OPTICAL SCANNING

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for generating temporally spaced light pulses. Said device comprises a first light source which emits a first train of light pulses, a second light source which emits a second train of light pulses, and a phase-locked loop which regulates the relative phase of the light-pulse trains towards a target value. When the two light-pulse trains each pass through an optical transmission path to an application site that is spatially remote from the light sources, fluctuating phase differences in the light-pulse trains at the application site occur due to external influences along the transmission paths. The object of the invention is to provide an improved device for generating temporally spaced light pulses. In particular, the above-mentioned fluctuating phase differences are intended to be prevented. To do this, the invention proposes a detection apparatus that interacts with the phase-locked loop and detects a phase difference in the light-pulse trains at the application site caused by propagation-time differences along the transmission paths. In particular, the phase difference in the light-pulse trains at the application site is derived from light pulses that are reflected from the application site and pass through the transmission paths in the return direction. The detected phase difference can then be compensated for by the existing regulation of the relative phase of the light-pulse trains. In addition, the invention relates to a method for generating temporally spaced light pulses.

Claims

1. Device for generating temporally spaced light pulses, comprising a first light source arranged to emit a first train of light pulses, a second light source arranged to emit a second train of light pulses, and a phase-locked loop arranged to regulate the relative phase of the light-pulse trains towards a target value, wherein the two light-pulse trains each pass through an optical transmission path to an application site that is spatially remote from the light sources, wherein a detection apparatus arranged to interact with the phase-locked loop is provided which detects a phase difference in the light-pulse trains at the application site caused by propagation-time differences along the transmission paths.

2. Device according to claim 1, wherein the detection apparatus is further arranged to detect a phase difference of the light pulses reflected at the application site after passing through the transmission path in the return direction.

3. Device according to claim 2, wherein the detection apparatus comprises a beam splitter or circulator in the beam path between the first light source and the application site as well as in the beam path between the second light source and the application site, wherein the beam splitter or circulator guides light pulses reflected by the application site in the return direction towards a detector.

4. Device according to claim 3, wherein the detector is a photodetector.

5. Device according to claim 1, wherein one detector is assigned to each transmission path, i.e. each light-pulse train.

6. Device according to claim 3, wherein the beam splitters or circulators superimpose the reflected light pulses of the two light-pulse trains on a first coincidence detector.

7. Device according to claim 6, wherein the detection apparatus comprises an additional beam splitter in each beam path between the light sources and the beam splitters or circulators, wherein the additional beam splitters superimpose the light pulses emitted by the two light sources on a second coincidence detector in a partial beam in each case.

8. Device according to claim 1, wherein the detection apparatus comprises beam splitters arranged at the application site which guide the first and the second light-pulse trains to a phase detector, which is arranged to detect the phase difference of the light-pulse trains, in a partial beam after passing through the transmission paths.

9. Device according to claim 1, wherein the device is arranged to periodically vary the target value of the relative phase of the light-pulse trains such that the first light-pulse train and the second light-pulse train have a periodically varying time offset.

10. Device according to claim 1, wherein a terahertz transmitter and a terahertz receiver are located at the application site, wherein the first light-pulse train is supplied to the terahertz transmitter via the transmission path assigned to said train and the second light-pulse train is supplied to the terahertz receiver via the transmission path assigned to said train.

11. Method for generating temporally spaced light pulses, comprising the method steps of: generating a first train of light pulses, generating a second train of light pulses, and regulating the relative phase of the light-pulse trains towards a target value, wherein the two light-pulse trains are each transmitted to a spatially remote application site via an optical transmission path, wherein a phase difference in the light-pulse trains at the application site caused by propagation-time differences along the transmission paths is detected and is compensated for during the regulation of the relative phase.

12. Method according to claim 11, wherein the phase difference of the light-pulse trains at the application site is derived from light pulses that are reflected from the application site and pass through the transmission paths in the return direction.

13. Method according to claim 12, wherein the light pulses are superimposed on a coincidence detector after passing through the transmission paths in the return direction.

14. Method according to claim 11, wherein the target value of the relative phase of the light-pulse trains is periodically varied such that the first light-pulse train and the second light-pulse train have a periodically varying time offset.

Description

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0023] Embodiments of the invention will be explained in greater detail in the following with reference to the drawings, in which:

[0024] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a device for generating temporally spaced light pulses according to the prior art;

[0025] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the device according to the invention in a first configuration;

[0026] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the device according to the invention in a second configuration;

[0027] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the device according to the invention in a third configuration.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0028] FIG. 1 shows a device for generating temporally spaced light pulses according to the prior art. The components of the device are arranged in a housing 100. A first light source 101 and a second light source 102 are provided in the form of mode-locked fiber lasers. The first light source 101 generates a first train I of light pulses, while the second light source generates a second train II of light pulses. The light pulses are accordingly short laser pulses (pulse duration in the range of 10 fs to 10 ps), which are each emitted at a repetition frequency in the MHz range. A controller 103 applies a regulating signal, which influences the repetition frequency of the light-pulse train I, II, to each of the light sources 101, 102. The light-pulse trains I, II are each guided to a photodetector 106, 107 via beam splitters 104, 105. The outputs of the photodetectors 106, 107 are each connected to band-pass filters 108, 109. The output signals of the band-pass filters 108, 109 are high-frequency signals, which are brought together on a phase detector 110 of the controller. In this way, a control signal is formed within a phase-locked loop from the light-pulse trains I, II from the two light sources 101, 102 by means of the phase detector 110. By changing the repetition frequencies of the lasers 101, 102, the light-pulse train I of one light source 101 is caused to lead or trail behind compared with the light-pulse train II of the other light source 102 in a targeted manner by means of the controller 103 until a target phase value S, i.e. a desired time offset between the light-pulse trains I, II, predetermined from outside the device, is produced. In the example shown, a terahertz transmitter 111 is provided to which the laser pulses I from the short-pulse laser 101 are applied. A detection signal is generated by the signal at a terahertz receiver 112 being scanned by applying the laser pulses II of the other short-pulse laser 102 while varying the relative phase. The laser-pulse trains I, II are supplied to the antenna modules by the transmitter and receiver 111, 112 over transmission paths 113, 114 in the form of optical fibers. This supply to the fibers is subject to external influences. Owing to the varying environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, acoustic vibrations, etc.) of the fibers, jitter, i.e. fluctuating deviations in the relative phase of the pulse trains I, II from the target value of a few tens of femtoseconds (fs) to several hundreds of femtoseconds (fs), is generated at the location of the transmitter 111 and receiver 112. This instability of the relative phase negatively affects bandwidth, contrast and resolution of the measurement.

[0029] According to the invention, this is remedied by the phase difference in the light-pulse trains I, II at the application site, i.e. at the location of the transmitter 111 and the receiver 112, caused by the propagation-time differences along the transmission paths 113, 114 being detected, with this undesired phase difference being compensated for during the regulation of the relative phase. FIGS. 2 to 4 illustrate this.

[0030] In the embodiment in FIG. 2, a detection apparatus is provided which comprises a circulator 200, 201 in the beam path between the first light source 101 and the input of the transmission path 113 as well as in the beam path between the second light source 102 and the input of the transmission path 114. The circulators 200, 201 guide light pulses reflected by the antenna modules of the transmitter 111 and/or receiver 112 towards the photodetectors 106, 107 after passing through the relevant transmission path 113, 114 in the return direction. In this configuration, the phase difference in the light-pulse trains I, II at the location of the transmitter 111 and/or receiver 112 is indirectly derived from the reflected light pulses I, II that pass through the transmission paths 113, 114 in the return direction. By using the relative phase measured indirectly in this way which the light pulses I, II have at the application site, undesired fluctuations can be directly compensated for during the phase regulation, and specifically without additional regulation and control elements.

[0031] A configuration in which the phase-locked loop is left as shown in FIG. 1, i.e. with detection of the relative phase of the light-pulse trains I, II before they enter the transmission paths 113, 114, is also conceivable. In this process, the relative phase of the reflected light pulses is detected separately by additional photodetectors (not shown). On this basis, the phase regulation can then be compensated for, e.g. by accordingly adding an offset to the target value S. This configuration may be useful if (rather slow) fluctuations due to external influences on the transmission paths 113, 114 are intended to be compensated for using a bandwidth that is different from the phase regulation of the light-pulse trains I, II.

[0032] In the embodiment in FIG. 3, the circulators 200, 201 superimpose the reflected light pulses of the two light-pulse trains I, II on a first two-photon detector 300. Said detector generates a signal when the light pulses of the first and second train I, II temporally coincide over the transmission paths. The coincidence signal 301 is supplied to the controller 103. In addition, the detection apparatus comprises a beam splitter 302, 303 in each beam path between the light sources 101, 102 and the circulators 200, 201. Said beam splitters superimpose the light-pulse trains I, II emitted by the two light sources 101, 102 on a second two-photon detector 304 in a partial beam in each case. Said detector generates a signal when the light pulses of the two trains I, II temporally coincide before passing through the transmission paths 113, 114. The resulting second coincidence signal 305 is likewise supplied to the controller 103. Said controller compensates for the phase difference caused by external influences during the transmission of the light-pulse trains I, II over the transmission paths 113, 114 by comparison with the respective target values when the coincidences occur. In a pump-probe experiment in which the target value of the relative phase of the light-pulse trains I, II is continuously modulated, the coincidences can be used as time stamps in this way. Therefore, the time axis can be calibrated as the pump-probe experiment progresses, such that a current value of the relative phase of the light pulses of the two trains I, II at the application site can be assigned to each point in time.

[0033] It is also conceivable to compensate for the phase fluctuations in the light pulses along the fiber paths 113, 114 to the THz transmitter 111 or THz receiver 112 independently of one another, i.e. for each fiber path 113, 114 separately. To do this, for each fiber path 113, 114, each reflected, returning light pulse can be used with an outgoing light pulse in order to generate a coincidence signal (not shown).

[0034] In the embodiment in FIG. 4, the detection apparatus comprises beam splitters 400, 401 arranged at the location of the terahertz transmitter 111 and terahertz receiver 113, i.e. at the ends of the fiber paths 113, 114, which beam splitters guide the first and the second light-pulse train I, II to a phase detector 402 in a partial beam in each case. The phase-difference signal detected directly at the application site is supplied directly to the controller 103 as a controlled variable.