USE OF A COMBINATION OF TET EXOPROTEASES OBTAINED FROM EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS FOR HYDROLYZING POLYPEPTIDES

Abstract

The invention relates to a composition comprising at least one first aminopeptidase and at least one second aminopeptidase, the first aminopeptidase representing up to 40% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

Claims

1. A composition comprising at least one first aminopeptidase and at least one second aminopeptidase, said first and second aminopeptidases are different from each other, said first and second aminopeptidases being isolated from extremophilic microorganisms, said first and second aminopeptidases being aminopeptidases from the family of tetrahedral aminopeptidases or TET aminopeptidases, said first aminopeptidase representing up to 40% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, and, if said first and second aminopeptidases are different from PhTET2 and PhTET3, then said first aminopeptidase represents up to at 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said at least one first aminopeptidase and said at least one second aminopeptidase are chosen from aminopeptidases from the group consisting of: PhTET1, PhTET2, PhTET3, PhTET4 and MjTET.

3. The composition according to claim 2, in which said aminopeptidases comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of amino acid molecules of respective sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 5, or proteins exhibiting aminopeptidase activity, said proteins comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of amino acid molecules whose sequences have at least 65% identity with one of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 5.

4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said first aminopeptidase represents up to 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, in particular up to 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said first aminopeptidase represents 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, provided that said first and second aminopeptidases are different from PhTET2 and PhTET3.

6. The composition according to claim 1, comprising at least a third aminopeptidase, said third aminopeptidase being an aminopeptidase from the family of tetrahedral aminopeptidases or TET aminopeptidases.

7. The composition according to claim 6, wherein said first, second and third aminopeptidases are in equimolar or substantially equimolar proportions.

8. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising an endopeptidase, in particular thermolysin, in particular thermolysin of sequence SEQ ID NO: 6.

9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein one or more aminopeptidases are in the form of crosslinked crystals.

10. A method for the modification of all or part of the polypeptide content of a substrate comprising peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins, said method comprising modifying the polypeptide content of a substrate comprising peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins by a composition according to claim 1.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the substrate comprises at least peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins of gluten and/or whey.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the substrate comprises at least one of the following proteins: gliadin, ß-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, immunoglobulins, serum albumin and lactoferrin.

13. The method according to claim 10, wherein said aminopeptidases are used simultaneously, separately or spread over time.

14. A method for modifying all or part of the polypeptide content of a substrate comprising peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins, said method comprising a contacting step: said substrate with a composition according to claim 1, said at least one first aminopeptidase and said at least one second aminopeptidase may be activated at a temperature above 80° C., and optionally comprising, prior to said contacting step, a step of denaturing the polypeptides of said substrate.

15. A food compound capable of being obtained by the method according to claim 14.

16. A food compound comprising at least one of the following proteins in modified form: gliadin, ß-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, immunoglobulins, serum albumin and lactoferrin, said food compound further comprising a composition according to claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0067] All the figures which follow represent chromatograms illustrating absorbance (expressed in mAu) as a function of an elution time (expressed in seconds).

[0068] FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C are overlays of chromatograms resulting from the analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the hydrolysis of synthetic peptide 2 incubated for 15 min with PhTET3 (FIG. 1A and curves A) and PhTET2 (FIG. 1B and curves C). The control sample, i.e. the peptide incubated without peptidase, is represented on curve B. FIG. 1C represents the overlay of the 3 chromatograms;

[0069] FIGS. 2A and 2B are overlays of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the hydrolysis of synthetic peptide 4 incubated for 15 min with PhTET4 (FIG. 2A) and synthetic peptide 1 incubated for 15 min with PhTET1 (FIG. 2B);

[0070] FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D are overlays of chromatograms resulting from analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the hydrolysis of synthetic peptide 5 incubated for 15 min with PhTET3 (FIG. 3A and curves A), with MjTET (FIG. 3B and curves B) or with a mixture of 10% PhTET3/90% of MjTET (FIG. 3C and curves C). The control sample, i.e. the peptide incubated without peptidase, is represented in curves D. FIG. 3D represents the overlay of the 4 chromatograms;

[0071] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D are overlays of chromatograms resulting from analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the hydrolysis of synthetic peptide 5 incubated for 15 min with PhTET3 (FIG. 4A and curves A), with MjTET (FIG. 4B and curves B) or with a mixture of 5% PhTET3/95% of MjTET (FIG. 4C and curves C). The control sample, i.e. the peptide incubated without peptidase, is represented in curves D. FIG. 4D represents the overlay of the 4 chromatograms;

[0072] FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are overlays of chromatograms resulting from analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the hydrolysis of synthetic peptide 5 incubated for 15 min at different temperatures, at 40° C. (curves A) or 60° C. (curves B) with PhTET3 (FIG. 5A) with MjTET (FIG. 5B), or with a mixture of 5% PhTET3/95% of MjTET (FIG. 5C). The control sample, i.e. the peptide incubated without peptidase, is not visible in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C;

[0073] FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C are overlays of chromatograms resulting from the analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the kinetics of hydrolysis of synthetic peptide 7 incubated for 5, 15 or 30 min with PhTET4 (FIG. 6A), with MjTET (FIG. 6B) or with a mixture of 50% of PhTET4/50% of MjTET (FIG. 6C). Curves A: 5 min; curves B: 15 min; curves C: 30 min. The control sample, i.e. the peptide incubated without peptidase, is represented in curves D;

[0074] FIG. 7 shows an overlay of chromatograms resulting from the analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the kinetics of the hydrolysis of synthetic peptide 7 incubated for 30 min with MjTET (curve A) or with a mixture of 50% of PhTET4/50% of MjTET (curve B). The control sample, i.e. the peptide incubated without peptidase, is represented on curve C;

[0075] FIG. 8 shows a chromatogram resulting from the analysis of the hydrolyzate of whey proteins in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC);

[0076] FIG. 9 shows a overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis of the hydrolyzate of whey proteins at pH=6.2 (solid line) and that at pH=9.5 (dotted line) in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC). There are few differences between the hydrolyzate;

[0077] FIG. 10 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis of the hydrolyzate of whey proteins at pH=6.2 alone (curve D), and after different incubations with different TETs. (Only part of the chromatogram is shown.). FIG. 10A shows the incubation with PhTET2 alone (curve A). FIG. 10B shows the incubation with PhTET3 alone (curve B). FIG. 10C represents the incubation with PhTET2 and PhTET3 in equimolar quantity (curve C);

[0078] FIG. 11 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis of the hydrolyzate of whey proteins after incubation with PhTET2 and PhTET3 in equimolar amount (curves A) compared to different compositions of TET aminopeptidases. (Only part of the chromatogram is shown.). FIG. 11A represents the incubation with PhTET2 alone (curve B) and a mixture of 90% of PhTET2 and 10% of PhTET3 (curve 1). FIG. 11B represents the incubation with PhTET3 alone (curve C) and a composition of 10% of PhTET2 and 90% of PhTET3 (curve C1). FIG. 11C represents the incubation with a composition of 90% of PhTET2 and 10% of PhTET3 (curve 1) and with a composition of 10% of PhTET2 and 90% of PhTET3 (curve C1);

[0079] FIG. 12 shows an overlay of the chromatograms of FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C, and the chromatogram resulting from the analysis of the hydrolyzate of whey proteins at pH=6.2 alone (curve D). Only part of the chromatogram is shown;

[0080] FIG. 13 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis of the hydrolyzate of whey proteins at pH=9.5 alone (curve D), and after incubation with different TET aminopeptidases. (Only part of the chromatogram is shown.).

[0081] FIG. 13A shows the incubation with PhTET4 alone (curve A). FIG. 13B shows the incubation with MjTET alone (curve B). FIG. 13C represents the incubation with the composition of PhTET4 and MjTET in equimolar quantity (curve C);

[0082] FIG. 14 shows an overlay of the chromatograms obtained in reverse phase HPLC (column ZORBAX SB-300 C18). Curve A: sample of whey incubated in the presence of thermolysin. Curve B: sample of whey incubated in the presence of thermolysin and TET aminopeptidases. Curve C: sample of whey incubated alone. The column used here makes it possible to analyze small peptides, the “whole” proteins of the small are therefore not visible.

[0083] FIG. 15 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the hydrolysis of synthetic peptide 7 incorporated into a casein hydrolyzate incubated with PhTET3 (FIG. 15A), with MjTET (FIG. 15B), with PhTET4 (FIG. 15C) or with a composition of 33% of PhTET3/33% of PhTET4/33% of MjTET (FIG. 15D). Curve A: control (peptide 7 incorporated into the casein hydrolyzate without enzyme); curve B: PhTET3; curve C: MjTET; curve D: PhTET4; curve E: mixture of 33% of PhTET3/33% of PhTET4/33% of MjTET.

[0084] FIG. 16 represents an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis of gluten samples: non-incubated control (curve A), incubated without enzymes (curve B), incubated with the enzymes PhTET1, PhTET2 and PhTET3 in equimolar quantity (line VS). After 2 hours of incubation, there is a decrease in several absorbance peaks reflecting the significant degradation of several gluten proteins;

[0085] FIG. 17 represents an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in reverse phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) of the hydrolysis of gluten samples. Curve A: sample of total gluten incubated in the presence of thermolysin. Curve B: sample of total gluten incubated in the presence of thermolysin and the TET aminopeptidases PhTET1, PhTET2 and PhTET3.

[0086] FIG. 18 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from RP-HPLC analyzes of the control samples of the new whey protein hydrolyzate used for each mix.

[0087] FIG. 19 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the RP-HPLC analysis of the samples after hydrolysis of the new whey protein hydrolyzate by different mixtures of TET (mix 1 to 5).

[0088] FIG. 20 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by the mixture #1 (mix 1) of TET (70% PhTET2, 15% PhTET3, 15% PhTET4).

[0089] FIG. 21 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by the mixture #2 (mix 2) of TET (70% PhTET2, 15% PhTET4, 15% MjTET).

[0090] FIG. 22 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by the mixture #3 (mix 3) of TET (90% MjTET, 10% PhTET4).

[0091] FIG. 23 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by the mixture #4 (mix 4) of TET (70% MjTET, 15% PhTET1, 15% PhTET3).

[0092] FIG. 24 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by the mixture #5 (mix 5) of TET (70% MjTET, 15% PhTET3, 15% PhTET4).

[0093] FIG. 25 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by the mixture #6 (TET4-1 or mix 6) of TET (100% PhTET4).

[0094] FIG. 26 shows an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by mixtures #1 and #2 of TET.

[0095] FIGS. 27 and 28 show an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate mixtures 1 and #2 of TET, compared to PhTET2 (“TET 2”).

EXAMPLE

Example 1

Material and Methods

TET Aminopeptidase Activity Test on Synthetic Peptides

[0096] In order to test the activity of TET aminopeptidases on synthetic peptides, different mixtures of TET aminopeptidases at a total concentration of 50 μg/ml are incubated with various peptides at a final concentration of 0.5 mM in a final volume of 100 μL. An internal standard is added to the experiments at the end of the reaction (not visible on the chromatograms shown), a sample of tryptophan at 50 μM. This internal standard is used to increase the accuracy of the calculations of the quantity of product in the medium. In other words, the quantity of standard injected into the column is precisely known, and it is thus possible to normalize the response signal obtained. The standard is a compound which does not react in the experiment and whose response to the signal is very close to the products measured. In this case, the internal standard chosen is tryptophan. The internal standard is added to the concentration indicated in the sample before its analysis in RP-HPLC. The activity tests are carried out at pH=7.5 in a 50 mM PIPES buffer, 150 mM KCl, except those in which PhTET4 is present which are carried out at pH=9.5 in a 50 mM CHES buffer, 150 mM KCl. The reaction medium is then incubated for different times at the desired temperatures (40° C. or 60° C.) with shaking (500 rpm). The tubes are then placed in ice to stop the hydrolysis reaction. Then, 80 μl of the reaction medium are added to 320 μl of a solution comprising 2% acetonitrile (ACN) and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The samples are then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min before being transferred to vials before their injection on an RP-HPLC column for analysis. In addition to their RP-HPLC analysis, the reaction media of these activity tests were also analyzed by mass spectrometry in order to precisely identify the size of the hydrolysis products observed. This made it possible to identify the different peaks observed on the chromatograms and to optimally follow the hydrolysis processes.

Preparation of a Protein Hydrolyzate from Cow's Whey

[0097] Whey represents the liquid fraction obtained after the coagulation of milk, and is a by-product obtained, in particular, in the cheese industry. It contains around 10% protein which is divided into 5 main families: β-lactoglobulin (50%), α-lactalbumin (20%), immunoglobulins (10%), bovine serum albumin (10%), and lactoferrin (2.8%). In the present case, these various proteins are hydrolyzed and the resulting peptides are used as a model substrate. A cow's whey solution is incubated in the presence of thermolysin (Sigma®) at a final concentration of 100 μg/ml for 2 h at 60° C. with shaking (500 rpm). After hydrolysis, the solution is incubated for 15 min at 95° C. in order to inactivate thermolysin. The whey protein hydrolyzate is then aliquoted and stored at −20° C. until use.

TET Aminopeptidase Activity Test on a Whey Protein Hydrolyzate

[0098] In order to test the hydrolysis activity of the TET aminopeptidases on the peptides present in the whey protein hydrolyzate, various mixtures of TET proteins at a total concentration of 50 μg/ml, are incubated with the hydrolyzate in a final volume of 100 μl. No cofactor is added to the reaction. The activity tests of PhTET2 and PhTET3 were carried out on a whey protein hydrolyzate at its native pH of 6.2. The test series conducted with PhTET4 and MjTET was carried out at pH=9.5. The reaction medium is then incubated for 2 h at 60° C. with shaking (500 rpm). The tubes are then placed in ice to stop the hydrolysis reaction. Then, 80 μL of the reaction medium are added to 320 μl of a solution composed of 2% acetonitrile (ACN) and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The samples are then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min before being transferred to vials before their injection on an RP-HPLC column for analysis.

Reverse Phase HPLC Analysis (RP-HPLC)

[0099] 100 μl of each sample is injected either on a μRPC C2/C18 column (4.6 mm×100 mm) (GE Healthcare®) for studies on peptides, or on a ZORBAX SB-300 C8 column (4.6 mm×150 mm) (Agilent®) connected to a Perkin Elmer® HPLC system for studies on whey. Phase A consists of 0.1% TFA and 2% ACN in water, phase B contains 0.1% TFA and 80% ACN in water. The adsorbed proteins are then eluted at 1 ml/min with a linear gradient 0-50% of phase B, and are detected by measuring their absorbances at 280 nm for the studies on peptides or 214 nm for the other studies. Protein peaks are identified and analyzed using TotalChrom software version 6.3.1 (Perkin Elmer®).

TET Aminopeptidase Activity Test Against Gluten Proteins

[0100] A 5% suspension of gluten proteins (Sigma®) is prepared using a metal stirrer in a solution allowing their solubilization (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 50% propanol, pH=7.5). 95 μL of this solution containing the substrate are transferred into 0.5 ml Eppendorf tubes. The tubes are placed in an orbital shaker equipped with a thermostat, they are then incubated at 60° C. with shaking (500 rpm) for 10 min. A solution containing the mixture of the 3 enzymes PhTET1, PhTET2 and PhTET3 in equimolar quantity for a final concentration of 250 μg/ml is prepared and incubated under the same conditions. The reaction is begun by adding 5 μl of the mixture of enzymes to the reaction medium. The reaction is stopped after 2 h of incubation by placing the samples at 4° C.

Reverse Phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) Analysis

[0101] The procedure is identical to that indicated above. However, the samples are deposited on a Jupiter C18 column (4.6 mm×200 mm) (Phenomenex), and the adsorbed proteins are then eluted with a linear gradient 0-40% of phase B.

Results

[0102] The TET enzymes used in these experiments are metallo-aminopeptidases of the M42 family (MEROPS). They all belong to the same family of enzymes and have a very strong structural identity in them. On the other hand, they are In fact different enzymes with different specificities.

[0103] The three-dimensional structures of the various TETs used are very similar even though they all have specificities for different substrates. Thus, PhTET1 is a glutamyl-aminopeptidase, PhTET2 is a leukyl-aminopeptidase with significant residual activity towards some of the uncharged hydrophobic and polar residues, PhTET3 is a lysyl-aminopeptidase, PhTET4 is a strict glycyl-aminopeptidase, MjTET is a leucid with significant activity towards hydrophobic and positively charged residues. MjTET is also the only one to have hydrolysis activity towards aromatic residues.

[0104] All of the results presented above were obtained using substrates of the monoacyl-pNA (4-nitroaniline) or monoacyl-AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) type. They represent a peptide of two residues, the first residue is the one on which the activity of the peptidase is to be measured, the second is a chromophore which emits a signal in the visible when released. Thus, we may measure the affinity of a peptidase for each of the known residues.

[0105] Thus, several peptides with specific sequences have been designed and synthesized (Table 1 below). On the one hand, 5 peptides of 15 residues called “enriched”, i.e. the N-terminal end of these peptides has been enriched in a particular type of residue:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 List of synthetic peptides used during the st  Peptide 1: enriched in negatively charged residues Peptide 2: enriched in hydrophobic residues Peptide 3: enriched in positively charged residues Peptide 4: enriched in glycines Peptide 5: enriched with aromatic residues 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx # Peptide Enriched sequence Compensated sequence Common sequence 1 Glu Glu Asp Glu Lys Arg Arg Lys [00001] Thr Ser [00002] Asn Ser Glu SEQ ID NO: 8 2 Leu Met Leu Leu Asn Glu Asn Arg [00003] Thr Ser [00004] Asn Ser Glu SEQ ID NO: 9 3 Lys Arg Arg Lys Glu Glu Asp Glu [00005] Thr Ser [00006] Asn Ser Glu SEQ ID NO: 10 4 Gly Gly Gly Gly Asn Glu Asn Arg [00007] Thr Ser [00008] Asn Ser Glu SEQ ID NO: 11 5 [00009] Leu Met Asn Glu Asn Arg [00010] Thr Ser [00011] Asn Ser Glu SEQ ID NO: 12 Random Peptides 6 Glu Tyr Asn Lys Ala Gly Arg Thr Glu Leu Phe Gln Ile Ser Val SEQ ID NO: 13 7 Gly Ile Ser Glu Gln Phe Lys Thr Asn Val Leu Arg Glu Tyr Ala SEQ ID NO: 14 8 Phe Lys Tyr Val Gly Gln Asn Glu Ile Ser Arg Ala Thr Leu Glu SEQ ID NO: 15 9 Lys Leu Val Arg Glu Ile Tyr Glu Gln Phe Asn Gly Thr Ala Ser SEQ ID NO: 16 10 Leu Asn Glu Gly Phe Thr Glu Lys Gln Ser Val Ala Arg Ile Tyr SEQ ID NO: 17 indicates data missing or illegible when filed

[0106] Each of these peptides carries an enriched N-ter end. Then follows 4 residues which compensate for the effect of the enriched zone (in particular for the solubility of the peptide). The C-terminal end is conserved and carries the same series of 7 residues chosen for their absorbance at 280 nm and their solubility: YTSWNSE (SEQ ID NO: 7).

[0107] On the other hand, 5 so-called “random” peptides, i.e. they contain 15 identical residues but distributed according to different sequences: Peptide 6; Peptide 7; Peptide 8; Peptide 9; Peptide 10.

[0108] During the various experiments carried out with the TET aminopeptidases, using the above peptides as substrates, several unexpected activities were observed by the inventors.

[0109] Aminopeptidase PhTET3 exhibits optimal activity against positively charged residues; it is classified as a lysyl-aminopeptidase with residual activity against leucine, methionine, glutamine and aspartate. However, during tests carried out on synthetic peptides, significant activity of PhTET3 was observed on the peptide enriched in hydrophobic residues, peptide 2 (FIG. 1A).

[0110] The same test was carried out with the aminopeptidase PhTET2 (FIG. 1B), which, according to the prior art, is the most effective of the aminopeptidases PhTET (i.e. aminopeptidases originating from thermococcals) against hydrophobic residues.

[0111] It is remarkable to note that PhTET3 exhibits greater activity on the peptide enriched in hydrophobic residues than PhTET2 (FIG. 1C). In fact, during the 15 minutes of the activity test, the first residues of the peptide were hydrolyzed more quickly in the presence of PhTET3 than in the presence of PhTET2.

[0112] This type of “unexpected” activity is also observed in the case of peptides 1 and 4 respectively enriched in glutamic acid and glycine residues. When these are incubated in the presence of peptidases which, in theory, exhibit the maximum hydrolysis activity against the residues whose ends are enriched, no hydrolysis activity is observed (FIGS. 2A and 2B).

[0113] Another unexpected result was observed when the activity of PhTET3 was measured on a peptide whose N-terminal end is enriched in aromatic residues (FIG. 3A). It is quite surprising, given the data available in the literature, to observe the hydrolysis of aromatic residues by PhTET3. In fact, the analysis of the different peaks of proteins eluted by mass spectrometry shows a significant accumulation of peptides whose tyrosine at the N-terminal end has been hydrolyzed.

[0114] Until now, the characterization of the enzyme specificities of TET aminopeptidases has been obtained by analyzing their activity against dipeptides, these are the data available in the literature. Tests for the activity of PhTET3 on synthetic peptides 2 and 5 show that, in reality, the activity of TET aminopeptidases may be dependent on the nature of the substrate peptide. In fact, even though PhTET3 is not capable of hydrolyzing a tyrosine residue carried by a Tyr-pNA dipeptide, the latter shows great hydrolysis efficiency against this residue in the context of peptide 5. To date, no unexpected activities of the same type have yet been shown; however, it is not excluded that tests on a larger scale, i.e. with a greater variety of substrate, might reveal other activities.

[0115] The results of FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A and 2B show that, despite the fact that some of these enzymes have been described, their integration into enzymatic compositions is not trivial. In fact, in addition to the theoretical specificities of these aminopeptidases, the nature of the food peptide to be modified and the residues surrounding the site to be modified, in addition to the physico-chemical parameters of the reaction medium, must be taken into account when designing specific enzymatic compositions. These conclusions, as well as the advantages of using compositions according to the invention are highlighted in the experiments which follow.

Accelerated Hydrolysis and Modulation

MjTET 90%/TET3 10%

[0116] In order to demonstrate the interest of TET aminopeptidase compositions for improved hydrolysis of peptides, the activity of a composition of 10% PhTET3 and 90% MjTET was tested against peptide 5, rich in aromatic residues (FIGS. 3A-3D). Each aminopeptidase was incubated alone with the substrate peptide; the reaction medium analyzed by RP-HPLC shows that the two aminopeptidases are active on the peptide. In the reaction medium, 4 degradation products are identified, corresponding to the substrate peptide from which one (pep-1), two (pep-2), three (pep-3), or four (pep-4) residues has/have been hydrolyzed in addition to the intact substrate (pep-0).

[0117] In the case of PhTET3 (FIG. 3A), there is an accumulation of the peptide pep-1 while the intact substrate peptide is no longer present in the medium.

[0118] In the case of the peptide MjTET (FIG. 3B), part of the intact peptide is still present in the reaction medium, while the residues of the hydrolysis products are present in almost equivalent amounts. There is a slight accumulation of the final hydrolysis product, the peptide pep-4.

[0119] After incubation of the peptide in the presence of the composition of the two aminopeptidases, the substrate peptide is no longer present in the medium and there is a greater accumulation of the peptide pep-4, signifying that the hydrolysis of peptide 5 has been more effective in the presence of the composition comprising the TET aminopeptidases than when the aminopeptidases are used alone (FIG. 3C). The chromatograms resulting from the three tests are superimposed on FIG. 3D, and it may thus be clearly observed that the addition to the mixture of 10% of the aminopeptidase PhTET3 (alone) made it possible to significantly accelerate the hydrolysis of a peptide, even though this does not have an optimal activity on the peptide.

MjTET 95%/TET3 5%

[0120] The same experiment was carried out by modifying the ratio of the TET3/MjTET mixture; this time the peptide was incubated in the presence of a composition of 95% of MjTET and 5% of PhTET3.

[0121] Again, in the case of PhTET3, there is a strong accumulation of the peptide pep-1 after the 15 minutes of incubation of the aminopeptidase with the substrate peptide (FIG. 4A). The intact peptide pep-0 is itself still present in the reaction medium in a substantial amount. The hydrolysis profile of peptide 5 by MjTET present at 95% (FIG. 4B) is close to that obtained at 90% (FIG. 3B).

[0122] These data, compared with those obtained with the composition at 95% of MjTET and 5% of PhTET3 (FIG. 4C), show once again an acceleration of the hydrolysis of the peptide by adding the aminopeptidase PhTET3 to the reaction mixture. (FIG. 4D). In cases where the enzymes are used alone, it is observed that the intermediate reaction products, pep-1, pep-2 and pep-3, are accumulated. In this last experiment, there is a decrease in the concentration of these intermediates, while there is an increase in that of the final product pep-4. Adding 5% of the peptide PhTET3, therefore, makes it possible to speed up the hydrolysis process of the peptide.

[0123] It is all the more interesting to note that in this specific case, the addition of an aminopeptidase which is, in theory, not specific for the residues which it is desired to hydrolyse makes it possible to increase the general efficiency of the composition of TET aminopeptidases.

[0124] Finally, these two examples of TET aminopeptidase compositions, with modification of the ratio, show the possibility offered by the compositions according to the invention in terms of hydrolysis modulation, in this case allowing modification of the peptides substrates rather than destroying them completely.

[0125] The experiments presented above were carried out at 60° C. They were also carried out at 40° C. and the data obtained were then compared to the previous data (FIG. 6).

[0126] When the PhTET3 aminopeptidase is incubated alone with the substrate peptide at 40° C., a significant decrease in hydrolysis is observed. In fact, in this case, only the peptide pep-1 is visible and in very small quantity (FIG. 5A).

[0127] On the other hand, the same effect is observed in the case of MjTET, wherein all the intermediate peptides are visible as well as the final product pep-4, and there is only a significant slowdown in hydrolysis (FIG. 5B).

[0128] In the case of a 95% MjTET and 5% PhTET3 composition (FIG. 5C), the concentration of the final product pep-4 is greatly reduced. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that the various intermediates pep-1, pep-2 and pep-3 are, in turn, present in an amount almost equivalent to hydrolysis at 60° C. Thus, the hydrolysis on the first residue, namely tyrosine, is as effective at 40° C. as at 60° C. when the TET composition is used, whereas the latter is greatly reduced when the aminopeptidases are used alone. On the other hand, the rest of the hydrolysis process seems to be slowed down, leading us to the observed result where the substrate peptide is still present in large quantities, while the final product, on the contrary, has accumulated very little.

[0129] This example once again demonstrates the modulation which it is possible to integrate into the method for modifying the polypeptide content of a substrate according to the invention. In this part, modulations of quantities (different ratios of TET aminopeptidases) and temperatures were shown. It is also possible to integrate pH and time modulations, in order to obtain finer and more precise peptide modifications. These examples were carried out with two TET aminopeptidases. However, the addition of other TET aminopeptidases makes it possible to target peptides of interest more broadly, or more precisely.

MjTET/PhTET4 Compositions on Random Peptide

[0130] The kinetics of hydrolysis of random peptide 7 by a composition of the aminopeptidases MjTET and PhTET4 was measured (FIG. 6). The hydrolysis of the peptide was analyzed by RP-HPLC after 5 min, 15 min and 30 min. Peptide 7 has the particularity of presenting a glycine at the N-terminal end.

[0131] The characterization of the aminopeptidase PhTET4 has shown that it is a glycine-aminopeptidase. This is why, when its activity was tested on peptide 7, only the hydrolysis of the first glycine residue was observed (FIG. 6A). We can thus see the accumulation of the peptide pep-1.

[0132] In the case of hydrolysis of the peptide by the aminopeptidase MjTET, we observe, in addition to the peptide pep-1, the peptides pep-2 and pep-3, and what corresponds to pep-4 (FIG. 6B). On the other hand, it is noted that between 15 and 30 min, the concentration of the substrate peptide pep-0 does not seem to have decreased. At the same time, we note that the concentration of pep-2 has decreased, while that of pep-3 has increased. The phenomenon observed here is due to the fact that the affinity of the aminopeptidase for the hydrolysis product is greater than that of the starting substrate.

[0133] When a composition, comprising the two aminopeptidase PhTET4 and MjTET in equimolar proportions is brought into contact with the substrate peptide and incubated, a significant improvement in the hydrolysis of the peptide is observed (FIG. 6C). The concentration of the intact peptide pep-0 gradually decreases between 5 and 30 min. That of the peptide pep-1, on the other hand, increases initially between 5 and 15 min before decreasing sharply between 15 and 30 min.

[0134] The chromatograms obtained after 30 min of incubation with MjTET alone or with the composition MjTET and PhTET4 are overlaid in FIG. 7. It is thus observed that the final peptides are present in relatively similar amounts, while the substrate peptide has been almost completely hydrolyzed. It is noted that, alone, neither of the two peptidases was able to completely hydrolyze the first residue of the peptide during the experiment. Tests with a third peptidase, PhTET3, were carried out.

[0135] In this example, the hydrolysis of the first residue of the substrate peptide is accelerated by the addition to the composition of a peptidase which, again, did not exhibit optimal activity. It should be noted that by modulating the TET aminopeptidase type, their ratio, the temperature or even the pH in a specific way, the modification method makes it possible to enrich a mixture of peptide with one of the observed hydrolysis intermediates (in this case the pep-2 peptide enriched at 15 min in FIG. 6B).

Modulation of Peptide Hydrolysis in a Complex Mixture

Whey Protein Hydrolyzate

[0136] Whey represents the liquid fraction obtained after coagulation of milk. It contains approximately 10% protein which is divided into 5 main families: ß-lactoglobulin (50%), α-lactalbumin (20%), immunoglobulins (10%), bovine serum albumin (10%) and lactoferrin (2.8%).

[0137] The substrate used in the following tests is a whey protein hydrolyzate, the preparation of which is explained above. In order to analyze the relative peptide composition of the hydrolyzate, it is analyzed by reverse phase chromatography on an HPLC system. The chromatogram resulting from the analysis of the control hydrolyzate is shown in FIG. 9.

[0138] Two hydrolyzates were prepared at different pH levels in order to be able to analyze the activity of the TET enzymes on these peptides under their optimal activity conditions. The two chromatograms are overlaid in FIG. 9.

[0139] It is thus observed that the general appearance of the chromatogram remains unchanged. There was, therefore, no drastic change in the peptide composition during the change in pH. However, there are fine changes in the elution profile. These ad hoc changes were taken into account in the analysis of the results.

PhTET2/PhTET3 Compositions (50/50%, 90/10% and 10/90%)

[0140] Here, the possibility of modulating the hydrolysis of specific peptides within a complex mixture is demonstrated when the TET aminopeptidases are used in characteristic compositions like those of the invention.

[0141] The activities of PhTET2 and PhTET3 are first measured when the aminopeptidases are used alone (FIG. 10). It is observed that not all the peptides are taken up by the TET aminopeptidases, this being due to the fact that the two TET aminopeptidases used have specificities of different and marked substrates. The mixture of peptides used for this experiment being a complex mixture, we also observe differences in the degree of hydrolysis of the different peptides supported by the aminopeptidases. Only part of the chromatogram is shown for clarity; the results presented may, however, be observed on the whole chromatogram.

[0142] When the hydrolyzate is incubated with a composition of 2 aminopeptidases in equimolar amounts, an improvement in the hydrolysis activity is then observed on most peptides in solutions. Unexpectedly, the degree of hydrolysis changes by modifying the ratio of the different TETs in the composition (FIG. 11).

[0143] FIG. 12 shows the chromatograms obtained with 3 different ratios of compositions of PhTET2 and PhTET3. First, the “equimolar” mixture corresponding to 50% of each of the TETs, it is also visible in FIG. 10. The chromatograms shown in dotted lines correspond to different ratios of each TET aminopeptidase, 90% of the one and 10% of the other, and vice versa. It is thus noted that the hydrolysis profiles are modified, meaning that a variation in the proportions of each TET aminopeptidase in the mixture modifies the degree of hydrolysis of the peptides in solutions. An overlay of all the different chromatograms is presented in FIG. 12 and makes it possible to clearly visualize the possible modulation in the hydrolysis of the peptides.

[0144] This is a surprising result, insofar as it was impossible to predict. Furthermore, it is noted that the modulation of hydrolysis varies depending on the peptides; thus, it is possible by finely modifying the proportions of each TET aminopeptidase in the composition, to modulate the hydrolysis of the various peptides. No information in the prior art could suggest that it was possible to modulate the hydrolysis of peptides in a targeted manner by varying the concentration of the different TETs in a mixture.

MjTET/PhTET4 Compositions (50/50%)

[0145] A second series of tests presented below relate to the aminopeptidases MjTET and PhTET4. An overlay of a fraction of the chromatograms obtained is shown in FIG. 13. In this case, it is observed that the aminopeptidase PhTET4, specific for glycine residues, is not capable of hydrolyzing peptides when it is used alone. There is thus a very clear overlay of the control chromatogram and that obtained after incubation with PhTET4. On the contrary, MjTET is capable of hydrolyzing several peptides present in the peptide mixture.

[0146] The remarkable result in this series of tests is linked to the fact that, when MjTET and PhTET4 are mixed in a composition, there is a significant increase in the hydrolysis of the peptides of the substrate.

[0147] Again, this unpredictable result shows how far it is possible to modulate the hydrolysis of various peptides specifically in a mixture using a characteristic TET aminopeptidase composition. The various results obtained to date, show that it is also possible to modulate the activity of the TET aminopeptidases as a function of the physicochemical conditions of the reaction medium. We therefore propose a process based on the exceptional properties of these enzymes.

Composition PhTET1/PhTET2/PhTET3/Thermolysin

[0148] The whey used in these experiments comes from a cheese factory in Haute-Savoie. The whey was transported at 4° C. before being divided into 1 ml samples stored at −20° C.

[0149] After incubation with thermolysin (FIG. 14), a large number of small peptides are present in the samples, the result of the hydrolysis of whey proteins by thermolysin.

[0150] It is remarkable to note that after incubation with thermolysin and TETs, the vast majority of these peptides have been degraded. We note the enrichment of some peptides which represent the degradation products linked to the activity of TET aminopeptidases.

Hydrolysis of a Specific Peptide within a Casein Hydrolyzate

Composition PhTET3, MjTET and PhTET4 (33/33/33%)

[0151] In this experiment, synthetic peptide 7 was incorporated into a mixture of complex peptide, a casein hydrolyzate (Sigma). After incubation with a composition of aminopeptidases PhTET3, MjTET and PhTET4, the reaction medium was analyzed by RP-HPLC. The results of the various experiments carried out are shown in FIG. 15. The peptide may be identified without ambiguity and its first stages of degradation could be observed. The complexity of the environment has made the analysis of short fragments more complex.

[0152] When the mixture of casein hydrolyzate and peptide 7 is incubated with the aminopeptidases PhTET3 or MjTET, it is observed that the peptide of interest is not very hydrolyzed (FIGS. 15A and B). As might be expected, however, a small number of peptides from the casein hydrolysis of the mixture are at least partly hydrolyzed by the TET aminopeptidases.

[0153] When the mixture is incubated in the presence of PhTET4, only the peptide of interest is hydrolysed by the aminopeptidase PhTET4 and, this, almost completely (FIG. 15C), the only peptide appearing being the peptide pep-1.

[0154] The intact peptide pep-0 of interest is also completely absent when the mixture of peptides is incubated in the presence of the composition of the three TET aminopeptidases (FIG. 15D). On the other hand, in the latter case, it may be noted that the peptide pep-1 has itself been hydrolyzed, since its concentration has decreased significantly compared to the experience with PhTET4 alone.

[0155] This experiment shows that the method makes it possible to precisely target a peptide in a mixture in order to modify or eliminate it.

Specific Hydrolysis of Part of the Native Gluten Proteins

Composition PhTET1/PhTET2/PhTET3 (33/33/33%)

[0156] Gluten is a mixture of various proteins classified into 2 main families, glutenins and gliadins. Some gliadins carry a peptide called “immunodominant” which causes an allergic reaction in people sensitive or intolerant to gluten; this syndrome is better known as Celiac disease.

[0157] On the chromatograms shown in FIG. 16, it is observed that after incubation of a sample of total gluten solubilized in propanol with an equimolar quantity composition of the aminopeptidases PhTET1, PhTET2 and PhTET3, a significant decrease in the concentration is noted as gliadin in the sample.

[0158] In this case, the composition of the aminopeptidases PhTET1, PhTET2 and PhTET3 alone, i.e. without adding endopeptidase, made it possible to reduce the concentration of proteins carrying the immunodominant peptide in a sample of total gluten dissolved in a 50% solution of propanol.

Composition PhTET1/PhTET2/PhTET3/Thermolysin

[0159] After incubation of the gluten with the thermolysin endoprotease, we note in FIG. 17 a large number of small peptides in the sample resulting from the very efficient hydrolysis of gluten proteins by the endoprotease. When the aminopeptidases PhTET1, PhTET2 and PhTET3, are integrated into the composition, there is a decrease in the vast majority of absorbance peaks, which translates to hydrolysis of all of these peaks by the aminopeptidases.

[0160] We also note an enrichment of some peaks which represent the degradation products of aminopeptidases.

Example 2

Results of Modification of Peptide Profile

Material and Methods

TET Aminopeptidase Activity Test on a Whey Protein Hydrolyzate

[0161] In order to test the hydrolysis activity of various combinations of TET aminopeptidases on the peptides present in the whey protein hydrolyzate, various mixtures of TET proteins at a total concentration of 50 μg/ml, are incubated with the hydrolyzate in a final volume of 100 μl. No cofactor is added to the reaction. The activity tests are carried out at pH=7.5 except those in which PhTET4 is present, and which are carried out at pH=9.5. The reaction medium is then incubated for 2 h at 60° C. with shaking (500 rpm). The tubes are then placed in ice to stop the hydrolysis reaction. Then, 80 μl of the reaction medium are added to 320 μl of a solution composed of 2% acetonitrile (ACN) and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The samples are then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min before being transferred to vials and their injection on an RP-HPLC column for analysis.

Reverse Phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) Analysis

[0162] 100 μl of each sample is injected onto a ZORBAX SB-300 C8 column (4.6 mm×150 mm) (Agilent®) connected to a Perkin Elmer® HPLC system. Phase A consists of 0.1% TFA and 2% ACN in water, phase B contains 0.1% TFA and 80% ACN in water. The adsorbed proteins are then eluted at 1 ml/min with a linear gradient 0-50% of phase B and are detected by measuring their absorbances at 280 nm for the studies on peptides, or 214 nm for the other studies. Protein peaks are identified and analyzed using TotalChrom software version 6.3.1 (Perkin Elmer®).

[0163] The “windows” of the chromatograms (FIGS. 18 to 28) are deliberately limited; only the elution gradient in itself is shown, i.e. a window between 480 sec and 4080 sec. The first minutes of the experiment correspond to the washing of the column after injection (0-480 sec), and the end of the washing after the gradient (4080-6000 sec).

[0164] FIGS. 18 to 28 show an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from RP-HPLC analyzes.

[0165] Below are described the various tests carried out with the mixtures (“mix” or “combinations”) defined above.

Control of the Substrate Used

[0166] In order to ensure homogeneity and reproducibility in the analysis of the new whey protein hydrolyzate, the various “control” samples are overlaid and compared (FIG. 18).

[0167] Unfortunately, the mix 3 control sample is missing due to a technical problem.

[0168] It thus appears that the new hydrolyzate used, which in theory contains more diversity in the ends of the peptides, is completely homogeneous and stable, since the results of its analysis are perfectly reproducible.

Hydrolysis of Peptides by the Different Mixes.

[0169] This whey protein hydrolyzate is incubated with various mixtures of TET. The overlaying of the chromatograms resulting from the RP-HPLC analysis of the samples after hydrolysis of the new whey protein hydrolyzate by different mixtures of TETs are shown in FIG. 19.

[0170] The overlay shown in FIG. 19 makes it possible to observe the significant variability of peptides obtained after hydrolysis by the different mixtures of TET. In the mixtures tested in this series of experiments, the majority of peptidases used are either PhTET2 or MjTET. Thus, it is very likely that the potential variability that may be obtained with the different TET mixes could be greater.

[0171] One thus obtains a “reshaping of the peptide profile” resulting from fine modifications of the peptides.

[0172] FIGS. 20 to 28 show different chromatograms obtained after the analysis in RP-HPLC of the reaction media after hydrolysis with the different mixtures of TET. The mix number and its composition are indicated in the caption.

[0173] The observation of these various mixtures clearly shows how the technology according to the invention makes it possible to “shape” a peptide profile.

[0174] It is possible to profoundly modify the nature of the peptides, without however completely degrading them: mix 1, 2. It is otherwise possible to modify the peptides in the medium more finely: mix 5, 6.

[0175] In order to better understand the advantage of mixing the different enzymes between them, several overlays are shown of the chromatograms obtained after hydrolysis by various mixtures or between the enzymes alone and as a mixture.

Mix 1 and Mix 2

[0176] FIG. 26 represents one of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by mixtures #1 and #2 of TET (Mix #1: 70% PhTET2, 15% PhTET3, 15% PhTET4; Mix #2: (70% PhTET2, 15% PhTET4, 15% MjTET).

[0177] There was a slight difference between the two runs.

[0178] The majority peptidase here is PhTET2, present in both mixes up to 70%. This majority presence of a peptidase explains the similarity that may be observed between the chromatograms. Although very similar, they are not identical. The only difference here is the presence in one case of PhTET3 and, in the other, of MjTET.

[0179] Studies on synthetic peptides have suggested that the peptides PhTET3 and MjTET have similar behavior in the peptide context. It appears here that there are still notable differences and that these two peptidases cannot be used to replace the other.

Comparison TET2 VS MIX 1 and 2

[0180] As said a few lines above, the majority peptidase, here PhTET2, strongly influences the general peptide profile. This is very clear in the present case, in particular according to FIGS. 27 and 28 with an overlay of the chromatograms resulting from the analysis in RP-HPLC of the hydrolysis of the peptides of the whey protein hydrolyzate by the mixtures #1 and #2 of TET (Mix #1: 70% PhTET2, 15% PhTET3, 15% PhTET4; Mix #2: (70% PhTET2, 15% PhTET4, 15% MjTET) each compared to PhTET2 respectively), since in both cases, the peptide profile after hydrolysis with peptidase alone is very close to that obtained after hydrolysis by the mixture of peptidases.

[0181] The few differences observed are due to “minority” peptidases. It is interesting to note that, in this case, these differences are relatively small compared to the modifications made by the majority peptidase.

Example 3

Crystallization of the Enzyme PhTET3

[0182] Crystals of the protein PhTET3 were obtained using the method of drops suspended on 24-well ComboPlate plates of the brand Greiner Bio-One. The crystals used for the experiments formed under a condition using the following mother liquor: 100 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM (NH.sub.4)SO.sub.4, 43% of 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol and at pH=8. For crystallization, 1 ml of mother liquor is placed in the well of the crystallization plate, the drop is formed on silanized coverslips by mixing 1.5 μl of PhTET3 protein solution concentrated to 20 mg/ml and 1.5 μl of mother liquor.

Cross-Linking of Crystals

[0183] In order to crosslink the PhTET3 crystals, a crosslinking solution is prepared from the mother liquor implemented with final 1% glutaraldehyde (v/v). Drops of 1 μl of crosslinking solution are deposited on silanized coverslips, the various crystals obtained earlier are then transferred into these drops. Crosslinking is obtained by incubation for 1 night; the crosslinked crystals are then harvested and placed in drops of the initial mother liquor while waiting to be used. The crosslinked crystal obtained has a larger dimension of at least 0.5 mm.

Cross-Linked Enzyme Activity Tests

[0184] The objective being to be able to use these crosslinked enzyme crystals in industrial enzymatic processes, experiments were carried out in order to check whether the enzymes are still active once crosslinked.

[0185] In order to facilitate the observation of the activity of the crystals, a chromogenic substrate was used, in this case Lys-pNA. The crosslinked PhTET3 crystals were, therefore, incubated in a so-called activity buffer composed of 150 mM NaCl and 50 mM PIPES at pH=7.5 containing the Lys-pNA substrate at a concentration of 5 mM. This substrate was selected, in particular, because the enzyme PhTET3 has maximum activity against the amino acid lysine.

[0186] It may be observed that a drop of 1 μl of activity buffer in which a crosslinked crystal of PhTET3 has been incubated for 10 min at room temperature substantially has a diameter of several millimeters, typically 6-7 mm (observed on a drop of 1 μl of Lys-pNA substrate at 5 mM after incubation with a crosslinked crystal of pHTET3 for 10 min at room temperature). We may thus clearly observe the bright yellow color of the drop sign of a significant hydrolysis of the Lys-pNA substrate. This experiment shows that the enzyme PhTET3, once crystallized and crosslinked, is still active. It is a rare example of a large enzyme complex still active after crosslinking.

Tests of Stability of Crosslinked Crystals

[0187] In order to be able to use these crystals in the processes mentioned, their mechanical strength and their physico-chemical stability were evaluated.

[0188] The crystals were subjected to 10 cycles of centrifugation-suspensions in a buffer solution containing 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM PIPES at pH=7.5 to 16,000 g without any loss of integrity or activity of the crystals being observed.

[0189] The same crystals were incubated at 90° C. for 1 h in the same buffer; again, no loss of integrity or activity of the crystals was observed after incubation.

[0190] They were also incubated in milli-Q distilled water for 7 days without loss of crystal integrity or activity. This last experiment is particularly interesting since it is not possible to observe such stability with the same non-crystallized enzyme.

CONCLUSION

[0191] These results show that it is possible to produce CLECs which exhibit hydrolysis activity from TET enzymes. In addition, these crystals have quite remarkable properties of mechanical resistance and physicochemical stability. In an industrial context, these macroscopic crystals may easily be filtered after incubation with the substrate. They thus represent a strategy for immobilizing enzymes which is entirely realistic from an industrial and original point of view.