OPTICAL DEVICE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF

Abstract

An optical device including: a colour shifting layer that exhibits different colours dependent on the angle of incidence of incident light; first and second arrays of at least partially transparent microstructures covering at least part of the layer, configured to modify angle of light to generate a first optically variable effect, wherein: the first array is arranged as a set of image elements that cooperate to exhibit a first image, and the second is arranged to exhibit a second image, wherein the elements of the first array are interlaced with those of the second, and, the microstructures have at least one face that reflects incident light, whereby the first array is configured so, when viewed along a first viewing direction the device exhibits the first image, and the second is configured so, when viewed along a second direction the device exhibits the second image. Also, methods of manufacturing the device.

Claims

1. An optical device, comprising; a colour shifting layer that exhibits different colours dependent on the angle of incidence of incident light, and; first and second arrays of at least partially transparent microstructures covering at least a part of the colour shifting layer and configured to modify the angle of light incident to, and reflected from, the colour shifting layer in order to generate a first optically variable effect, wherein; said first array of microstructures is arranged as a set of image elements that cooperate to exhibit a first image, and; said second array of microstructures is arranged as a set of image elements that cooperate to exhibit a second image, wherein; the image elements of the first array are interlaced with the image elements of the second array, and further wherein; the microstructures of the first and second arrays have at least one face that reflects incident light, whereby the microstructures of the first array are configured such that, when viewed along a first viewing direction the optical device exhibits the first image, and the microstructures of the second array are configured such that, when viewed along a second viewing direction the optical device exhibits the second image.

2. The optical device of claim 1, wherein when viewed along the first viewing direction the microstructures of the first array appear brighter than their surroundings such that the optical device exhibits the first image, and when viewed along the second viewing direction the microstructures of the second array appear brighter than their surroundings such that the optical device exhibits the second image.

3. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the first optically variable effect is a colour shift effect exhibited when the device is tilted about an axis substantially parallel with the plane of the device relative to an observer.

4. The optical device of claim 1, wherein each microstructure comprises at least one planar or curved face which makes a facet angle of more than zero degrees and less than or equal to 90 degrees with the plane of the colour shifting layer.

5. The optical device of claim 4, wherein said at least one planar or curved face reflects incident light.

6. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the microstructures of the first and second arrays have different orientations in the plane of the device such that when viewed along the first viewing direction the optical device exhibits the first image and when viewed along the second viewing direction the optical device exhibits the second image.

7. The optical device of claim 1, wherein each microstructure of the first array has a primary axis orientated in a first direction lying in the plane of the optical device and each microstructure of the second array has a primary axis orientated in a second direction lying in the plane of the optical device, and wherein the first and second directions are offset.

8. The optical device of claim 7, wherein an angle between the first and second directions is greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees.

9. The optical device of claim 7, wherein each microstructure is elongate and the primary axis is parallel to the direction of elongation.

10. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the microstructures of at least one of the arrays are prisms.

11-14. (canceled)

15. The optical device of claim 7, wherein the first and second viewing directions are substantially perpendicular to the primary axes of the microstructures of the respective arrays.

16-18. (canceled)

19. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the microstructures of the first array are configured such that the first image is exhibited when the device is viewed along the first viewing direction, and the microstructures of the second array are configured such that the second image is exhibited when the device is viewed along said first viewing direction and along the second viewing direction.

20. The optical device of claim 19, wherein the first and second images complement each other, and wherein the first and second images in combination exhibit a further image.

21. The optical device of claim 19, wherein the microstructures of the first array are prisms, and the microstructures of the second array are pyramidal structures.

22. The optical device of claim 1, wherein each image element of the first array of microstructures is not discernible to the naked human eye, and each image element of the second array of microstructures is not discernible to the naked human eye.

23-33. (canceled)

34. The optical device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second images defines indicia.

35. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the optical device is a security device.

36. A security article comprising an optical device according to claim 35, wherein the security article is formed as a security thread, strip, foil, insert, label, patch or a substrate for a security document.

37. A security document comprising an optical device according to claim 35.

38-39. (canceled)

40. A method of forming an optical device, comprising; providing a colour shifting layer that exhibits different colours dependent on the angle of incidence of incident light, and; providing first and second arrays of at least partially transparent microstructures covering at least a part of the colour shifting layer and configured to modify the angle of light incident to, and reflected from, the colour shifting layer in order to generate a first optically variable effect, wherein; said first array of microstructures is arranged as a set of image elements that cooperate to exhibit a first image, and; said second array of microstructures is arranged as a set of image elements that cooperate to exhibit a second image, wherein; the image elements of the first array are interlaced with the image elements of the second array, and further wherein; the microstructures of the first and second arrays have at least one face that reflects incident light, whereby the microstructures of the first array are configured such that, when viewed along a first viewing direction the optical device exhibits the first image, and the microstructures of the second array are configured such that, when viewed along a second viewing direction the optical device exhibits the second image.

41-77. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0061] The invention will now be described with reference to the attached drawings, in which:

[0062] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary optical device and denotes the directions and angles that will be used throughout the description;

[0063] FIGS. 2a and 2b are schematic cross-sectional diagrams through an exemplary optical device showing the microstructures of one array and the optical effects of the invention;

[0064] FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate schematic plan views of a first microstructure array that may be used in the present invention;

[0065] FIGS. 4a and 4b illustrate schematic plan views of a second microstructure array that may be used in the present invention;

[0066] FIG. 5 is a plan view of an optical device according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0067] FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrate the optical effect exhibited by the optical device seen in FIG. 5 when viewed along first and second viewing directions;

[0068] FIGS. 7a to 7d schematically illustrates the interlacing of four microstructure arrays;

[0069] FIGS. 8a and 8b schematically illustrate interlacing of arrays along two dimensions that may be used in embodiments of the invention;

[0070] FIGS. 9a to 9f illustrate example microstructures that may be used in the invention;

[0071] FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a device according to one embodiment of the invention using different microstructures in different arrays, and;

[0072] FIGS. 11a to 15b illustrate examples of incorporating an optical device according to the invention into a security document.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0073] To aid understanding of the following description, FIG. 1 shows an exemplary optical device 100 and denotes the directions and angles that will be referred to hereinafter. FIG. 1 shows the optical device 100 in perspective view, illustrating it lying in the x-y plane with its normal lying parallel to the z axis.

[0074] A light beam R reflected from the optical device 100 lies in a plane (containing the z-axis) which intersects the x-y plane of the device along the line R(x,y). The “tilt” angle θ between the reflected light beam R and the device normal can take any angle without the light beam R leaving that plane. The tilt angle is changed by the movement of device relative to the observer O. Typically this may be done by the observer remaining stationary and rotating (“tilting”) the device about a tilt axis T(x,y) which lies within the plane of the device 100 and is perpendicular to the line R(x,y). For example, if an observer were to view the device 100 along a direction parallel to the x-axis, the tilt angle could be varied by rotating (“tilting”) the device 100 about the y-axis.

[0075] The rotational angle ϕ made between the line R(x,y) and the device orientation (defined here by the x-axis) defines the rotation of the device 100 within its plane (i.e. within the x-y plane in FIG. 1). The viewing direction of an observer comprises (i.e. may be varied by changing) components of the tilt angle θ and the rotational angle ϕ. The observer O views the device along a viewing direction represented by R.

[0076] FIG. 2a is a schematic cross-sectional diagram through an exemplary optical device 100 showing the microstructures of one array (generally shown at 20). Here the microstructures are linear triangular microprisms, with the long axes of the microprisms extending into the page in the view of FIG. 2. A perspective view of such an array is shown in FIG. 9a.

[0077] The array of microstructures is positioned on (here meaning either in contact with or simply above such that the microstructures and colour shifting layer are in optical communication) a colour shifting layer 10. All types of colour shifting materials and structures may be used as the colour shifting layer in the present invention, including inter alia photonic crystals, liquid crystals, interference pigments, pearlescent pigments, structured interference materials or thin film interference structures including Bragg stacks and Fabry-Perot stacks.

[0078] When incident light strikes the colour shifting layer 10, some of the light is reflected. The wavelength of the reflected light depends on the structure and composition of the colour shifting layer 10 and the reflected light will appear coloured to the observer O. The wavelength of the reflected light is also dependent on the angle of incidence a of light incident on the colour shifting layer, which results in a colour change perceived by the viewer 50 as the tilt angle θ is changed.

[0079] In the present invention, the device 100 is designed to be viewed in reflection, and as such it is desirable to place an absorbing dark layer (shown at 12) beneath the colour shifting layer 10 in order to absorb any transmitted light such that the reflection effect dominates. This is particularly beneficial if the colour shifting layer is partially transparent to visible light (for example a cholesteric liquid crystal layer). If a substantially opaque colour shifting layer 10 (such as a printed ink comprising an optically variable pigment) is used, then such an absorbing layer is not required.

[0080] FIG. 2a schematically illustrates the path of an incident light beam I passing through one of the substantially transparent microprisms and into the eye of an observer O. As can be seen, the incident light is refracted at the interface between the air and the angled microprism facet 27a, and as such the angle of incidence a of the incident light beam at the colour shifting layer 10 is modified (increased) as compared to if no microprisms were present. The light ray R reflected from the colour shifting layer is subsequently refracted at the interface between the microprism facet 27b and the air, and is viewed by the observer. In general, the effect of the microprisms is that the colour shift effects are observed closer to normal incidence viewing (i.e. smaller tilt angle θ) compared to if no microprisms were present. Further, the presence of microprisms may allow for reflected light of shorter wavelength (which corresponds to greater tilt angles θ) to be exhibited. For example, in the case of a red to green colour shifting layer, in the absence of microprisms, blue wavelength light is totally internally reflected at the colour shifting layer-air interface and not exhibited. In the presence of the microprisms, this total internal reflection does not occur, and thus blue light is exhibited at the corresponding tilt angle θ.

[0081] FIG. 2b schematically illustrates the specular reflection component of the array of microstructures 20. Light incident upon the device 100 (represented by light ray I) is reflected at facet 27b and is observed by the observer O. This specular reflection effect is observed when the device 100 is viewed along a particular viewing direction (dependent on the angle of incidence of light from the light source), which may be varied by tilting and/or rotating the device as discussed above.

[0082] FIG. 3a is a plan view of a first array 20 of linear microprisms 25 that may be used for a device according to the invention. The array 20 is arranged as a series of image elements (three are labelled for clarity purposes—20-1, 20-2 and 20-3) that together form a first image, here in the form of the letter “M”. In this example, each image element is in the form of a substantially linear image “strip”, although other geometries of image elements are envisaged, such as curved image elements. The plan view of FIG. 3a schematically illustrates the orientation of each microprism 25 of the first array, with each microprism having a primary axis orientated along a direction D1 (as explained below).

[0083] FIG. 3b is an exploded plan view showing image elements 20-1, 20-2 and 20-3 in more detail. Each microprism 25 of the array has the same orientation within the plane of the device; in this case each microprism being orientated at an angle φ.sub.1 to the x-axis. Each microprism 25 comprises two planar rectangular facets 27 angled with respect to the colour shifting layer, and opposing triangular end faces 29 (see FIG. 9a). The solid lines in FIG. 3b represent the peaks of each microprism and the dashed lines indicate where the microprism facets meet the colour shifting layer. The microprisms are each elongate along a length of the planar facets 27, and can be seen as having a primary axis orientated in this direction (shown as direction D.sub.1 in FIG. 3b). The direction D.sub.1 makes angle φ.sub.1 with the x-axis. In this example, the microprisms abut one another along the lengths of their facets (i.e. at the dashed lines in FIG. 3b). The microprisms abutting each other advantageously increases the facet area of the array, and therefore the amount of specular reflection. However, in other embodiments the microprisms may not abut each other.

[0084] FIG. 4a is a plan view of a second array 30 of linear microprisms 25. As with the first array, the second array 30 is arranged as a series of image elements that together form a second image, here in the form of the character “£”. As with the first array, each image element is substantially linear here, although other geometries are envisaged. Three adjacent image elements 30-1, 30-2 and 30-3 are illustrated in magnified view in FIG. 4b and, as can be seen, each linear microprism has a primary axis along a direction D.sub.2 which makes an angle φ.sub.2 with the x-axis. In this example, the microprisms of the first and second arrays are orientated perpendicularly to each other, such that φ.sub.2=φ.sub.1+90°. However, in general the microprisms of the first and second arrays may be orientated at different angles with respect to each other, and the angle between the primary axes of the first and second arrays may be any angle between 0° and 180°.

[0085] In this example, each image element has a width w of 70 μm such that each image element is not discernible to the naked human eye at typical viewing distance of the device of between 200 and 300 mm. Similarly, each gap region 40 between adjacent image elements has a width of 70 μm such that they are not discernible to the naked human eye. However, it will be appreciated that the image elements may have a width of any suitable dimension such that they are not discernible to the naked human eye. Typically, as in this example, each gap region 40 has the same width as the image elements for ease of interlacing arrays, although this is not essential.

[0086] FIG. 5 is a plan view of an optical device 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The optical device 100 comprises a colour shifting layer 10, with the first and second arrays positioned so as to cover at least a part of the colour shifting layer. The image elements of the first 20 and second 30 arrays are interlaced with each other such that the arrays are interlaced.

[0087] In FIG. 2a, the dominant refractive effect exhibited by the microprisms was discussed. The facets of the microprisms also have a secondary specular reflection component that creates a mirror-like effect such that the area from which the light is reflected appears brighter than its surroundings, as discussed above in relation to FIG. 2b.

[0088] FIGS. 6a and 6b schematically illustrate the effect exhibited by the device 100 when viewed along first and second viewing directions (viewing at first and second viewing angles). In FIG. 6a, the device is viewed along a first viewing direction and has been orientated with respect to the observer such that a light ray R incident on the observer from the device lies within a plane that intersects the device along the line R(x,y) which makes an angle ϕ.sub.1 with the x-axis. Here, the angle of rotation of the device ϕ.sub.1 is such that the observer views the device substantially perpendicularly to the primary axes of the microprisms of the first array 20, i.e. R(x,y) and D.sub.1 are substantially perpendicular.

[0089] At a particular tilt angle θ, the elongate facets 27 of the microprisms will appear brighter than their surroundings due to specular reflection. When viewed along this first viewing direction (defined by a combination of tilt angle θ and rotation angle ϕ), the bright image elements of the first array cooperate with each other to exhibit the letter “M”.

[0090] In FIG. 6b, the device 100 is viewed along a second viewing direction and has been orientated with respect to the observer such that a light ray R incident on the observer from the device lies within a plane that intersects the device along the line R(x,y) which makes an angle ϕ.sub.2 with the x-axis. Here the angle of rotation of the device ϕ.sub.2 is such that the observer views the device substantially perpendicularly to the primary axes of the microprisms of the second array 30, i.e. R(x,y) and D.sub.2 are substantially perpendicular. At a particular tilt angle θ, the elongate facets 27 of the microprisms of the second array will exhibit specular reflection and will appear brighter than their surroundings. The image elements of the second array cooperate with each other to exhibit the character “£” of the second array. The device therefore exhibits a memorable “image switch” effect as the viewing direction changes, in addition to the colour shift effect that is exhibited due to the colour shifting layer.

[0091] Due to the perpendicular orientation of the microprisms of the first and second arrays, the angles of rotation ϕ.sub.1 and ϕ.sub.2 of the first and second viewing directions will be substantially perpendicular. However, as discussed above, the first and second arrays may be orientated at different relative angles to each other. The amount of rotation of the device required to exhibit the switching effect is controlled by the relative orientations of the first and second arrays.

[0092] It will be appreciated that the above description is slightly idealised for clarity of explanation. Although the brightest specular reflection from an array will be exhibited when the device is observed substantially perpendicularly to the primary axes of the microprisms of that array, there will be specular reflection from the array when viewed off this axis (i.e. viewed non-perpendicular to the primary axes of the array microprisms). During rotation of the device (i.e. change in rotation angle ϕ), the amount of reflection from one array will reduce, and the reflection from the other array will dominate, leading to the image switch effect.

[0093] As shown in FIG. 5, the first and second arrays 20, 30 cover a part of the colour shifting layer 10, such that there is a region (shown generally at 10a) that is not covered by microstructures. As has been explained above, the colour shifting effect exhibited by the region 10a void of microstructures will differ from the colour shifting effect exhibited by the region where the microstructure arrays are located. For example, when the device is viewed along at least one viewing direction, the colours exhibited by the region 10a void of microstructures and the region where microstructures are present will differ. This difference in exhibited effect due to the presence of microstructures, in addition to the specular reflection effects, provides a memorable effect to the observer and increases the difficulty of counterfeiting the device.

[0094] In the example embodiment of FIGS. 3 to 6, the microprisms of the first and second arrays are substantially identical and as such have the same facet angle at the surface of the colour shifting layer. The specular reflection of the first and second arrays will consequently be exhibited at substantially the same tilt angle θ (with different rotation angles ϕ). However, in other embodiments, the microprisms of the first array may differ from the microprisms of the second array through one or more of facet angle, shape, dimension and refractive index. One or more of these features may be varied in order to control the tilt angle at which the specular reflection effect is exhibited by a respective array.

[0095] The example embodiment described above in relation to FIGS. 3 to 6 describes a striking “image switch” effect between two images, with a relatively large amount of change in viewing direction required to display the image switch. It is envisaged that three or more arrays may be interlaced and configured to exhibit an animation effect upon a change in viewing direction. As the number of arrays (images) in the device increases, the amount of change in the viewing direction in order to exhibit each array necessarily decreases, thus providing for a smooth transition between images.

[0096] FIGS. 7a to 7d schematically illustrate the interlacing of four arrays which gives rise to a device 100 that exhibits four images A, B, C and D when viewed at respective rotation angles ϕ.sub.A, ϕ.sub.B, ϕ.sub.C and ϕ.sub.D, as seen in FIG. 7a. In order to form the respective microstructure arrays, each image is split into image elements as seen in FIG. 7b. As with the previous example, each image element is an elongate strip, although other geometries are envisaged. Each individual image element is not discernible to the naked human eye.

[0097] First to fourth arrays of microprisms are arranged in accordance with the image elements of the respective image, with the orientations of the microprisms differing for each array. This is shown in FIG. 7c, which schematically illustrates the orientations of the prisms in each array, where the directions of the primary axes for each array (D.sub.A, D.sub.B, D.sub.C, D.sub.D) corresponding to the respective images A, B, C and D are also shown. The prisms of the array corresponding to Image A have a primary axis making an angle T.sub.A of 22.5 degrees with the x axis; the prisms of the array corresponding to Image B have a primary axis making an angle ϕ.sub.B of 67.5 degrees with the x axis; the prisms of the array corresponding to Image C have a primary axis making an angle φ.sub.C of 112.5 degrees with the x axis, and the prisms of the array corresponding to Image D have a primary axis making an angle φ.sub.D of 157.5 degrees with the x axis.

[0098] Thus the orientations of the arrays are equally spaced (by 45 degrees), and as the observer rotates the device, they observe an image change from Image A to Image B to Image C to Image D, thereby providing a striking optically variable effect that is easy to authenticate and yet difficult to counterfeit.

[0099] FIG. 7d illustrates a plan view of the device 100 comprising a colour shifting layer 10 and the four interlaced arrays of microprisms (shown generally at 200). Typically the arrangement of the interlaced image strips will be ABCDABCD . . . Image A will be most readily observed (i.e. most specular reflection) when the device is viewed at a rotation angle such that the observer views the device substantially perpendicularly to the direction D.sub.A. Similarly, Image B will be most readily observed when the observer views the device substantially perpendicularly to the direction D.sub.B; Image C will be most readily observed when the observer views the device substantially perpendicularly to the direction D.sub.C, and Image D will be most readily observed when the observer views the device substantially perpendicularly to the direction D.sub.D.

[0100] In the examples described so far, the image elements have been in the form of elongate image strips that have been interlaced along one direction (perpendicular to the direction of elongation of the image strips). For example, as described above, the arrangement of the interlaced image strips of the device shown in FIG. 7d is ABCDABCD . . . . In other embodiments, the image elements may be arranged in the form of a grid pattern giving rise to two dimensional interlacing. Such arrangements are illustrated in FIGS. 8a and 8b, which schematically show arrangements of the arrays of microstructures that may be used in embodiments of the invention. In FIG. 8a, image elements defining two images (labelled “A” and “B”) have substantially square geometry and are arranged in a grid pattern such that they are interlaced in two dimensions. FIG. 8b schematically illustrates an arrangement of microstructures of a device that exhibits four different images (labelled “A”, “B”, “C” and “D”), where the image elements are arranged in a grid pattern and the interlacing is in two dimensions.

[0101] The above figures have been described with reference to the microstructures being microprisms having a symmetrical triangular cross-section. FIG. 9a shows a perspective view of a portion of such an array of microprisms. Other microstructure geometries are envisaged however, for example as seen in FIGS. 9b to 9f. FIG. 9b illustrates a portion of an array comprising a plurality of microprisms each having a “saw-tooth” structure, in that one facet (shown here at 41) defines a more acute angle with the colour shifting layer than the opposing facet 42. Multi-faceted microprisms (i.e. having more than two facets) may be used, as in the portion of the array shown in FIG. 9c. A lenticular array having a curved surface structure may be used, as illustrated at FIG. 9f.

[0102] The above examples may be seen as “one dimensional” microstructures in that the refractive and specular reflection effects are primarily observed in one rotational viewing direction with respect to an individual microstructure (typically perpendicular to its long axis). However, arrays of “two dimensional” microstructures are also envisaged where the optical effects (particularly specular reflection) due to the presence of the microstructures are readily observed at two or more rotational viewing directions, due to such structures having facets along more than one axis that make a facet angle of less than 90° with the plane of the colour shifting layer. Examples of such two-dimensional microstructures include square based pyramids as seen in FIG. 9d, and hexagonal based pyramids, as illustrated in FIG. 9e.

[0103] FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a plan view of a device 100 according to an embodiment of the invention comprising a combination of “one dimensional” and “two dimensional” microstructures. Here the device 100 comprises a first array 20 of “one dimensional” linear microprisms arranged as a series of elongate image elements 20-1, 20-2; and a second array 30 of “two dimensional” square based pyramids 35 arranged as a series of elongate image elements 30-1, 30-2. The arrays are interlaced with each other along a direction perpendicular to the direction of elongation of the image elements (here interlaced along the y-axis). The image segments of the first array 20 together define a first image, and the image segments of the second array 30 together define a second image. It will be appreciated that the representation of FIG. 10 is schematic only, and represents a portion of the device. The vertical lines between the image elements are shown for clarity of illustration.

[0104] The linear microprisms 25 are aligned at 45 degrees to the x-axis such that when the device is viewed along a first viewing direction VD.sub.1, the facets 27 of the microprisms reflect incident light, and the microprisms 25 of the first array appear bright such that the first image is exhibited to the viewer.

[0105] The square-based pyramids 35 comprise facets 37, 38 that exhibit specular reflection when the device is viewed along two (here substantially orthogonal) viewing directions. The facets 37 of the pyramids have the same orientation and facet angle as the facets 27 of the microprisms, such that when the device is viewed along the first viewing direction VD.sub.1, both the first and second images are exhibited. When the device is viewed along the second viewing direction VD.sub.2, facets 38 of the pyramids 35 exhibit specular reflection and thus only the second image is exhibited (the “end faces” of the elongate microprisms 25 provide a negligible effect when viewing along this viewing direction). Such devices allow for complex optically variable effects to be exhibited, which are particularly advantageous when the optical device is used as a security device as this increases the difficulty of counterfeiting For example, the array 30 may define an image in the form the digit “3”, which is exhibited when viewing the device along the second viewing direction VD.sub.2. If the array 20 of linear microprisms then defines an image in the form of the mirror image of the digit “3”, when viewing along the first viewing direction VD.sub.1, the two images will combine to form the digit “8”.

[0106] Even more complex effects may be generated by using “two dimensional” microstructures that exhibit optical effects at more than two rotational viewing directions (e.g. triangular-based pyramids or the hexagonal-based pyramids as in FIG. 9e), or interlacing three or more arrays that are arranged in accordance with respective images.

[0107] In other embodiments, “two dimensional” microstructures may comprise one facet having a larger area than the other “minor” facets such that reflections from the “minor” facets would not substantially affect an image exhibited due to specular reflection from the facet having the larger area.

[0108] Optical devices of the sort described above, in the form of security devices, can be incorporated into or applied to any article for which an authenticity check is desirable. In particular, such devices may be applied to or incorporated into documents of value such as banknotes, passports, driving licences, cheques, identification cards etc.

[0109] The security device or article can be arranged either wholly on the surface of the base substrate of the security document, as in the case of a stripe or patch, or can be visible only partly on the surface of the document substrate, e.g. in the form of a windowed security thread. Security threads are now present in many of the world's currencies as well as vouchers, passports, travellers' cheques and other documents. In many cases the thread is provided in a partially embedded or windowed fashion where the thread appears to weave in and out of the paper and is visible in windows in one or both surfaces of the base substrate. One method for producing paper with so-called windowed threads can be found in EP-A-0059056. EP-A-0860298 and WO-A-03095188 describe different approaches for the embedding of wider partially exposed threads into a paper substrate. Wide threads, typically having a width of 2 to 6 mm, are particularly useful as the additional exposed thread surface area allows for better use of optically variable devices, such as that presently disclosed.

[0110] The security device or article may be subsequently incorporated into a paper or polymer base substrate so that it is viewable from both sides of the finished security substrate. Methods of incorporating security elements in such a manner are described in EP-A-1141480 and WO-A-03054297. In the method described in EP-A-1141480, one side of the security element is wholly exposed at one surface of the substrate in which it is partially embedded, and partially exposed in windows at the other surface of the substrate.

[0111] Base substrates suitable for making security substrates for security documents may be formed from any conventional materials, including paper and polymer. Techniques are known in the art for forming substantially transparent regions in each of these types of substrate. For example, WO-A-8300659 describes a polymer banknote formed from a transparent substrate comprising an opacifying coating on both sides of the substrate. The opacifying coating is omitted in localised regions on both sides of the substrate to form a transparent region. In this case the transparent substrate can be an integral part of the security device or a separate security device can be applied to the transparent substrate of the document. WO-A-0039391 describes a method of making a transparent region in a paper substrate. Other methods for forming transparent regions in paper substrates are described in EP-A-723501, EP-A-724519, WO-A-03054297 and EP-A-1398174.

[0112] The security device may also be applied to one side of a paper substrate so that portions are located in an aperture formed in the paper substrate. An example of a method of producing such an aperture can be found in WO-A-03054297. An alternative method of incorporating a security element which is visible in apertures in one side of a paper substrate and wholly exposed on the other side of the paper substrate can be found in WO-A-2000/39391.

[0113] Examples of such documents of value and techniques for incorporating a security device will now be described with reference to FIGS. 11 to 15.

[0114] FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary document of value 1000, here in the form of a banknote. FIG. 11a shows the banknote in plan view whilst FIG. 11b shows the same banknote in cross-section along the line Q-Q′. In this case, the banknote is a polymer (or hybrid polymer/paper) banknote, having a transparent substrate 102. Two opacifying layers 103a and 103b are applied to either side of the transparent substrate 102, which may take the form of opacifying coatings such as white ink, or could be paper layers laminated to the substrate 102.

[0115] The opacifying layers 103a and 103b are omitted across an area 101 which forms a window within which the security device 100 is located. As shown best in the cross-section of FIG. 11b, the microstructures (shown generally at 25) are provided on one side of the transparent substrate 102, and a colour shifting layer 10 is provided on the opposite surface of the substrate. The microstructures 25 and colour shifting layer 10 are each as described above with respect to any of the disclosed embodiments, such that the device 100 displays a colour shift effect and first and second images in window 101 upon a change in viewing direction (an image of the letter “M” is depicted here as an example). As the device 100 is to be viewed in reflection it is desirable to use a substantially opaque colour shifting layer such as a printed ink comprising an optically variable pigment, although a partially transparent colour shifting layer may be used in conjunction with an absorbing element as described above.

[0116] It should be noted that in modifications of this embodiment the window 101 could be a half-window with the opacifying layer 103b continuing across all or part of the window over the security device 100.

[0117] FIG. 12 shows such an example, although here the banknote 1000 is a conventional paper-based banknote provided with a security article 105 in the form of a security thread, which is inserted during paper-making such that it is partially embedded into the paper so that portions of the paper 104 lie on either side of the thread. This can be done using the techniques described in EP0059056 where paper is not formed in the window regions during the paper making process thus exposing the security thread in is incorporated between layers of the paper. The security thread 105 is exposed in window regions 101 of the banknote. Alternatively, the window regions 101 may for example be formed by abrading the surface of the paper in these regions after insertion of the thread. The security device is formed on the thread 105, which comprises arrays of transparent substrate microstructures 25 provided on one side and colour shifting layer 10 provided on the other.

[0118] If desired, several different security devices 100 could be arranged along the thread, with different or identical images displayed by each. In one example, a first window could contain a first device, and a second window could contain a second device, each having different microstructure arrays, so that the two windows display different images depending on the viewing direction.

[0119] In FIG. 13, the banknote 1000 is again a conventional paper-based banknote, provided with a strip element or insert 108. The strip 108 is based on a transparent substrate and is inserted between two plies of paper 109a and 109b. The security device is formed by microstructures 25 disposed on one side of the strip substrate, and a colour shifting layer 10 disposed on the opposing side. The paper plies 109a and 109b are apertured across region 101 to reveal the security device, which in this case may be present across the whole of the strip 108 or could be localised within the aperture region 101.

[0120] A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 14 where FIGS. 14(a) and (b) show the front and rear sides of the document 1000 respectively, and FIG. 14(c) is a cross section along line Q-Q′. Security article 110 is a strip or band comprising a security device according to any of the embodiments described above. The security article 110 is formed into a security document 1000 comprising a fibrous substrate 102, using a method described in EP-A-1141480. The strip is incorporated into the security document such that it is fully exposed on one side of the document (FIG. 14(a)) and exposed in one or more windows 101 on the opposite side of the document (FIG. 14(b)). Again, the security device is formed on the strip 110, which comprises a transparent substrate with microstructures 25 formed on one surface and colourshifting layer 10 formed on the other.

[0121] In FIG. 14, the document of value 1000 is again a conventional paper-based banknote and again includes a strip element 110. In this case there is a single ply of paper. Alternatively a similar construction can be achieved by providing paper 102 with an aperture 101 and adhering the strip element 110 on to one side of the paper 102 across the aperture 101. The aperture may be formed during papermaking or after papermaking for example by die-cutting or laser cutting. Again, the security device is formed on the strip 110, which comprises a transparent substrate with microstructures 25 formed on one surface and colour shifting layer 10 formed on the other.

[0122] In the examples of FIGS. 11 to 14, the colour shifting element and the microstructures are described as being on opposing sides of a transparent substrate. However, in other examples they may be provided on the same side of the transparent substrate.

[0123] FIGS. 15a and 15b schematically illustrate how a security device 100 according to the invention may be incorporated into a substrate 1100 for a security document such as a plastic identity card or passport. FIG. 15a is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an example substrate 1100 for a security document. The substrate 1100 comprises a plurality of polymer layers that are joined together, typically by lamination (see FIG. 15b). The substrate 1100 has a first outer surface 1031a and a second outer surface 1037a. The thickness of the substrate 1100, which is the distance between the first and second outer surfaces 31a, 37a, is preferably at least approximately 150 μm and more preferably at least approximately 300 μm. In particular, the substrate 1100 may be between approximately 300 μm and 1000 μm thick and, for example, may be approximately 800 μm thick. The substrate 1100 may be substantially rigid or at least semi-rigid by virtue of its thickness and polymer (typically plastic) composition.

[0124] Within the substrate 1100 is a colour shifting layer 10 as described in any of the embodiments above. In this case the colour shifting layer 10 is partially transparent and a dark absorbing layer 12 is therefore utilised as described above. As will be understood, a substantially opaque colour shifting layer may alternatively be used.

[0125] First and second arrays of microstructures (shown generally at 25) are formed in the first outer surface 31a of the substrate 1100 so that they are positioned above and in register (i.e. aligned with) with the colour shifting element 10, such that light from the colour shifting element passes through the microstructures 25 before reaching the observer O.

[0126] FIG. 15b schematically illustrates the structure of such a substrate 1100. As illustrated in FIG. 13b, a plurality of typically planar self-supporting polymer layers 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036 and 1037 are provided in a (typically fully) overlapping manner. Layers 1031 and 1037 are first and second outer layers respectively, and the outer surface 1031a of the first outer layer defines the first outer surface 1031a of the substrate 1100, and similarly the outer surface 1037a of second outer surface 1037a defines the second outer surface of the substrate 1100. The first and second outer layers are typically substantially transparent.

[0127] As can be seen in FIG. 15b, a plurality of internal layers 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035 and 1036 are provided positioned between the first and second outer layers 1031, 1037. For the purposes of this description, moving in a direction from the first (“top”) outer layer 1031 to the second (“bottom”) outer layer 1037, layer 1032 is the first internal layer, layer 1033 is the second internal layer, layer 1034 is the third internal layer, layer 1035 is the fourth internal layer and layer 1036 is the fifth internal layer.

[0128] A colour shifting layer 10 is provided on and in contact with a first surface the second internal layer 1033. Here the first surface is the uppermost surface of second internal layer 1033 and is the surface of second internal layer proximal the first outer layer 1031. The colour shifting layer may be provided on the second internal layer 1033 by a variety of methods, such as lamination, printing or sputtering via vacuum deposition which would typically be the case for the different layers of a thin film multilayer interference structure (in the case of optically variable pigments for example). Such a thin film interference structure forms a “colour shifting layer” for the purposes of this description.

[0129] For the case where the colour shifting layer is at least partially transparent, an absorbing element 12 is provided on and in contact with the second surface of the second internal layer 1033. Here the second surface is the bottommost surface of the second internal layer 1033 and is the surface of second internal layer distal the first outer layer 1031. In other embodiments the colour shifting layer and absorbing layer 12 may be provided on the same surface of internal layer 1033.

[0130] The first outer layer 1031 and the first internal layer 1032 are substantially transparent such that visible light can pass through them. This allows visible light to be incident to and reflected from the colour shifting layer 10 such that the colour shifting layer 10 is visible through the first outer layer 1031 and the first internal layer 1032. The second internal layer 1033 upon which the colour shifting layer 10 is positioned is also substantially transparent. In the case where an absorbing element is not required (for example where the colour shifting layer is substantially opaque, such as metal-dielectric multilayer thin films or a printed optically variable pigment), the second internal layer 1033 may be transparent or opaque. The third 1034, fourth 1035 and fifth 1036 internal layers are substantially opaque. In general the internal layers positioned between the colour shifting layer 10 and the first (“top”) outer layer are substantially transparent (or at least have a substantially transparent region) such that the colour shifting layer 10 is visible through the top of the finished substrate and the optical variable effects of the colour shifting element are exhibited to a viewer. Typically the internal layers positioned between the colour shifting layer 10 and the second (“bottom”) outer layer are substantially opaque. Furthermore, the substantially opaque internal layers may comprise marking additives such that they can be laser marked, as is known in the art.

[0131] Although in general the internal layers positioned between the colour shifting layer 10 and the first (“top”) outer layer are substantially transparent, the colour shifting layer 10 may be viewable through a substantially transparent window region in a layer positioned between the colour shifting layer 10 and the first outer layer 1031.

[0132] The polymer layers are typically formed from a plastic material such as polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG). Polycarbonate is particularly suitable due to its high durability and ease of manufacture. Each of the layers may be between approximately 30 and 200 μm thick. Although in this example seven layers are shown, in other examples a different number of layers may be used.

[0133] The microstructure arrays are formed in at least the first outer layer 1031, and may be formed in the first outer layer 1031 and first internal layer 1032. This is typically performed by embossing, and may be carried out subsequent to lamination of the polymer layers, or substantially simultaneously with the lamination.

[0134] In other embodiments, the colour shifting layer may be inserted into a pre-formed polymer substrate by insertion of a “plug” containing the colour shifting layer into a corresponding aperture in the substrate.