Utilizing Multiple Proton Injection Ports in Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactor for Direct Adopting Spent Fuels from Light Water Reactors

Abstract

The new features of an accelerator driven subcritical reactor disclosed by this invention include the multiple intake ports connected to the reactor vessel for delivering protons from one or more accelerators to accommodate the full length LWR spent fuels for furnishing the desirable neutron distribution in a subcritical core to incinerate nuclear wastes. This is based on the notion of adopting the spent fuels in intact form to feed directly to the newly designed subcritical core. External modulators in the proton intake ports have the ability of splitting the fluxes and adjusting their energy from one or more accelerators to form multiple proton streams arriving at different axial locations in the spallation target for creating multiple neutron sources. The new design could combine the cycles of reprocessing spent fuels, manufacturing fuels for reuse, and incinerating minor actinides into one single cycle.

Claims

1. An arrangement of proton intake ports for delivering protons into a nuclear subcritical core with three sideway parallel proton intake ports penetrating through the reactor vessel, delivering protons externally from one or more accelerators into reactor core with proper dimensions and internal designs for accommodating the full length spent fuels taken directly from light water reactors, for transmutation of minor actinides in spent fuels while producing power in them by fission reactions under subcritical modes.

2. A center piece of bombardment target or targets according claim 1, with an arrangement of three bombardment locations in said target, axially aligned with the core axis to receive protons from said intake ports for colliding with said target or targets to cause spallation reactions for the purpose of producing neutrons that interact with the fissile materials and minor actinides in the full length spent fuels.

3. According to claim 1, one or more modulation units in said external proton intake ports to control and modulate the incoming proton streams to have different fluxes and energies in each of said proton intake ports.

4. An arrangement of two axial intake ports that delivers protons externally from one or more accelerators, such that one port enters from top of the reactor vessel and the other enters from the bottom of the vessel.

5. According to claim 4, a longitudinal target unit in the center of the core arranged axially, to receive protons from said two proton intake ports, with a concave arrangement at the two ends of said target, to receive protons from said two proton intake ports, one from top and the other from bottom of the reactor core, for receiving protons from said intake ports to collide with the target material or materials via spallation for the purpose of producing neutrons at two locations in said target.

6. According to claim 4, one or more modulation units in said external proton intake ports to control and modulate the incoming proton streams to have different fluxes and energies in each of said proton intake ports.

7. An axial intake port that delivers protons externally from an accelerator or accelerators, a center piece of longitudinal bombardment target with an arrangement of two receiving locations in said target to receive protons for the spallation reactions with said target at two axial positions to produce neutrons as two neutron sources. Said proton intake port entering the reactor vessel from top of the vessel, with incoming proton streams arriving the core at said two axial locations with a step-down arrangement for said target, such that spallation reactions in said target will occur at said two axial locations in said target.

8. An axial intake port that delivers protons externally from an accelerator or accelerators, a center piece of longitudinal bombardment target with an arrangement of two receiving locations in said target to receive protons for the spallation reactions with said target at two axial positions to produce neutrons as two neutron sources. Said proton intake port entering the reactor vessel from bottom of the vessel, with incoming proton streams arriving the core at said two axial locations with a step-up arrangement for said target, such that spallation reactions in said target will occur at said two axial locations in said target.

9. According to claim 7 and claim 8, a proton influx modulator in said intake port to make the protons delivered through the intake port split into two proton streams via a design of magnet and collimator arrangements in said modulator, such protons of each stream arriving at a different axial location in said target, such that each stream be adjusted by said modulator according to the desired fluxes and energies.

10. An axial intake port that delivers protons externally from an accelerator or accelerators, a center piece of longitudinal bombardment target with an arrangement of three receiving locations in said target to receive protons for the spallation reactions with said target at three axial positions to produce neutrons as three neutron sources. Said proton intake port entering the reactor vessel from top of the vessel, with incoming proton streams arriving the core at said three axial locations with a step-down arrangement for said target, such that spallation reactions in said target will occur at said three axial locations in said target.

11. An axial intake port that delivers protons externally from an accelerator or accelerators, a center piece of longitudinal bombardment target with an arrangement of three receiving locations in said target to receive protons for the spallation reactions with said target at three axial positions to produce neutrons as three neutron sources. Said proton intake port entering the reactor vessel from bottom of the vessel, with incoming proton streams arriving the core at said three axial locations with a step-up arrangement for said target, such that spallation reactions in said target will occur at said three axial locations in said target.

12. According to claim 10 and claim 11, a proton influx modulator or modulators in said intake port to make the protons delivered through the intake port split into three proton streams via a design of magnet and collimator arrangements in said modulator or modulators, each stream of protons arriving at a different said location in said target, such that the fluxes and the energies of said streams be adjusted by said modulator or modulators according to the desired values.

13. An axial intake port that delivers protons externally from an accelerator or accelerators, a center piece of longitudinal bombardment target with an arrangement of more than three locations in said target to receive protons for the spallation reactions with said target at said axial positions to produce neutrons as more than three neutron sources. Said proton intake port connects the reactor vessel from top of the vessel, with incoming proton streams arriving the core at said locations with a step-down arrangement for said target such that spallation reactions in said target will occur at said locations in said target.

14. An axial intake port that delivers protons externally from an accelerator or accelerators, a center piece of longitudinal bombardment target with an arrangement of more than three locations in said target to receive protons for the spallation reactions with said target at said axial positions to produce neutrons as more than three neutron sources. Said proton intake port connects the reactor vessel from bottom of the vessel, with incoming proton streams arriving the core at said locations with a step-up arrangement for said target such that spallation reactions in said target will occur at said locations in aid target.

15. According to claim 13 and claim 14, a proton influx modulator or modulators in said intake port to make the protons delivered through said intake port split into more than three proton streams via a design of magnets and collimator arrangements for said modulator or modulators, each stream of protons arriving at a different said locations in said target, such that the fluxes and the energies of each neutron stream be adjusted by said modulator or modulators according to the desired values.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0099] FIG. 1 shows Embodiment 1 for an accelerator driven subcritical core with an arrangement for three sideway proton intake ports in vertical cross sectional view. The core layout includes a target of three spallation locations, fuel rods, the reflector, and the shielding.

[0100] FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of Embodiment 1 for the accelerator driven subcritical core with three sideway proton intake ports. The three spallation locations in the target to receive protons delivered through the sideway intake ports are shown.

[0101] FIG. 3 shows a schematic for Embodiment 1 for the accelerator driven subcritical core with an external view of the three sideway proton intake ports connected to reactor vessel.

[0102] FIG. 4 shows a vertical cross-sectional view of Embodiment 2 for half of this newly featured accelerator driven subcritical core with the target arrangement for the two way (top and bottom) proton intake ports with the core vertical centerline as the left boundary of the sketch. The target area, fuel elements, reflectors and shielding are shown in this figure.

[0103] FIG. 5 shows a vertical cross-sectional view of Embodiment 2 for the accelerator driven subcritical core with fuels, the proton intake ports from top and bottom of the core, and the target to receive protons with two spallation locations in the target.

[0104] FIG. 6 shows a 3D view of Embodiment 2 for the accelerator driven subcritical core with two proton intake ports delivering protons to the ADS core.

[0105] FIG. 7 shows a schematic view of Embodiment 2 for the accelerator driven subcritical core with the two way (top and bottom) proton intake ports delivering protons for bombarding a target at two ends in the ADS Core. FIG. 7 also shows Embodiment 7 of the external proton flux modulation units with a control device for these units.

[0106] FIG. 8 shows a schematic view of Embodiment 3 for the accelerator driven subcritical reactor with a proton intake port delivering protons in two parallel streams to the ADS core from top of the vessel with the target to receive the incoming protons at two spallation locations in the target. Such target arrangement is named as Step Down arrangement. FIG. 8 also shows Embodiment 7 of the external proton flux modulation unit on top of the vessel unit for modulating the two proton streams.

[0107] FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of Embodiment 4 for the accelerator driven subcritical reactor with a proton intake port delivering protons in two parallel streams to the ADS core from bottom of the vessel with the target to receive the incoming protons at two spallation locations in the target. Such target arrangement is named as Step Up arrangement.

[0108] FIG. 10 shows a schematic view of Embodiment 5 for the accelerator driven subcritical reactor with a port delivering protons in three parallel streams to the ADS core from top of the vessel with a target to receive the incoming protons at three spallation locations in the target. FIG. 10 also shows Embodiment 7 of the external proton flux modulation unit for modulating the three proton streams from top of the vessel.

[0109] FIG. 11 shows a schematic view of Embodiment 6 for the accelerator driven subcritical reactor with a port delivering protons in three parallel streams to the ADS core from bottom of the vessel with the target to receive the incoming protons at three spallation locations in the target.

[0110] FIG. 12 Shows Embodiment 7 for the accelerator driven subcritical core with three sideway proton intake ports with an external proton flux modulation unit to accommodate a three-way split from a single accelerator and a control device to manage and adjust the neutrons fluxes diverted into the three intake ports.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0111] Working Principles

[0112] All the existing ADS designs adopt only one proton port to deliver protons from an external accelerator into the reactor core of ADS. The protons collide with a target placed in the center of the core and generate neurons that will scatter into the ADS core. The neutrons will interact with the fuels made of plutonium isotopes and minor actinides taken from the spent fuels from light water reactors by recycling. The nuclear reactions by these generated neutrons would eliminate minor actinides and produce power at the same time.

[0113] The working principle for this invention is to use more than one proton ports that deliver protons to an ADS with the disclosed features from top, or bottom or both, of the reactor vessel, or from sideways of the reactor vessel. Each of the multiple proton ports, could deliver protons generated from multiple accelerators with the arrangement that one intake port is connected to one accelerator. Or, all the protons delivered through the multiple ports are generated by only one single accelerator with a modulation unit connecting all the ports serving as flow splitter for the protons diverted into the various ports.

[0114] Each proton port will deliver protons into the ADS core to collide with a spallation target inside the core and generate neutrons that scatter into the bulk volume of the core. The multiple ports arrangement would accomplish several purposes:

[0115] 1.

[0116] It could furnish ample neutrons in a subcritical core to accommodate the full length of spent fuels from light water reactors.

[0117] 2.

[0118] Such arrangement could modulate the neutron flux distribution to accommodate the variation in the distribution of plutonium and minor actinides delivered directly in the spent fuels.

[0119] 3.

[0120] Such arrangement could add flexibility to modulate for the desired internal power distribution by changing externally the ratio of proton fluxes diverted into different ports, for safety, engineering, and other considerations.

[0121] 4.

[0122] The external modulation unites could also modulate the energies delivered by the various proton streams into the reactor. This adds more flexibility in controlling the neutron spectrum in the reactor core.

[0123] 5.

[0124] The longitudinal target placed in the axial center of the core is signed to have different geometries such that the delivered proton streams will arrive at the different axial locations in the target. This arrangement will create more than one axial locations in the target for proton spallation reactions on the target, effectively creating multiple neutron sources to accommodate the full length of the spent fuels taken directly from light water reactors.

Embodiment 1

[0125] Three sideway proton intake ports 5 are connected to an accelerator driven subcritical reactor and deliver protons into the core to collide with the target 4 placed in the center of the ADS reactor core. The vertical cross section side view for this arrangement is presented in FIG. 1. In this figure, it shows the ADS core includes spent fuels 2 taken from light water reactors, and an external layer of reflector materials 3. Another layer outward along the radial direction is the shielding material 1.

[0126] FIG. 2 shows the reactor vessel 8 of the accelerator driven subcritical core 9 with three sideway proton intake ports, each port 5 delivers protons from one or more accelerators. The protons are delivered to the ADS core 9 to collide with the spallation targets 4 for producing neutrons.

[0127] FIG. 3 shows that the three sideway proton intake ports 5 are connected to and penetrate through the reactor vessel wall 8.

Embodiment 2

[0128] Embodiment 2 is a design of a target of two spallation locations for receiving two protons streams, one from the top of the reactor and the other from the bottom of the reactor.

[0129] FIG. 4 shows the vertical cross-sectional view for half of the ADS core. Two proton intake ports 10 are connected to the ADS core, one port 10 delivers protons from top of the reactor, and the other from bottom of the core. The spallation target 15, the fuels 2, reflector 3, and the shielding 1 are shown in the figure.

[0130] FIG. 5 shows the vertical cross-sectional view for the ADS core with fuel elements and two proton intake ports 10. One proton port enters the reactor from the top of the core and the other enters from the bottom of the core.

[0131] FIG. 6 shows a 3D view of the ADS core, with fuel elements 2 and two two-way proton intake ports 10.

[0132] FIG. 7 shows a reactor vessel that houses the ADS core with two proton intake ports connected to the core, one from top, and the other from bottom of the core. The target of two spallation locations are shown.

Embodiment 3

[0133] FIG. 8 shows one proton intake port, entering the core from top of the vessel for delivering protons to the core. The target is specifically designed to have a Step Down shape to accommodate two proton streams for colliding with the target at two different axial locations along the center axis of the core such that there will be two neutron sources located strategically for maximizing the effectiveness of nuclear reactions.

[0134] A modulation unit in the intake port on top of the vessel could deliver protons for the two proton streams at different energies and fluxes. This arrangement could make the neutrons generated at the two target locations with different energies and quantities. The modulation unit 20 on top of the vessel that would have magnet arrangements inside to perform the functions of bending the proton flow direction from horizontal to downward as well as splitting the proton flows to two proton steams of different energies and fluxes.

Embodiment 4

[0135] FIG. 9 shows one proton intake port, entering the core from bottom of the vessel for delivering protons to the core. The target is specifically designed to have a Step Up shape to accommodate two proton streams for colliding with the target at two different axial locations along the center axis of the core such that there will be two neutron sources located strategically for maximizing the effectiveness of nuclear reactions.

[0136] A modulation unit in the intake port on top of the vessel could deliver protons for the two proton streams at different energies and fluxes. This arrangement could make the neutrons generated at the two target locations with different energies and quantities.

[0137] This Embodiment is a mirror image of Embodiment 3.

Embodiment 5

[0138] FIG. 10 shows one proton intake port, entering the core from top of the vessel for delivering protons to the core. The target is specifically designed to have a Step Down shape to accommodate three proton streams for colliding with the target at three different axial locations along the center axis of the core such that there will be three neutron sources located strategically for maximizing the effectiveness of nuclear reactions.

[0139] A modulation unit in the intake port on top of the vessel could deliver protons for the three proton streams at different energies and fluxes. This arrangement could make the neutrons generated at the three target locations with different energies and quantities. The modulation unit 21 on top of the vessel that would have magnet arrangements inside to perform the functions of bending the proton flow direction from horizontal to downward as well as splitting the proton flows to three proton steams of different energies and fluxes.

Embodiment 6

[0140] FIG. 11 shows one proton intake port, entering the core from bottom of the vessel for delivering protons to the core. The target is specifically designed to have a Step Up shape to accommodate three proton streams for colliding with the target at three different axial locations along the center axis of the core such that there will be three neutron sources located strategically for maximizing the effectiveness of nuclear reactions.

[0141] A modulation unit in the intake port on top of the vessel could deliver protons for the three proton streams at different energies and fluxes. This arrangement could make the neutrons generated at the three target locations with different energies and quantities. The modulation unit 21 on top of the vessel that would have magnet arrangements inside to perform the functions of bending the proton flow direction from horizontal to downward as well as splitting the proton flows to three proton steams of different energies and fluxes.

[0142] This Embodiment is a mirror image of Embodiment 5.

Embodiment 7

[0143] The proton influx flows delivered through the proton intake ports could be modulated by external modulation units as a flow splitter. This arrangement could control the proton flows at the various target locations inside the core such that the generated neutrons from target spallation by protons could be modulated accordingly. This is a unique feature for the modulation unit by which the internal neutron source strength at different spallation locations can be modulated externally. Therefore, the neutron fluxes and the reactor power distribution could be modulated through an external control. The desired power distribution and burnup distribution for minor actinides in the core could be controlled by such arrangements, without the tedious effort of redesigning the fuel elements for accomplishing the same.

[0144] FIG. 7 shows the external modulation arrangement for a two port intake proton ports. The protons delivered through a port could be modulated for their flow quantity and energy by a Modulation Unit 6. The Modulation Units 6 could be controlled by a Central Control Device 7 for adjusting the splitting ratio between the ports.

[0145] FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, and FIG. 11 all show the modulation units for proton incoming streams either from top or the bottom of the vessel. These figures also show the modulation units for splitting the incoming protons into two streams or three streams.

[0146] FIG. 12 shows the external modulation arrangement for a sideway three port intake proton ports. The Central Control Device 7 in this figure shows that it could perform the proton flow splitting from a single accelerator, while FIG. 7 shows the controlling functions for multiple accelerators.

LIST OF REFERENCE CAPTION NUMBERS IN FIGURES

[0147] 1. Shielding [0148] 2. Fuel [0149] 3. Reflector [0150] 4. Spallation Target of Three Proton Spallation Locations [0151] 5. Sideway Proton Intake Port [0152] 6. Proton Flux Modulator [0153] 7. Proton Flux Modulator Control Device [0154] 8. Reactor Vessel [0155] 9. Accelerator Driven Subcritical (ADS) Core [0156] 10. Axial Proton Intake Port [0157] 11. Top Proton Port of One Way Two Path Neutron Streams [0158] 12. Bottom Proton Port of One Way Two Path Neutron Streams [0159] 13. Top Proton Port of One Way Three Path Neutron Streams [0160] 14. Bottom Proton Port of One Way Three Path Neutron Streams [0161] 15. Target of Two Axial Spallation Locations for Top and Bottom Proton Ports with Concave Arrangement at Two Ends [0162] 16. Target of Two Axial Spallation Locations for Top Proton Port of One Way Two Path Neutron Streams with Step Down Arrangement [0163] 17. Target of Two Axial Spallation Locations for Bottom Proton Port of One Way Two Path Neutron Streams with Step Up Arrangement [0164] 18. Target of Three Axial Spallation Locations for Top Proton Port of One Way Three Path Neutron Streams with Step Down Arrangement [0165] 19. Target of Three Axial Spallation Locations for Bottom Proton Port of One Way Three Path Neutron streams with Step Up Arrangement [0166] 20. Modulation Unit for Control of Proton Fluxes in Two Parallel Paths [0167] 21. Modulation Unit for Control of Proton Fluxes in Three Parallel Paths

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