TUNABLE LENS AND METHOD FOR OPERATING A TUNABLE LENS

Abstract

Tunable lens (1) comprising a fluidic volume (2), a flexible membrane (3) and a shaping element (4), wherein the membrane (3) delimits the fluidic volume (2) on one side, the shaping element (4) is attached to the membrane (3), the shaping element (4) surrounds an optically active region of the membrane, the shaping element (4) is arranged to alter optical properties of the tunable lens (1) by deflection, in top view the shaping element (4) has a non-circular contour (40), wherein the contour (40) extends within an imaginary circumcircle (10), and the amount of deflection of the shaping element (4) is proportional to a lateral distance of the contour (40) to the circumcircle (10).

Claims

1. Tunable lens comprising a fluidic volume, a flexible membrane and a shaping element, wherein the membrane delimits the fluidic volume on one side, the shaping element is attached to the membrane, the shaping element surrounds an optically active region of the membrane, the shaping element is arranged to alter optical properties of the tunable lens by deflection, in top view the shaping element has a non-circular contour, wherein the contour extends within an imaginary circumcircle, and the amount of deflection of the shaping element is proportional to a lateral distance of the contour to the circumcircle.

2. Tunable lens according to claim 1, wherein the shaping element is arranged such that n contour of the shaping element lies on the surface of an imaginary spherical surface, wherein a radius of curvature of the imaginary spherical surface changes when altering the optical properties of the tunable lens.

3. Tunable lens according to claim 1, comprising an actuator, wherein the actuator is arranged to apply a deflection force to the shaping element, the deflection force is applied to multiple deflection points of the shaping element, wherein the absolute value of the deflection force applied at each deflection point is proportional to a lateral distance (d) of the deflection point to the circumcircle and/or the tunable lens comprises a mount, wherein the mount is arranged to apply a retention force to the shaping element, the retention force is applied to multiple retention points of the shaping element, wherein the absolute value of the retention force applied at each retention point is proportional to a lateral distance (d) of the retention point to the circumcircle.

4. Tunable lens according to claim 3, wherein the deflection force applied to one of the deflection points is larger for larger lateral distances (d) of the respective deflection point to the circumcircle, and/or the retention force applied to one of the retention points is smaller for larger lateral distances (d) of the retention point to the circumcircle.

5. Tunable lens according to claim 3, wherein the deflection points are arranged at regions of the shaping element, where the contour has a local maximum lateral distance (d) to the circumcircle, and/or the retention points are arranged at regions of the shaping element, where the contour has a local minimum lateral distance (d) to the circumcircle.

6. Tunable lens according to claim 3, wherein the retention points and the deflection points are arranged alternatingly along the perimeter of the shaping element.

7. Tunable lens according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the deflection force or the retention force is applied non-uniformly to the shaping element.

8. Method for controlling a tunable lens, wherein the tunable lens comprises a flexible membrane and a shaping element, wherein the membrane forms an optical surface of the tunable lens, the shaping element is attached to the membrane, the shaping element has a non-circular ring contour in top view, the shaping element surrounds an optically active region of the membrane, wherein the deformation of the membrane when tuning the lens is controlled by the deflection of the shaping element in a direction along the optical axis, wherein the contour of the shaping element extends within an imaginary circumcircle, and the amount of deflection of the shaping element is proportional to a lateral distance (d) of the contour to the circumcircle.

9. Method according to claim 8, wherein the deflection of the shaping element is controlled such that the contour of the shaping element lies on a surface of an imaginary spherical segment, wherein the radius of curvature of said spherical segment alters when the tunable lens is tuned.

10. Method for controlling a tunable lens according to claim 8, wherein a deflection force is applied to the shaping element and a retention force is applied to the shaping element, wherein the retention force and the deflection force act in opposite directions along the optical axis, the deflection force is applied uniformly to the shaping element and the absolute value of the retention force is proportional to a lateral distance (d) of the contour to the circumcircle.

11. Method for controlling a tunable lens according to claim 8, wherein a deflection force is applied to the shaping element and a retention force is applied to the shaping element, wherein the retention force and the deflection force act in opposite directions along the optical axis, the deflection force is applied to discrete deflection points on the shaping element and the absolute value of the deflection force at each deflection point is proportional to a lateral distance (d) of the deflection point to the circumcircle, and/or the absolute value of the retention force is proportional to a lateral distance (d) of the retention point to the circumcircle.

12. Tunable lens comprising a fluidic volume, a flexible membrane and a shaping element, wherein the membrane delimits the fluidic volume on one side, the shaping element is attached to the membrane, the shaping element surrounds an optically active region of the membrane, the shaping element is arranged to alter optical properties of the tunable lens by deflection, and in top view the shaping element has a non-circular contour.

13. Tunable lens according to claim 12, wherein the optical properties are sphere, cylinder power and cylinder axis.

14. Tunable lens according to claim 12, wherein the tunable lens comprises at least five actuation points, wherein at each actuation point is a deflection point, a retention point or both.

15. Tunable lens according to claim 14, wherein the actuation points are distributed along the perimeter of the shaping element and seen in a top view the actuation points are located at positions where curvature of the contour has a local extremum or is zero.

16. Tunable lens according to claim 14, wherein the actuation points are distributed along the perimeter of the shaping element and seen in a top view the curvature of the contour at the actuation points has a same value.

17. Tunable lens according to claim 14, wherein the actuation points are distributed along the perimeter of the shaping element, wherein the actuation points are distributed at distances of equal arc lengths along the perimeter with respect to each other.

18. Tunable les according to claim 14, wherein the actuation points are distributed along the perimeter of the shaping element, wherein the actuation points have an equal angel distance with respect to each other.

19. Tunable lens according to 14, wherein the contour of the shaping element is point-symmetric, at least two of the actuation points are arranged on opposite sides of the shaping element with respect to a point of symmetry of the contour.

20. Tunable lens according to claim 19, wherein actuation points which are arranged on opposite sides of the shaping element have the same deflection in each tuning state.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0051] Further advantages and advantageous embodiments and further embodiments of the tunable lens result from the following embodiment examples shown in connection with the figures.

[0052] It shows:

[0053] FIG. 1 an exemplary embodiment of a shaping element of a tunable lens in top view;

[0054] FIG. 2 an exemplary embodiment of a tunable lens in a view perpendicular to a perimeter of the shaping element;

[0055] FIG. 3 exemplary embodiments of tunable lenses in a schematic sectional view;

[0056] FIGS. 4 and 5 exemplary embodiments of tunable lenses in a side view;

[0057] FIG. 6 an exemplary embodiment of a tunable lens in top view;

[0058] FIGS. 7 and 8 exemplary embodiments of shaping elements of tunable lenses in a schematic perspective view;

[0059] FIG. 9 a graph showing deflection of an exemplary embodiment of the shaping element for different tuning states;

[0060] FIG. 10 the exemplary embodiment of the shaping element described in FIG. 9 in a schematic perspective view;

[0061] FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 an exemplary embodiment of a tunable lens having a carrier and a mount which are connected to the shaping element in a schematic top view;

[0062] FIGS. 14 and 15 exemplary embodiments of tunable lenses, wherein the deflection force is applied uniformly on the shaping element

[0063] FIGS. 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 exemplary embodiments of shaping elements of tunable lenses.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0064] Elements which are identical, similar or have the same effect are given the same reference signs in the figures. The figures and the proportions of the elements shown in the figures to one another are not to be regarded as to scale. Rather, individual elements may be shown exaggeratedly large for better representability and/or for better comprehensibility.

[0065] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a shaping element 4 of a tunable lens 1 in top view. Here and in the following the top view is along the optical axis 12 of the tunable lens 1. The shaping element has a non-circular ring shape, and the inner edge of the shaping element 4 defines a contour 40. The shaping element 4 is connected to a membrane 3 and circumvents an optically active area of the membrane 3.

[0066] The shaping element 4 extends within an imaginary circumcircle 10. The circumcircle 10 is a circle surrounding the shaping element 4, in particular the contour 40, within the main extension plane of the shaping element 4, wherein the circumcircle 10 has the smallest radius possible. A lateral distance d between the circumcircle 10 and the contour 40 varies along a perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4. The lateral distance is measured along the radius o the circumcircle 10. The shaping element 4 has a width w which varies along the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4. The width w is measured in a direction along the radius of the circumcircle 10.

[0067] FIG. 2 an exemplary embodiment of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic view perpendicular to the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4. The shaping element 4 is attached to a mount 6 and a carrier 50, wherein the mount 6 and the carrier 50 are arranged on opposite sides of the shaping element long the optical axis 12 of the tunable lens 1. For example, the mount 6 and/or the carrier 50 has the same shape as the shaping element 4 or is congruent to the shaping element 4. For tuning the tunable lens 1, the carrier 50 is moved along the optical axis 12 by means of an actuator 5. The carrier 50 applies a displacement force 51 to the shaping element 4. The mount 6 essentially maintains its position along the optical axis 12 when the tunable lens 1 is actuated. The mount 6 is arranged to apply a retention force 61 to the shaping element 4. The retention force 61 acts in an opposite direction as the deflection force 51.

[0068] The shaping element 4 comprises deflections points 41 and retention points 42. At the deflection points 41 at least a portion of the deflection force 51 acts on the shaping element. At the retention points at least a portion of the retention force 61 acts on the shaping element 4. At the displacement points 41 and the retention points 42, the shaping element 4 may be directly attached to the carrier 50 and the mount 6 or the shaping element 4 may be attached to the mount 6 and the carrier 50 by means of elastic elements 53. In particular, the retention points 42 and the deflection points 41 are spaced apart from one another. For example, the retention points 42 and the deflection points 41 are arranged alternatingly along the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4. The retention force 61 and the deflection force 51 are applied such that the deflection of the shaping element 4 along the optical axis 12 is proportional to the lateral distance d between the shaping element 4 and the circumcircle 10. In particular, for larger lateral distances d, the deflection of the shaping element 4 increases.

[0069] FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of tunable lens 1 in a schematic sectional view. The Tunable lens 1 comprising a fluidic volume 2, the flexible membrane 3 and the shaping element 4. The membrane 3 delimits the fluidic volume 2 on one side along the optical axis 12. The shaping element 4 is attached to the membrane 3 and the shaping element 4 surrounds an optically active region of the membrane 3. The shaping element 4 is arranged to alter optical properties of the tunable lens 1 by deflection along the optical axis 12. In top view the shaping element 4 has a non-circular contour 40, wherein the contour 40 extends within an imaginary circumcircle 10, and the amount of deflection of the shaping element 4 is proportional to a lateral distance d of the contour 40 to the circumcircle 10.

[0070] For controlling the tunable lens 1, the deflection force 51 is applied to the shaping element 4 and the retention force 61 is applied to the shaping element 4, wherein the retention force 61 and the deflection force 51 act in opposite directions along the optical axis 12. The deflection force 51 is applied uniformly to the shaping element 4 and the absolute value of the retention force 61 is proportional to a lateral distance d of the contour 40 to the circumcircle 10.

[0071] The tunable lens 1 comprises an actuator 5, wherein the actuator 5 is arranged to apply the deflection force 51 to the shaping element 4. The deflection force 51 is applied uniformly to the shaping element 4. The deflection force 51 acts in an opposite direction of the retention force 61, and the absolute value of the retention force 61 is proportional to the lateral distance d of the contour 40 to the circumcircle 10.

[0072] Tunable lens 1 comprises the mount 6, which is arranged to apply the retention force 61 to the shaping element 4. In a top view, the mount 6 may have a ring shape, in particular a non-circular ring shape. The retention force 61 is applied to multiple retention points 42 of the shaping element 4, wherein the absolute value of the retention force 61 applied at each retention point 42 is proportional to a lateral distance d of the retention point 42 to the circumcircle 10. The retention points 42 may be connected to the mount 6 by means of an elastic element 53, which transfers the retention force 61 to the shaping element 4. In particular, the portion of the retention force 61 which is transferred via the elastic element 53 depends on the stiffness of the elastic element 53. The retention points 42 may be directly attached to the mount 6.

[0073] The retention force 61 may at least partially result from the elastic modulus of the shaping element. The elastic modulus of the shaping element 4 may vary along the perimeter of the shaping element 4. For example, the shaping element 4 has a thickness t, wherein the thickness t is measured along the optical axis 12. The thickness t varies along the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4, which results in a variation of the elastic modulus of the shaping element 4 along the perimeter 100. In particular the elastic modulus of the shaping element 4 is proportional to the lateral distance d of the shaping element 4. In particular, with increasing lateral distance d the elastic modulus of the shaping element decreases along the perimeter 100. Thus, the thickness t of the shaping element 4 may be proportional to the lateral distance d. In particular, the thickness t increases with decreasing lateral distance d along the perimeter 100.

[0074] The fluidic volume 2 comprises a lens chamber 21 and a reservoir 22, wherein the lens chamber 21 and the reservoir 22 are filled with a fluid. In particular the lens chamber 21 and the reservoir 22 are filled with the same fluid. The fluid may be water-based-oil-based or may be in a gaseous phase. In particular, the refractive index of the fluid differs from the refractive index of a material, which is arranged on an opposite side of the membrane 3. The membrane 3 delimits the lens chamber 21, and the actuator 5 is arranged to generate the deflection force 51 by moving fluid between the lens chamber 21 and the reservoir 22. In particular, the actuator comprises a pumping unit, which alters the pressure in the lens chamber 21, to change the tuning state of the tunable lens. The deflection force is applied uniformly to the shaping element 4 by increasing the pressure in the lens chamber 21. The lens chamber is delimited by the membrane 3, the mount 6, a window element 7 and a bellows 30. The bellows 30 connects the mount 6 and the shaping element and/or the membrane 3 in a liquid-tight fashion. The bellows 30 may be integrally formed with the membrane. In particular, the elastic element(s) may be integrally formed with the bellows 30. The bellows may be a folded membrane, which enables a displacement of the shaping element 4 along the optical axis 12 with respect to the mount 6.

[0075] FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic side view. The actuator 5 comprises a lever 52, and multiple deflection points 41 are coupled to the lever 52 at different coupling positions 520 along the lever 52. The deflection of the shaping element 4 depends on the respective coupling position 520. The lever 52 is rotatably attached to the mount 6 by means of a pivot point 522. Coupling elements 521 transfer the deflection force 51 between the coupling points and the deflection points 41. In particular, the coupling elements 521 allow relative movement of the deflection points 41 with respect to the couplings points 520 in directions perpendicular to the optical axis 12. In particular, the coupling elements 521 are arranged to solely transfer tensional forces between the lever 52 and the shaping element 4.

[0076] In particular, the coupling element 521 may be an elastic element 53 having a dedicated elastic modulus. At least one of the retention points 42 is coupled to the mount 6 by means of an elastic element 53, wherein absolute value of the deflection force 51 applied to said at least one deflection point 41 is proportional to the stiffness of the respective elastic element 53.

[0077] FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of the tunable lens 1 in a schematic side view. The tunable lens 1 comprises levers 52, which are respectively attached to the mount 6 by means of the pivot point 522. The levers 52 are coupled to the window element and to the shaping element 4 by means of coupling elements 521. The actuator 5 is arranged to apply a force to the window element 7, whereby the window element 7 is displaced with respect to the mount 6. The window element 7 and the mount 6 are connected by means of a bellows 30 in a liquid-tight manner. The movement of the window element 7 causes a rotation of the levers 52 around the pivot points 522. The rotation of the levers 52 results in a displacement force 51 acting on displacements points 41 of the shaping element 4. The position of the coupling points 520 assigned to each deflection point 41, defines the stroke of each displacement point 41 along the optical axis.

[0078] FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic top view along the optical axis 12. The shaping element 4 has a uniform width w. The levers 52 respectively extend along an outer edge of the shaping element 4, wherein the outer edge is opposed to the contour 40. Each lever 52 is coupled to the actuator 5, to the mount 6 by means of a pivot point 522 and to the shaping element by means of the coupling elements 521.

[0079] FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a shaping element 4 of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic perspective view in one specific tuning state. The shaping element 4 has a non-circular contour. The deflection of the shaping element 4 is controlled such that the contour 40 of the shaping element 4 lies on a surface 11 of an imaginary spherical segment. When tuning the tunable lens 1, the radius of curvature of the imaginary spherical segment changes. In particular, the radius of curvature of the imaginary spherical segment decreases, when the optical power of the tunable lens increases.

[0080] FIG. 8 shows an exemplary embodiment of a shaping element 4 of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic perspective view in one specific tuning state. The shaping element surrounds an optically active region of the membrane 3. The shaping element 4 is controlled such that the contour of the shaping element 4 lies on the surface 11 of the imaginary spherical segment. In particular, the optically active region of the membrane extends along the surface 11 of the imaginary spherical segment.

[0081] FIG. 9 depicts a graph showing deflection of an exemplary embodiment of the shaping element 4 for different tuning states. The deflection of the shaping element 4 along the optical axis 12 is plotted against the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4. Each curve represents the deflection of the shaping element 4 in one tuning state. From top to bottom, the optical power of the tunable lens 1 increases, wherein the deflection of the shaping element 4 along the optical axis 12 increases. In the graph, a single deflection point 41 or a single retention 42 point is enclosed by a dashed line. When tuning the tunable lens 1 towards higher optical power, the distance of deflection points and retention points along the optical axis increases. The deflection points 41 may be commonly connected to the carrier 50, whereby the deflection points have a same position along the optical axis 12 for each tuning state. The retention points 42 may be commonly connected to the mount 6, whereby the retention points 42 have a same position along the optical axis 12 for each tuning state. For example, in between the retention points and the deflection points, the position of the shaping element 4 along the optical axis 12 is not defined.

[0082] FIG. 10 shows the exemplary embodiment of the shaping element 4 described in FIG. 9 in one tuning state in a schematic perspective view. The deflection points 41 and the retention points 42 are arranged along the perimeter 100 spaced apart from one another. Alternatively, at least some of the retention points 42 and some of the deflection points 41 may coincide. Furthermore, the deflection force 51 and or the retention force may be applied extensively to the shaping element 4.

[0083] FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 show an exemplary embodiment of a tunable lens 1 having a carrier 50 and a mount 6 which are connected to the shaping element 4 in a schematic top view.

[0084] FIG. 11 shows solely the carrier 50, which is connected to the deflection points 41 by means of links 52 and by means of an elastic element 53. The elastic element is a bending beam structure. The stiffness of the elastic element 53 depends on the geometry of the bending beam structure. The links 54 provide a stiff connection between the carrier 50 and the shaping element 4. Thus, the deflection of the carrier 50 corresponds the deflection of the shaping element 4 at the deflection point 41 which is connected by means of the link 54. In particular, the carrier 50 is connected to the shaping element 4 by means of links 54 at deflection points 41, wherein the lateral distance d between the contour 40 and the circumcircle 10 has a local maximum.

[0085] FIG. 12 shows solely the mount 6, which is connected to the retention points 42 by means of links 52 and by means of the elastic elements 53. The elastic elements 53 are bending beam structures. The stiffness of the elastic elements 53 depends on the geometry of the bending beam structures. The links 54 provide a stiff connection between the mount 6 and the shaping element 4. Thus, the deflection of the mount 6 corresponds the deflection of the shaping element 4 at the retention point 42 which is connected by means of the link 54. In particular, the mount 6 is not deflected for tuning the tunable lens 1. Thus, the retention points 42 connected by means of the link 54 remain at the same position for every tuning state. In particular, the carrier mount 6 is connected to the shaping element 4 by means of links 54 at retention points 42, wherein the lateral distance d between the contour 40 and the circumcircle 10 has a local minimum, in particular the lateral distance d is zero.

[0086] FIG. 13 shows the tunable lens with both, the carrier 50 and the mount 6 with their corresponding connections to the shaping element 4 in schematic top view. The embodiment shown in FIG. 13 comprises the mount 6 and the carrier 50 shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. The carrier 50 and the mount 6 are congruent.

[0087] FIGS. 14 and 15 show exemplary embodiments of tunable lenses 1, wherein the deflection force 51 is applied uniformly on the shaping element 4. The tunable lens comprises a pressure chamber 55 which is arranged to transfer pressure to the shaping element 4.

[0088] In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the shaping element 4 is arranged on a side of the membrane 3 facing away from the fluidic volume 2. The actuator 5 is arranged to alter the pressure in the pressure chamber 55. The shaping element 4 is movably mounted and guided in the pressure chamber. The shaping element 4 delimits the pressure chamber 55 on one side. The pressure in the pressure chamber 55 is distributed uniformly on the shaping element 4. The shaping element 4 is displaced along the optical axis 12 by altering the pressure in the pressure chamber 55.

[0089] The fluidic volume 2 is delimited by the window element 7, the mount 6, the bellows 30 and the membrane 3. In particular the lens volume 2 is enclosed in a liquid-sealed manner. The bellows may act as elastic element 53, which transfers retention force 61 from the mount 6 to the shaping element 4. Increasing the pressure in the pressure chamber 55 results in an increased pressure in the liquid chamber 2, which causes a deflection of the shaping element 4, whereby the curvature of the membrane 3 is increased.

[0090] Compared to the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the embodiment shown in FIG. 15 the liquid chamber 2 is arranged on the other side of the membrane 3. In FIG. 15 the liquid chamber 2 is enclosed by the window element 7 the shaping element 4, the pressure chamber 55 and the membrane 3. Increasing the pressure in the pressure chamber 55 results in a decreased pressure in the liquid chamber 2, which causes a deflection of the shaping element 4, whereby the curvature of the membrane 3 is reduced. The mount is coupled to the shaping element 4 by means of an elastic element 53, which transfers the retention force 61 from the mount 6 to the shaping element.

[0091] FIG. 16 shows an exemplary embodiment of the shaping element 4 of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic top view, wherein the tunable lens is arranged to alter are sphere, cylinder power and cylinder axis in a definable manner. In particular, the tunable lens 1 comprising the shaping element 4 is arranged to alter prism power, prism axis and add in a definable manner. The shaping element 4 comprises five actuation points 43, wherein at each actuation point 43 is a deflection point 41, a retention point 42 or both. The actuation points 43 are distributed along the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4 and seen in a top view the actuation points 43 are located at positions where curvature of the contour 40 has a local extremum or is zero.

[0092] FIG. 17 shows an exemplary embodiment of the shaping element 4 of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic top view. The shaping element 4 comprises five actuation points 43, which are distributed along the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4 and seen in a top view the curvature of the contour 40 at the actuation points 43 has a same value. In this particular case, the curvature of the contour 40 at the actuation points is zero.

[0093] FIG. 18 shows an exemplary embodiment of the shaping element 4 of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic top view. The shaping element 4 comprises eight actuation points 43, which are distributed along the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4. The contour 40 of the shaping element 4 is point-symmetric. At least two of the actuation points 43 are arranged on opposite sides of the shaping element 4 with respect to a point of symmetry 44 of the contour 40. The actuator 5 is arranged such, that the actuation points 43 which are arranged on opposite sides of the shaping element 4 have the same deflection along the optical axis in each tuning state of the tunable lens 1.

[0094] FIG. 19 shows an exemplary embodiment of the shaping element 4 of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic top view. The shaping element 4 comprises eight actuation points 43, which a distributed along the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4. The actuation points 43 have an equal angel distance with respect to each other. The angel distance is measured with respect to the center of the circumcircle 10 of the shaping element 4. In the present case, the actuation points 43 are arranged at an angle distance alpha of 45° with respect to each other.

[0095] FIG. 20 shows an exemplary embodiment of the shaping element 4 of a tunable lens 1 in a schematic top view. The shaping element 4 comprises six actuation points 43, which a distributed along the perimeter 100 of the shaping element 4. The actuation points 43 are distributed at distances of equal arc lengths 45 along the perimeter 100 with respect to each other.

[0096] The invention is not limited to the embodiments by means of which the invention is described. Rather, the invention encompasses any new feature as well as any combination of features, which in particular includes any combination of features in the claims, even if that feature or combination itself is not explicitly stated in the claims or embodiments.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

[0097] 1 tunable lens [0098] 2 fluidic volume [0099] 3 membrane [0100] 4 shaping element [0101] 5 actuator [0102] 6 mount [0103] 7 window element [0104] 30 bellows [0105] 10 circumcircle [0106] 11 surface of spherical section [0107] 12 optical axis [0108] 21 lens chamber [0109] 22 reservoir [0110] 40 contour [0111] 41 deflection point [0112] 42 retention point [0113] 43 actuation point [0114] 44 Point of symmetry [0115] 45 arc length [0116] 50 carrier [0117] 51 deflection force [0118] 52 lever [0119] 53 elastic element [0120] 54 link [0121] 55 pressure chamber [0122] 520 coupling position [0123] 521 coupling element [0124] 522 pivot point [0125] 100 perimeter of shaping element [0126] d lateral distance [0127] w width of shaping element