HEAT-TRANSFER DEVICE AND METHOD TO PRODUCE SUCH A DEVICE

Abstract

A heat-transfer device includes a bi-porous wick having at least one layer including a micro-porous body and tubular macro-pores, and a dense casing enclosing the wick, wherein the body and the macro-pores are fluidically interconnected and are at least partially overlapping inside the layer.

Claims

1. A heat-transfer device comprising: a bi-porous wick having at least one layer comprising a micro-porous body and tubular macro-pores, wherein the tubular macro-pores are arranged in the micro-porous body and are differently oriented, and a dense casing enclosing the wick, wherein the body and the tubular macro-pores are fluidically interconnected and are at least partially overlapping inside the layer, and wherein surfaces of the tubular macro-pores are made out of a micro-porous material of the micro-porous body.

2. (canceled)

3. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1, comprising at least one evaporator area inside the casing and at least one condenser area inside the casing, wherein the bi-porous wick fluidically interconnects the condenser area with the evaporator area.

4. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1, wherein the body has a pore size between 80 μm and 5 μm.

5. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1, wherein the macro-pores have a diameter between 0.3 mm and 0.1 mm.

6. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1, wherein the wick comprises differently sized macro-pores arranged in different layers of the wick.

7. (canceled)

8. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1, wherein the differently oriented macro-pores are fluidically interconnected.

9. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1, wherein the wick is selectively sintered from loose metal powder grains by additive manufacturing.

10. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1, wherein the wick is connected to the casing and the casing is sintered integrally with the wick.

11. A method to produce a heat-transfer device, the method comprising: steering an energy beam targeted at a surface of a feedstock of loose metal powder grains over an expanse of a wick of the heat-transfer device to heat near-surface grains forming the wick to a sintering temperature of metal of the loose metal grains and fuse the heated grains to a micro-porous body of the wick wherein an energy exposure of the grains forming the body is limited to a sintering energy density and the grains in macro-pores of the wick are circumnavigated by the energy beam, and steering the energy beam over an expanse of a casing of the heat-transfer device to heat the near-surface grains forming the casing to a melting temperature of the metal and melt the grains to the casing, wherein the energy exposure of the grains forming the casing equates at least a melting energy density.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the grains in the macro-pores are removed after the grains forming the body have fused.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the wick is moisturized with a fluid, and wherein an atmosphere inside the casing is adjusted to set a phase-change temperature of the fluid.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] The subject matter of the disclosure will be explained in more detail in the following text with reference to exemplary embodiments which are illustrated in the attached drawing.

[0041] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a heat-transfer device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0042] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a wick of a heat-transfer device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

[0043] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram for a method for producing the heat-transfer device of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0044] In the drawings, identical parts are provided with the same reference symbols in the figure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a heat-transfer device 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The heat-transfer device 100 is a phase-change heat-transfer device 100. The heat-transfer device 100 has a bi-porous wick 102 enclosed in a fluid-proof casing 104. The wick 102 is moistened by a fluid 106 in a liquid 108 shape. A space inside the casing 104 over the wick 102 is filled with the fluid 106 in a vapor 110 shape. The liquid 108 evaporates at a warm side 112 of the heat-transfer device 100, where at least one heat source 114 is in contact with the heat-transfer device 100. The vapor 110 condenses at a cold side 116 of the heat-transfer device 100, where a heat sink 118 is in contact with the heat-transfer device 100.

[0046] The device 100 is first evacuated and the partially filled with the fluid 106. Because of the vacuum the fluid 106 is in saturation conditions, where a certain fraction of the fluid 106 is liquid 108 and a remaining volume is occupied by the vapor 110 phase of the same fluid 106. The resulting underpressure is set by the temperature of the fluid 106 inside the device 100. During filling operation the temperature is basically the ambient temperature. Then during working conditions, the internal fluid pressure and temperatures increase due to the heat applied on the warm side.

[0047] An evaporation temperature of the fluid 106 is set by the underpressure inside the casing. The underpressure also determines a condensation temperature of the fluid 106. The evaporation temperature and the condensation temperature are essentially equal. This way a thermal energy from the heat sources 114 is transported to the heat sink 118 at the evaporation temperature, as long as there is liquid 108 fluid 106 available at the warm side 112.

[0048] The wick 102 has layers 120 consisting of a micro-porous body 122 and tubular macro-pores 124. The micro-porous body 122 is in fluidical contact with the macro-pores 124. The liquid 108 in the micro-pores of the micro-porous body 122 reaches a high capillary pressure. The macro-pores 124 have a high permeability for the liquid 108. The micro-pores result in a strong capillary pumping of the liquid 108 towards the macro-pores 124, where the liquid 108 meets a low flow resistance due to the high permeability. The liquid 108 is capillary attracted to the micro-pores after condensation at the cold side 116, gets sucked into the macro-pores 124 and flows through the macro-pores 124 towards the warm side 112.

[0049] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a wicks 102 of a heat-transfer devices 100 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The wicks 102 essentially correspond to the wick in FIG. 1. The wicks 102 have micro-porous bodies 122 and tubular macro-pores 124 interspersed in the bodies 122. The wicks 102 are produced in layers by additive manufacturing. The wicks 102 is sintered from a feedstock of metal powder grains by selectively heating predefined areas of layer after layer to a sintering temperature, which is below a melting temperature of the grains. The grains in the macro-pores 124 remain unsintered and are removed after the sintering process.

[0050] In an embodiment, the wick 102 is shaped as a three-dimensional mesh 200 of interconnected macro-pores 124 and interconnected pillars 202 of micro-porous body 122. The macro-pores 124 and the pillars 202 are arranged in multiple tiers. In one tier, parallel macro-pores 124 and pillars 202 are alternating. In the next tier, the alternating macro-pores 124 and pillars 202 are oriented transverse to the macro-pores 124 and pillars 202 of the first tier. The pillars 202 of the tiers are connected at crossing points.

[0051] In an alternative embodiment, the wick 102 is shaped as alternating tiers of body 122 without macro-pores 124 and tiers of body 122 with parallel macro-pores 124. Here the macro-pores 124 are not interconnected, as there is always micro-porous body 122 material between the macro-pores 124.

[0052] FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram for a method for producing the heat-transfer device 100 such as shown in FIG. 1.

[0053] In step S10, near-surface loose metal powder grains forming a wick 102 of the heat-transfer device 100 are heated to a sintering temperature of the metal by steering an energy beam targeted at a surface of a feedstock of the grains over an expanse of the wick 102. An energy exposure of the grains forming the micro-porous body 122 of the wick 102 is limited to a sintering energy density. The heated grains fuse to the body 122. The grains in macro-pores 124 of the wick 102 are circumnavigated by the energy beam.

[0054] In step S12, near-surface grains forming a casing 104 of the heat-transfer device 100 are heated to a melting temperature of the metal by steering the energy beam over an expanse of the casing 104. The energy exposure of the grains forming the casing 104 equates at least a melting energy density. The heated grains melt to the casing 104.

[0055] In step S14, the heat-transfer device 100 is removed from the feedstock of loose metal powder grains and unused loose metal powder grains are removed from the heat-transfer device 100.

[0056] In other words, a multidimensional bi-porous evaporator wick with a novel design of a capillary structure for a vapor chamber and/or a loop heat pipe is presented. With this approach, the boiling heat transfer performance is improved by combining high permeability (fast moving of the fluid) and small pore size (high pumping power) areas with a multidimensional wick structure. This design enables the stacking of alternating different layers with high permeability and high pumping areas on top of each other with different designs, resulting in higher heat flux densities cooling capacities.

[0057] Extreme heat dissipation requirements can cause devices to exceed reliable operating temperatures. Simultaneous demands in both packaging and form factor necessitate aggressive heat spreaders. Vapor chambers are promising two-phase, passive cooling solutions demonstrate much higher effective thermal conductivities than traditional solid heat spreaders. Vapor chamber wick materials with small pore sizes have demonstrated advantages such as high capillary pressures, minimal thermal conduction resistances and increased effective heat transfer areas. The low permeability of these materials, however, prevents their usage as the sole wicking material across large length scales.

[0058] A hybrid or bi-porous wick can resolve these tradeoffs by utilizing combinations of different porous materials and pore sizes to achieve simultaneous optimization of multiple wick performance parameters, like high permeability structures located above the hotspot and high capillary pressure used to feed fluid to low permeability.

[0059] Conventional hybrid or bi-porous wicks may be fabricated by combining copper fibers for high permeability and sintered copper powder for high capillary pumping functions. The high permeability fibers can be located in correspondence with the hot spots and can be surrounded by the powder structure which works as a fluid feeder. The conventional bi-porous wick may be made by a sintering process in a furnace at high temperatures (950° C.) for several hours (10 h). In each sintering process, only one single layer can be produced. A thickness of the sintered powder layer and a thickness of the fiber layer can be different, but to achieve a multidimensional bi-porous wick structure, this process would have to be repeated for each single layer. For this reason, a conventional multidimensional bi-porous wick is only feasible for a single layer wick structure.

[0060] The presented solution consists of a multidimensional bi-porous wick for evaporators of vapor chambers and/or loop heat pipes. In an embodiment, the wick has at least one bi-porous wick single layer with at least one small pore size region (may be in the range between 80 and 5 um) for capillary pressure and at least one more region with high permeability for feeding the fluid to the low permeability region.

[0061] In an embodiment, these two regions overlap each other and are in communication, i.e., the fluid can flow from one to another region.

[0062] In an embodiment, the high permeability region is made out of small hydraulic diameter channels (typically 0.1-0.3 mm).

[0063] In an embodiment, the high capillary pressure region is made by sintered powder, may be with the diameter in the 10-120 μm range, which yields an effective pore diameter between 5 μm and 80 μm.

[0064] In an embodiment, multiple bi-porous layers are stacked on top of each other to create a multidimensional bi-porous wick. The layers in the stack can have different pore size and hydraulic channel diameters.

[0065] In an embodiment, each layer of wick structure is stacked on top of the one below with an angle in terms of fluid flow direction in the high permeability channels.

[0066] In an embodiment, the direction of the high permeability channels within a single layer varies in order to better guide the fluid flow to the hot spot.

[0067] In an embodiment, the evaporator wick structure is made in one process by using additive manufacturing.

[0068] In an embodiment, multiple bi-porous layers are stacked on top of each other to create a multidimensional wick as an evaporator of a vapor chamber and/or a loop heat pipe. Each bi-porous layer is made by at least one area with small pores size (may be in the range between 50 and 20 um) for capillary pressure and at least one area with high permeability for feeding the fluid to the hot spot areas. These layers are stacked on top of each other and are in communication thermally and fluidically.

[0069] The high permeability is created by small hydraulic diameter channels. A size of the channels can be tuned based on the working fluid properties, in particular, a dynamic viscosity and a density of the working fluid.

[0070] The geometry and layout of the bi-porous layers can be tuned based on application, hot spot locations, and cooling requirements. Usually, pillars in the vapor chamber have a solid core and are surrounded by a wick structure to provide the fluid return form the condenser. If channels with high permeability are in contact with the porous body around the pillars and are oriented towards the hot spot locations, they can provide feeding of liquid which can delay a drying out.

[0071] One of the advantages of a multilayer bi-porous wick compared to a conventional single bi-porous layer is the increased amount of fluid which can be brought toward the hot spot areas. This results in higher thermal performance due to a delay of the dry-out.

[0072] This geometry allows also working in unfavorable conditions where the evaporator is located higher than the condenser (against the gravity). In fact, with the multidimensional bi-porous wick, the capillary pressure layers enable the feeding of the high permeability areas under the hotspots even when the fluid has to return to the evaporator against the gravity.

[0073] Additive manufacturing technology enables the multilayer bi-porous wick to have a customized design depending on the application.

[0074] While the disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art and practicing the claimed disclosure, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or controller or other unit may fulfil the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.