Reinforced Bulk High Temperature Superconductors and Method for Their Manufacture

Abstract

A bulk superconductor device is disclosed, comprising a single grain RE-BCO element incorporating reinforcing fibres. The single grain (RE)BCO element comprises RE-211 pinning sites disposed in a RE-123 matrix and further comprises Ag. The reinforcing fibres comprise a ceramic such as SiC and a refractory metal such as W. The reinforcing fibres comprise a core formed of the refractory metal and a ceramic cladding surrounding the core. The device may be manufactured by a top seeded melt growth process or by a top seeded infiltration growth process.

Claims

1. A bulk superconductor device comprising a single grain RE-BCO element incorporating reinforcing fibres.

2. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the single grain (RE)BCO element comprises RE-211 pinning sites disposed in a RE-123 matrix.

3. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the single grain (RE)BCO element further comprises Ag.

4. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the single grain RE-BCO element further comprises a grain refining agent.

5. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 4 wherein the grain refining agent is selected from Pt or CeO.sub.2.

6. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the reinforcing fibres comprise a ceramic.

7. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the reinforcing fibres comprise a refractory metal.

8. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the reinforcing fibres comprise a refractory metal core and a ceramic cladding surrounding the core.

9. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 6 wherein the ceramic is SiC.

10. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 7 wherein the refractory metal is W.

11. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the element has a minimum linear dimension of at least 5 mm.

12. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the element has a maximum linear dimension of at least 50 mm.

13. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the element has a volume of at least 1500 mm.sup.3.

14. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 wherein the reinforcing fibres have a length of at least 1 mm, more preferably at least 5 mm.

15. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 1 further comprising external reinforcement.

16. The bulk superconductor device according to claim 15 wherein the external reinforcement is selected from one or more of: resin and/or fibre reinforced resin reinforcement; metallic jacket reinforcement; and shrink-fit reinforcement.

17. A method of manufacturing a bulk superconductor device, the method comprising: providing a precursor powder; providing reinforcing fibres; forming a precursor body from the precursor powder and the reinforcing fibres; and subjecting the precursor body to melt processing to form a single grain RE-BCO element incorporating the reinforcing fibres.

18. The method according to claim 17 wherein the single grain RE-BCO element comprises RE-211 pinning sites disposed in a RE-123 matrix.

19. The method according to claim 17 wherein the melt processing is a top seeded melt growth process.

20. The method according to claim 17 wherein the precursor powder comprises a mixture of RE-123 and RE-211.

21. The method according to claim 17 wherein the melt processing is a top seeded infiltration growth process in which the precursor body is disposed on a liquid source precursor.

22. The method according to claim 21 wherein the precursor powder comprises RE-211.

23. The method according to claim 17 wherein a buffer pellet is disposed between a seed crystal and the precursor body during melt processing.

Description

SUMMARY OF THE FIGURES

[0051] Embodiments and experiments illustrating the principles of the invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures in which:

[0052] FIG. 1 shows the trapped field profile measured at 77 K in a YBCO sample which cracked in an earlier experiment where it was exposed to very large magnetic field of 18 T. Cracking was not evident to the normal eye after the magnetization process however, when measured for trapped field clearly showed the presence of two grains with net reduced trapping ability. Arrows and artificial white space are added to the view in order to indicate regions of high trapped field with respect to the scale.

[0053] FIG. 2(a) is a schematic drawing showing the application of compressive force parallel to growth sector direction. FIG. 2(b) shows a view of an YBCO sample being tested for mechanical tensile strength employing the “Brazilian technique”. The crack formed in the sample during fracture point is shown in FIG. 2(c).

[0054] FIGS. 3(a)-(c) show scanning electron micrographs obtained from: FIG. 3(a) W-metallic fibre; FIG. 3(b) multi-filamentary SiC fibre; and FIG. 3(c) cross-section of the monofilament SiC fibre with W-core

[0055] FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) show the results of thermal scans obtained from the precursor powder 75 wt. % Y-123+25 wt. % Y-211+0.5 wt. % CeO.sub.2, with and without W-fibres. In the original colour version of these graphs, the curves in red and black colours correspond to the configuration: with and without fibres respectively. FIG. 4(b) shows a magnified version of the region of the scan indicated in FIG. 4(a), showing that the difference in peritectic temperature is only by 1° C. In FIG. 4(b), corresponding to the high temperature region of FIG. 4(a), the upper loop corresponds to the configuration with fibres.

[0056] FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) show trapped field measured at 77 K in: FIG. 5(a) Reference sample, YBCO; and FIG. 5(b) YBCO with W-fibres.

[0057] FIGS. 6(a)-(c) show scanning electron micrographs recorded under different magnifications in the YBCO sample containing W-fibres revealing the formation and presence of Y-2411 phase.

[0058] FIG. 7 shows the tensile strength, as assessed employing the Brazilian technique, on YBCO samples with and without W-fibres. It can be seen that the addition of W-fibres reduced the mechanical strength of the YBCO single grains.

[0059] FIG. 8 shows TG-DTA scans obtained in YBCO precursor powder with and without 0.25 wt % SiC fibres. The peritectic temperature was lowered by 3° C. compared to the standard powder.

[0060] FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b) show trapped field measured at 77 K in YBCO sample (of 16 mm in diameter) containing dispersed multi-filamentary SiC fibres. The 3-D trapped field profile is shown in FIG. 9(a) and the 2-D contour is shown in FIG. 9(b). The white arrows indicate the regions of the plot corresponding to the values on the scale.

[0061] FIG. 10 shows the tensile strength, measured employing the Brazilian technique, in YBCO samples with and without dispersed SiC fibres (of 1.5 micron in diameter) in YBCO. Samples were fabricated employing BA-TSMG technique.

[0062] FIG. 11 shows the positioning of three stacked multifilament SiC fibres at the center of a preform compact.

[0063] FIGS. 12(a)-(c) show trapped field measured at 77 K in YBCO samples containing stacks of SiC fibres at the center of the preform compact.

[0064] FIG. 13(a) shows the placement of three mono-filament SiC fibres directly on the precursor powder present in the steel die, at the center of the preform compact. FIG. 13(b) shows a schematic of three mono-filament SiC fibres located in the centre of a single grain sample, with the mono-filament SiC fibres shown in cross section.

[0065] FIG. 14 shows the tensile strength as measured in the YBCO samples with and with mono-filament hybrid SiC fibres containing W-core

[0066] FIG. 15 shows an SEM cross-section of the YBCO sample containing mono-filament SiC fibres. The micrograph shows that the fibres have good adherence in the YBCO matrix and has not affected the single grain growth process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0067] Aspects and embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures. Further aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All documents mentioned in this text are incorporated herein by reference.

[0068] Rare-earth based high temperature ‘(RE)BCO’ superconductors have been well known not only for their fascinating properties (like zero resistance and perfect diamagnetism, below certain critical parameters) but also for the potential to be used in several real scale engineering and technological applications such as trapped field magnets, rotating electrical machines, magnetic bearings and flywheel energy storage systems. (RE)BCO ceramic superconducting materials have been well researched for the last 30 years and potential fabrication methodologies have been developed to grow single grains out of these materials which, with engineered microstructures for enhanced flux pinning, then enable the trapping of large magnetic fields as required for practical applications out of these materials. Due to the extensive work carried out on these materials, the superconducting properties such as current carrying ability (J.sub.c) and their field dependence J.sub.c(H), associated irreversibility fields (H.sub.irr) have been tuned and enhanced to satisfactory levels via tuning of processing parameters and addition of suitable dopants/additives for enhanced flux pinning strength. However, their mechanical properties remain weak due to their inherent ceramic nature capped further with varieties of defects such as porosity, cracks, lattice mismatch associated stacking fault defects and more. Very often, these materials when exposed to large magnetic fields end up cracking due to enormous tensile forces that are generated due to Lorentz forces. In the present work, the inventors now disclose a powerful reinforcement methodology. In some examples of the implementation of the invention, hybrid SiC fibres containing W-core are used as reinforcing fibres, which improve the mechanical properties of these materials significantly while retaining their superconducting properties.

[0069] By the present disclosure, it is shown that fibres can enhance the internal mechanical strength of (RE)BCO materials. The intent of fibre introduction in bulk superconductors is primarily to provide additional mechanical strength by forming a composite structure, and to prevent crack growth and propagation. The mechanical strength enhancement to be achieved in bulk superconductors must be significant while simultaneously overcoming any negative effects on the current carrying capabilities of the sample. It is of interest to consider the effectiveness of the integration of the fibres into the bulk material and the manner in which the fibres are bonded to the matrix within the material.

[0070] Experimental

[0071] Different sets of YBCO single grain bulks of 16 mm, 20 mm and 25 mm in diameter were fabricated with added fibres employing the top seeded melt growth (TSMG) technique. The fibres studied in the present work are of three types: (i) metallic tungsten fibre, (ii) SiC fibres and (iii) hybrid fibres containing SiC as clad and tungsten as core. In order to prepare the single grain YBCO samples, precursor powder comprising of 75 wt. % Y-123+25 wt. % Y-211+0.5 wt. % CeO.sub.2 was used. Y-123 and Y-211 powders each of 99.9% purity were procured from Toshima Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan and CeO.sub.2 of 99.9% purity purchased from Sigma Aldrich were used. All the fibres studied in the present work were procured from American elements, Los Angeles, USA and were introduced into precursor powder during the compaction stage either in the mixed form or in the configurations as will be discussed in Section 3. For a fair comparison, test samples with no added fibres were also prepared in each of the sets, under similar conditions.

[0072] The influence of the added fibres on the peritectic temperature of the mixed precursor powder (comprising 75 wt % Y-123+25 wt % Y-211+0.5 wt % CeO.sub.2+fibres) was studied by subjecting the powder samples to thermal scans, employing Thermogravimetry/Differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), to temperatures of 1200° C. with heating and cooling rates of 10° C. per minute. For single grain fabrication, the pressed pellets were capped with a 5 mm diameter buffer pellet comprising 75 wt. % Y-123+25 wt. % Y-211 and then a NdBCO or generic seed crystal [49, 50] was placed on the top of the buffer pellet. The entire assembly was then melt processed following a standard heat profile disclosed elsewhere [51]. Typically, the heat treatment comprised heating the sample assembly in a box furnace to a temperature of 1055° C. (a temperature above the T.sub.p of Y-123 phase to promote the incongruent melting of Y-123 phase to form solid Y-211 and copper-rich liquid phase BaCuO.sub.2 and CuO). The sample assembly was then slowly cooled at the rate of 0.5-0.7° C./h through the T.sub.p of the compound to 980° C. and then furnace cooled. This heat treatment enabled single grain growth formation. The samples thus grown were subsequently oxygenated in a tube furnace maintained at a temperature of 450° C. with and oxygen gas flow rate of 100 ml/min. The oxygenation process was carried out for 150 hours to completely transform the tetragonal, non-superconducting Y-123 phase to the orthorhombic, superconducting phase.

[0073] In order to measure the trapped field ability of the samples, each of them was field cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) in an electromagnet (with applied field of 1.4 T). The applied external field was then removed and then the trapped field in the sample was measured employing a purpose built 3D rotating Hall sensor facility. More details of the trapped field measurement facility and methodology followed can be found elsewhere [52]. The mechanical tensile strength of the YBCO bulk superconductors with and without fibres was measured by the Brazilian technique [53-55]. For each of the samples, the circumferential surface of the oxygenated samples were polished in order to remove any irregularities. The samples were then subjected to a mechanical test by applying a compressive force parallel to the growth sector directions, as shown in FIG. 2(a), in a tensile testing machine (Instron, model 5584) until a hairline crack formed (as shown in FIG. 2(c)) along the principal axis due to induced tensile stress in the perpendicular direction to that of the applied force [53-55].

[0074] The indirect tensile strength ‘σ’ was then computed following:

[00001]$\sigma =\frac{2P}{\pi \mathrm{dt}}$

[0075] Here, P is the applied load on sample when it fractures, and d and t are the diameter and thickness of the sample respectively. Samples were sliced using a diamond saw and polished down to micron-level finish, using grinding foils and colloidal suspensions containing diamond particles. The microstructure of the fractured or polished samples at every stage was observed using either a scanning electron microscope (with EDX facility) or an optical microscope equipped with polarizer. The composition of the fibre was analysed with EDX spectrometer installed on the scanning electron microscope.

[0076] Results and Discussion

[0077] FIG. 4 shows electron micrographs of the fibres employed in the present work i.e. W-metallic fibre, multi-filamentary SiC fibre and monofilament SiC fibre with W-core. The micrographs also show their cross-sections. It can be seen that the monofilament SiC fibre is about 100 μm in diameter with a tungsten core of about 15 μm diameter. The presence of these phases was confirmed with EDX analysis carried out on the fibers. More details about the fibres can be found in Table-1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Details of various fibres used in the present work Diameter Supplier and Melting Fibre-type (μm) code point Remarks W-metallic 50 American 3410° C. Tensile fibre elements strength: W-M-02-W 750 MPa Multi- 1.5 American 2730° C. Stack of 500 filamentary elements fibres SiC fibre SI-C-01-FIB Mono- 100 American Not Core - W and filament elements provided Clad is SiC SiC fibre SI-C-01-MFIL

[0078] YBCO single grained bulks with and without fibres in each of the sets were fabricated following the BA-TSMG technique. Details from each of these sample sets are provided in the following sections of this disclosure. It can be seen from these sections that in spite of the presence of fibres (which have higher melting point compared to the processing temperature), it remained possible to grow the samples into single grains.

[0079] W-Fibre Added YBCO

[0080] W-metallic fibres of 50 micron in diameter, were chopped into lengths of 1-6 mm and mixed with YBCO precursor powder containing 75 wt. % Y-123+25 wt. % Y-211+0.5 wt. % CeO.sub.2, using an agate mortar and pestle for 1 hour. This mixed powder was subsequently pre-sintered at 900° C. for 2 hours. The powder with and without added W-fibres were subjected to thermal scans employing TG-DTA. The results are shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 confirms that the addition of W-fibres does not influence the peritectic temperature T.sub.p of the powder (with reduction of T.sub.p by only 1° C. compared to the standard composition).

[0081] The sintered powder containing W-fibers was compacted into pellets of 25 mm in diameter, in a steel die and supported with a NdBCO seed crystal and then subjected to BA-TSMG process which enabled them to grow into single grains. Single grained samples were thus obtained after the heat treatment and were subsequently oxygenated. They were subjected to testing in order to measure both their superconducting and mechanical properties. Trapped field measured in both the samples (YBCO with and without W-fibres) at 77 K are shown in FIG. 5. It can be seen that the trapped field ability of the sample was mildly enhanced due to the addition of W-fibre.

[0082] YBCO samples containing W-fibre when polished and further examined under scanning electron microscope (FIG. 6) revealed the formation and presence of Y.sub.2Ba.sub.4Cu.sub.1W.sub.1O.sub.y (Y-2411) phase, whose presence is known to enhance the flux pinning strength of the material thereby increasing the superconducting properties like trapped field and field dependence of J.sub.c [56, 57]. Though the superconducting properties have shown improvement with the addition of W-fibres, the mechanical properties deteriorated as can be seen from FIG. 7.

[0083] Without wishing to be bound by theory, the present inventors propose that the reason for the deterioration of mechanical properties is likely to be due to the fact that the W-fibers have reacted completely with the aggressive liquid phase (comprising BaCuO.sub.2 and CuO) forming Y-2411 phase. The intention for adding fibres into (RE)BCO i.e. for improvement of mechanical strength was therefore not satisfied by the addition of W-fibres. This motivated the inventors to use alternative fibers that may have better phase stability with the aggressive liquid phase. The inventors therefore proposed to use a fibre such as SiC fibre. The employment of such fibres in (RE)BCO is discussed in the subsequent sections of this disclosure.

[0084] Multi-Filamentary SiC-Fibres Added YBCO

[0085] A stack of 500 multi-filamentary SiC fibres, each of the fibres being 1.5 μm in dimeter were chosen to introduce into YBCO in two different configurations: [0086] (i) Slice and mix the fibres with the YBCO precursor powder followed with subsequent calcination at 900 C for 2 h similar to that followed with W-fibers (as discussed above) and fabricating the samples employing this powder via BA-TSMG technique. [0087] (ii) To introduce the fibres of required lengths as stacks at the centre of the preform compact.

[0088] Configuration (i)

[0089] For the first configuration, the multi-filamentary SiC fibers were chopped into lengths of 1-4 mm and were mixed with YBCO precursor powder such that the composition resulted as 75 wt. % Y-123+25 wt. % Y-211+0.5% CeO.sub.2+X wt. % SiC fibre (X=0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1) and subsequently pre-sintered at 900° C. for 2 hours, followed by through mixing in agate mortar and pestle for 1 hour. DTA scans measured in the YBCO precursor powder with and without 0.25 wt. % SiC fibres are shown in FIG. 8.

[0090] The mixed YBCO powder containing dispersed multi-filaments of SiC-fibres was compacted into a pellet and capped with a buffer pellet and further with an NdBCO seed crystal. The entire sample assembly was then heat treated in a box furnace employing the Buffer-assisted TSMG technique. The sample of about 20 mm in diameter grew into single grain.

[0091] Trapped field (both 3-D profile and 2-D contour map) measured in the YBCO samples containing 0.25 wt % SiC fibres are shown in FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b) respectively. It can be seen from these figures that the sample, in spite of containing SiC fibres (with high melting point), successfully grew into single grains as evidenced by clear 4-fold facet lines confirmed visually on the external surface of the samples and further confirmed from the single peak from trapped field measurements (see FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b)). This value of trapped field is smaller when compared to YBCO samples with no added SiC fibres.

[0092] Mechanical tensile strength measured in the SiC fibre-reinforced YBCO samples is shown in FIG. 10. It can be seen that the addition and dispersion of SiC fibres in the precursor powder has improved the mechanical strength of reinforced single grained YBCO when compared to a similar situation where the reinforcement was performed in YBCO with W-fibres (see FIG. 7).

[0093] Configuration (ii)

[0094] For the second configuration, the multi-filament SiC fiber stack was chopped to lengths of about 20 mm and placed at the center of the preform compact as shown in FIG. 11. In spite of the presence of thick stacks of SiC fibers at the center of the preforms, the samples still grew into single grains. However, it was noted that there was the appearance of macro-cracks at the sides of the samples in this configuration.

[0095] Trapped field measured in these samples at 77 K are shown in FIGS. 12(a), 12(b) and 12(c).

[0096] Mono-Filamentary Hybrid SiC Fibre Added YBCO

[0097] A composite fibre with W-core of diameter about 15 μm encapsulated in SiC cladding accounting to 100 μm diameter was examined for reinforcement of (RE)BCO. Three of these mono-filamentary SiC fibres were arranged at the center of the preform compact as shown in FIG. 13(a). The resultant position of the mono-filamentary SiC fibres in the fully-assembled preform compact is shown in FIG. 13(b), in which a schematic cross sectional view is taken through the preform compact in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the mono-filamentary SiC fibres.

[0098] Samples containing these composite fibres successfully grew into single grains. Unlike the samples reported above for configuration (ii), no major macro-cracks were formed at the side walls of the samples. These samples were oxygenated and subsequently machined for measuring the tensile strength employing the Brazilian technique. Results of the tensile strength property along with that measured in standard YBCO sample can be seen in FIG. 14.

[0099] The sample after mechanical tests was polished and the cross-section was observed under a scanning electron microscope. This study revealed good adherence of the fibre with the YBCO matrix as can be seen from FIG. 15 and further has not caused any sub-grain formation/additional nucleation. This is considered to be particularly relevant for retaining the superconducting properties of the single grain superconducting element.

[0100] The fact that the incorporated fibres have not created sub-grains, even in the local regions, is considered by the inventors to be impressive from the aspects of crystal growth and macro-superconducting properties. Thus it can be seen that the YBCO samples reinforced with composite SiC fibres not only retained the superconducting properties but improved the internal mechanical strength of bulk YBCO ceramics. This makes such devices suitable for many applications of the type discussed above.

[0101] The approach of providing internal reinforcement as discussed above does not rule out the advantages of providing additional external reinforcement, such as resin impregnation and/or shrink-fitting inside a reinforcing shell (e.g. of stainless steel) as discussed above. Such complementary reinforcement techniques make the device suitable for challenging applications such as motors and bearings where these products can be subjected to large rpm (rotations per minute).

[0102] Batch Processing of Fibre Reinforced YBCO—Check for Reproducibility/Repeatability

[0103] Several YBCO and GdBCO samples of different dimensions in the range 16 mm to 32 mm were successfully reinforced with the composite SiC fibres reported above. The samples were grown employing the top seeded melt growth and top seeded infiltration growth techniques. This work confirms the reproducible and repeatable nature of the reinforcement and its compatibility with the top seeded melt growth technique for forming single grain devices.

CONCLUSIONS

[0104] Rare-earth based high temperature superconductors have significant potential in a range of engineering and technological applications, including but not limited to, compact electric motors, friction-free self-stabilizing bearings for energy storage fly wheels and trapped field magnets. These materials in single grain form are of great interest due to the fact that they can trap magnetic fields that are almost ten times greater than similar-sized permanent magnets. Considerable work has already been devoted by various researchers to improve the superconducting properties through introduction of selective additivities/dopants/defects which improved the flux pinning strength of these composites. However, in general, the mechanical properties of these superconducting ceramics have been poor and hence have been of serious concern with respect to their practical applications. In particular, when these materials are exposed to large magnetic fields, the magnetic stresses generated (proportional to B.sup.2), can very easily fracture the materials by cracking them and forming two or more grains resulting in greatly reduced ability for them to trap magnetic field. In this context, a few efforts have been made in literature to externally reinforce the bulk superconductors by wrapping them in carbon fiber followed by complex resin impregnation, optionally further fitting the devices with steel tubes. For some applications, this is not practical from the point of view of efficient industrial production. Additionally, shrink-fitting has been employed to pre-stress the bulk superconductors in order to improve their mechanical strength.

[0105] In the present work, we have examined a relatively simple reinforcing methodology that enables internal reinforcement improving the tensile strength of the bulk (RE)BCO ceramics. Reinforcing fibres are mixed with the precursor powder. A pressed powder and fibre compact is then subjected to melt growth techniques to obtain single grains. Three different varieties of fibres were tested in the present work (a) W-metallic fibres, (b) SiC fibres and (c) composite SiC fibres containing W in its core. The single grained (RE)BCO bulks reinforced with the composite SiC fibres showed enhancement both in the superconducting and mechanical properties in comparison to the standard (RE)BCO ceramics. The combination of properties achieved by employing SiC and tungsten as reinforcing agents is found to enable better phase stability with the material while retaining the properties of tungsten since SiC has successfully shielded W from reaction with the aggressive liquid phase. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors consider that this is the reason for the enhanced internal mechanical strength in these reinforced ceramic composites. These materials when further subjected to external reinforcement such as by using with stainless steel rings via shrink-fit technique can deliver robust products as required for real-scale applications.

[0106] The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or in the following claims, or in the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for obtaining the disclosed results, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.

[0107] While the invention has been described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described above, many equivalent modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art when given this disclosure. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention set forth above are considered to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0108] For the avoidance of any doubt, any theoretical explanations provided herein are provided for the purposes of improving the understanding of a reader. The inventors do not wish to be bound by any of these theoretical explanations.

[0109] Any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0110] Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise” and “include”, and variations such as “comprises”, “comprising”, and “including” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

[0111] It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. The term “about” in relation to a numerical value is optional and means for example +/−10%.

REFERENCES

[0112] A number of publications are cited above in order to more fully describe and disclose the invention and the state of the art to which the invention pertains. Full citations for these references are provided below. The entirety of each of these references is incorporated herein. [0113] 1. D. Cardwell, Processing and properties of large grain (RE)BCO, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 53 (1998) 1-10. [0114] 2. Durrell, J. H., Dennis, A. R., Jaroszynski, J., Ainslie, M. D., Palmer, K. G. B., Shi, Y.-H., Cardwell, D. A. (2014). A trapped field of 17.6 T in melt-processed, bulk Gd—Ba—Cu—O reinforced with shrink-fit steel. Superconductor Science and Technology, 27(8), 082001. http://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/27/8/082001 [0115] 3. A. M. Campbell, D. A. Cardwell, Bulk high temperature superconductors for magnet applications, Cryogenics 37 (1997) 567. [0116] 4. M. Murakami, Novel application of high Tc bulk superconductors, Appl. Supercond. 1 (1993) 1157-1173. [0117] 5. D. K. Namburi, Y. Shi, K. G. 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