Combinations of PBD-based antibody drug conjugates with FLT3 inhibitors

Abstract

This invention relates to treatment of cancer using a antibody drug conjugates that comprise PBD molecules in combination with FLT3 inhibitors.

Claims

1. A method of treating cancer comprising a FLT3 mutation in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising the step of administering an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) and an FLT3 inhibitor, wherein the ADC comprises a PBD cytotoxic agent and an antibody, wherein the FLT-3 inhibitor is quizartinib, and wherein the antibody is: 1) h2H12 that specifically binds to a human CD33 protein; or 2) h7G3 that specifically binds to a human CD123 protein.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the PBD cytotoxic agent has the formula ##STR00007##

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the antibody is h2H12 that specifically binds to a human CD33 protein.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the antibody is h7G3 that specifically binds to a human CD123 protein.

5. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising the step of administering an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) and an FLT3 inhibitor, wherein the ADC comprises a PBD cytotoxic agent and an antibody, wherein the FLT3 inhibitor is quizartinib, wherein the cancer cell has a FLT3 mutation that results in decreased FLT3 expression or function as compared to a reference cell from the subject that does not have the FLT3 mutation, and wherein the antibody is: 1) h2H12 that specifically binds to a human CD33 protein; or 2) h7G3 that specifically binds to a human CD123 protein.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the PBD cytotoxic agent has the formula ##STR00008##

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the antibody h2H12 that specifically binds to a human CD33 protein.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the antibody is h7G3 that specifically binds to a human CD123 protein.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1A and 1B show cytotoxicity for PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 Inhibitors or hypomethylating agents (HMAs).

(2) FIGS. 2A and 2B provide percent of total toxicity due to synergy (PTCDS) values for PBD-ADC combinations with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 mutant cell lines and FLT3 wildtype cell lines.

(3) FIGS. 3A-3D show that PBD-ADC combinations with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 mutant cell lines have more synergistic and fewer antagonistic 3×3 dose blocks than FLT3 wildtype cell lines. FIG. 3A provides a comparison of the count of antagonistic (y-axis) and synergistic (x-axis) 3×3 dose blocks with p-values less than 0.01 according to the Loewe additivity model. FIG. 3B provides box plots of antagonistic and synergistic count of 3×3 dose blocks for each combination-FLT3 status group according to the Loewe Additivity model.

(4) FIG. 3C provides p-Values of comparisons between FLT3 wild type and FLT3 mutant cell lines for treatment with PBD ADCs in combination with FLT3 inhibitors. FIG. 3D shows statistically significant synergistic and antagonistic 3×3 dose blocks for PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors or HMAs.

(5) FIG. 4 shows the data for the cytotoxicity assays.

(6) FIG. 5 shows a survival plot of FLT3/ITD MV4-11 xenografts after treatment with quizartinib, SGN-CD33A, SGN-CD123A, or a combination.

(7) FIG. 6 shows a survival plot of FLT3/ITD MOLM-13 tumor-bearing mice treated with quizartinib, SGN-CD123A or a combination.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(8) This disclosure demonstrates for the first time, that an ADC conjugated to a PBD, exhibits synergy when combined with a FLT3 inhibitor, e.g., midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925 also known as AMG-925, or G-749.

(9) I. Antibody Drug Conjugates

(10) A. Antibodies

(11) Antibodies that are part of antibody drug conjugates specifically bind to proteins that are expressed on cancer cells. In preferred embodiments, the proteins or epitopes bound by the antibodies are expressed on the external part of the cancer cell, e.g. are an external part of a transmembrane protein or are attached to the cell through a glycolipid anchor. The proteins bound by the antibody component of an ADC are preferably not expressed in non-cancerous cells or tissues or are expressed at higher levels in cancerous cells or tissues as compared to non-cancerous cells or tissues. Antibodies include, e.g., Fv, single-chain Fv (scFv), Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, F(ab)c, diabodies, dAbs, minibodies, nanobodies, Fab-scFv fusions, bispecific (scFv)4-IgG, and bispecific (scFv)2-Fab. In some aspects, the cysteine residue is substituted for serine in the antibody at position 239 (IgG) as determined by the EU index (Kabat, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1987 and 1991). This cysteine substitution is referred to herein as S239C.

(12) a. Anti-CD33 Antibodies

(13) The anti-CD33 antibody disclosed herein is the humanized 2H12 antibody (h2H12). The murine 2H12 antibody was raised in mice, using the human CD33 protein as an immunogen. After making hybridomas from the spleens of the immunized mice, followed by screening for CD33 binding activity, the murine 2H12 antibody was selected for humanization. The h2H12 antibody was derived from the murine 2H12 antibody. The humanization procedure is disclosed in PCT publication WO 2013/173,496; which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. The variable region sequences of the h2H12 light and heavy chains are provided as SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2, respectively.

(14) The h2H12 antibody comprises human constant regions. Sequences of human constant regions are provided in the sequence listing. The heavy chain constant region of h2H12 includes a substitution mutation, S239C (numbering EU according to Kabat), to facilitate conjugation of a drug-linker to the antibody. The sequence of a human constant region comprising the S239C mutation is provided at SEQ ID NOs:6 and 7. The h2H12 antibody comprising the S239C mutation is also referred to as h2H12EC.

(15) b. Anti-CD123 Antibodies

(16) The anti-CD123 antibody disclosed herein is the humanized 7G3 antibody (h7G3). The h7G3 antibody binds to the human CD123 protein was derived from the murine 7G3 antibody. The humanization procedure is disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 62/175,121; which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. The variable region sequences of the h7G3 heavy and light chains are provided as SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:9, respectively.

(17) The h7G3 antibody comprises human constant regions. Sequences of human constant regions are provided in the sequence listing. The heavy chain constant region of h7G3 includes a substitution mutation, S239C (numbering of EU index according to Kabat), to facilitate conjugation of a drug-linker to the antibody. The sequence of a human constant region comprising the S239C mutation is provided at SEQ ID NOs:6 and 7. The h7G3 antibody comprising the S239C mutation is also referred to as h7G3EC.

(18) c. Anti-CD19 Antibodies

(19) The anti-CD19 antibody disclosed herein is the humanized BU12 antibody (hBU12). The hBU12 antibody binds to the human CD19 protein and was derived from the murine BU12 antibody. The humanization procedure is disclosed in WO2009/052431; which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. The variable region sequences of the hBU12 light and heavy chains are provided as SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO:11, respectively.

(20) The hBU12 antibody comprises human constant regions. Sequences of human constant regions are provided in the sequence listing. The heavy chain constant region of hBU12 includes a substitution mutation, S239C (numbering of EU index according to Kabat), to facilitate conjugation of a drug-linker to the antibody. The sequence of a human constant region comprising the S239C mutation is provided at SEQ ID NOs:6 and 7. The hBU12 antibody comprising the S239C mutation is also referred to as hBU12EC.

(21) d. Anti-CD70 Antibodies

(22) The anti-CD70 antibody disclosed herein is the humanized 1F6 antibody (h1F6). The h1F6 antibody binds to the human CD70 protein and was derived from the murine 1F6 antibody. The humanization procedure is disclosed in WO2006/113,909; which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. The variable region sequences of the h1F6 light and heavy chains are provided as SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13, respectively.

(23) The h1F6 antibody comprises human constant regions. Sequences of human constant regions are provided in the sequence listing. The heavy chain constant region of h1F6 includes a substitution mutation, S239C (numbering of EU index according to Kabat), to facilitate conjugation of a drug-linker to the antibody. The sequence of a human constant region comprising the S239C mutation is provided at SEQ ID NOs:6 and 7. The h1F6 antibody comprising the S239C mutation is also referred to as h1F6EC.

(24) e. Anti-CD352 Antibodies

(25) The anti-CD352 antibody disclosed herein is the humanized 20F3 antibody (h20F3). The h20F3 antibody binds to the human CD70 protein and was derived from the murine 20F3 antibody. The humanization procedure is disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 62/186,596 and U.S. Ser. No. 62/321,849; which are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. The variable region sequences of the h20F3 light and heavy chains are provided as SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:15, respectively.

(26) The h20F3 antibody comprises human constant regions. Sequences of human constant regions are provided in the sequence listing. The heavy chain constant region of h20F3 includes a substitution mutation, S239C (numbering of EU index according to Kabat), to facilitate conjugation of a drug-linker to the antibody. The sequence of a human constant region comprising the S239C mutation is provided at SEQ ID NOs:6 and 7. The h20F3 antibody comprising the S239C mutation is also referred to as h20F3EC.

(27) B. Drug Linkers

(28) Exemplary CD33 antibody-drug conjugates include PBD based antibody-drug conjugates; i.e., antibody-drug conjugates wherein the drug component is a PBD drug.

(29) PBDs are of the general structure:

(30) ##STR00003##

(31) They differ in the number, type and position of substituents, in both their aromatic A rings and pyrrolo C rings, and in the degree of saturation of the C ring. In the B-ring there is either an imine (N═C), a carbinolamine (NH—CH(OH)), or a carbinolamine methyl ether (NH—CH(OMe)) at the N10-C11 position, which is the electrophilic centre responsible for alkylating DNA. All of the known natural products have an (S)-configuration at the chiral C11a position which provides them with a right-handed twist when viewed from the C ring towards the A ring. This gives them the appropriate three-dimensional shape for isohelicity with the minor groove of B-form DNA, leading to a snug fit at the binding site (Kohn, In Antibiotics III. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 3-11 (1975); Hurley and Needham-VanDevanter, Acc. Chem. Res., 19, 230-237 (1986)). The ability of PBDs to form an adduct in the minor groove enables them to interfere with DNA processing, hence their use as antitumour agents.

(32) The biological activity of these molecules can be potentiated by joining two PBD units together through their C8/C′-hydroxyl functionalities via a flexible alkylene linker (Bose, D. S., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 4939-4941 (1992); Thurston, D. E., et al., J. Org. Chem., 61, 8141-8147 (1996)). The PBD dimers are thought to form sequence-selective DNA lesions such as the palindromic 5′-Pu-GATC-Py-3′ interstrand cross-link (Smellie, M., et al., Biochemistry, 42, 8232-8239 (2003); Martin, C., et al., Biochemistry, 44, 4135-4147) which is thought to be mainly responsible for their biological activity.

(33) In some embodiments, PBD based antibody-drug conjugates comprise a PBD dimer linked to an anti-CD33 antibody. The monomers that form the PBD dimer can be the same or different, i.e., symmetrical or unsymmetrical. The PBD dimer can be linked to the anti-CD33 antibody at any position suitable for conjugation to a linker. For example, in some embodiments, the PBD dimer will have a substituent at the C2 position that provides an anchor for linking the compound to an antibody. In alternative embodiments, the N10 position of the PBD dimer will provide the anchor for linking the compound to an antibody.

(34) Typically the PBD based antibody-drug conjugate comprises a linker between the PBD drug and an antibody. The linker may comprise a cleavable unit (e.g., an amino acid or a contiguous sequence of amino acids that is a target substrate for an enzyme) or a non-cleavable linker (e.g., linker released by degradation of the antibody). The linker may further comprise a maleimide group for linkage to the antibody, e.g., maleimidocaproyl. The linker may, in some embodiments, further comprise a self-immolative group, such as, for example, a p-aminobenzyl alcohol (PAB) unit.

(35) An exemplary PBD for use as a conjugate is described in International Application No. WO 2011/130613 and is as follows wherein the wavy line indicates the site of attachment to the linker:

(36) ##STR00004##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An exemplary linker is as follows wherein the wavy line indicates the site of attachment to the drug and the antibody is linked via the maleimide group.

(37) ##STR00005##

(38) Exemplary PBDs based antibody-drug conjugates include antibody-drug conjugates as shown below wherein Ab is an antibody as described herein:

(39) ##STR00006##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The drug loading is represented by p, the number of drug-linker molecules per antibody. Depending on the context, p can represent the average number of drug-linker molecules per antibody, also referred to the average drug loading. The variable p ranges from 1 to 20 and is preferably from 1 to 8. In some preferred embodiments, when p represents the average drug loading, p ranges from about 2 to about 5. In some embodiments, p is about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5. In some aspects, the antibody is conjugated to the drug linker via a sulfur atom of a cysteine residue that is engineered into the antibody. In some aspects, the cysteine residue is engineered into the antibody at position 239 (IgG1) as determined by the EU index (Kabat, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1987 and 1991).

(40) C. Conjugation of Drug-Linkers to Antibodies

(41) Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are formed by conjugation of a therapeutic antibody to a drug linker as described herein. The therapeutic antibody is selected by one of skill for its ability to bind specifically to a protein expressed on the external surface of a cancer cell. Preferably, the protein is differentially expressed on cancer cells, i.e., the protein is expressed at higher levels on cancer cells as compared to normal cells in the subject to be treated with the combination of an ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor.

(42) Examples of therapeutic antibodies that can form the basis of an ADC include, e.g., anti-CD33 antibodies, such as h2H12 comprising heavy chain variable region SEQ ID NO:2 and light chain variable region SEQ ID NO: 1; anti-CD123 antibodies, such as h7G3 comprising heavy chain variable region SEQ ID NO:8 and light chain variable region SEQ ID NO:9; anti-CD19 antibodies, such as hBU12 comprising heavy chain variable region SEQ ID NO: 11 and light chain variable region SEQ ID NO: 10; and anti-CD70 antibodies, such as h1F6 comprising heavy chain variable region SEQ ID NO:13 and light chain variable region SEQ ID NO:12.

(43) In some embodiments, the antibody of the ADC includes an antibody constant region with a mutation in the heavy chain to facilitate conjugation of a PBD molecule to the antibody. The constant region is a preferably a human IgG1 constant region. In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region has a substitution mutation at amino acid 239 using the EU index according to Kabat, i.e., referred to herein as S239C. The cysteine residue at position 239 is the point of attachment for the PBD molecule. The structure of the antibody, the linker and the PBD molecule is shown in Formula 3. Methods to make the PBD conjugated ADCs are disclosed in PCT publication WO 2011/130613, which is incorporated by reference for all purposes.

(44) II. FLT3 Inhibitors

(45) The term “FLT3” as used herein refers to the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 protein (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_004110.2). FLT3 is also known as CD135 or fetal liver kinase-2 (Flk2). FLT3 is a cytokine receptor which belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase class III and is the receptor for the cytokine Flt3 ligand (FLT3L). FLT3 mutations are found in about 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. (Levis, M. ASH Education Book 2013:220-226 (2013)). FLT3 mutations fall into two general classes and can be identified by those of skill in the art. The first class is internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITD mutations) in or near the juxtamembrane domain of the receptor. The second class includes point mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions occurring within the activation loop of the tyrosine kinase domain (FLT3/TKD mutations). Ibid. Methods of identifying FLT3 mutations are known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Quentmeier et al., Leukemia 17:120-124 (2003).

(46) The term “FLT3 inhibitor or inhibitors” as used herein refers to e.g., N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-5-[(Z)-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide, sunitinib, also know as SU11248, and marketed as SUTENT (sunitinib malate); 4-[4-[[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoylamino]phenoxy]-N-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxamide, sorafenib, also known as BAY 43-9006, marketed as NEXAVAR (sorafenib); (9S,10R,11R,13R)-2,3,10,11,12,13-Hexahydro-10-methoxy-9-methyl-11-(methylamino)-9,13-epoxy-1H,9H-diindolo[1,2,3-gh:3′,2′,1′-lm]pyrrolo[3,4-j][1,7]benzodiamzonine-1-one, also know as midostaurin or PKC412; (5S,6S,8R)-6-Hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-7,8,14,15-tetrahydro-5H-16-oxa-4b,8a, 14-triaza-5,8-methanodibenzo[b,h]cycloocta[jkl]cyclopenta[e]-as-indacen-13(6H)-one, also know as lestaurtinib or CEP-701; 1-(5-(tert-Butyl)isoxazol-3-yl)-3-(4-(7-(2-morpholinoethoxy)benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-2-yl)phenyl)urea, also known as Quizartinib or AC220; 1-(2-{5-[(3-Methyloxetan-3-yl)methoxy]-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl}quinolin-8-yl)piperidin-4-amine, also known as Crenolanib or CP-868,596-26. See, e.g., Wander S. A., Ther Adv Hematol. 5: 65-77 (2014). Other FLT3 inhibitors include Pexidartinib (PLX-3397), Tap et al., N Engl J Med, 373:428-437 (2015); gilteritinib (ASP2215), Smith et al., Blood: 126 (23) (2015); FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, Li et al. Mol. Cancer Ther. 14: 375-83 (2015); and G-749, Lee et al., Blood. 123: 2209-2219 (2014).

(47) III. Cancers that be Treated Using Combinations of PBD-ADCs and FLT3 Inhibitors

(48) Cancers that can be treated using combinations of PBD-ADCs and FLT3 inhibitors are cancers that express antigens that are specifically bound by the antibody portion of the ADC. Examplary cancers are cancers that express cancer-specific antigens, e.g., CD33, CD123, CD19, and CD70.

(49) CD33 positive cancers can be treated using a combination of a CD33-binding ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor. CD33-expressing cancers show detectable levels of CD33 measured at either the protein (e.g., by immunoassay using one of the exemplified antibodies) or mRNA level. Some such cancers show elevated levels of CD33 relative to noncancerous tissue of the same type, preferably from the same patient. An exemplary level of CD33 on cancer cells amenable to treatment is 5000-150000 CD33 molecules per cell, although higher or lower levels can be treated. Optionally, a level of CD33 in a cancer is measured before performing treatment.

(50) For example, an ADC that includes an antibody that specifically binds to the human CD33 protein can be used in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor to treat a human subject who has a cancer that expresses that CD33 protein. Such cancers include, e.g., myeloid diseases such as, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), other myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and chronic myeloproliferative disorders, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), thrombocytic leukemia, a myelodysplastic syndrome, precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preB-ALL), precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preT-ALL), multiple myeloma (MM), mast cell disease including mast cell leukemia and mast cell sarcoma, myeloid sarcomas, refractory anemia, a preleukemia syndrome, a lymphoid leukemia, or an undifferentiated leukemia. The treatment can also be applied to patients who are treatment naïve, who are refractory to conventional treatments (e.g., chemotherapy or MYLOTARG® (gemtuzumab ozogamicin), or who have relapsed following a response to such treatments.

(51) A combination of a CD33-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor can be used to treat cancers that express CD33 protein. In one embodiment, a subject with a CD33 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with a CD33 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925. The CD33 expressing cancer for treatment with a CD33-ADC and FLT3 inhibitor is selected from, e.g., CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML), CD33-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), CD33-positive chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), CD33-positive thyroid leukemia, CD33-positive myelodysplastic syndrome, CD33-positive myeloproliferative disorder, CD33-positive refractory anemia, CD33-positive preleukemia syndrome, CD33-positive lymphoid leukemia, CD33-positive undifferentiated leukemia, CD33-positive precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preB-ALL), CD33-positive precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preT-ALL), CD33-positive multiple myeloma (MM) and CD33-positive mast cell disease including mast cell leukemia and mast cell sarcoma.

(52) In one embodiment, a subject with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with CD33-positive AML is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(53) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD33 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib

(54) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD33 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib.

(55) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD33 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(56) CD123 positive cancers can be treated using a combination of a CD123-binding ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor. CD123-expressing cancers show detectable levels of CD123 measured at either the protein (e.g., by immunoassay using one of the exemplified antibodies) or mRNA level. Some such cancers show elevated levels of CD123 relative to noncancerous tissue of the same type, preferably from the same patient. An exemplary level of CD123 on cancer cells amenable to treatment is 5000-150000 CD123 molecules per cell, although higher or lower levels can be treated. Optionally, a level of CD123 in a cancer is measured before performing treatment.

(57) For example, an ADC that includes an antibody that specifically binds to the human CD123 protein can be used in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor to treat a human subject who has a cancer that expresses that CD123 protein. Such cancers include, e.g., myeloid diseases such as, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Other cancers include B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), hairy cell leukemia, Fanconi anemia, Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), Hodgkin's disease, Immature T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Immature T-ALL), Burkitt's lymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), or mantle cell lymphoma.

(58) A combination of a CD123-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor can be used to treat cancers that express CD123 protein. In one embodiment, a subject with a CD123 positive cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with a CD123 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925. The CD123 expressing cancer for treatment with a CD123-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor is selected from, e.g., acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), hairy cell leukemia, Fanconi anemia, Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), Hodgkin's disease, Immature T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Immature T-ALL), Burkitt's lymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), or mantle cell lymphoma.

(59) In one embodiment, a subject with CD123-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with CD123-positive AML is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(60) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD123 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib

(61) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD123 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib.

(62) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD123 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(63) CD19 positive cancers can be treated using a combination of a CD19-binding ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor. CD19-expressing cancers show detectable levels of CD19 measured at either the protein (e.g., by immunoassay using one of the exemplified antibodies) or mRNA level. Some such cancers show elevated levels of CD19 relative to noncancerous tissue of the same type, preferably from the same patient. An exemplary level of CD19 on cancer cells amenable to treatment is 5000-150000 CD19 molecules per cell, although higher or lower levels can be treated. Optionally, a level of CD19 in a cancer is measured before performing treatment.

(64) For example, an ADC that includes an antibody that specifically binds to the human CD19 protein can be used in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor to treat a human subject who has a cancer that expresses that CD19 protein. Such cancers include, e.g., B cell malignancies, for example, leukemias and lymphomas, including, but not limited to, B cell subtype non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) including low grade/follicular NHL, small lymphocytic (SL) NHL, intermediate grade/follicular NHL, intermediate grade diffuse NHL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, high grade immunoblastic NHL, high grade lymphoblastic NHL, high grade small non-cleaved cell NHL, mantle cell lymphoma, and bulky disease NHL; Burkitt's lymphoma; multiple myeloma; pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other malignancies that derive from early B cell precursors; common acute lymphoblastic leukemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; hairy cell leukemia; Null-acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia; and pro-lymphocytic leukemia; diffuse large B cell lymphoma, pro-lymphocytic leukemia, light chain disease; plasmacytoma; osteosclerotic myeloma; plasma cell leukemia; monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS); smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM); indolent multiple myeloma (IMM); or Hodgkin's lymphoma, provided that the cancers express the CD19 antigen.

(65) A combination of a CD19-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor can be used to treat cancers that express CD19 protein. In one embodiment, a subject with a CD19 positive cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with a CD19 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925. The CD19 expressing cancer for treatment with a CD19-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor is selected from, e.g., B cell malignancies, including, for example, leukemias and lymphomas, including, but not limited to, B cell subtype non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) including low grade/follicular NHL, small lymphocytic (SL) NHL, intermediate grade/follicular NHL, intermediate grade diffuse NHL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, high grade immunoblastic NHL, high grade lymphoblastic NHL, high grade small non-cleaved cell NHL, mantle cell lymphoma, and bulky disease NHL; Burkitt's lymphoma; multiple myeloma; pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other malignancies that derive from early B cell precursors; common acute lymphoblastic leukemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; hairy cell leukemia; Null-acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia; and pro-lymphocytic leukemia; diffuse large B cell lymphoma, pro-lymphocytic leukemia, light chain disease; plasmacytoma; osteosclerotic myeloma; plasma cell leukemia; monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS); smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM); indolent multiple myeloma (IMM); or Hodgkin's lymphoma, provided that the cancers express the CD19 antigen.

(66) In one embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive non-hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive NHL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(67) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive NHL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib

(68) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive NHL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib.

(69) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive NHL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(70) In one embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive ALL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(71) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive ALL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib

(72) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive ALL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib.

(73) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive ALL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(74) In one embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive hodgkins lymphoma is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive hodgkins lymphoma is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(75) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive hodgkins lymphoma is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib

(76) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive hodgkins lymphoma is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib.

(77) In another embodiment, a subject with CD19-positive hodgkins lymphoma is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the hBU12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(78) CD70 positive cancers can be treated using a combination of a CD70-binding ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor. CD70-expressing cancers show detectable levels of CD70 measured at either the protein (e.g., by immunoassay using one of the exemplified antibodies) or mRNA level. Some such cancers show elevated levels of CD70 relative to noncancerous tissue of the same type, preferably from the same patient. An exemplary level of CD70 on cancer cells amenable to treatment is 5000-150000 CD70 molecules per cell, although higher or lower levels can be treated. Optionally, a level of CD70 in a cancer is measured before performing treatment.

(79) For example, an ADC that includes an antibody that specifically binds to the human CD70 protein can be used in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor to treat a human subject who has a cancer that expresses that CD70 protein. Such cancers include, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL), including NHL subtypes such as indolent NHLs, follicular NHLs, small lymphocytic lymphomas, lymphoplasmacytic NHLs, or marginal zone NHLs; Hodgkin's disease (e.g., Reed-Sternberg cells); cancers of the B-cell lineage, including, e.g., diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, follicular lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphoma, mantle cell lymphomas, B-cell lymphocytic leukemias (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia); Epstein Barr Virus positive B cell lymphomas; renal cell carcinomas (e.g., clear cell and papillary); nasopharyngeal carcinomas; thymic carcinomas; gliomas; glioblastomas; neuroblastomas; astrocytomas; meningiomas; Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia; multiple myelomas; and colon, stomach, and rectal carcinomas.

(80) A combination of a CD70-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor can be used to treat cancers that express CD70 protein. In one embodiment, a subject with a CD70 positive cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with a CD70 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925. The CD70 expressing cancer for treatment with a CD70-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor is selected from, e.g., Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL), including NHL subtypes such as indolent NHLs, follicular NHLs, small lymphocytic lymphomas, lymphoplasmacytic NHLs, or marginal zone NHLs; Hodgkin's disease (e.g., Reed-Sternberg cells); cancers of the B-cell lineage, including, e.g., diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, follicular lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphoma, mantle cell lymphomas, B-cell lymphocytic leukemias (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia); Epstein Barr Virus positive B cell lymphomas; renal cell carcinomas (e.g., clear cell and papillary); nasopharyngeal carcinomas; thymic carcinomas; gliomas; glioblastomas; neuroblastomas; astrocytomas; meningiomas; Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia; multiple myelomas; and colon, stomach, and rectal carcinomas.

(81) In one embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive non-hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive NHL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(82) In another embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive NHL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib

(83) In another embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive NHL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib.

(84) In another embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive NHL is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(85) In one embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive RCC is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(86) In another embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive RCC is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib

(87) In another embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive RCC is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib.

(88) In another embodiment, a subject with CD70-positive RCC is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h1F6 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(89) CD352 positive cancers can be treated using a combination of a CD352-binding ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor. CD352-expressing cancers show detectable levels of CD352 measured at either the protein (e.g., by immunoassay using one of the exemplified antibodies) or mRNA level. Some such cancers show elevated levels of CD352 relative to noncancerous tissue of the same type, preferably from the same patient. An exemplary level of CD352 on cancer cells amenable to treatment is 5000-150000 CD352 molecules per cell, although higher or lower levels can be treated. Optionally, a level of CD352 in a cancer is measured before performing treatment.

(90) For example, an ADC that includes an antibody that specifically binds to the human CD352 protein can be used in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor to treat a human subject who has a cancer that expresses that CD352 protein. Such cancers include, e.g., hematological malignancies, including B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell malignancies. In some methods of treatment, the patient has a cancer, which is a multiple myeloma (MM), an acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a T-Cell or B-cell lymphoma such as, e.g., a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), or myeloma related malignacies such as primary amyloidosis, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, or high risk MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance).

(91) A combination of a CD352-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor can be used to treat cancers that express CD352 protein. In one embodiment, a subject with a CD352 positive cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h20F3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, FLX-925, also known as AMG-925, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with a CD352 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h20F3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925. The CD352 expressing cancer for treatment with a CD352-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor is selected from, e.g., multiple myeloma (MM), an acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a T-Cell or B-cell lymphoma such as, e.g., a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), or myeloma related malignacies such as primary amyloidosis, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, or high risk MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance).

(92) In one embodiment, a subject with CD352-positive multiple myeloma (MM), is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h20F3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with CD352-positive MM is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h20F3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor selected from quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(93) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD352 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h20F3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib

(94) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD352 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h20F3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib.

(95) In another embodiment, a subject with a CD352 expressing cancer is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h20F3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and the FLT3 inhibitor FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

(96) IV. Dosage and Administration

(97) Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration are preferably sterile and substantially isotonic and manufactured under GMP conditions. Pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in unit dosage form (i.e., the dosage for a single administration). Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries. The formulation depends on the route of administration chosen. For injection, antibodies can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline or acetate buffer (to reduce discomfort at the site of injection). The solution can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively antibodies can be in lyophilized form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. Formulations for ADCs comprising antibodies and a PBD molecules are disclosed e.g., at PCT/US2014/024466.

(98) The ADC is administered intravenously. FLT3 inhibitors are administered in an appropriate manner as directed by the manufacturer. For example, FLT3 inhibitors can be administered orally.

(99) An ADC comprising an antibody that specifically binds a protein expressed by a cancer can be combined with an FLT3 inhibitor concurrently or sequentially for treatment of a cancer or disorder, at the discretion of the treating physician.

(100) The ADC can be administered in combination with a FLT3 inhibitor in the following dose ranges: 5-60 μg/kg, 5-40 μg/kg, 5-25 μg/kg, 10-30 μg/kg, 5-20 μg/kg, 5-15 μg/kg, or 5-10 μg/kg. In some embodiments the ADC is administered with an FLT3 inhibitor in a range from 10-40 μg/kg. In some embodiments, the ADC is administered at about 10 μg/kg in combination with FLT3 inhibitor. In another embodiment, the ADC is administered at 10 μg/kg in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor. In other embodiments, the ADC is administered at 5 μg/kg, 6 μg/kg, 7 μg/kg, 8 μg/kg, 9 μg/kg, 10 μg/kg, 15 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg, 25 μg/kg, 30 μg/kg, or 40 μg/kg in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor.

(101) FLT3 inhibitors are adminstered in the following dosage ranges: 10-200 mg/m.sup.2, 25-150 mg/m.sup.2, or 50-100 mg/m.sup.2. In some embodiments, FLT3 inhibitors are administered as a flat dose in combination with an ADC comprising a PBD molecule. For example, an FLT3 can be administered at ranges of 10-800 mg/day. An exemplary dose of gilternitinib is 120 mg daily. An exemplary dose range of Quazartinib is 30-60 mg daily.

(102) In one embodiment, an ADC comprising an antibody that specifically binds a CD33 protein expressed by a cancer cell can be combined with an FLT3 inhibitor for treatment of a CD33-positive cancer. In a further embodiment, the ADC comprises the h2H12 antibody and is conjugated to a PBD molecule as shown in Formula 3. The h2H12 antibody comprises S239C mutations in the heavy chain constant region and the S239C residues are used for conjugation of the PBD molecule to the antibody.

(103) The CD33-specific ADC, i.e., an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD molecule as in Formula 3, can be administered in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor in the following dose ranges: 5-60 μg/kg, 5-40 μg/kg, 5-25 μg/kg, 10-30 μg/kg, 5-20 μg/kg, 5-15 μg/kg, or 5-10 μg/kg. In some embodiments, the CD33-specific ADC, i.e., an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD molecule as in Formula 3, can be administered in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor in the in a range from 10-40 μg/kg. In some embodiments, the CD33-specific ADC is administered at about 10 μg/kg in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor. In another embodiment, the CD33-specific ADC is administered at 10 μg/kg in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor. In other embodiments, the CD33-specific ADC is administered at 5 μg/kg, 6 μg/kg, 7 μg/kg, 8 μg/kg, 9 μg/kg, 10 μg/kg, 15 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg, 25 μg/kg, 30 μg/kg or 40 μg/kg in combination with an FLT3 inhibitor.

(104) The tumor of a patient can be assessed for FLT3 status before treatment begins. Patient tumors can be classified as FLT3 mutant or FLT3 wildtype. FLT3 mutations fall into two general classes and can be identified by those of skill in the art. The first class is internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITD mutations) in or near the juxtamembrane domain of the receptor. The second class includes point mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions occurring within the activation loop of the tyrosine kinase domain (FLT3/TKD mutations). (Levis, M. ASH Education Book 2013:220-226 (2013)).

(105) In some embodiments, patients with FLT3 mutant tumors are administered a combination of a PBD-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor.

(106) A combination of a CD33-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor can be used to treat cancers that express CD33 protein and that are classified as FLT3 mutant tumors. In one embodiment, a subject with a CD33-expressing cancer, which is also an FLT3 mutant cancer, is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, or G-749. In another embodiment, a subject with a CD33-expressing cancer, which is FLT3 mutant, is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib, gilteritinib, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925. The CD33-expressing cancer, which expresses an FLT3 mutation, for treatment with a CD33-ADC and FLT3 inhibitor is selected from, e.g., CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML), CD33-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), CD33-positive chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), CD33-positive thyroid leukemia, CD33-positive myelodysplastic syndrome, CD33-positive myeloproliferative disorder, CD33-positive refractory anemia, CD33-positive preleukemia syndrome, CD33-positive lymphoid leukemia, CD33-positive undifferentiated leukemia, CD33-positive precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preB-ALL), CD33-positive precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preT-ALL), CD33-positive multiple myeloma (MM) and CD33-positive mast cell disease including mast cell leukemia and mast cell sarcoma. In a further embodiment, CD33 positive AML cells from a patient are classified as having an FLT3 mutation, and the patient is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h2H12 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, or G-749.

(107) A combination of a CD123-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor can be used to treat cancers that express CD33 protein and that are classified as FLT3 mutant tumors. In one embodiment, a subject with a CD123 positive cancer, which is classified as having an FLT3 mutation, is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, G-749, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925. The CD123-expressing cancer having an FLT3 mutation for treatment with a CD123-ADC and an FLT3 inhibitor is selected from, e.g., acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), hairy cell leukemia, Fanconi anemia, Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), Hodgkin's disease, Immature T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Immature T-ALL), Burkitt's lymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), or mantle cell lymphoma. In a further embodiment, CD123 positive AML cells from a patient are classified as having an FLT3 mutation, and the patient is treated with a combination of an ADC comprising the h7G3 antibody conjugated to a PBD-drug linker of formula 3 and an FLT3 inhibitor selected from midostaurin, quizartinib, crenolanib, gilteritinib, G-749, or FLX-925, also known as AMG-925.

EXAMPLES

(108) The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit the claimed invention.

Example 1: ADC's Comprising PBDs Exhibit Synergism in Combination with FLT3 Inhibitors

(109) Methods

(110) In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assay

(111) Cell Lines: The following cell lines were cultured in the vendor recommended conditions. KG-1 (ATCC, CCL-246), KG-1(8031) (ATCC, CRL-8031), MV-4-11 (ATCC, CRL-9591), TFla (ATCC, CRL-2451), THP-1 (ATCC, TIB-202), Kasumi-1 (DSMZ, ACC-220), ME-1 (DSMZ, ACC-537), and MOLM-13 (DSMZ, ACC-554).

(112) Small molecules: gilteritinib/ASP2215, crenolanib, G-749, midostaurin/PKC412, and quizartinib/AC220 were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, Tex., USA). Compounds were resuspended in DMSO and stocks were stored at −80° C. Isobologram assay: 1000 cells/well were plated in 384-well plates (BD Falcon Cat#353988). Cells were treated with all pairwise combinations of 19 doses of ASP2215, crenolanib, G-749, midostaurin, and quizartinib consisting of 2-fold dilutions starting at 10 uM and 11 doses of SGN-CD33A or SGN-CD123 consisting of 3-fold dilutions starting at 1 ug/mL. Cells were then incubated for 96 hours at 37° C. in 5% CO2. Cell viability was assessed by adding CellTiter-Glo® (Promega, WI, USA) and measuring luminescence with an Envision® Multilabel Reader (Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).

(113) Drug Combination Computational Analysis

(114) Data Organization and Normalization:

(115) For the purpose of downstream analyses, CellTiter-Glo luminescence values are converted to viability percentages as follows. Luminescence values are arranged in a matrix with the i,jth entry, V(i,j), i=1, . . . , N, j=1, . . . , M, representing cell viability after treating with Drug 1 at concentration i and Drug 2 at concentration j. Concentrations are assumed to increase with i and j, with i=1 corresponding to no treatment with Drug 1, and j=1 corresponding to no treatment with Drug 2. Different normalization schemes are possible, but for this analysis we simply divide the matrix of luminescence values by the V(1,1) entry, which corresponds to no treatment with either drug. Normalization is performed at an individual replicate level. Additivity Models: In the realm of drug combination studies, the concepts of synergy and antagonism refer to cooperative or non-cooperative deviations from models of additivity, which under various assumptions reflect a null expectation of the effect of combining two agents on cell viability. Additivity models predict the combined effect given the separate single-agent effects. That is, given a combination dose (i0, j0) an additivity model W(i0,j0) predicts V(i0,j0) from {V(1,j), j=1, . . . M} and {V(i,1), i=1, . . . N}, under the null expectation. Commonly used additivity models include Bliss, Loewe and Highest Single Agent (HSA) [1,2,3]. The Loewe model requires continuous and monotone single-agent data, for which we use a Hill equation,

(116) $F\left(x\right)=\left(U_{\infty }-U_0\right)\left(\frac{x^H}{x^H+\mathrm{Ec}{50}^H}\right)+U_0$
where U.sub.∞, U.sub.0, H, and Ec50 are fitted parameters. A Hill equation is fit to each single-agent dataset: F1(x) is fit to {V(i,1)}, and F2(x) is fit to {V(1,j)}. Parameter fitting is performed using the method of non-linear least squares, as implemented in the R function nls( ). Bliss and HSA models can be calculated using either fitted or non-fitted single-agent data. In case multiple replicates are available at each dose, the Hill equations are fit simultaneously to all data points. In models using non-fitted data, the median observation at each single-agent dose is used to compute the model. Statistical determination of synergy/antagonism: Given an additivity model W(i,j) and observed data V(i,j), the dose combination (i,j) is deemed to be synergistic if V(i,j)<W(i,j) (greater cytotoxicity than predicted under the combined treatment), and antagonistic if V(i,j)>W(i,j). If multiple replicates V(i,j,k), k=1, . . . K, exist for each V(i,j), one-sided t-tests can be used to assign a p-value to test the specific combination (i,j) for synergy ({V(i,j,k)−W(i,j)<0, k=1, . . . K}) or antagonism ({V(i,j,k)−W(i,j)>0, k=1, . . . K}). In testing all possible M*N dose combinations, we adjust for multiple testing using a Bonferroni correction. To further adjust for the potential occurrence of outlier measurements, and to highlight the assumption that if a dose combination (i,j) is truly synergistic, then neighboring dose combinations are likely to be synergistic, we introduce the concept of combination block tests. In this case, for a fixed combination (i0,j0), we consider the 3×3 block of nine combinations {V(i0+i,j0+j); i=0, 1, 2; j=0, 1, 2}, and ask if they collectively trend greater or less than the model predictions {W(i0+i, j0+j); i=0, 1, 2; j=0, 1, 2}. This translates in a straightforward way to a combination block t-test for synergy by testing {V(i0+i,j0+j)−W(i0+i,j0+j)<0; i=0, 1, 2; j=0, 1, 2}; or in the case of multiple replicates, {V(i0+i,j0+j,k)−W(i0+i,j0+j)<0; i=0, 1, 2; j=0, 1, 2; k=1, . . . K}. The block t-test for antagonism uses the reverse inequality. We test over all 3×3 blocks, and adjust the p-values accordingly using a Bonferroni correction. Synergy metrics: best dose combinations and PTCDS: A number of synergy metrics are considered, in turn emphasizing strongly synergistic individual dose combinations or synergy across a range of combinations. Best dose combination: For a given experiment, the “best dose” combination is defined by scanning all 3×3 combination blocks that are tested as significantly synergistic at p<0.01, using the combination block test described above, for the single dose combination (i0,j0) that gives the greatest absolute positive difference W(i0,j0)−V(i0,j0) between the additive model and the observed data. The metric recorded is this difference. In the case of multiple replicates we use the median of the observations, {circumflex over (V)}(i0,j0)=median{V(i0,j0, k), k=1, . . . K}, to represent the observed data at a fixed combination. Number of synergistic combination blocks: This is simply the number of (possibly overlapping) 3×3 dose combination blocks that tested as significantly synergistic at p<0.01 using the combination block test described above. Percent Total Cytotoxicity Due to Synergy (PTCDS): The cytotoxicity achieved at dose combination (i,j) is simply the value 100−V(i,j) (more generally, we replace 100 by the maximum value of the additivity model W.sub.m=max{W(i,j), i=1, . . . N, j=1, . . . , M}). The total cytoxicity observed across all dose combinations can therefore be defined as
TC=Σ{W.sub.m−V(i,j),i=1, . . . ,N,j=1, . . . ,M}.
On the other hand,
TS=Σ{W(i,j)−V(i,j),i=1, . . . N,j=1, . . . ,M}
can be interpreted as the total synergy observed across all dose combinations, and TS/TC can be interpreted as the proportion of total cytotoxicity due to synergy. We define the Percent of Total Cytotoxicity Due to Synergy (PTCDS) as PTCDS=100*TS/TC. In the presence of multiple replicates, V(i,j) is replaced in the above definitions by the median observation V(i,j). 1. M. C. Berenbaum, What is synergy?, Pharmacol Rev, 41 (1989), pp. 93-141 2. S. Loewe, The problem of synergism and antagonism of combined drugs, Arzneimittelforschung, 3 (1953, pp. 285-290. 3. C. I. Bliss, The toxicity of poisons applied jointly, Ann Appl Bio, 26 (19391, pp. 585-615.
Results
In Vitro Anti-Tumor Activity of CD33-ADC or CD123 ADC in Combination with FLT3 Inhibitors

(117) The cytotoxic activity of the CD33-ADC (h2H12EC antibody conjugated to SGD-1910, the pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer drug-linker) was evaluated alone and in combination with hypomethylating agents or FLT3 inhibitors in several AML cell lines. The data is shown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 1A, there was significant synergism in the cytotoxic activity of the ADC when combined with either 5-azacytidine (vidaza) or 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (decitabine). However, the synergism exhibited by the combination of the CD33-ADC in combination with either the assessed FLT3 inhibitors was even more striking.

(118) The cytotoxic activity of the CD123-ADC (h7G3EC antibody conjugated to SGD-1910, the pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer drug-linker) was evaluated alone and in combination with hypomethylating agents or FLT3 inhibitors in several AML cell lines. As shown in FIG. 1A, there was significant synergism in the cytotoxic activity of the ADC when combined with either 5-azacytidine (vidaza) or 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (decitabine). However, the synergism exhibited by the combination of the CD123-ADC in combination with the assessed FLT3 inhibitors was even more striking.

(119) Thus, the cytotoxicity improvement is similar for PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors or with HMAs (FIG. 1B). In FIG. 1A, the cytotoxicity improvement (%) for the best combination dose ((viability, model, %)−(viability, observed, %)) is represented by deviation from the thick black bar. Individual combination-cell line pairs that like lie below the thick diagonal bar show improved cytotoxicity relative the expected viability according to the Loewe Additivity model of drug cooperation.

(120) FIGS. 2A and 2B provide examples of cytotoxic activity for the combination of PBD-ADCs and FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 wildtype or FLT3 mutant cells lines. FLT3 mutant cell lines included MOLM013 and MV4-11. FLT3 wildtype cell lines included Kasumi-1, TF1-α, KG-1_8031, KG-1_cb, ME-1, and THP-1. See, e.g., Quentmeier et al., Leukemia 17:120-124 (2003). Percent Total Cytotoxicity Due to Synergy (PTCDS) was assessed. Shown in FIG. 2A is a scatter plot of cytotoxicity improvement ((viability, model, %)−(viability, observed, %)) for the best combination dose (Viability, improvement (%))) on the y-axis versus the PTCDS (percent of total toxicity due to synergy, %) on the y-axis. Combination-cell line pairs with data points above and to the left of the horizontal and vertical black lines, respectively, have values for both metrics greater than expected by the Loewe Additivity model of drug cooperation, indicating synergy. PCTDS values for PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 mutant cell lines were similar to PTCDS values for PBD-ADCs combined with HMAs. Values in FLT3 mutant cell lines were generally greater than zero, indicating synergy or additivity. In contrast, PTCDS values For PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 wild type cell lines were generally negative, indicating antagonism or additivity.

(121) Cytotoxicity results from PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 mutant and wildtype cell lines were assessed for statistical significance using 3×3 dose blocks. Results are shown in FIGS. 3A-3D. FIG. 3A provides a comparison of the count of antagonistic (y-axis) and synergistic (x-axis) 3×3 dose blocks with p-values less than 0.01 according to the Loewe additivity model. Each data point represents a unique combination-cell line pair. FIG. 3B provides box plots of antagonistic and synergistic count of 3×3 dose blocks for each combination-FLT3 status group according to the Loewe Additivity model. FIG. 3C provides p-Values of comparisons between FLT3 wild type and FLT3 mutant cell lines for treatment with PBD ADCs in combination with FLT3 inhibitors. Gray (p<0.01, negative Log 10 p-value <2.00) and black (p<0.000001, negative Log 10 value >6.00) indicates statistical significance, whereas white indicates p-values >0.01 and negative Log 10 p-values of <2.00. Plus (+) and minus (−) symbols indicate that mean count of significant 3×3 dose blocks for FLT3 mutant cell lines is greater than or less than, respectively, that of FLT3 wild type cell lines. PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 mutant cell lines have more synergistic and fewer antagonistic 3×3 dose blocks that are statistically significant relative to FLT3 wild type cell lines.

(122) The results demonstrate that PTCDS and cytotoxicity improvement at the best combination dose are similar for: PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 mutant cell lines; and PBD-ADCs combined with HMAs (synergistic combination, validated using in vitro and in vivo xenograft models) in a manner independent of FLT3 status. The count of synergistic and significant 3×3 dose blocks for PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors was significantly greater for FLT3 mutant cell lines compared to FLT3 wild type cell lines

(123) The observed synergy of PBD-ADCs combined with FLT3 inhibitors was widespread across the dose range tested, different FLT3 inhibitors tested, and different drug cooperation metrics. That is the synergy was independent of drug cooperation model (Bliss, HSA (raw or no-fit), and Loewe Additivity)

(124) In Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity of CD33-ADC or CD123 ADC in Combination with FLT3 Inhibitors

(125) FIG. 5 shows the survival rates of FLT3/ITD mutant MV4-11 mice treated with different agents. Five million MV4-11 cells were implanted subcutaneously in SCID mice. Tumor growth was monitored throughout the course of the study with bilateral vernier caliper measurements, and mean tumor volumes were calculated using the equation (0.5×[length×width.sup.2]). When tumors reached approximately 100 mm.sup.3, this marked day 1 of dosing and mice were randomly assigned into groups of 8 mice to receive quizartinib, SGN-CD123A, SGN-CD33A, or quizartinib in combination with SGN-CD33A or SGN-CD123A.

(126) As shown in FIG. 5, the survival plot of FLT3/ITD MV4-11 xenografts (tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously in SCID mice) shows percent survival after quizartinib treatment (0.4 mg/kg given daily for 21 days by mouth), SGN-CD33A (10 mcg/kg once by intraperitoneal injection), SGN-CD123A (10 mcg/kg once by intraperitoneal injection), or quizartinib combined with either SGN-CD33A or SGN-CD123A (n=8 in each group, p<0.001 by two-way ANOVA test). While the quizartinib, SGN-CD33A, and SGN-CD123A each induced delay of progression, the combination-treated animals remained alive by the end of the study. The median survival time for these mice was 23 days (untreated), 40 days (quizartinib), 31 days (SGN-CD33A), 31 days (SGN-CD123A), and not reached (combination quizartinib and either SGN-CD33A or SGN-CD123A). Mice with advanced tumor burden were sacrificed upon reaching tumor volumes of greater than 400 mm.sup.3 or showing symptoms of hind limb paralysis, cranial swelling, and/or moribundity.

(127) FIG. 6 shows the survival rates of FLT3/ITD MOLM-13 tumor-bearing mice treated with different agents. A half million MOLM-13 cells were implanted with matrigel subcutaneously in SCID mice. Tumor growth was monitored throughout the course of the study with bilateral vernier caliper measurements, and mean tumor volumes were calculated using the equation (0.5×[length×width.sup.2]). When tumors reached approximately 100 mm.sup.3, this marked day 1 of dosing and mice were randomly assigned into groups of 8 mice to receive quizartinib, SGN-CD123A, or quizartinib in combination with quizartinib.

(128) As shown in FIG. 6, the survival plot of FLT3/ITD MOLM-13 tumor-bearing mice used tumor volume quadrupling time as readout. In this assay, 2 mg/kg quizartinib was given daily for 21 days, while 25 mcg/kg of SGN-CD123A was given once by intraperitoneal injection. The median survival time for animals in the untreated, quizartinib, SGN-CD123A, and the combination groups (SGN-CD123A and quizartinib) was 13 days, 24 days, 36 days, and >74 days (not reached), respectively (n=6, p<0.017 using log rank test). Mice with advanced tumor burden were sacrificed upon reaching tumor volumes of greater than 400 mm.sup.3 or showing symptoms of hind limb paralysis, cranial swelling, and/or moribundity.

(129) It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.