers, conjugates, derivatives or prodrugs thereof.

[0071] The active agent generally is present in amounts about 0.01% to about 1%, by weight of the composition. However, other amounts are useful, depending on the potency of the active agent and the conditions to be treated.

[0072] In embodiments, a steroid present in the topical compositions is betamethasone dipropionate, which typically is administered in doses of about 0.001 mg/Kg body weight to about 0.5 mg/Kg body weight, to a subject in need thereof.

[0073] In embodiments, a steroid is betamethasone dipropionate, present in topical compositions in concentrations about 0.064% by weight, although higher or lower amounts may be used as desired, for example from about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight, or from about 0.02% to about 0.07% by weight. In embodiments, a betamethasone compound used in the present application is present in compositions in amounts equivalent to about 0.025% to about 0.1%, or about 0.05%, by weight of betamethasone base.

[0074] In embodiments, compositions of the present application are formulated as emulsions, comprising an oily or hydrophobic phase, an aqueous or hydrophilic phase, and an emulsifier. When the oily phase is dispersed as droplets within an aqueous continuous phase, this is called an “oil-in-water” type of emulsion. When the aqueous phase is dispersed as droplets within an oily continuous phase, this is called an “water-in-oil” type of emulsion. In embodiments, the hydrophobic phase comprises about 0.5% to about 90% by weight of the composition. Compositions in the form of emulsions may be micro- or nano-emulsions. In embodiments, average particle sizes of the dispersed phase droplets are less than about 500 μm. In embodiments, average particle sizes of the dispersed phase droplets are less than about 2000 nm.

[0075] In embodiments, compositions of the present application include excipients including, but not limited to, one or more of carriers, emulsifiers, coemulsifiers, permeation or penetration enhancers, solvents, co-solvents, emollients, antioxidants, preservatives, buffering agents, gelling or thickening agents, polymers, surfactants, soothing agents, pH modifiers, solubilizers, humectants, emollients, moisturizers, oily bases, and the like.

[0076] “Emollients” are substances that soften and soothe the skin. They are used to correct dryness and scaling of the skin. Various emollients include, but are not limited to, oils of natural origin such as almond oil, coconut oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil and the like, fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, monohydric alcohol esters of the fatty acids such as ethyl laurate, isopropyl laurate, ethyl myristate, n-propyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, isopropyl palmitate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, ethyl stearate, isopropyl stearate, butyl stearate, isobutyl stearate, amyl stearate, and isoamyl stearate, glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and propylene glycol, branched aliphatic alcohols such as lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol, and any combinations thereof.

[0077] The term “carrier” denotes organic or inorganic ingredients, natural or synthetic, with which an active ingredient is combined to facilitate application of a composition. The term “carrier” includes, but is not limited to, one or more of water, acetone, alone or in combination with materials such as silicone fluids. The amounts of carrier may be about 5% to about 99% of the total weight of the composition. In embodiments, a carrier according to the present application comprises water. In embodiments, the carrier can comprise, in addition to water, water-immiscible substances such as any pharmaceutically acceptable fatty esters of natural fatty acids, triglycerides of animal or vegetable, medium chain triglycerides, mixtures of mono-, di- and/or triglycerides, waxes, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and mixtures thereof.

[0078] Examples of suitable polymers for use in the compositions include, but are not limited to carbomers, polyethylene glycols, acrylate polymers, methacrylate polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones, copolymers based on butyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate povidone, vinyl acetates, polyvinyl acetates, celluloses, gums, alginates, cellulose acetate phthalates, cellulose acetate butyrates, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalates, and the like. Examples include Carbopol® products, PEG 400, Eudragit® 100, Eudragit® RSPO, Eudragit® RLPO, Eudragit® ND40, Plasdone®, copolymers based on butyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate (Plastoid® B), alkyl celluloses such as ethyl celluloses and methyl celluloses, hydroxyalkyl celluloses such as hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl alkyl celluloses such as hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses and hydroxybutyl methylcelluloses, gums such as xanthan gum, tragacanth, guar gum, locust bean gum, acacia, and the like. The amount of polymer may be about 0.5 to about 50% by weight of the total weight of the composition.

[0079] Other polymers that are useful include polyamides, polycarbonates, polyalkylenes, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene oxides, polyalkylene terepthalates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl halides, polyglycolides, polysiloxanes, polyurethanes and copolymers thereof, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, nitrocelluloses, polymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters, cellulose acetates, cellulose propionates, cellulose acetate butyrates, cellulose acetate phthalates, carboxylethyl celluloses, cellulose triacetates, cellulose sulphate sodium salts, poly(methyl ethacrylate), poly(ethylmethacrylate), poly(butylmethacrylate), poly(isobutylmethacrylate), poly(hexylmethacrylate), poly(isodecylmethacrylate), poly(lauryl methacrylate), poly(phenyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(isopropyl acrylate), poly(isobutyl acrylate), poly(octadecyl acrylate), polyethylenes, polypropylenes, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrenes, and the like, including any mixtures thereof.

[0080] Examples of other useful polymers include synthetic polymers, such as polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho ester), polyurethanes, poly(butyric acid), poly(valeric acid), poly(caprolactone), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), and natural polymers such as alginate and other polysaccharides that include but are not limited to arabinans, fructans, fucans, galactans, galacturonans, glucans, mannans, xylans (such as, for example, inulin), levan, fucoidan, carrageenan, galatocarolose, pectic acid, pectin, amylose, pullulan, glycogen, amylopectin, cellulose, dextran, pustulan, chitin, agarose, keratan, chondroitan, dermatan, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, xanthan gum, starches, and various other natural homopolymers and heteropolymers, such as those containing one or more of aldoses, ketoses, acids or amines, erythrose, threose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose, erythrulose, ribulose, xylulose, psicose, fructose, sorbose, tagatose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, glucuronic acid, gluconic acid, glucaric acid, galacturonic acid, mannuronic acid, glucosamine, galactosamine, and neuraminic acid, and naturally occurring derivatives thereof, and including dextran and cellulose, collagen, albumin and other hydrophilic proteins, zein and other prolamines and hydrophobic proteins, copolymers and mixtures thereof.

[0081] The content of polymer may be about 0.01% to about 45% of the total weight of the composition.

[0082] Examples of suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, disodium cocoampho diacetate, oxyethylenated glyceryl cocoate (7 EO), PEG-20 hexadecenyl succinate, PEG-15 stearyl ether, ricinoleic monoethanolamide monosulfosuccinate salts, oxyethylenated hydrogenated ricinoleic triglyceride containing 60 ethylene oxide units such as the products sold by BASF under the trademarks Cremophor® RH 60 or Cremophor® RH 40 (polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil), polymers such as poloxamers, which are block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, and the nonsolid fatty substances at room temperature (that is to say, at temperatures ranging from about 20 to 35° C.) such as sesame oil, sweet almond oil, apricot stone oil, sunflower oil, octoxyglyceryl palmitate (or 2-ethylhexyl glyceryl ether palmitate), octoxyglyceryl behenate (or 2-ethylhexyl glyceryl ether behenate), dioctyl adipate, and tartrates of branched dialcohols. Sorbitan fatty acid esters are a series of mixtures of partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides with fatty acids. Sorbitan esters include products sold as Arlacel® 20, Arlacel 40, Arlacel 60, Arlacel 80, Arlacel 83, Arlacel 85, Arlacel 987, Arlacel C, PEG-6 stearate and glycol stearate and PEG-32 stearate (Tefose® 63), and PEG-6 stearate and PEG-32 stearate (Tefose® 1500), and any mixtures thereof. Polyethylene glycol ethers of stearic acid are in another group of emulsifiers that can be used in the emulsions. Examples of polyethylene glycol ethers of stearic acid are steareth-2, steareth-4, steareth-6, steareth-7, steareth-10, steareth-11, steareth-13, steareth-15, steareth-20, polyethylene glycol ethers of stearyl alcohol (steareth 21), and any mixtures thereof. Other emulsifying agents include sodium lauryl sulphate, cetyl trialkyl ammonium bromide, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, and any mixtures thereof. Amounts of emulsifier may be about 0.25% to about 45% of the total weight of the compositions.

[0083] Nonionic emulsifying agents include those that can be broadly defined as condensation products of long chain alcohols, e.g., C8-30 alcohols, with sugar or starch polymers, i.e., glycosides. Various sugars include, but are not limited to, glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose, and various long chain alcohols include, but are not limited to, decyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, and the like.

[0084] Other useful nonionic emulsifying agents include condensation products of alkylene oxides with fatty acids such as alkylene oxide esters of fatty acids. Other nonionic surfactants are the condensation products of alkylene oxides with 2 moles of fatty acids such as alkylene oxide diesters of fatty acids.

[0085] Emulsifying agents can also include any of a wide variety of cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and amphoteric surfactants that are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of anionic emulsifying agents include alkyl isethionates, alkyl and alkyl ether sulfates and salts thereof, alkyl and alkyl ether phosphates and salts thereof, alkyl methyl taurates, and soaps (e.g., alkali metal salts and sodium or potassium salts) of fatty acids.

[0086] Examples of amphoteric and zwitterionic emulsifying agents include those which are broadly described as derivatives of aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical can be straight or branched chain, wherein one of the aliphatic substituents contains from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and one contains an anionic water solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, or phosphonate. Specific examples include alkylimino acetates, iminodialkanoates and aminoalkanoates, imidazolinium and ammonium derivatives. Other suitable amphoteric and zwitterionic emulsifying agents include betaines, sultaines, hydroxysultaines, alkyl sarcosinates, and alkanoyl sarcosinates.

[0087] Silicone emulsifying agents are typically organically modified organopoly siloxanes, sometimes called silicone surfactants. Useful silicone emulsifying agents include dimethicone copolyols. These materials are polydimethyl siloxanes, which have been modified to include polyether side chains such as polyethylene oxide chains, polypropylene oxide chains, mixtures of these chains, and polyether chains containing moieties derived from both ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.

[0088] The amounts of emulsifier may be about 0.25% to about 45% of the total weight of the composition.

[0089] Co-emulsifiers or secondary emulsifying agents include polyoxylglycerides such as oleoyl macrogolglycerides (Labrafil® M 1944CS), linoleoyl macrogolglycerides (Labrafil® M 2125CS), caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides (Labrasol®), cetyl alcohol (and) ceteth-20 (and) steareth-20 (Emulcire™ 61 WL 2659), glyceryl stearate (and) PEG-75 stearate (Gelot® 64), and any mixtures thereof.

[0090] A “permeation enhancer” or “penetration enhancer” is a component used to enhance the penetration rate of drugs through the skin or mucous membrane, such as by temporarily diminishing the impermeability of the skin or membrane. Permeation enhancers have also been called “accelerants” and “absorption promoters.” There are numerous penetration enhancers that can be used. Various useful permeation enhancers include, for example: polyols and esters, including polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, and butanediol; sulfoxides, including dimethylsulfoxide and decylmethylsulfoxide; ethers, including diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (e.g., Transcutol® P) and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether; fatty acids, including lauric acid, oleic acid, and valeric acid; fatty acid esters, including isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, methyl propionate, and ethyl oleate; nitrogenous compounds including urea, dimethyl acetamide, dimethylformamide 2-pyrrolidone, ethanolamine, methyl-2-pyrrolidone, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine; terpenes; alkanones; organic acids, including salicylic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid; and any mixtures thereof. Further, one or more surfactants can also be used as a permeation or penetration enhancer. A permeation enhancer can be used in concentrations ranging from about 0.001-15%, or about 0.05-12%, or about 3-10%, of the total weight of the composition.

[0091] The term “preservative” refers to a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes. Preservatives can desirably be incorporated into a composition for protecting against the growth of potentially harmful microorganisms. While microorganisms tend to grow in an aqueous phase, microorganisms can also reside in a hydrophobic or oil phase. Suitable preservatives for compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, methylparaben, propylparaben, benzyl alcohol, chlorocresol, benzalkonium chloride, cetrimonium chloride, sodium edetate, boric acid, and any mixtures thereof. The amount of preservative may be about 0.25% to about 25% of the total weight of the composition.

[0092] Antioxidants are substances which inhibit oxidation or suppress reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides. Antioxidants, especially lipid-soluble antioxidants, can be absorbed into the cellular membrane to neutralize oxygen radicals and thereby protect the membrane. Suitable antioxdants for compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, lipoic acid, uric acid, carotenes, α-tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinol, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, sodium benzoate, propyl gallate (PG, E310), and tertiary-butylhydroquinone. The amounts of antioxidant may be about 0.01% to about 20%, of the total weight of the composition.

[0093] “Solvent” refers to components that aid in the dissolution of the drug in the formulation. Solvents serve to maintain a solution of the drug in the composition. Some solvents can also enhance percutaneous penetration of drug and/or act as humectants. For steroid drugs, solvents can include water-immiscible substances such as fatty esters of natural fatty acids, triglycerides of animal or vegetable, medium chain triglycerides, mixtures of mono-, di- and/or triglycerides, waxes, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and mixtures thereof. Some specific examples include castor oil, lanolin oil, citrate triisocetyl triglycerides having 10-18 carbon atoms, caprylic/capric triglycerides, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, oil of mink, olive oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, nut oil, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, saturated paraffin oils, light or heavy mineral oils, vegetable oils or glycerides, and the like.

[0094] Some of the excipient substances described above can have more than one function in a formulation. For example, a substance can be both a solvent and a penetration enhancer, or both a solvent and a carrier. The categorizations of materials described above are not to be construed as limiting or restricting in any manner.

[0095] The compositions of the present application may be in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, lotions, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, emulgels, gels, and the like. In embodiments, compositions may be in the form of an emulsion. The emulsion can be in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion or a water-in-oil type of emulsion. An aqueous-based emulsion, such as an oil-in-water emulsion, frequently has lower viscosity than other emulsion types and exhibits appreciable storage stability. Generally, oil-in-water emulsions have better skin feel properties, when applied to the skin, as these give sensations similar to an aqueous material.

[0096] The compositions can be applied directly onto affected areas of the skin, such as psoriatic plaques or dermatoses. Sprayable compositions, upon being sprayed, form droplets on the affected areas and, in embodiments, can provide release of the active agent for an extended duration of time. Viscosities of aqueous-based emulsions of the present application frequently vary in the range of about 0.01-15 Pascal second, “Pa.Math.s” (10-15,000 centipoise, “cP”), about 0.1-1.5 Pa.Math.s (100-1,500 cP), or about 0.2-1 Pa.Math.s (200-1,000 cP).

[0097] Aspects of the present application also provide dispensing devices for the topical delivery of the compositions onto the skin in the form of sprays. In embodiments, the present application provides devices, into which the compositions are filled, comprising a container, a dispenser, and a closure.

[0098] In embodiments, the closures used for packaging are made of a polymeric substance such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), or resins. The closures are particularly in the form of caps that are fitted onto the containers to aid in providing support to the dispenser unit and/or to shield the contents of the container from the outside environment. Various container materials include, but are not limited to, tin plated steel, aluminum, stainless steel, plastics, and glass.

[0099] An example of a dispenser is a unit containing a pump that can be adapted to fit on any type of container, such as by threads that match threading on the container. The pump is capable of dispensing sprayable compositions of the present application through a dip tube extending into a container from an actuator and attached to a one-way valve, which releases the composition from an orifice in the actuator in the form of a spray. The valve may be a metering valve.

[0100] Various types of valves that can be used include, but are not limited to, continuous spray valves and metering valves. The actuators allow for easy opening and closing of the valve and are an integral part of a package. This also serves to aid in producing the required type of product discharge. Various types of actuators include but are not limited to spray actuators, foam actuators, solid-stream actuators, and special actuators.

[0101] In an embodiment a dispensing device may be a device comprising a container, having therein a pouch system or bag containing the product, optionally fitted with a dip tube and an actuator fitted with a valve wherein the container is filled with nitrogen gas or compressed air, surrounding the pouch or bag. Containers can be made of aluminum or tin plate and the pouch system or bag containing the product can be made of layers of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and aluminum. Introduction of the composition into the system further increases the pressure of the system which is capable of dispensing the composition from the pouch into the actuator, fitted with a valve, such that the composition is consistently released in the form of a substantially uniform spray upon actuation. The pouch can have a dip tube therein, communicating with the actuator valve, to control the spray rate and reduce droplet size.

[0102] In embodiments, a dispensing device useful for dispensing the compositions of the present application provides spray rates and spray patterns, in a manner such that substantially uniform dosage is dispensed each time which appreciably covers the desired affected area of the skin onto which the composition is sprayed. The pump is intended to deliver the composition uniformly onto the skin. It covers a desired area of the skin and produces very fine uniform droplets, at a specified spray rate such as, but not limited to, about 20 to about 500 mg/actuation, or about 100 to about 200 mg/actuation. The device provides a reproducible spray pattern, such as circular, frequently covering an area of about 0.1 to about 10 cm.sup.2 depending on the distance from the application site.

[0103] About 2-6 priming actuations can be required for a new pump to reproducibly dispense the compositions. In a specific embodiment, about 160 μL of a formulation is dispensed, per actuation of the pump. Devices frequently provide a reproducible distribution of droplets, in distributions where about 90% of the droplets have sizes ranging from about 1 to about 500 μm.

[0104] The orifice is sized to control the droplet sizes of the dispensed product. The orifice size also affects providing of a uniform characteristic spray pattern.

[0105] In embodiments, the compositions useful in treating psoriasis may be packaged in a bottle fitted with an attached spray pump closure that can be mechanically actuated by a patient or caregiver, to apply the composition to the affected skin (i.e., a pump-type spray closure).

[0106] In embodiments, a spray formulation of the present application can be applied in an essentially easier and more exact way than creams and ointments can be applied, since for the spray application it is only necessary to spray a given volume, whereas the application of the semi-solid products requires an easily accessible and visual estimation of the cream amount or the ointment amount. Further, smearing and soiling of clothing can more easily be avoided on large surface areas. For the spray compositions, spreading and rubbing are not necessarily required, contrary to cream and ointment products, since the layer formed on the body surface by evaporation or vaporization of the liquid already has an ideal fine dispersion of active agent; hence ‘pressure pain’ will not occur from the topical application of spray compositions of the present application.

[0107] In an aspect, aqueous based emulsion sprayable formulations of the present application also permit applying a medicament by a method whereby the area of application is contacted by only the spray.

[0108] In an aspect, topical application of compositions of the present application forms a depot on the skin without forming an occlusive film, thereby extending the duration of active agent action while allowing ‘breathing’ of the skin.

[0109] Aspects of the present application further provide processes for preparing compositions that can be filled into suitable dispensing devices. In embodiments, processes comprise:

[0110] a) preparing a composition comprising the active agent and one or more suitable excipients, and

[0111] b) filling a desired quantity of the composition into a dispensing device.

[0112] In embodiments, processes for preparing topical compositions comprising betamethasone as an active agent and excipients comprise:

[0113] a) heating a mixture comprising an emulsifying agent and a solvent to obtain an oily phase;

[0114] b) optionally, admixing an antioxidant and/or preservative into the oily phase of a);

[0115] c) admixing an active agent with a penetration enhancer;

[0116] d) admixing the material of c) with material of a) or b);

[0117] e) dissolving a polymer in an aqueous phase;

[0118] f) admixing the oily phase of d) slowly with the aqueous phase of e) with continuous mixing; and

[0119] g) homogenizing the mixture of f), followed by cooling.

[0120] In embodiments, compositions of the present application have pH values ranging from about 3 to about 7, or about 3.5 to about 6.

[0121] In embodiments, the oily phase for an emulsion is a mixture of emulsifying agents and a solvent.

[0122] In embodiments, betamethasone spray compositions of the present application exhibit a comparable drug dissolution profile to that of a commercial DIPROLENE® lotion, a product of Schering Corporation, containing 0.05% betamethasone (in the form of betamethasone dipropionate), water, isopropyl alcohol (30%), hydroxypropyl cellulose, propylene glycol, sodium phosphate, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide.

[0123] In embodiments, betamethasone propionate formulations of the present application may contain any one or more of impurities, such as impurity A (betamethasone 17-propionate) in amounts not more than about 5%, impurity B (betamethasone 21-propionate) in amounts not more than about 2%, impurity C (betamethasone 17-propionate 21-acetate) in amounts not more than about 1%, and impurity D (betamethasone 21-valerate) in amounts not more than about 1%, these impurities having the structures shown in FIG. 3, and any other drug-related impurities, in amounts such that any such impurities do not substantially adversely affect the safety of the composition. Impurities A and B are primarily observed during stability studies of a formulation, and impurities C and D are generally process-related impurities from synthesis of the drug. The above impurity limits are expressed as percentages of the label drug content in the formulation.

[0124] The following examples are provided to illustrate certain specific aspects and embodiments of the application, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the application in any manner. In the examples, the active agent betamethasone dipropionate used has a particle size distribution wherein half of the particles have sizes less than about 50 μm, and 90% of the particles have sizes less than about 300 μm.

Example 1: Betamethasone Spray Formulations

[0125]

TABLE-US-00001 Wt. Percent Ingredient A B Betamethasone dipropionate 0.064 0.064 Polyethylene glycol and 7.5 7.5 ethylene glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.3 76.3

[0126] Manufacturing Process:

[0127] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0128] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0129] c) Betamethasone dipropionate is mixed with diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

[0130] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0131] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0132] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0133] g) The mixture off) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

[0134] Comparative in vitro dissolution profile testing, showing drug release from Formulation A and Formulation B, and a commercial reference product, is conducted. The reference product is DIPROLENE® lotion. The test procedure is as described below.

[0135] A Franz diffusion cell is fitted with a polysulphone 0.2 μm membrane clamped between the donor and receptor compartments. The receptor media is a mixture of ethanol and water (20:80 by volume) with a replacement volume of 12.0 mL, sampling volume of 2.0 mL at the times 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes, and the temperature maintained at 32±0.5° C. About 200 mg of the formulation is applied uniformly over the membrane using a syringe. The donor compartment is covered using Parafilm® (hydrocarbon wax and polyolefin blend). Receptor fluid is analyzed for the drug, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Cumulative % of Drug Released Minutes DIPROLENE Formulation A Formulation B 30 28.6 1.6 1.0 60 66.5 3.3 3.7 120 100.3 5.65 8.2 240 117.9 10.8 15.6 360 123.8 15.5 22.4

[0136] Drug release from DIPROLENE lotion is rapid. However, from Formulation A and Formulation B, betamethasone release is slow and sustained over several hours. The results are plotted in FIG. 1. A release lag time remains below 30 minutes in all of the compositions tested, and is assumed to be contributed mainly from the polymeric membrane used for release testing. The rates of drug release, fitted to the Higuchi equation, for Formulations A and B, are shown in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Release Lag Release Rate Time Regression Formulation (μg/cm.sup.2 .Math. min.sup.0.5) (minutes) Coefficient A 1.023 20.4 0.984 B 1.587 28.2 0.993

[0137] The prepared formulations, filled into closed containers, are exposed to the stability testing conditions 25° C. and 60% relative humidity (RH), 30° C. and 65% RH, and 40° C. and 75% RH for three months, and analyses at various storage points are shown in Tables 3 and 4, where the values are percentages of the label drug content.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Formulation A Storage Drug Impurities Conditions Assay A B C D Total Initial — 99.08 — — — — 2.09 1 Month 25° C. 100.7 0.63 0.27 ND ND 1.34 30° C. 100 0.73 0.28 ND ND 1.48 40° C. 99.36 0.92 0.25 ND ND 1.59 2 Months 25° C. 103.5 0.78 0.39 ND ND 1.61 30° C. 102.4 0.89 0.3 ND ND 1.77 40° C. 100.7 1.34 0.4 ND ND 2.62 3 Months 25° C. 101.3 0.57 0.24 ND ND 1.54 30° C. 101.6 0.76 0.26 ND ND 1.72 40° C. 100.6 1.52 0.34 ND ND 2.18 ND = not detected.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Formulation B Drug Impurities Storage Assay A B C D Total Initial — 101.81 — — — — 1.52 1 Month 25° C. 99.5 0.32 0.26 ND ND 0.75 30° C. 103.2 0.33 0.29 ND ND 0.61 40° C. 103.4 0.41 0.35 ND ND 0.76 2 Months 25° C. 102.3 0.34 0.32 ND ND 1.04 30° C. 102.3 0.34 0.31 ND ND 0.65 40° C. 102.5 0.59 0.36 ND ND 0.95 3 Months 25° C. 99.4 0.31 0.29 ND ND 0.99 30° C. 99.6 0.37 0.32 ND ND 1.1 40° C. 98.2 0.74 0.33 ND ND 1.83 ND = not detected.

Example 2: Betamethasone Spray Formulations

[0138]

TABLE-US-00006 Wt. Percent Ingredient C D E F G Betamethasone 0.032 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 dipropionate PEG-6 palmitostearate 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 (and) ethylene glycol palmitostearate (and) PEG-32 palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 7.06 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 polyoxylglycerides Diethyleneglycol 3 5 7 3 10 monoethyl ether Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Butylated 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 hydroxytoluene Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Water 78.31 76.28 74.28 78.28 71.28

[0139] Manufacturing Process:

[0140] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0141] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0142] c) Betamethasone dipropionate is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0143] d) Material of c) is mixed with material of b).

[0144] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose is dissolved in water.

[0145] f) The oily phase of d) is slowly added to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0146] g) The mixture off) is homogenized and avowed to cool to ambient temperature.

[0147] A stability study is conducted for Formulation D, involving storing the formulation for 3 months in closed containers at the conditions 25° C. and 60% RH, 30° C. and 65% RH, and 40° C. and 75% RH. All samples remain off-white homogenous emulsions with no phase separation. Drug assay values are within the specified limits of 90-110% of the label drug content for all samples, as shown in Table 5, where all values are percentages of the label drug content. The pH of the samples remains between 3 and 6. Viscosity values, measured at 100 rpm using a Brookfield CAP 2000+ viscometer, remain close to the original values for all samples.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 Drug Impurities Storage Assay A B C D Total Initial — 101.6 — — — — 0.14 1 Month 25° C. 102.6 0.56 0.03 0.09 ND 0.68 30° C. 100.7 0.63 0.03 0.09 ND 0.74 40° C. 97.7 1.32 0.04 0.09 ND 1.45 2 Months 25° C. 100.9 0.77 ND 0.08 ND 0.85 30° C. 100.7 0.91 0.02 0.08 ND 1.02 40° C. 98.7 2.04 0.11 0.07 ND 2.22 3 Months 25° C. 101.3 1.04 0.05 0.02 ND 1.17 30° C. 100.5 1.22 0.05 0.02 ND 1.29 40° C. — 2.92 0.26 0.01 ND 3.24 ND = not detected.

Example 3: Betamethasone Spray Formulations

[0148]

TABLE-US-00008 Wt. Percent Ingredient H I J K Betamethasone 0.032 0.064 0.064 0.064 dipropionate PEG-6 palmitostearate 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 (and) ethylene glycol palmitostearate (and) PEG-32 palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 polyoxylglycerides Diethyleneglycol 3 5 7 3 monoethyl ether Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Butylated 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 hydroxytoluene Xanthan gum 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Water 78.31 76.28 74.28 78.28

[0149] Manufacturing Process:

[0150] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0151] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0152] c) Betamethasone dipropionate is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0153] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0154] e) Xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0155] f) The oily phase of d) is slowly added to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0156] g) The mixture of (f) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 4: Betamethasone Spray Formulations

[0157]

TABLE-US-00009 Wt. Percent Ingredient L M N O P Betamethasone 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 dipropionate PEG-6 palmitostearate 1.5 — — — 1.5 (and) ethylene glycol palmitostearate (and) PEG-32 palmitostearate PEG-6 stearate and — — 1.5 1.5 — PEG-32 stearate Sorbitan stearate 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 PEG ether of — 2.22 — — — stearyl alcohol Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 7.06 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl 2.94 2.94 2.94 — — polyoxylglycerides Cetyl alcohol (and) — — — 1 1 ceteth 20 (and) steareth 20 Diethyleneglycol 10 5 5 5 5 monoethyl ether Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Butylated 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 hydroxytoluene Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Water 76.35 74.85 79.13 79.85 81.79

[0158] Manufacturing Process:

[0159] a) Polyethylene glycol (and) ethylene glycol palmitostearate (and) PEG-32 palmitostearate, PEG-6 stearate and PEG-32 stearate, sorbitan stearate, PEG ether of stearyl alcohol, mineral oil, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and cetyl alcohol (and) ceteth 20 (and) steareth 20, as required, are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0160] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0161] c) Betamethasone dipropionate is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0162] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0163] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose is dissolved in water.

[0164] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0165] g) The mixture of f) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 5: Mometasone Spray Formulations

[0166]

TABLE-US-00010 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 1 AB 2 Mometasone furoate 0.1 0.1 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.25 76.25

[0167] Manufacturing Process:

[0168] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0169] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0170] c) Mometasone furoate is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0171] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0172] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0173] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0174] g) The mixture of f) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 6: Halobetasol Spray Formulations

[0175]

TABLE-US-00011 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 3 AB 4 Halobetasol propionate 0.05 0.05 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.3 76.3

[0176] Manufacturing Process:

[0177] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated at about 50-70° C.;

[0178] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0179] c) Halobetasol propionate is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0180] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0181] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0182] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0183] g) The mixture off) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 7: Triamcinolone Spray Formulations

[0184]

TABLE-US-00012 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 5 AB 6 Triamcinolone acetonide 0.1 0.1 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.25 76.25

[0185] Manufacturing Process:

[0186] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0187] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0188] c) Triamcinolone acetonide is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0189] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0190] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0191] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0192] g) The mixture of f) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 8: Hydrocortisone Spray Formulations

[0193]

TABLE-US-00013 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 7 AB 8 Hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1 0.1 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.25 76.25

[0194] Manufacturing Process:

[0195] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0196] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0197] c) Hydrocortisone butyrate is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0198] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0199] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0200] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0201] g) The mixture of f) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 9: Betamethasone Spray Formulations

[0202]

TABLE-US-00014 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 9 AB 10 Betamethasone valerate 0.05 0.05 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.3 76.3

[0203] Manufacturing Process:

[0204] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0205] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0206] c) Betamethasone valerate is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0207] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0208] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0209] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0210] g) The mixture off) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 10: Fluocinolone Spray Formulations

[0211]

TABLE-US-00015 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 11 AB 12 Fluocinolone acetonide 0.05 0.05 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.3 76.3

[0212] Manufacturing Process:

[0213] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0214] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0215] c) Fluocinolone acetonide is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0216] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0217] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0218] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0219] g) The mixture off) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 11: Desonide Spray Formulations

[0220]

TABLE-US-00016 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 13 AB 14 Desonide 0.05 0.05 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.3 76.3

[0221] Manufacturing Process:

[0222] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0223] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0224] c) Desonide is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0225] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0226] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0227] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0228] g) The mixture of f) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 12: Methylprednisolone Spray Formulations

[0229]

TABLE-US-00017 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 15 AB 16 Methylprednisolone 0.1 0.1 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.25 76.25

[0230] Manufacturing Process:

[0231] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0232] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0233] c) Methylprednisolone is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0234] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0235] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0236] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0237] g) The mixture off) is homogenized and avowed to coot to ambient temperature.

Example 13: Alclometasone Spray Formulations

[0238]

TABLE-US-00018 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 17 AB 18 Alclometasone dipropionate 0.005 0.005 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether 5 5 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 76.3 76.3

[0239] Manufacturing Process:

[0240] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0241] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0242] c) Alclometasone dipropionate is mixed with diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.

[0243] d) The material of c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0244] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0245] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0246] g) The mixture off) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 14: Betamethasone Spray Formulations

[0247]

TABLE-US-00019 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 19 AB 20 Betamethasone dipropionate 0.05 0.05 Ethanol 74.89 7 Isopropyl myristate 12 10 Transcutol ® P 5 12 Mineral oil 7.06 69.95 Acrylic polymer 1 1

[0248] Manufacturing Process:

[0249] a) Acrylic polymer is dissolved in ethanol.

[0250] b) Betamethasone dipropionate is dissolved in a mixture of isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, and Transcutol P, with stirring.

[0251] c) The mixtures of a) and b) are combined with continuous stirring to obtain the product.

Example 15: Mometasone Spray Formulations

[0252]

TABLE-US-00020 Wt. Percent Ingredient AB 21 AB 22 Mometasone furoate 0.1 0.1 Polyethylene glycol and ethylene 7.5 7.5 glycol palmitostearate Mineral oil 7.06 7.06 Oleoyl polyoxylglycerides 2.94 2.94 Transcutol P 5 12 Propylene glycol 7 3 Propylparaben 0.8 0.8 Methylparaben 0.2 0.2 Butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 0.05 Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 — Xanthan gum — 0.1 Water 69.25 66.25

[0253] Manufacturing Process:

[0254] a) Polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol palmitostearate, oleoyl polyoxyglycerides, and mineral oil are mixed and heated to about 50-70° C.

[0255] b) Propylparaben, methylparaben, and butylated hydroxytoluene are mixed with the liquid of a) with continuous stirring at about 50-70° C.

[0256] c) Mometasone furoate is mixed with Transcutol P.

[0257] d) The material of (c) is mixed with the material of b).

[0258] e) Hydroxyethyl cellulose or xanthan gum is dissolved in water.

[0259] f) The oily phase of d) is added slowly to the aqueous phase of e), or vice versa, at about 50-70° C. with continuous stirring.

[0260] g) The mixture of f) is homogenized and allowed to cool to ambient temperature.

Example 16: Dermal Toxicity Testing

[0261] A toxicity study is conducted, involving once-daily dermal administration of 0.025 and 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate sprays prepared in Example 3 (Formulations C and D) at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/Kg/day for 28 days, to Sprague-Dawley rats. The formulations are well tolerated, as there is no severe or dose-limiting dermal irritation. All animals survive for the duration of the study and there are no test formulation-related clinical signs.

[0262] Systemic effects consist of decreased body weight gains and hematology, clinical chemistry and organ weight alterations at both doses of both formulations. Many of these changes are consistent with the pharmacologic activity of the test drug, a synthetic corticosteroid. Decreases in lymphocytes and thymus and spleen weights, relative to controls, are consistent with the immunosuppresive effects of the drug. Increases in cholesterol in both sexes, and serum triglycerides in females in all groups, appear to be associated with the glucocorticoid activity of this drug. Decreases in adrenal weights are a known effect of corticosteroids. Histopathological changes consist of deceased cellularity in the thymus, spleen, mesenteric, and mediastinal lymph nodes, as well as cortical atrophy in the adrenals, correlating with the macroscopic findings of small size. No remarkable differences between doses or betamethasone concentrations are noted. However, due to the differences in body weight of the treated animals in comparison to controls of approximately 10% or greater, resulting from decreased body weight gains, a “No Observed Adverse Effect Level” (NOAEL) cannot be established.

Example 17: Skin Permeation Testing

[0263] A skin permeation study is conducted using human skin, using the test procedure described below. Samples of Formulations C, F, G, and K (from Examples 2 and 3), and commercially available DIPROLENE lotion, are tested. Franz diffusion cells, with an average surface area of approximately 0.6 cm.sup.2 and a volume of approximately 2 mL are used. Dermatomed human skin from three subjects is positioned between the donor and receiver compartments, such that for each test material there are three cells for each donor, for each of the 8 and 24 hours test durations. The integrity of the dermatomed human skin is measured by electrical impedance. The upper and lower donor chambers are filled with a PBS solution to allow for current conductance across the skin. The skin samples showing an impedance of <2000 ohms are discarded and replaced. Following measurement of skin impedance, the PBS solution is removed from the receiver compartment and replaced with 200 μL of 2% Brij® 98v in PBS. The side arm and donor chamber are then both covered with Parafilm™ prior to equilibrating in a water bath at 34-37° C. (to maintain a skin surface temperature of 32±10° C.) for at least 30 minutes prior to dosing. An additional Franz cell is also mounted but not dosed, and the temperature at the surface of the skin is continuously monitored using a temperature probe to ensure the skin surface temperature remains constant at 32±10° C. throughout the experiment. The cells are dosed with the test materials. After dosing, the upper donor chamber of the Franz cell is immediately replaced and secured. The Parafilm™ on the side arm is then removed and the receiver compartment is filled with pre-warmed receiver fluid. The Franz cell is then placed into a pre-calibrated water bath, which maintains a skin surface temperature of 32±10° C. The cells are left un-occluded for the duration of the experiment. At time=0, 200 μL of the receiver fluid is removed with a syringe prior to dosing, and fresh pre-warmed receiver fluid is used to replace the receiver fluid removed at this and each subsequent sampling time point. At the end of each test duration, diluent is employed to remove and quantify residual betamethasone dipropionate from the surface of the skin and donor chamber individually. The betamethasone dipropionate is extracted from the stratum corneum. The viable epidermal membrane and dermis layers of the skin are separated and the betamethasone dipropionate is extracted from both layers. Drug present in each layer is determined using HPLC.

[0264] Results of the skin permeation study are shown graphically in FIG. 2, where the “REF” bars are for DIPROLENE lotion. At 8 hours, the dermis drug levels are generally higher or equal for formulations of the examples, than levels for DIPROLENE lotion. Subcutaneous and epidermis levels are much lower for formulations of the examples than for DIPROLENE lotion. While it is not intended to be bound to any particular theory, the higher dermis levels can translate into higher efficacy, while lower epidermis levels can translate into lower skin atrophy potential for formulations of the examples than for DIPROLENE lotion. It is hypothesized that formulations of the examples allow the drug to penetrate skin more deeply, while the drug from DIPROLENE lotion penetrates mainly into the epidermis.

[0265] At 24 hours, the fall in dermis levels is steeper for formulations of the examples, when compared to DIPROLENE lotion. Steeper rates of fall can translate into lesser accumulation over multiple applications. Higher subcutaneous and epidermis levels for DIPROLENE lotion could be contributing to sustained dermis levels at 24 hours.

[0266] Dermis level variations may be due, to some extent, to formulation variables such as different polymers, drug concentrations, and the diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether (“DEGME”) concentrations, and these variables are compiled in Table 6, where “HEC” is hydroxyethyl cellulose and “XG” is xanthan gum.

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 6 Formulation Betamethasone DEGME Polymer C 0.05% 3% HEC F 0.025% 3% HEC G 0.05% 10%  HEC K 0.05% 3% XG DIPROLENE 0.05% — —