METHODS FOR TREATING LIVER DISORDERS USING FXR AGONISTS

Abstract

The invention provides methods for modulating the activity of farnesoid X receptors (FXRs) using specific FXR agonists, in particular for treating or preventing liver diseases and disorders. In one embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition, comprising a compound of Formula (I)

##STR00001##

or a stereoisomer, enantiomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition, comprising about 10 μg, about 30 μg, about 60 μg or about 90 μg of a compound of Formula (I) ##STR00007## or a stereoisomer, enantiomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; suitable for oral administration up to a maximum total dose of 100 μg per day.

2. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 10 μg of said compound of Formula (I).

3. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 30 μg of said compound of Formula (I).

4. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 60 μg of a compound of Formula (I).

5. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 90 μg of a compound of Formula (I).

6. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, wherein said compound of Formula (I) is 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

7. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, wherein said compound of Formula (I) is 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid in free form.

8. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 10 μg of 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

9. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 10 μg of 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid in free form.

10. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 30 μg of 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 30 μg of 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid in free form.

12. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 80 μg of 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

13. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 80 μg of 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid in free form.

14. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 90 μg of 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

15. The pharmaceutical unit dosage form composition of claim 1, comprising about 90 μg of 2-[(1R,3r,5S)-3-({5-cyclopropyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-oxazol-4-yl}methoxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-4-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazole-8-carboxylic acid in free form.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0064] FIGS. 1A-1D show the effect of a Compound A on serum markers of cholestasis and liver damage in the chronic treatment rat ANIT model.

[0065] FIG. 1E shows serum FGF15 protein levels following treatment with Compound A in the chronic rat ANIT-induced cholestasis model.

[0066] FIGS. 2A-2B show the effect of different dosages of Compound A on mRNA expression of FXR target genes in rat intestine.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0067] The present invention provides the use of FXR agonists for treating or preventing liver disease and disorders.

[0068] The disclosed FXR antagonists, e.g. Compound A, are useful for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of liver diseases and disorders.

[0069] The FXR agonists, e.g. Compound A, may be used in vitro, ex vivo, or incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and administered to individuals (e.g. human subjects) in vivo to treat, ameliorate, or prevent liver diseases and disorders. A pharmaceutical composition will be formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration (e.g., oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier). Other nonlimiting examples of routes of administration include parenteral (e.g., intravenous), intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. The pharmaceutical compositions compatible with each intended route are well known in the art.

[0070] The frequency of dosing may be twice per day, once per day, or every two days, e.g. once a day. In some embodiments the frequency of dosing is twice per day. The dosing frequency will depend on, inter alia, the phase of the treatment regimen.

[0071] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of an FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, about 3 μg-about 100 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 5 μg-about 100 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 10 μg-about 100 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 20 μg-100 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 30 μg-about 90 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 40 μg-about 60 μg delivered orally. Such doses may be for daily administration (daily doses), or twice daily administration or every two days administration, e.g. for daily administration.

[0072] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of an FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose in a range of about 20 μg-about 60 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 30 μg-about 60 μg delivered orally. Such doses may be for daily administration (daily doses), or twice daily administration or every two days administration, e.g. for daily administration.

[0073] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of an FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, about 10 μg-60 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 10 μg-about 40 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 20 μg-about 40 μg delivered orally. Such doses may be for daily administration (daily doses), or twice daily administration or every two days administration, e.g. for daily administration.

[0074] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of an FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose in a range of about 5 μg-about 60 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 5 μg-about 40 μg delivered orally. Such doses may be for daily administration (daily doses), or twice daily administration or every two days administration, e.g. for daily administration.

[0075] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of an FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose in a range of about 3 μg-about 40 μg delivered orally, e.g. about 3 μg-about 30 μg delivered orally. Such doses may be for daily administration (daily doses), or twice daily administration or every two days administration, e.g. for daily administration.

[0076] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of an FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose of about 3 μg delivered orally, about 4 μg delivered orally, about 5 μg delivered orally, about 10 μg delivered orally, about 20 μg delivered orally, about 25 μg delivered orally, about 30 μg delivered orally, about 40 μg delivered orally, about 60 μg delivered orally, or about 90 μg delivered orally. Such doses may be for oral administration.

[0077] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of an FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose in a range of about 3 μg/day to about 100 μg/day, e.g. about 5 μg/day to about 100 μg/day, e.g. about 10 μg/day to about 100 μg/day, e.g. about 20 μg/day to 100 μg/day, e.g. about 30 μg/day to about 90 μg/day, e.g. about 40 μg/day to about 60 μg/day, e.g. about 10 μg/day to 60 μg/day, e.g. about 10 μg/day to about 40 μg/day, e.g. about 20 μg/day to 40 μg/day, e.g. about 20 μg/day to about 60 μg/day, e.g. about 30 μg/day to about 60 μg/day, e.g. about 5 μg/day to 60 μg/day, e.g. about 5 μg/day to 40 μg/day, e.g. about 3 μg/day to about 40 μg/day, about 3 μg/day to about 30 μg/day.

[0078] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of a FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose of about 3 μg/day, about 4 μg/day, about 5 μg/day, about 10 μg/day, about 25 μg/day, about 30 μg/day, about 60 μg/day, or about 90 μg/day. Such regimens may be delivered orally.

[0079] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of a FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose of about 3 μg twice daily, about 4 μg twice daily, about 5 μg twice daily, about 10 μg twice daily, about 25 μg twice daily, about 30 μg twice daily. Such regimens may be delivered orally.

[0080] In some embodiments, the dosing regimen comprises administration of a FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose of about 5 μg every two days, about 10 μg every two days, about 40 μg every two days, about 60 μg every two days. Such regimens may be delivered orally.

[0081] As herein defined, the dosing regimens are adapted to treat or prevent a cholestatic disorder, e.g. cholestasis (e.g. intrahepatic cholestasis, estrogen-induced cholestasis, drug-induced cholestasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), progressive familiar cholestatis (PFIC), Alagille syndrome, biliary atresia, ductopenic liver transplant rejection, cystic fibrosis liver disease.

[0082] Disclosed herein are methods of treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, comprising administering a subject in need thereof a FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at a dose of about 3 μg to about 100 μg, about 5 μg to about 100 μg, e.g. about 10 μg to about 100 μg, e.g. about 20 μg to 100 μg, e.g. about 30 μg to about 90 μg, e.g. about 40 μg to about 60 μg, e.g. about 10 μg to 60 μg, e.g. about 10 μg to about 40 μg, e.g. about 20 μg to about 40 μg; or a dose of about 20 μg to about 60 μg, e.g. about 30 μg to about 60 μg; or a dose of about 5 μg to about 60 μg, e.g. about 5 μg to about 40 μg, e.g. about 3 μg to about 40 μg, e.g. about 3 μg to about 30 μg.

[0083] Disclosed herein are methods of treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC comprising administering a subject in need thereof a FXR agonist of formula (I), e.g. Compound A, at about 3 μg, e.g. at about 4 μg, e.g. at about 5 μg, e.g. about 10 μg, e.g. about 20 μg, e.g. about 25 μg, e.g. about 30 μg, e.g. about 40 μg, e.g. about 60 μg, or e.g. about 90 μg. In some embodiments such a dose is administered daily, e.g. orally. In some embodiments such a dose is administered orally, e.g. daily.

[0084] Disclosed herein are FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder, e.g. PBC, characterized in that said FXR agonist is to be administered at a dose selected from the group consisting of about 3 μg, about 4 μg, about 5 μg, about 10 μg, about 20 μg about 25 μg, about 30 μg, about 40 μg, about 60 μg and about 90 μg. Such doses may be administered daily, twice daily or every two days, e.g. daily. Such doses may be administered orally.

[0085] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered at a daily dose selected from the group consisting of about 10 μg, about 20 μg, about 25 μg, about 30 μg, about 60 μg and about 90 μg.

[0086] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered at a daily dose selected from the group consisting of about 3 μg, about 4 μg, about 5 μg, about 10 μg, about 30 μg.

[0087] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered twice daily at a dose selected from the group consisting of about 3 μg, about 4 μg, about 5 μg, about 10 μg, about 25 μg, about 30 μg.

[0088] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered every two days at a dose selected from the group consisting of about 5 μg, about 10 μg, about 40 μg, about 60 μg.

[0089] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered at a daily dose of about 3 μg or about 5 μg.

[0090] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered at a daily dose of about 10 μg.

[0091] In some embodiments, are disclosed formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered at a daily dose of about 20 μg or 25 μg.

[0092] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered at a daily dose of about 30 μg.

[0093] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered at a daily dose of about 40 μg.

[0094] In some embodiments, are disclosed FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for use in treating or preventing a cholestatic disorder such as e.g. PBC, wherein said FXR agonist is to be administered at a daily dose of about 60 μg, of about 90 μg.

[0095] In some embodiments, there is provided dosing regimens that provide a Cmax of the FXR agonist of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g. Compound A, of at least about 0.2 ng/mL, e.g. in a range of about 0.2 to about 2.0 ng/mL, e.g. about 0.2 to about 1.0 ng/mL, e.g. about 0.2 to about 0.5 ng/mL.

Kits for the Treatment of Liver Disease or Disorders

[0096] Provided herein are kits useful for providing FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, for the treatment of liver diseases or disorders, e.g. a cholestatic disorder, e.g. PBC. Such kits may comprise FXR agonists of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said FXR agonist, e.g. Compound A. Additionally, such kits may comprise means for administering the FXR agonist molecule (e.g. solid composition) and instructions for use.

[0097] Accordingly, disclosed herein are kits comprising: a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a FXR agonist formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A; b) means for administering the FXR agonist molecule (e.g. Compound A) to a subject having a liver disease or disorder; and c) instructions for use, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises said FXR agonist molecule at dose (e.g. daily dose) in a range of about 3 μg to about 100 μg, about 5 μg to about 100 μg, e.g. about 10 μg to about 100 μg, e.g. about 20 μg to 100 μg, e.g. about 30 μg to about 90 μg, e.g. about 40 μg to about 60 μg, e.g. about 10 μg to 60 μg, e.g. about 10 μg to 40 μg, e.g. about 20 μg to 40 μg, e.g. about 20 μg to about 60 μg, e.g. about 30 μg to about 60 μg; or at a dose (e.g. daily dose) in a range of about 5 μg to about 40 μg, e.g. about 10 μg to about 40 μg, e.g. about 20 μg to about 40 μg, e.g. about 3 μg to about 40 μg, about 3 μg to about 30 μg.

[0098] Are also disclosed kits comprising: a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a FXR agonist of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A; b) means for administering the FXR agonist molecule (e.g. Compound A) to a subject having a cholestatic disorder; and c) instructions for use, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a dose of the FXR agonist molecule selected from the group consisting of about 3 μg, about 4 μg, about 5 μg, about 10 μg, about 20 μg, about 25 μg, about 30 μg, about 40 μg, about 60 μg, and about 90 μg; e.g. wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 3 μg, about 4 μg, about 5 μg, about 10 μg, about 20 μg, about 25 μg, about 30 μg, about 40 μg, about 60 μg, or about 90 μg of the FXR agonist molecule.

[0099] According to the invention, the above mentioned kits are adapted t treat or prevent preventing a cholestatic disorder, e.g. cholestasis (e.g. intrahepatic cholestasis, estrogen-induced cholestasis, drug-induced cholestasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), progressive familiar cholestatis (PFIC), Alagille syndrome, biliary atresia, ductopenic liver transplant rejection, cystic fibrosis liver disease.

[0100] In another embodiment, a FXR agonist of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A, is administered enterally; and more particularly, orally.

[0101] Unless specified otherwise, a compound for use in the methods of the invention refers to a FXR agonist of formula (I), a stereoisomer, an enantiomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an amino acid conjugate thereof, e.g. Compound A or an amino acid conjugate thereof, prodrugs, and inherently formed moieties (e.g., polymorphs, solvates and/or hydrates). Any formula given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.

[0102] Treatments using a FXR agonist according to the present invention, e.g. Compound A achieve at least 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60% percent of patients having reduction of alkaline phosphatase <1.67× ULN; also following administration of Compound A changes in liver stiffness as measures by Fibroscan, changes in the itch domain of PBC40 questionnaire and changes in itch based on 100 mm visual analog score are shown.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Effect of Test Compound in Chronic Treatment Rat ANIT Model

[0103] Compound A was evaluated in the rat alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) model over a range of doses from 0.01 to 3 mg/kg. This model was utilized because it recapitulates many features of cholestasis observed in human PBC. In rats, ANIT-treatment leads to hepatic inflammatory cell infiltrate, bile duct hyperplasia, necrosis of bile duct epithelium, expansion of the hepatic portal region, hepatic fibrosis, hepatocellular necrosis and elevated levels of circulating bile acids, bilirubin, ALT, AST and GGT. These features are similar to subjects with advanced PBC.

[0104] Rats were treated with alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) (0.1% w/w) in food for 3 days prior to treatment with the compound at the indicated doses or with vehicle control (“Veh”). A non-cholestatic control group was fed standard chow diet without ANIT, and serve as the non-cholestatic control animals (“Control”). After 14 days of oral dosing, the indicated analyte was measured in serum. LLQ, lower limit of quantitation. Mean±SEM; n=5.

[0105] ANIT treatment caused elevation of hepatobiliary injury indicators, such as elevated levels of circulating aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (FIG. 1A), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (FIG. 1B), bilirubin (FIG. 1C) and bile acids (FIG. 1D) (“Veh” vs “Control”). These data demonstrate that ANIT exposure induced profound cholestasis and hepatocellular damage. In contrast, Compound A improved many of these indicators starting at doses as low as 0.01 mg/kg. Marked reductions of serum bile acid and bilirubin concentrations were observed upon treatment with Compound A. The reduced levels of total bile acids (TBA) levels associated with treatment of Compound A were consistent with the pharmacological action of FXR agonist by reducing accumulation of bile acids in the liver, enhancing bile acid excretion in the biliary tract and inhibiting bile acid synthesis. The improvement in the serum conjugated bilirubin (a direct indicator for hepatic function) by Compound A implies recovery from cholestasis with improved bile excretion.

[0106] Furthermore, Compound A stimulated serum FGF15 expression in the chronic treatment rat ANIT model in a dose dependent manner (FIG. 1E). Serum FGF15 levels were quantified using an FGF15 Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay. Mouse FGF15 antibody from R&D Systems (AF6755) was used both as capture and detection antibody in the assay. MSD SULFO-TAG NHS-Ester was used to label the FGF15 antibody. MSD standard 96-well plates were coated with the FGF15 capture antibody and the plates were blocked with MSD Blocker A (R93AA-2). After washing the plate with PBS+0.05% Tween 20, MSD diluent 4 was dispensed into each well and incubated for 30 min. 25 μl of calibrator dilutions or samples (serum or EDTA plasma) were dispensed into each well and incubated with shaking at RT. After washing, detection antibody was added and incubated with shaking for 1 h at RT. After washing and the addition of MSD Read buffer (R92TC-2), the plate was read on an MSD SECTOR Imager 6000. Plots of the standard curve and unknown samples were calculated using MSD data analysis software.

[0107] Activation of FXR in the ileum induces the expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15 in rodent; FGF19 in human), a hormone that is secreted in the portal blood and signals to the liver to repress Cyp7a1 expression synergistically with SHP. The direct FXR-dependent induction of FGF15/19 along with FGF15/19's anti-cholestatic properties makes it a convenient serum biomarker for detecting target engagement of FXR agonists. Significant dose-dependent induction of FGF15 observed with treatment of Compound A demonstrates FXR target engagement by Compound A.

Example 2

[0108] The efficacious concentration of Compound A was determined by PK/PD modeling from the rat ANIT-induced cholestasis chronic treatment model.

[0109] Male Wistar rats were treated with ANIT (0.1% ANIT in chow diet) for 2 weeks. The treatment of Compound A (0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 1 and 3 mg/kg, n=5/group) was initiated 3 days after disease induction by ANIT. The serum samples were collected on day 14 for analysis of biomarkers of hepatobiliary injury (including ALT, AST, bilirubin and bile acids). The PK samples (pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 10 and 24 h, n=3/dose group) were taken on day 13 (at steady-state). AUC0-24 h was determined using Phoenix WinNonlin 6.3 software and the average concentrations were calculated from mean of AUC0-24 h at each dose (divided the AUC 0-24 h by 24 h). The mean biomarker data were compared to the PK data (average concentration at each dose) for the modeling. The IC80 was determined using the Inhibitory effect Imax model (effect C=0 at Imax, C=infinity at E0) built in Phoenix WinNonlin 6.3 software. Since the biomarkers were markedly lowered at the lowest dose in the study (0.01 mg/kg), there was variability in the IC80 determination for each biomarker. Therefore, we chose to use a mean of the IC80 for the four biomarkers (total bilirubin, total bile acids, ALT and AST) as the IC80 for efficacy in this model. From these studies, the IC80 of LJN452 was 0.127 ng/ml and the corresponding AUC0-24 h was 3.05 ng*h/ml (Table 1), and the corresponding efficacious dose is approximately 0.01 mg/kg (based on Table 1 and Table 2).

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Estimation of effective exposure of Compound A in rat ANIT model by PK/PD modeling IC.sub.80 of LJN452 Serum biomarkers E.sub.0 I.sub.max (ng/ml) Total bilirubin (mg/dL) 2.3 2.0 0.223 Total bile acids (μmol/L) 147.8 125.5 0.155 ALT (U/L) 138.2 84.2 0.054 AST (U/L) 272.8 140.3 0.076 Mean (IC.sub.80) 0.127 Mean (efficacious 3.05 AUC.sub.0-24 h; ng*h/ml)

[0110] PK/PD modeling of the exposure of Compound A compared to the serum markers of hepatobiliary injury in the 2-week rat ANIT chronic treatment model. E0, effect at zero drug concentration; I.sub.max, maximal drug effect; IC.sub.80, drug concentration producing 80% of the maximum effect.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Pharmacokinetic properties of Compound A in the chronic 2 week rat ANIT-induced cholestasis model Dose Cmax AUC 0-24 hr mg/kg ng/ml hrs* ng/ml 0.01 0.39 3.49 0.05 2.28 18.25 0.25 15.59 158.28 1.0 52.03 581.62 3.0 ND ND

[0111] Compound A serum exposure in the 2 week chronic ANIT-induced cholestasis model. Samples were collected on day 13 of the study shown in Example 1. ND=not determined. Data are presented as mean (n=3/group).

Example 3

[0112] The efficacious concentration of Compound A was determined by PK/PD modeling from the rat_ANIT-induced cholestasis chronic treatment model described in Example 1. The PK samples (pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 10 and 24 h, n=3/dose group) were taken on day 13 (at steady-state). AUC0-24 h was determined using Phoenix WinNonlin 6.3 software and the average concentrations were calculated from mean of AUC0-24 h at each dose (divided the AUC0-24 h by 24 h). The individual biomarker data were compared to the PK data (average concentration at each dose) for the modeling. Since the lowest dose (0.01 mg/kg) already approached maximal efficacy, the IC80 was chosen as the measurement of the efficacious exposure (Table 1). The IC80 was determined using the Inhibitory effect Imax model (effect C=0 at Imax, C=infinity at E0) built in Phoenix WinNonlin 6.3 software.

From these calculations, the average efficacious concentration of Compound A at Cmax can be estimated as 0.127 ng/ml and the AUC0-24 h as 3.05 ng*h/ml (Table 3).

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Estimation of effective exposure of Compound A in rat ANIT model by PK/PD modeling IC.sub.80 of Compound Serum biomarkers E.sub.0 I.sub.max A (ng/ml) Total bilirubin (mg/dL) 2.3 2.0 0.223 Total bile acids (μmol/L) 147.8 125.5 0.155 ALT (U/L) 138.2 84.2 0.054 AST (U/L) 272.8 140.3 0.076 Mean (IC80) 0.127 Mean (efficacious 3.05 AUC0-24 h; ng*h/ml)
PK/PD modeling of the exposure of Compound A compared to the serum markers of hepatobiliary injury in the 2-week rat ANIT chronic treatment model.
E.sub.0: effect at zero drug concentration; I.sub.max: maximal drug effect IC80, drug concentration producing 80% of the maximum effect.

Example 4

[0113] To characterize the dose/exposure/efficacy relationship for Compound A, regulation of FXR target genes involved in bile acid synthesis and transport was analyzted in rats.

[0114] Rats were treated for two weeks with a broad range of doses of Compound A (0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg) and subsequent gene induction (SHP, BSEP, FGF15) or repression (Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1) was determined by qRT-PCR in liver and ileum on day 14 (at t=1 and 3 hours). The effective dose (ED) calculations are described below. Both the mean ED and the median ED indicate an estimated effective dose of approximately 0.01 mg/kg.

[0115] In the liver treatment with Compound A resulted in significant, dose-dependent increases in gene expression levels of both SHP and BSEP and the levels of Cyp8b1 mRNA were potently repressed. Complete data set representing all time points and doses evaluated can be found in FIG. 2.

[0116] The results shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are consistent with the use of a compound A for the treatment of liver disease or intestinal disease according to the dosage, e.g. daily dosage, as herein above defined for humans.

Example 5

[0117] The human efficacy dose was calculated based on the efficacious exposure in the rat ANIT-induced disease model. Since the in vitro potency and protein binding between human and rat were similar, the EC80 exposure in human was assumed to be the same as that in rat (3.05 ng*h/mL).

Study Protocol:

[0118] A total of 69 healthy subjects received Compound A at doses ranging from 10 g to 3000 μg in single or 10 μg to 100 g in multiple daily doses.

[0119] For each subject, Compound A was determined in plasma and urine using validated LC-MS/MS methods. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for Compound A was 20 μg/mL in plasma and 100 μg/mL in urine.

[0120] Following a single oral dose, the median Tmax was 4 hours with a mean apparent terminal elimination half-life ranging from 13 to 22 h. An approximately dose proportional increase was noted for mean Cmax and AUCinf in the dose range of 10 μg to 3000 μg fora single dose. Following once daily doses of Compound A for 13 days, median Tmax was at 4 h on Day 13. An approximately dose-proportional increase in Cmax and AUCtau was observed in the dose range (Table 4).

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma Pharmacokinetic Parameters under fasting condition Compound: Compound A; Matrix: plasma, Analyte: Compound A Tmax** Cmax AUClast AUCinf T1/2 CL/F Treatment (h) (ng/mL) (h * ng/mL) (h * ng/mL) (h) (L/h) Compound A n  5  5  5  4  4  4 10 μg (fasted) Mean (SD)  4.00  0.186  2.79  3.39 14.9  2.98 (3.00-6.00) (0.0310) (0.311) (0.333) (3.22) (0.324) CV % 26.1 16.7  11.1  9.8 21.7 10.9 Compound A n  6  6  6  5  5  5 30 μg (fasted) Mean (SD)  4.00  0.627  12.7  13.4 13.7  2.26 (3.00-6.00) (0.108) (1.04) (1.16) (4.74) (0.202) CV % 27.2 17.2  8.2  8.7 34.7  8.9 Compound A n  6  6  6  5  5  5 100 μg (fasted) Mean (SD)  4.00  1.73  34.8  37.9 13.5  3.08 (4.00-4.03) (1.04) (15.6) (17.2) (3.36) (1.25) CV %  0.4 59.8  44.9  45.4 24.9 40.4 Compound A n  6  6  6  6  6  6 300 μg (fasted) Mean (SD)  4.00  6.41 119 123 15.3  3.21 (3.00-8.00) (3.24) (55.0) (56.4) (5.55) (2.30) CV % 39.1 50.6  46.4  45.8 36.4 71.6 Compound A n  6  6  6  5  5  5 1000 μg (fasted) Mean (SD)  4.00 22.1 416 482 21.9  2.43 (3.00-8.00) (9.37) (229) (250) (10.5) (0.917) CV % 39.0 42.4  55.0  51.9 47.8 37.7 Compound A n  6  6  6  6  6  6 3000 μg (fasted) Mean (SD)  4.00 54.2 888 933 16.5  3.63 (4.00-6.00) (38.2) (341) (361) (3.53) (1.35) CV % 18.8 70.5  38.4  38.7 21.4 37.3

Multiple Oral Dose Pharmacokinetics:

[0121] With once daily oral dosing of Compound A (10 μg, 30 μg, 60 μg, 100 μg) in the fasted state for 13 days, the time to reach maximal Compound A plasma concentrations at Day 13 was similar to that of Day 1 across all doses with a median Tmax of 4 hours (range: 3-10 hours) post-dose. Steady-state was reached by Day 4 as trough levels were comparable from Day 4 and onwards up to Day 13. Consistent to the relative short t1/2, an accumulation ratio of less than 2-fold (1.21-1.87) was observed. An approximately dose proportional increase was noted for mean Cmax and AUCinf in the dose range of 10 μg to 100 μg. At Day 13, the inter-subject variability (CV %) ranged from approximately 20% to 40% for Cmax, and from approximately 25% to 44% for AUCtau (Table 5).

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma Pharmacokinetic parameters following multipleoral dose administration Compound: Compound A; Matrix: plasma, Analyte: Compound A Profile AUCtau Cmax Tmax** Tlast Treatment Day (h * ng/mL) (ng/mL) (h) (h) Racc Compound A 1 n  9  9  9  9  9 10 μg qd Mean (SD) 2.88  0.212  4.00 23.9  1.00 (1.27) (0.109) (4.00-10.0) (0.00556) (0) CV % 43.9 51.7 37.5  0.0  0.0 13 n  9  9  9  9  9 Mean (SD)  4.88  0.319  4.00 23.6  1.87 (1.47) (0.104) (4.00-6.00) (0) (0.609) CV % 30.1 32.7 21.4  0.0 32.5 Compound A 1 n  6  6  6  6  6 30 μg qd Mean (SD) 11.7  0.894  6.00 23.9  1.00 (3.31) (0.305) (6.00-8.00) (0) (0) CV % 28.2 34.1 15.5  0.0  0.0 13 n  6  6  6  6  6 Mean (SD) 14.0  0.943  4.00 23.6  1.21 (4.37) (0.260) (4.00-10.0) (0.0136) (0.278) CV % 31.2 27.6 45.4  0.1 22.9 Compound A 1 n  6  6  6  6  6 60 μg qd Mean (SD) 16.2  1.22  4.00 23.9  1.00 (5.44) (0.475) (3.00-6.00) (0) (0) CV % 33.5 39.1 23.6  0.0  0.0 13 n  6  6  6  6  6 Mean (SD) 25.3  1.61  4.00 22.3  1.66 (6.40) (0.331) (3.00-6.00) (3.07) (0.560) CV % 25.4 20.5 31.5 13.7 33.7 Compound A 1 n  6  6  6  6  6 100 μg qd Mean (SD) 30.3  2.40  4.00 23.9  1.00 (12.4) (1.09) (4.00-4.00) (0) (0) CV % 41.0 45.6  0.0  0.0  0.0 13 n  4  4  4  4  4 Mean (SD) 50.2  3.47  4.00 23.6  1.41 (21.9) (1.38) (3.00-8.00) (0) (0.287) CV % 43.7 39.8 46.7  0.0 20.4 **Median and range are presented for Tmax

[0122] The human PK results from this study showed that the plasma exposure of Compound A was dose-proportional for doses 1-100 μg on both day 1 and day 13. The average Cmax and AUCtau at day 13 for a dose level of 10 μg (the exposures for the doses 10-100 μg were normalized to 10 μg) was calculated to be 0.32 ng/mL and 4.84 ng*h/mL, respectively. With this information, the human efficacious dose is estimated to be at least ˜6 μg with a Cmax of ˜0.2 ng/mL (˜0.3). An approximately dose-proportional increase in Cmax and AUCtau was observed in the dose range of 10-100 μg

[0123] Dose-dependent increases in FGF19, a biomarker of FXR target engagement in the enterocyte, were noted in single dose studies from 10 μg (median Cmax 438 μg/mL) to 1 mg Compound A (median Cmax 1820 μg/mL). At 3000 μg Compound A the median FGF19 Cmax was 1750 μg/mL. Similar dose dependent increases were noted in repeated daily dosing of Compound A from 10 μg (median Cmax 405 μg/m/L to 100 μg (median Cmax 1054 μg/mL). The pharmacodynamic marker, FGF19 continues to rise with increasing Compound A doses beyond 100 μg in the above study.

[0124] Results from this clinical study also showed that when Compound A was taken with a high-fat meal, median Tmax was delayed from 4 h to 9 h, and mean Compound A Cmax and AUCinf increased by approximately 60% compared to the fasted state. Individual Compound A fed vs. fasted exposure ratios ranged from 1.17 to 2.27-fold for Cmax and from 1.24 to 1.94-fold for AUCinf. To avoid variability in drug exposure, it is recommended that throughout the treatment period, patients will be directed to take study drug at home with ˜240 mL (8 ounces) of water in the morning in a fasting state, at least 30 min prior to the first beverage apart from water and 60 min prior to first meal of the day, preferably at the same time of the day.

[0125] No safety concerns were identified in single dose studies up to 3000 μg Compound A. In repeated daily administration doses up to and including 60 μg Compound A were well tolerated.

[0126] At 100 μg Compound A, elevation of transaminases (ALT and AST) occurred in 3 subjects, one with ALT >ULN, one with ALT >3×ULN and one with ALT >5×ULN. Elevations of AST were less marked and no elevation in ALP or bilirubin was noted in any subject. Elevated ALT resolved to within normal levels within 14 days and without intervention.

[0127] No significant findings in physical exam, vital signs or ECGs have been related to Compound A; no adverse events related to itch, a common adverse event for bile acid-derived FXR agonists, have been observed in this clinical study.

[0128] The data from this clinical trial as well as preclinical evidence presented above show that Compound A at daily doses of 10 μg to 90 μg to be safe and pharmacological active for treatment of liver disease. Furthermore, FGF19 continues to rise with increasing Compound A doses even beyond 100 μg, e.g. at 120 μg.

[0129] It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference for all purpose.