Method and system for additive-ablative fabrication

Abstract

A printer pressing assembly for forming material layers is provided. The printer pressing assembly includes a support assembly having a support surface, a driver and a press stop. The driver is able to change an elevation of the support surface relative to an elevation of the press stop. A nozzle is capable of dispensing a material onto the support surface. Further, a press is positionable opposite to the support surface and capable of moving relative to the support. Additionally, the press stop is capable of being elevated above the support surface so as to engage an abutment surface of the press to set a pre-determined distance between the contact surface of the press and the support surface.

Claims

1. A printer pressing assembly for forming material layers, the printer pressing assembly comprising: a support assembly having a support surface, a driver and a press stop, wherein the driver is configured to change an elevation of the support surface relative to an elevation of the press stop; a nozzle configured to dispense a material onto the support surface; and a press configured to be positioned opposite to the support surface and configured to move relative to the support surface, wherein the press stop is configured to be elevated above the support surface so as to engage an abutment surface of the press, thereby setting a pre-determined distance between a contact surface of the press and the support surface, wherein the press comprises a roller assembly configured to level a material deposited on the support surface by translating in a direction parallel to the support surface, wherein the roller assembly comprises a stationary rod and a movable rod, and wherein the stationary rod engages at least a portion of the press stop and the movable rod translates in the direction parallel to the support surface so as to level the material deposited on the support surface.

2. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 1, wherein the press stop comprises a wall surrounding the support surface.

3. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 1, wherein the press stop comprises a plurality of elongated stops.

4. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 1, wherein the press has a plate-shaped surface provided with the contact surface and configured to be positioned opposite to the support surface.

5. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 1, wherein the roller assembly further comprises a foil extending around respective outer peripheries of the stationary rod and the movable rod so as to come into direct engagement with the material deposited on the support surface as the movable rod translates in the direction parallel to the support surface.

6. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 5, wherein the foil extending around the outer periphery of the movable rod departs the movable rod so as to be oriented at an acute angle with respect to the support surface.

7. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 6, wherein a first end of the foil is wound around a first spool and a second end of the foil is connected to a second spool such that the foil is released from one of the first and second spools as the movable rod translates.

8. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a curing member configured to cure the material deposited on the support surface.

9. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a laser source configured to emit a laser beam so as to ablate the material deposited on the support surface.

10. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 2, wherein the wall comprises a first wall and a second wall.

11. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 10, wherein the first wall is configured to be elevated to a different height relative to the second wall so as to provide an inclined engagement surface that engages the abutment surface of the press.

12. The printer pressing assembly according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the first wall and second wall is configured to be moved towards the press.

13. A solid free form fabrication system incorporating the printer pressing assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: an ablation system configured to cure and ablate the material dispensed onto the support surface, wherein the curing and ablating are performed by the ablation system, which is configured to operate at one or more sets of parameters.

14. The solid free form fabrication system according to claim 13, wherein the ablation system comprises a pulse laser configured to emit a laser beam at different intensities.

15. A solid free form fabrication system incorporating the printer pressing assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: a curing member configured to cure the material dispensed onto the support surface; and an ablation system configured to ablate the material dispensed onto the support surface.

16. The solid free form fabrication system according to claim 15, wherein the ablation system comprises a Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC) system.

17. A method of solid free form fabrication using a printer pressing assembly comprising a support assembly having a support surface, a driver and a press stop, wherein the driver is configured to change an elevation of the support surface relative to an elevation of the press stop; a nozzle configured to dispense a material onto the support surface; and a press configured to be positioned opposite to the support surface and configured to move relative to the support surface, wherein the press stop is configured to be elevated above the support surface so as to engage an abutment surface of the press, thereby setting a pre-determined distance between a contact surface of the press and the support surface, and wherein the press stop includes a first press stop and a second press stop, the method comprising: elevating the first press stop to a different height relative to the second press stop so as to provide an inclined engagement surface that engages the abutment surface of the press such that the press is oriented at angle with respect to the support surface; and progressively lowering an elevation of one of the first press stop and the second press stop such that the material is progressively pressed by the press in a direction from one end of the support surface towards another end of the support surface, thereby eliminating air bubbles within the material as the contact surface of the press becomes oriented horizontal to the support surface.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Some embodiments of the present disclosure are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is stressed, however, that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced.

(2) In the drawings:

(3) FIG. 1 is a flowchart diagram of a method suitable for SFF, according to various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

(4) FIGS. 2A-M are process illustrations of the method of FIG. 1, according to various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

(5) FIG. 3 is a flowchart diagram of a method suitable for SFF of a functional object, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

(6) FIGS. 4A-I are process illustrations of the method of FIG. 3, according to various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

(7) FIGS. 5A-D are schematic illustration of an SFF system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

(8) FIG. 6 is a flow chart diagram describing a representative example of an SFF process, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

(9) FIG. 7 is a flow chart diagram describing a representative example of a process for combining a foreign element with a solid freeform fabricated object, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

(10) FIGS. 8A-H illustrate a process in which a support material and active material may be deposited with selective ablation, cleaning and texturization;

(11) FIG. 9 is a flow chart diagram describing a representative process for depositing/dispending first and second materials;

(12) FIG. 10 is a flow chart diagram describing an exemplary process for setting a predetermined thickness for a material that may be subsequently cured and leveled;

(13) FIGS. 11A-G illustrate a pressing apparatus and various method features for forming material layer(s) of, for example, a three dimensionally shaped object;

(14) FIGS. 12A-C illustrate a method for removing (or partially cleaning) residue from, for example, an outer surface of a material by using low energy ablation;

(15) FIGS. 13A-G illustrate a pressing apparatus in the form of a rolling device and various method features for forming material layers of, for example, a three dimensionally shaped object;

(16) FIGS. 14A-E illustrate a pressing apparatus having first and second press stops that may be set at different elevations and various method features for forming material layers of, for example, a three dimensionally shaped object;

(17) FIGS. 15A-E illustrate a recycling device for recycling excess material;

(18) FIG. 16 illustrates different operation modes of the same laser capable of performing curing, sintering and ablation; and

(19) FIG. 17 is a graph illustrating material damage and ablation as a function of energy.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(20) The present disclosure relates to, among other things, SFF and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to a method and system for SFF by an additive-ablative process.

(21) Before explaining non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure in detail, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not necessarily limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and/or methods set forth in the following description and/or illustrated in the drawings and/or the Examples. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

(22) Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a flowchart diagram and FIGS. 2A-M are process illustrations of a method suitable for SFF, according to various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. It is to be understood that, unless otherwise defined, the operations described hereinbelow can be executed either contemporaneously or sequentially in many combinations or orders of execution. Specifically, the ordering of the flowchart diagrams is not to be considered as limiting. For example, two or more operations, appearing in the following description or in the flowchart diagrams in a particular order, can be executed in a different order (e.g., a reverse order) or substantially contemporaneously. Additionally, several operations described below are optional and may not be executed.

(23) As illustrated in FIG. 1, a method of SFF may begin with 10 and continue to 11 (i.e., at which SFF data that collectively pertains to a three-dimensional shape of the object may be received.) For example, the data may be received by a data processor 34 operatively associated with an SFF system 30 (see FIGS. 2A-M) that executes the method or by a controller 32 of the SFF system 30. For example, the data processor 34 may access a computer-readable storage medium (not shown) and retrieve the data from the medium. The data processor 34 can also generate the data, or a portion thereof, instead of, or in addition to, retrieving data from the storage medium, for example, by utilizing a computer aided design (CAD) or computer aided manufacturing (CAM) software. For example, the SFF data may include a plurality of slice data each of which may define a layer of the object to-be-manufactured. The data processor 34 may transfer the data, or a portion thereof, to the controller 32 of the SFF system 30. Further, the controller 32 may receive the data on a slice-by-slice basis. The operation of the data processor and controller are applicable to all disclosed embodiments unless otherwise stated.

(24) The data can be in any data format known in the art, including, without limitation, stereolithography (STL) format, additive manufacturing format (AMF), surface precursor data (SPD) format and the like.

(25) The following operations are described with reference to particular layers of the object, and can be repeated for each of at least a few of the layers.

(26) The method proceeds to 12 at which a building material 36 is dispensed on a receiving medium (FIG. 2A). The receiving medium can be a working surface 38 of the system 30, as illustrated in FIG. 2A, or a previously formed layer 40-1, 40-2, etc. . . . as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 2L. The building material 36 can be dispensed by a dispensing head 42 of system 30. The dispensing head 42 can scan the working surface 38 of system 30 along a scanning direction x (see Cartesian coordinate system in FIG. 2A) and dispense the material while scanning.

(27) Any type of dispensing head suitable for SFF can be employed, including, without limitation, an inkjet head, an extruder head, a single nozzle head, and the like. The advantage of the additive-ablative process of preferred embodiments of the present disclosure is that even though the final object can have high in-layer resolution, the dispensing need not necessarily be at high resolution. Thus, for example, the dispensing head can operate at an in-layer resolution that is characterized by a voxel size of 1 cubic millimeter or more.

(28) The method optionally and preferably proceeds to 13 at which solvent may be at least partially removed from the building material. This can be done, for example, by a drying system 56 that heats the dispensed material. The heating can be applied directly to the dispensed material, for example, by radiation (FIG. 2B), or it can be applied within a chamber 58 at which the dispensing is executed.

(29) The method can then continue to 14 at which the dispensed building material is leveled/straightened/planarized (FIG. 2C). Preferably, only the most newly dispensed building material is leveled, but the present embodiments also contemplate leveling also previously dispensed building material (for example, building material beneath the newly dispensed building material). The leveling can be by a leveling device 44, such as, but not limited to, a blade, a squeegee, a roller or the like. Further, the leveling device may be provided as an “air knife” that, for example, allows controlling the resolution/thickness of the building material 36 by adjusting the gas pressure at an output of air knife. Another advantage is that it eliminates the need to clean or replace a blade, a squeegee, a roller or the like.

(30) Furthermore, regardless of the type of leveling device, building material removed by the leveling device 44 may be recycled (if desired). For example, in order to recycle material that has been leveled (e.g., with a blade 44) a separate reservoir may be provided for each material. As illustrated in FIG. 15A, an excess first material may be directed into a first recycling reservoir as the excess first material is displaced during leveling. Similarly, an excess second material may be directed into a second recycling reservoir as the excess second material is displaced during leveling. See FIGS. 15D and 15E. Of course, as many recycling reservoirs as needed may be provided to separately contain different materials. Furthermore, the recycling reservoirs may be coupled together via a rotating mechanism (e.g., a rotary motor) configured to selectively position a corresponding one of the recycling reservoirs so as to separately receive the corresponding excess material that is removed during leveling. See FIGS. 15A-15E. It should be appreciated that leveling is not limited to providing a planar surface, but rather should be understood to encompass flattening, smoothing or shaping a surface to a desired form or profile.

(31) The method may continue to 15 at which the building material may be selectively ablated (FIG. 2D). The ablation may be accomplished by any suitable ablation system 46. FIG. 2D illustrates an embodiment in which system 46 comprises a laser scanning system that horizontally scans a laser beam 47 over the building material. For example, a pulsed laser beam may perform the laser ablation. In some embodiments, the data processor may optionally, and preferably, receive input pertaining to a type of the building material, access a computer readable medium storing pulse energy data corresponding to the type of building material, and signal the controller to set the pulse energy for the pulsed laser ablation based on the pulse energy data. Also contemplated are embodiments in which system 46 is a Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC), or any other system, which may selectively ablate the building material. In the present disclose, reference to “ablation” or “ablation system” in the context of a Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) system or any other system may refer to removal of material by cutting or otherwise machining.

(32) The ablation may be excited or otherwise operated to form a two-dimensional ablation pattern according to the slice data of the respective layer. Thus, pre-determined or specified horizontal locations in the layer (which according to the slice data is to be unoccupied by the building material) may be ablated at an appropriate stage after the building material is dispensed. As illustrate in FIG. 2D, the ablation results in a layer having vacant regions 48 that are devoid of building material.

(33) In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the method proceeds to 16 at which a debris deposition of building material on non-vacant regions may be removed. The debris deposition is typically formed by the ablation 15, and/or due to imperfectness of the straightening (or leveling) 14. The debris deposition can be removed, for example, by a laser beam. For example, when ablation system 46 comprises a laser scanning system, the laser scanning system can be used also for the removal of the debris deposition. Typically, the laser is applied at a different set of parameters for the removal of the debris deposition than for the ablation. The debris deposition can alternatively or additionally also be removed by gas flow (e.g., airflow), for example, by means of a gas flow generator 54, as will now be explained with reference to FIG. 2E and FIG. 2F, which are magnified views of the dispensed building material 36. The ablation system may generate (by means of laser beam 47, in the present example) a bulge 82 at the point of contact with the building material 36, due to a heat zone generated and/or applied at the contact (FIG. 2E). In addition, debris deposition 83 may also be generated away from the heat zone. Gas flow generator 54 generates a gas flow that removes, at least partially, the debris deposition 83. The bulge 82 may be removed by the straightening of the next layer.

(34) The method optionally and preferably continues to 17 at which an additional building material 50 is dispensed onto building material 36 to fill vacant regions 48 (FIGS. 2G and 2H). The in-layer resolution of the dispensing 17 is optionally and preferably less than the resolution of the selective ablation 15. In other words, the material 50 is dispensed to form a continuous region of material 50 that encompasses at least one of vacant regions 48 by its entirety, and that is laterally larger than that vacant region(s). This ensures that material 50 fills the vacant region(s) created by the ablation. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the dispensing of building materials 36 and 50 provide the same lateral coverage (e.g., both materials are dispensed over the entire layer, irrespectively of lateral slice data), and in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the dispensing of material 36 and/or material 50 is/are selective.

(35) For example, the building material 36 may be deposited as viscous material dropped from a dispensing head of nozzle or by continuous dispensing. For example, the deposit resolution may be more than 200 μm. Further, the “ablated” resolution may be on the order of a laser spot size which may be tuned from about 5 to 40 μm. Also, in certain applications, the ablated resolution may be below 2 μm.

(36) While the embodiments below are described with a particular emphasis to two materials 36 and 50, it is to be understood that the method can be executed also with one building material or more than two building materials.

(37) Each of the materials 36 and 50 can serve as a modeling material from which the final object, once fabricated, is made, or as a sacrificial support material that supports parts of the object during fabrication but is subsequently removed and does not form parts of the final object. Typically, one of the dispensed materials is a support material and all other materials are modeling materials, but this need not necessarily be the case, since, for some applications, it may be desired to have more than one type of support material or to fabricate an object without a support material.

(38) The dispensing 17 can be by the same dispensing head 42, except with different material, or, more preferably by a different dispensing head containing material 50. The dispensing heads that dispense the different materials can be of the same or different types, as desired. A representative example of a dispensing system having a plurality of dispensing heads is described below.

(39) In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the method continues to 18 at which the additional building material 50 is leveled (or straightened) (FIG. 21), as further detailed hereinabove. Preferably, the working surface 38 is elevated prior to the dispensing 17 or prior to the leveling (or straightening) 18, to ensure removal of material 50 during leveling (or straightening) 18, substantially from all on non-vacant regions. This embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2J which is a magnified view of section A in FIG. 21. As illustrated in FIG. 2J, there may be a residue of material 50 over a non-vacant region 37 of material 36. Elevation of the working surface 38 at amount of δz prior to the dispensing 17 or leveling (or straightening) 18, ensures removal of this residue, or at least reduces the amount of the residue. The extent δz of the elevation is preferably less than the thickness Δz of a single layer (e.g., 0.1 Δz). Optionally and preferably, the method executes 16 following the leveling (or straightening) 18, to remove debris dispensing of material 50 on non-vacant regions occupied by material 36.

(40) Material 36 and/or 50 is optionally and preferably a curable material. In these embodiments, the method proceeds to 19 at which material 36 and/or 50 is/are cured, at least partially. The curing can be by heat or, more preferably, by radiation, and may be executed by a curing system 52 (see FIG. 21) that is optionally and preferably included in system 30. In a preferred embodiment, the curing may be by laser radiation. These embodiments are particularly useful when ablation system 46 comprises a laser scanning system, in which case the same laser scanning system can be used both for the ablation 15 and for the curing 19, wherein a different set of operation parameters is used for the ablation and for the curing. The set of operation parameters can include any of laser power, laser focal spot size and laser wavelength, as well as radiation protocol, e.g., continuous wave (CW) or pulsed radiation, wherein when the radiation protocol is pulsed radiation, the set of parameters may include at least one of pulse duration, and pulse repetition rate. Alternatively, the ablation and curing can be executed by different systems, in which case system 30 may comprise both ablation system 46 and curing system 52.

(41) Material 36 and/or 50 can alternatively be in, for example, a powder form, a metal colloid, a ceramic colloid, a semiconductor particle ink colloid, a paste, etc., in which case sintering and de-binding (e.g., laser sintering) may be applied instead of curing.

(42) Once a layer is completed (see, e.g., FIG. 2K, layer 40-1), the vertical distance between the working surface 38 and the dispensing head 42 may optionally and preferably be increased (e.g., by lowering the working surface 38, see FIG. 2K) by an amount that is equal or approximately equal to the thickness of the layer, and the method may loop back to 11 or 12 to begin the formation of the subsequent layer (see FIG. 2L, layer 40-2, and FIG. 2M, layer 40-3).

(43) The method ends at 20.

(44) FIG. 3 is a flowchart diagram and FIGS. 4A-I are process illustrations of a method suitable for SFF of a functional object, according to various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. At least some of the operations described below can be executed by system 30.

(45) The method begins at 60 and continues to 61 at which one or more layers 40-1, . . . , 40-N of building materials are formed (FIG. 4A). This is optionally and preferably achieved by executing one or more of the operations of method 10 described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2A-I. The method continues to 62 at which a cavity 72 is ablated in at least one of the layers (FIG. 4B). The cavity is preferably ablated in regions in the layer(s) that contain a modeling material and not in regions of the layer(s) that contain support material. The ablation 62 can be done using ablation system 46 of system 30. The method continues to 63 at which a foreign element 74 is placed in cavity 72. The size and shape of cavity 72 is preferably selected to be compatible with the size and shape of foreign element 74 so as to allow foreign element 74 to fit into cavity 72, as illustrated in FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D which is a magnified view of cavity 72 and foreign element 74. The placement is optionally and preferably by a robotic arm (not shown, see FIG. 5D), which can be also part of system 30.

(46) The foreign element 74 can be of any type. Preferably, the foreign element is not fabricated by system 30. Optionally, the foreign element is fabricated by a method other than SFF. Representative examples of types of foreign elements suitable for the present embodiments including, without limitation, electronic components (e.g., a diode, a transistor, an inductor, a capacitor), electronic devices (e.g., a light source, a camera, a sensor, a radiation transmitter, a radiation receiver, a radiation transceiver, an electronic circuit, a processor), mechanical devices (e.g., a wheel, a transmission gear, a MEMS), a transmission line (e.g., an electrically conductive track, a heat conduction element, a waveguide), and the like.

(47) It is to be understood that while FIGS. 4C-I illustrate a single foreign element placed in a single cavity, this need not necessarily be the case, since, for some applications, it may be desired to form a plurality of cavities and place a respective plurality of foreign elements in the cavities. Also contemplated are embodiments in which more than one foreign element is placed in the same cavity. When a plurality of foreign elements are placed, either in separate cavities or in the same cavity, they can be of the same type (e.g., replicas of each other) or of different types.

(48) Once the foreign element is placed in the cavity, the method optionally and preferably proceeds to 64 at which one or more additional layers of building material are formed, for example, by dispensing building material, leveling (or straightening) the dispensed building material and optionally and preferably selectively ablating the dispensed building material, as further detailed hereinabove. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the method forms or places 65 a conductive track 76 in electrical contact with element 74. This is particularly useful when element 74 is an electronic device or electronic component.

(49) A preferred procedure for forming conductive track 76 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated in FIGS. 4F-4H. A building material (which can be the same as material 36 or of a different type) is dispensed over element 74 and is then leveled (or straightened) and ablated as further detailed hereinabove to form vacant regions at one or more sides of element 74 (FIG. 4F). A conductive building material is then dispensed as an additional building material that fills the vacant regions 48, as further detailed hereinabove. The conductive building material is then leveled (or straightened) as further detailed hereinabove, thereby forming conductive track 76 within vacant regions 48 (FIG. 4G). Additional layers 78 can be formed 66 on top of track 76 (FIG. 4H). Once the support material 50 is removed (FIG. 4I) a functional object 80 is formed. When a conductive track 76 is formed, the removal of support material preferably exposes the ends of the conductive track, to allow their connection to an external device. In the example of FIG. 4I, element 74 is a radiation source (e.g., a light emitting diode), which is powered by a voltage source 82 connected to the ends of the conductive track 76 to emit radiation 84.

(50) The method ends at 67.

(51) FIGS. 5A-D are schematic illustration of an SFF system 30 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. System 30 comprises a working surface 38 and a dispensing system 92 for dispensing a building material on the working surface. System 30 can additionally comprise a vertical drive 94 configured to vary a vertical distance (along the vertical direction z, see Cartesian coordinate system in FIG. 5A) between working surface 38 and dispensing system 92. In the representative example illustrated in FIG. 5A, which is not to be considered as limiting, drive 94 establishes a vertical motion of working surface 38, by means of a Z-stage 96.

(52) System 92 can comprise one or more dispensing heads, such as, but not limited to, head 42 described above. FIG. 5B illustrates a representative example of system 92. In the illustrated embodiments, system 92 comprises four dispensing heads 42-1, 42-2, 42-3 and 42-4, but this need not necessarily be the case since any number of dispensing heads can be employed. Each of the dispensing heads of system 92 can dispense a different building material. Alternatively, two or more of the dispensing heads, can dispense the same material, for example, to increase the throughput. Preferably, at least one of the dispensing heads dispenses a modeling material and at least one of the dispensing heads dispenses a support material.

(53) System 30 optionally and preferably comprises a leveling device 44 for leveling (or straightening) the dispensed building material, as further detailed hereinabove. Leveling device 44 can be, for example, a blade, a squeegee, a roller or the like. The vertical distance between the leveling device 44 and the working surface 38 is preferably selected in accordance with the desired thickness of the layer. For example, when it is desired to fabricate a plurality of layers, each of height h, then, for the nth layer, the vertical distance between the leveling device 44 (or the press 144 or 244, to be discussed later) and the working surface 38 can be set to nh.

(54) System 30 preferably also comprises an ablation system 46 that selectively ablates the dispensed material as further detailed hereinabove. Ablation system 46 can be of any type, including, without limitation, a laser scanning system, a CNC or the like. FIG. 5C illustrates a representative example of system 46, in the embodiment in which system 46 comprises a laser scanning system. In these embodiments, system 46 can comprise a laser beam generator 98 [any suitable laser may be used, e.g., “a diode pumped solid state laser” (DPSS), a fiber laser, etc.] that generates laser beam 47, an X-Y scanner 100 that scans beam 47 along the horizontal directions x and y (both perpendicular to the z direction shown in FIG. 5A), and optics 102 that generates a focal spot 104 on the dispensed building material.

(55) System 30 can further comprise a controller 32, and optionally and preferably also a data processor 34, that control the operation of system 30. Alternatively, controller 34 can have electronic computing capability in which case it is not necessary for system 30 to include a processor separately from the controller. Controller 32 and/or processor 34 are optionally and preferably configured for controlling system 30 to execute any of the operations described above.

(56) In some embodiments of the present disclosure, system 30 comprises a building material curing system 106 for curing the building material. Alternatively, the curing can be done by means of ablation system 46 except at a different set of operation parameters as further detailed hereinabove. System 30 can further comprises a gas flow generator 54 that generates gas flow over the formed layers following or during ablation, to remove building material debris and/or residue, as further detailed hereinabove. Optionally and preferably system 30 comprises a drying system 56 for at least partially removing solvent from building material, prior to the leveling (or straightening) by device 44, as further detailed hereinabove.

(57) System 30 can further comprise a robotic arm 108 that places a foreign element in a cavity formed in the dispensed layers. This embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 5D and 5E. FIG. 5E illustrates cavity 72 formed in building material 36. FIG. 5D illustrates robotic arm 108 that picks a foreign element 74 from an array 110 of foreign elements, for example, by means of temporary vacuum attachment. Arm 108 moves in the vertical and horizontal direction, for example, by means of an X-Y-Z stage 112. Arm 108 lifts the element 74 from array 110 moves the element 74 to cavity 72 and releases element 74 in cavity 72. Arm 108 and X-Y-Z stage 112 are optionally and preferably controlled by controller 32.

(58) Further, when intense laser pulse energy is applied to a material, observation can be made based upon an energy function. For example, first a material may experience damage at energy ED (“the damage energy”) and second, ablation of the materials occur at energy ETh (“the threshold energy”).

(59) In the case of printing sensitive material, the threshold energy of the support EThs must be below the damage energy of the active materials EDa (i.e., EThs<<EDa). It is noted that the “active material” may refer to any building material, sensitive material, or any other material that may be un-ablated while subject other materials (e.g., a support material) to energy sufficient to cause ablation or could be removable with CNC or other removable system. See FIG. 17. For example, the support material may be a low glass temperature polymer having an added absorber like pigment or dye exhibiting an adequate or predetermined wavelength. See FIG. 17. In certain circumstances there is a desire not to ablate sensitive or active materials such as a bio material, organic light emitting material, organic semiconductor, etc. In addition, high melting temperature materials like ceramic material for which the ablation requires high laser energy may also be provided as the active material. See FIG. 17. In accordance with the above, a method for solid free form fabrication may include dispensing a support material 150 having an intrinsic “support material energy damage level” (ED.sub.s) at which exposure to a first amount of energy, exceeding the support material energy damage level (ED.sub.s), alters the support material 150. See FIG. 8A. This “altering” may refer to any irreversible change, e.g., a partial deformation or partial sintering that may take place within the support material 150.

(60) Additionally, the support material 150 may have an “intrinsic support material energy ablation threshold” (EThs) at which a second amount of energy, which is higher than the first amount of energy and exceeds the “support material energy ablation threshold” (EThs), ablates the support material. The method further includes dispensing an active material having an “intrinsic active material energy damage level” (EDa) at which exposure to a third amount of energy, exceeding the “active material energy damage level,” (EDa) alters the active material 136. See FIG. 17.

(61) Further, the active material 136 may have “an intrinsic active material energy ablation threshold” (ETha) at which a fourth amount of energy, which is higher than the third amount of energy and exceeds the “active material energy ablation threshold” (ETha) ablates the active material 136. Further, the “active material energy damage level” (EDa) may be higher than the “support material energy ablation threshold” (EDs). Further, in accordance with the method, the active material 136 and the support material 150 may be deposited to form a combined material and exposing the combined material to the second amount of energy may ablate the support material 150 without altering the active material 136. See FIG. 17 and FIGS. 8B and 8C. It is noted that the reference/mention of “combined material” in the present disclosure generally refers to, for example, an overall material that may include any of a number of layers and/or regions that may have portions or segments made of more than one material. For example, an individual layer or region may have a first portion made of one material (e.g., an active material) and a second portion made of a second material (e.g., a support material). Additionally, to form multiple layers of an overall material individual layers could be stacked or formed on top of each other; in which case, for example, one of the layers could be defined entirely or partially by a first material region, and another of the layers could be defined entirely or partially by a second material region.

(62) Further, the active material 136 and/or support material 150 may be provided in any suitable number depending upon the desired application. For example, active material 136 may include a plurality of different active materials, and the “active material energy damage level” of each of the different active materials may be higher than “the support material energy ablation threshold.” Additionally, if desired, more than one different support material may also be deposited/dispensed to form the combine material.

(63) Further, the processing amount of energy that the combined material is exposed to may be at least equal to the first amount of energy and less than the second amount of energy so as to alter the support material without ablation. That is, it is possible to subject the support material to an amount of energy that does not ablate the support material or alter the active material at all. In yet another feature, the processing amount of energy that the combined material may be exposed to may be at least equal to the second amount of energy and less than the third amount of energy so as to ablate the support material without altering the active material.

(64) In addition, the processing amount of energy that the combined material may be exposed to may be at least equal to the third amount of energy and less than the fourth amount of energy so as to alter the active material without ablation. For example, it may be possible to ablate the support material and, at the same time, alter the active material without ablation. That is, it is possible to subject the combined material to an amount of energy that ablates any desired portion of the combined material. In other words, since the processing amount of energy can be set to exceed the active material energy ablation threshold, any desired portion of the combined material may be ablated so as to, e.g., shape, profile, or penetrate any desired portion of the combined material.

(65) Additionally, the processing amount of energy that the combined material may be exposed to may be at least equal to the fourth amount of energy so as to ablate the active material.

(66) In order to control a depth of the ablation, for example, a duration or intensity of the laser source may be adjusted accordingly. For example, the laser source may be configured to scan a surface of the three dimensionally shaped object or layers thereof at a slower scan rate in order to ablate the three dimensionally shaped object at a greater depth. Similarly, increasing the scan rate may cause the three dimensionally shaped object to be ablated at a much finer (e.g., smaller or high resolution) depth. In addition to adjusting a scan rate of the laser, an intensity of the laser source may also be adjusted to control the depth at which a material is ablated. Further, the intensity of the beam and the laser scan rate may both be adjusted in order to obtained a desired ablation depth.

(67) Additionally, it should be appreciated that “leveling” as referred to in the present disclosure may also include flattening, profiling or otherwise shaping a surface of a layer of material(s) to a desired profile by using a laser source. Such leveling can also be performed by controlling the ablation depth of the laser source.

(68) Another feature may include emitting a laser beam at differing intensities to expose the combined material to varying amounts of energy. For example, a feature of the present disclosure may include emitting the laser beam at an intensity corresponding to the second amount of energy, thereby resulting in vacant regions within the support material 150. See FIG. 8C. In addition, a feature of the present disclosure may include depositing the active material and the support material in layers according to slice data corresponding to formation of each of the layers (i.e., as similarly discussed with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2 above).

(69) Further, a feature of the present disclosure may include depositing an uppermost support material layer 150u (e.g., deposited as part of the combined material) that is entirely made of the material of the support material 150. Further, by emitting the laser beam from the laser source (e.g., a laser source as described in FIG. 2D) to subject selected regions of the uppermost support material layer 150u to the second amount of energy, selective ablation of the uppermost support material layer 150u may be accomplished (e.g., creating vacant regions as illustrated in FIG. 8C). As a result, the uppermost support material layer 150u may have vacant regions formed therein; thereby, uncovering regions of the active material 136 that were once covered by the selectively ablated regions of the uppermost support material layer 150u. See FIGS. 8A-8C.

(70) It should be understood that the laser ablation mentioned in relation to the aforementioned feature can be carried out, where applicable, in accordance with processes and operations described with respect to FIGS. 2A-2M as discussed in detail above.

(71) Additionally, a feature of the present disclosure may include depositing an uppermost active material layer 136u on top of un-ablated portions of the uppermost support material layer and within the vacant regions. See FIG. 8D. The uppermost active material layer 136u may be entirely made of the material of the active material 136 and leveled. Further, yet another feature may include ablating the leveled uppermost active material 136u layer to remove residue. See FIG. 8E and FIG. 12B.

(72) That is, after leveling or “planarization” of the material layer it may be necessary to clean residue from the material. In order to clean such residue from the material layer a laser ablation with low energy may be applied to the material layer. See FIGS. 8E and 12A-C.

(73) Such an ablation of residue material may also be beneficial, for example, in an application where the residue material may be electrically conductive and otherwise form an unintended or undesirable electrical pathway between other conductive regions of, for example, a combined material. For example, a laser source may ablate the residue layer with precision by controlling an ablation depth of the laser as disclosed in the present disclosure. Therefore, the residue layer may be entirely ablated or only partially ablated at predetermined portions so as to create a discontinuity in the residue layer and prevent, for example, and electrical pathway between conductive regions that should be electrically isolated from one another.

(74) Further, another feature may include ablating the leveled uppermost active material layer 136u to provide a texturized surface, for example, in order to improve adhesion of a subsequent layer to-be-deposited on the texturized surface. Additionally, random or periodic texturing of the surface may improve the adhesion of the next layer. See FIGS. 8G and 8H.

(75) Therefore, in accordance with a 3D printing process, generally, a support material may be deposited or dispended (e.g., from a nozzle), a pattern may be ablated into the support material, an active material or a subsequent material may be deposited so as to fill the vacant regions defined by the ablated material. After leveling (or planarization of) the active material or a subsequent material any remaining residue may be removed by laser cleaning. For example, by subjecting the residue to a low energy laser beam generated by the laser source and having a sufficient energy to ablate the residue layer. See FIG. 9. Further, partial or complete curing of the support material and/or active material may take place at any desired stage within the process, i.e., after the materials are dispensed. See, for example, FIG. 11D.

(76) In addition, a material layer thickness may be defined by setting a predetermined distance between, for example, the support surface that the material is deposited on and a surface of the press and/or by setting a distance between a press stop and the support surface that the material is deposited on. After setting the predetermined distance, which corresponds to a predetermined thickness of the material layer, partial curing or drying may take place prior to, or after, leveling or planarization. See FIG. 10.

(77) Another feature of the present disclosure may include providing a printer pressing assembly for forming material layers. See FIGS. 11A-11D. The printer pressing assembly may include a support surface 138, a driver (e.g., a motor capable of elevating and lowering a support surface) and a press stop PS.

(78) The driver may change an elevation of the support surface 138 relative to an elevation of the press stop PS (e.g., similar to the operation discussed with respect to FIGS. 2K, 2L and 2M) to define a predetermined distance or thickness Δz. See FIG. 11B. Further, the printer press assembly may include a nozzle 142 configured to dispense a material 136 onto the support surface 138. The nozzle may be a single or array of nozzles providing a “drop on demand” (DOD) printing system for high/low viscous material. See FIG. 11A. Further, the press 144 may be configured to be positioned opposite to the support surface 138 and move relative to the support assembly. In addition, a hydrophobic material or coating layer of hydrophobic material may be provided as the contact surface of the press 144 in order to prevent sticking between the press 144 and material deposited on the support surface 138. See FIGS. 11B and 11C. Also, the press 144 may be provided on or coupled to an ultra-sonic vibrator (not shown) to avoid sticking during press release (i.e., from the material).

(79) In addition, the press stop PS may be configured to be elevated above the support surface 138 to engage an abutment surface of the press 144, thereby setting the pre-determined distance Δz between contact surface of the press 144 and the support surface 138. Further, the press stop PS may include a wall surrounding the support surface (e.g., an annular wall extending vertically from a base of the support).

(80) As an alternative, the press stop PS may include a plurality of elongated stops (e.g., rods, shafts, support pins, etc.) arranged, for example, at intervals, about an outer periphery of the support surface 138. It is important to note that the press stop PS is not particularly limited in that any suitable mechanism form setting a reference distance between the support surface 138 and the press 144 may be provided as a “press stop.” Further, the press 144 may have a plate-shaped surface (e.g., planar surface) provided with the contact surface and configured to be positioned opposite to the support surface 138. See FIG. 11C.

(81) In another feature of the present disclosure, the press may include a roller assembly 244 configured to level a material 136 deposited on the support surface 138 by translating in a direction parallel to the support surface 138. See FIGS. 13A-13E. The roller assembly 144 may include a stationary rod Rs and a movable rod R.sub.M, wherein the stationary rod Rs engages at least a portion of the press stop PS and the movable rod R.sub.M translates in the direction parallel to the support surface 138 to level the material deposited on the support surface. See FIGS. 13A-13E.

(82) In yet another feature, a foil may extend around outer peripheries of the stationary rod Rs and the movable rod R.sub.M to come into direct engagement with the material 136 deposited on the support surface 138 as the movable rod R.sub.M translates in the direction parallel to the support surface 138. See FIGS. 13A-13E. Further, the foil extending around the outer periphery of the movable rod R.sub.M may be oriented at an acute angle with respect to the support surface 138 as it separates from contact with the outer periphery of the movable rod R.sub.M. As a result, an abrupt angle is defined between the foil wrapping around the movable rod R.sub.M and the surface of the material 136 deposited on the surface to avoid sticking. See FIG. 13G.

(83) Additionally, a first end of the foil may be wound around a first roll (or spool) and a second end of the foil may be connected to a second roll (or spool) such that the foil is released from one of the first and second rolls as the movable rod R.sub.M translates. See FIGS. 13A-13E and 13G. The press may use a plastic foil which can be replaced during the printing procedure. Further, the stationary rod Rs and movable rod R.sub.M may serve to direct the foil and be connected or coupled together in the z direction (e.g., vertical or direction of elevation). The distance between stationary rod Rs and movable rod R.sub.M varies as the movable Rod R.sub.M translates in a direction parallel to a support surface. Further, at least one roll (or spool) may be motorized to ensure proper foil tension so that the foil is as flat as possible. In addition, the foil may be provided as a hydrophobic paraffin.

(84) In another feature, a curing member may dry, cure or otherwise harden the material deposited on the support surface 138. FIG. 13F. Further, the curing may take place whether the foil is in place or not.

(85) In another feature, the printing assembly may be provided with a laser source 146 configured to emit a laser beam to ablate the material 136 deposited on the support surface. See FIG. 11E. Further, the press stop PS may be provided as a wall that includes first W.sub.1 and second W.sub.2 walls. Additionally, in accordance with a feature of the present disclosure, the first wall W.sub.1 (e.g., a motorized wall connected to a motor and configured to elevate the wall vertically above the support surface) may be configured to be elevated to a different height relative to the second wall W.sub.2 to provide an inclined engagement surface that engages the abutment surface of the press 144. See FIGS. 14A-14C. It should be appreciated that the walls may be motorized by, for example, a motor configured to elevate the walls in a vertical direction.

(86) Further, at least one of the first wall W.sub.1 and second wall W.sub.2 may be configured to be moved towards or relative to the press 144. It is important to note that the first wall W.sub.1 and second wall W.sub.2 are not particularly limited in that any suitable mechanism form setting a reference distance (or orienting an angle) between the support surface 138 and the press 144 may be provided in place of the first wall W.sub.1 and second wall W.sub.2. See FIGS. 14A-14E.

(87) Further, the “motorized wall” may be actuated by a piezo Z translator or by a motorized actuator. It is noted that in a case where the layer is pressed substantially with the support surface and the contact surface of the press being parallel to each other, some air bubbles may accumulate within the layer. See FIG. 14A. By initially applying the pressure at an angle and slowly (e.g., gradually or progressing) orienting the support surface and the contact surface of the press to be parallel to each other, air may be squeezed out of the layer.

(88) In accordance with another feature, a method of solid free form fabrication may include providing a press 144 and a support assembly having a support surface 138, a driver and a press stop PS. Further, the driver may be configured to elevate and lower the support surface 138 relative to the press stop PS. In addition, the method may include positioning the support surface 138 such that a predetermined distance is defined between a surface of the press stop PS, which is configured to engage an abutment surface of the press 144, and a support surface 138. Further, the method may include depositing a first material 136 onto the support surface, bringing the surface of the press stop PS and the abutment surface of the press 144 into contact with each other such that the first material 136 is pressed into a first material layer having a thickness corresponding to the predetermined thickness, separating the support surface 138 and the abutment surface of the press 144 from each other, and selectively ablating the first material layer 136 to form vacant regions within the first material layer. See FIG. 11E.

(89) A further feature may include dispensing at least a second material 150 onto the first material layer to fill the vacant regions formed within the first material layer 136, and bringing the surface of the press stop PS and the abutment surface of the press 144 into contact with each other such that the second material 150 is leveled. FIG. 11G. Also, when a thin residue layer of the second material 150 remains after the second material 150 is leveled, the residue layer may be ablated to remove at least a portion of the residue layer. See FIGS. 12A and 12C. Further, the entire residue layer may be removed by ablation. See FIGS. 12A and 12B. In another feature of the present disclose, at least regions of the residue layer immediately surrounding the second material that fills the vacant regions of the first material are removed. See FIG. 12C. Also, the method may include at least one of an upper surface of the first material layer and a leveled surface of the second material being ablated to provide a texturized surface to improve adhesion of a subsequent layer deposited on the texturized surface (e.g., as discussed in relation to FIG. 8G). Also, as a further feature, the first material may be at least partially cured. Further, in accordance with another feature, at least one of the first material and the second material may be partially cured. See FIG. 11D.

(90) Further, any desired material layer may be comprised of multiple different materials (e.g., any number of different active materials and support materials) that may be determined, for example, based upon slice data as discussed in the present disclosure. For example, multiple different materials may be dispensed from different dispensing heads based upon the slice data in order to form a predetermined layer(s) comprising the multiple different materials. Such dispensing could take place concurrently or in any desired order depending upon the desired application.

(91) In yet another feature, a method of solid free form fabrication using the printer pressing assembly of the present disclosure may include providing the press strop PS with a first press stop PS.sub.1 and a second press stop PS.sub.2. See FIGS. 14A and 14B. Further, the method may include elevating the first press stop PS.sub.1 to a different height relative to the second press stop PS.sub.2 so as to provide an inclined engagement surface that engages the abutment surface of the press 144 such that the press 144 is oriented at angle with respect to the support surface 138. See FIG. 14C. Further, the method may include progressively lowering an elevation of one of the first press stop PS.sub.1 and the second press stop PS.sub.2 such that the first material 136 is progressively pressed by the press 144 in a direction from one end of the support surface towards another end of the support surface 138 (FIGS. 14C and 14D), thereby eliminating air bubbles within the first material as the contact surface of the press becomes oriented horizontal to the support surface. For example, by inclining and pressing the material, with the effects of gravity, air bubbles can be prevented and eliminated within the material(s).

(92) In addition, it should be noted that the “support surface” may be a table, substrate, prior layer of material, or any other surface on which the material may be directly or indirectly deposited. For example, the support surface may be a printed circuit board “PCB” on which material(s) may be deposited and ablated in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. For example, a material layer may be deposited on a PCB and ablated according to, for example, slice-data to form vacant regions within the material layer to delimit or define an electrically conductive pattern formed on the circuit board.

(93) Further, in accordance with another feature, a solid free form fabrication system incorporating the printer pressing assembly of the present disclosure may include an ablation system (e.g., a pulse laser) configured to cure and ablate the material dispensed onto the support surface, and the curing and ablating is performed by the same ablation system, which is configured to operate at a different set of parameters. See FIG. 16. Further, the ablation system may include a pulse laser configured to emit a laser beam at different intensities.

(94) Further, in accordance with yet another feature of the present disclosure, a solid free form fabrication system incorporating the printer pressing assembly may further include a curing member configured to cure the material dispensed onto the support surface and an ablation system configured to ablate the material dispensed onto the support surface. See FIG. 16. Further, the ablation system may include a Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC) system.

(95) In another feature of the present disclosure, a system for solid free form fabrication may include a material deposited on a surface, and a laser source configured to emit a laser beam at different set parameters. Further, the laser source, when emitting the laser beam at a first setting of the different set parameters, may be configured to cure the material deposited on the surface. The laser source, when emitting the laser beam at a second setting of the different set parameters, may be configured to sinter the material deposited on the surface. The laser source, when emitting the laser beam at a third setting of the different set parameters, may be configured to ablate the material deposited on the surface. Further, the laser source may include an ultraviolet fiber laser. Further, a pulse duration of the laser may be adjusted in setting one of the first setting, the second setting and the third setting. Additionally, the pulse duration may be configured to be selected within a range of between 2-200 nanoseconds to perform a selected one of curing, sintering and ablating.

(96) More particularly, when the laser source is provided as a ultraviolet (UV) laser fiber, it is possible to tune or adjust a number or parameters, e.g., a pulse width, a frequency, or an energy of the laser and (apply the laser source) without unintentionally damaging, e.g., a delicate or sensitive material (e.g., since the present laser source may be provided as a UV laser).

(97) Therefore, the UV laser source of the present disclosure may be utilized in a multitude of free forming processes. For example, in a photo curing process, which may include the polymerization of an organic monomer, UV light generally below 405 nm with quasi continuous emission may be utilized. For example, during a photo curing process the material may be subjected or exposed to a large pulse width of −200 ns at a relatively high frequency of 700 kHz and an energy level lower than the energy that would heat the material. See FIG. 16.

(98) Further, in a sintering process, in which partial ablation of the material may occur (or is desired), it is necessary for the material to sufficiently absorb the UV light, i.e., in order to enable heating of the material. Accordingly, since UV light is absorbed well by most materials and a quasi-continuous emission is desired in the sintering process, a large pulse width of −200 ns at high frequency of 700 kHz and a relative high level of energy to heat the materials may be provided.

(99) Also, in an ablation process, in which the materials may be densified by exciting nano/micro particles within the material, light to heat the materials and enable evaporation in a the shortest time possible to avoid heat deformation of the materials is needed. In general, since UV light is absorbed well by most of materials, a short pulse emission is set in order to generate UV light suitable for the ablation process. For example, a short pulse width of ˜<2 ns at high frequency of 10 kHz with and high energy level to evaporate the materials may be used. The densified material may be in any one of a powder form, a metal colloid, a ceramic colloid, a semiconductor particle ink colloid, a paste, etc.

(100) Therefore, the same UV laser of the present disclosure may be used in at least three distinct processes (namely curing, sintering, and ablating).

(101) As used herein the term “about” may refer to ±10%. Throughout this application, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

(102) Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals therebetween.

(103) It is appreciated that certain features of the disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the present disclosure, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the present disclosure. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.

(104) Various embodiments and aspects of the present disclosure as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find support in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

(105) Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the present disclosure in a non-limiting fashion.

(106) Exemplified SFF Process

(107) FIG. 6 is a flow chart diagram describing a representative example of an SFF process, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. A layer thickness is defined by vertical drive 94. Then, a material is dispensed, following by an optional drying operation. Stagnating is then applied, for example, by a blade squeegee. Thereafter, the leveled (or straightened) material is ablated to form a two-dimensional pattern. Optionally, the material is then cured or sintered. An additional straightening operation can optionally be executed following the curing or sintering. The process then loops to the first block for defining the next layer.

(108) Exemplified Placement of Foreign Element

(109) FIG. 7 is a flow chart diagram describing a representative example of a process for combining a foreign element with a solid freeform fabricated object, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Cavity 72 is abated in the dispensed building material. The foreign element is picked from the array 110 and placed in the cavity 72. An additional layer is then added, and a pattern for a conductive track is ablated. A conductive building material is then dispensed to fill the ablated pattern. Sintering, such as, but not limited to, laser sintering, is applied to the conductive building material.

(110) Although the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

(111) All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present disclosure. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.