Methods of modulating cell phenotype by way of regulating the gaseous environment

Abstract

Embodiments of a method of modulating a potency level phenotype of a source population of cells include culturing the source cell population in a liquid medium within a cell culture incubator, the incubator is configured to independently regulate one or more variable parameters of gaseous conditions within the incubator, the more than one variable atmospheric parameters within the incubator being regulated independently of each other and independently of ambient external gaseous conditions. The method further includes regulating the one or more variable parameters of the gaseous condition within the incubator such that at least one of the one or more variable parameter differs from an ambient level of the respective variable parameter, and as a consequence of such difference from ambient conditions, the subset population is driven from a first potency level phenotype to a second potency level phenotype.

Claims

1. A method of modulating a potency level cell phenotype of a subset population of cells within a source population of cells, the method comprising: culturing the source population of cells having a first potency level cell phenotype in a liquid medium within a cell culture incubator; regulating an oxygen level in the incubator to a set oxygen level; regulating a total gas pressure level in the incubator to a set pressure level greater than 14.69 psi, wherein the subset population of cells is driven from the first potency level cell phenotype to a second potency level cell phenotype due to at least one of the oxygen level in the incubator or the pressure level within the incubator, wherein the first potency level cell phenotype of the subset cell population is an initial potency level cell phenotype of the source population of cells, wherein the second potency level cell phenotype of the subset cell population differs from the first potency level cell phenotype, wherein the incubator is configured to regulate the oxygen level in the incubator and the total gas pressure level in the incubator independently of each other.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set oxygen level is a hypoxic oxygen level below 19.5% oxygen.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the set oxygen level is in the range of about 1% to about 16%.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein culturing the cells within the cell culture incubator comprises culturing for a culture duration over which time both the oxygen level and the total gas pressure level in the incubator are substantially constant.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein culturing the cells within the cell culture incubator comprises varying the oxygen level in the incubator or the total gas pressure level in the incubator over a culture duration.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the potency level cell phenotype of the subset population of cells further comprises driving the subset population of cells from a state of high potency level toward a state of a mature, differentiated cell phenotype.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the potency level cell phenotype further comprises driving a cell having a pluripotent phenotype toward a cell type belonging to embryonic germ layer derivatives, said embryonic germ layer derivatives consisting of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein driving the potency level cell phenotype toward an ectodermal derived cell type comprises driving the potency level cell phenotype toward that of an ectodermal or neural cell type.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the potency level cell phenotype further comprises driving a cell having a pluripotent phenotype toward that of an intermediately differentiated cell phenotype or a progenitor cell phenotype.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the potency level cell phenotype further comprises driving a phenotype toward a state of a mature, differentiated cell type wherein a population of human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) is driven towards a myeloid progenitor cell type, as indicated by emergence of CD34+CD45+CD43+ cells.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the potency level cell phenotype further comprises driving a cell having an intermediately differentiated cell phenotype toward that of a cell having fully differentiated cell phenotype.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the intermediately differentiated cell phenotype comprises a neural cell phenotype and the fully differentiated cell phenotype comprises a neuronal phenotype.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising modulating the second potency level cell phenotype such that the second potency level cell phenotype becomes a third potency level cell phenotype.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the potency level cell phenotype further comprises modulating an expression of a differentiation marker, said differentiation marker reflecting gene expression, protein expression, cellular functionality, kinetic property, or metabolic pathway activity of the subset population of cells.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the differentiation marker comprises a neural cell marker.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein modulating the potency level cell phenotype further comprises modulating an expression of cell morphology, dimension, adherent properties, migratory behavior, electrical properties, activation properties, or a functional property of the subset population of cells.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises one or more cell differentiation induction factors or growth factors.

18. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating cells of the second potency level cell phenotype, and expanding a population of cells of the second potency level cell phenotype by way of further cell culturing.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the set oxygen level and the set pressure level are selected to favor an expression of the second potency level cell phenotype.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the subset population of cells includes the entire source populations of cells.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) Schematic Diagrams

(2) FIG. 1A is an X-Y graphic representation of an oxygen level parameter (X-axis) and a pressure level parameter (Y-axis) for gaseous conditions in a cell culture incubator, showing two particular oxygen-pressure (O-P) conditions: O-P Condition 1 and O-P Condition 2.

(3) FIG. 1B is an X-Y-Z graphic representation of an oxygen level parameter (X-axis), a pressure level parameter (Y-axis), and time (Z-axis) for gaseous conditions in a cell culture incubator, with O-P Condition 1 shown at Time Point 1 and O-P Condition 2 shown at Time Point 2, having changed during the duration from Time Point 1 to Time Point 2.

(4) FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the progression of a cell population through a series of modules that support the progression of the cell population toward a desired or targeted potency level phenotype, and stabilization at such phenotype.

(5) FIGS. 3A-3H show data from long-term culture of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 15% oxygen and increased atmospheric pressure, which induces nuclear PAX6 expression and promotes differentiation. Data reported in all figures, unless otherwise specified, are derived from studies of cells cultured in the Avatar™ incubator (Xcell Biosciences, San Francisco, Calif.), which is able to control total atmospheric pressure to hyperbaric levels, and oxygen level to hypoxic levels.

(6) FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of the experimental design.

(7) FIG. 3B shows an unsupervised hierarchical clustering of cumulative differentially expressed genes (763 total) by whole-transcriptome RNA-seq at passage 7 in the indicated O2 and PSI values.

(8) FIG. 3C is a Venn diagram that shows significant differentially expressed genes (as shown in FIG. 3B) showing overlap between analysis groups.

(9) FIG. 3D shows the top five gene ontology (GO) terms for both up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed genes between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI. Gene ontology enrichment is ranked according to adjusted p-value of the false discovery rate (FDR) and displayed on log 10 scale. The number of significant differentially expressed genes for each GO term is displayed in the bar graph.

(10) FIG. 3E shows representative immunofluorescence and phase contrast images of passage 7 iPSCs showing expression of markers PAX6 and NES in the indicated culture conditions.

(11) FIG. 3F shows flow cytometry data of psa-NCAM stained iPSCs at passage 7 cultured in 15% O2+0 PSI (light histogram) and 15% O2+2 PSI (dark histogram). The summary of the % psa-NCAM positive (+) cells is shown in the column graph on the right. Gating of psa-NCAM positive cells was performed using un-stained iPSCs.

(12) FIG. 3G shows representative immunofluorescence images of passage 7 iPSCs showing expression of markers POU5F1, NANOG, and SOX2 in the indicated culture conditions.

(13) FIG. 3H shows pluripotency and germ layer differentiation marker gene expression from DEseq2 log 2 fold changes between both 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI (blue bars) and 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI (red bars) iPSC lines.

(14) FIGS. 4A-4F show data reflecting a shift in metabolic and epigenetic gene signature observed in iPSCs cultured short-term in high oxygen and increased atmospheric pressure. FIG. 4A shows unsupervised hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes (1473 total) by whole-transcriptome RNA-seq at passage 3 with adjusted FDR between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI using DEseq2. n=3 independent donor iPSC lines, two from human fibroblast (iPSC lines 1 and 2) and one from human CD34+ cord blood (iPSC line 3) cells.

(15) FIG. 4B is a Venn diagram of showing significant differentially expressed genes from (FIG. 1A) and additionally, differentially expressed genes between 5% O2+0 PSI vs. 5% O2+2 PSI.

(16) FIG. 4C shows representative immunofluorescence images of passage 3 iPSCs showing expression of POU5F1 and NANOG in the indicated culture conditions.

(17) FIG. 4D shows naïve/Primed associated genes and epigenetic regulator gene expression from DEseq2 log 2 fold changes between both 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI (dark bars) and 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI (light bars) iPSC lines. All 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI (blue bars) have adjusted p-value (FDR)<0.05, and those gene names with a black dot are also significant for 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI (red bars).

(18) FIG. 4E shows flow cytometry analysis of iPSCs stained for the primed-state associated surface marker CD57 (B3GAT1) in the indicated culture condition. Bottom left column graph is mean fluorescence intensity (MFI, the geometric mean) for the histograms. Bottom right column graph is the mean MFI at each time-point for all iPSC lines.

(19) FIG. 4F shows the top five GO terms for both up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed genes between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI. Gene ontology enrichment ranked according to adjusted p value (FDR) and displayed on log 10 scale. The number of significant differentially expressed genes for each GO term is displayed in the bar graph.

(20) FIGS. 5A-5B show metabolic gene expression changes in response to short and long-term culture of iPSCs in 15% oxygen and increased atmospheric pressure. FIG. 5A Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathway-related genes from Hallmark and Kegg gene ontology databases that are differentially expressed between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI with adjusted (FDR) p-value<0.05. Un-supervised hierarchical clustering of data is shown as scaled log 2 fold change across rows (genes).

(21) FIG. 5B shows box-plots of cumulative significant differentially expressed genes from (a) with 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI genes included. The total number of significant genes (n) is listed above each group.

(22) FIGS. 6A-6C show enhancement of neural induction and CNS and motor neuron differentiation and maturation under conditions of low oxygen and increased atmospheric pressure.

(23) FIG. 6A shows representative immunofluorescence images and parallel flow cytometry analysis of iPSC-2 line differentiated for 6 days in medium containing 10 ng/mL recombinant LIF and NOG and stained for PAX6 and NES. Bottom column graph shows geometric mean fluorescence for the flow cytometry data for PAX6 and NES.

(24) FIG. 6B shows representative immunofluorescence images of day 31 motor neurons differentiated from cord blood derived iPSC neural stem cells (CB iPSC-NSC) and bone marrow derived iPSC neural stem cells (BM iPSC-NSC) stained for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, in red) and Neurofilament-H (in green). (Colors refer to original micrographs.) Scale bars=50 μM. Quantification for ChAT and neurofilament H is displayed in the column graphs to the right as of total area of staining.

(25) FIG. 6C shows CNS-type neuronal differentiation using the same source NSC lines as in (b) stained for both MAP2 (red) and SYN1 (green) day 14 and 21 of differentiation. Scale bars=50 μM. Quantification of the mature neuronal marker SYN1 is displayed in the column graphs to the right. For both (b) and (c), n=3 images quantified per condition. Error bars are standard error of the mean. *=p-value<0.05, **=<0.01 student's T test.

(26) FIG. 7A-7B show data from studies of two unique donor iPSC lines, one from dermal fibroblasts (F9-Xcell) and one from CD34+ cord blood cells (NCRM5), that were cultured in 3% oxygen and elevated pressure (+2 PSI) for the first six days of differentiation in phase I medium, followed by culture in 15% oxygen and elevated pressure (+2 PSI) for a further 8 days.

(27) FIG. 7A shows representative flow cytometry density plots for propidium iodide and SSC-A gating, CD34 and CD43 gating, CD34 and CD45 gating, and CD34, CD43, and CD45 gating. The population of cells highlighted by a circle with a check mark in the far right plot indicates CD34+CD43medCD45+ expression.

(28) FIG. 7B is a bar graph showing mean percent of CD34+CD43medCD45+ expressing cells for each iPSC line from the flow cytometry data of FIG. 7A. Error bars in the column graph are standard error of the mean for technical duplicates. For FIGS. 7A and 7B, “standard” refers to a conventional CO.sub.2 incubator set to 5% CO.sub.2, 37 degrees Celsius, and ambient oxygen.

(29) Method Flow Diagrams

(30) FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of modulating the potency level phenotype of a cell population by regulating one or more variable aspects of a gaseous condition within an incubator such that these gaseous conditions differ from the corresponding ambient gaseous condition.

(31) FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of modulating the potency level phenotype of a cell population by regulating one or more variable aspects of a gaseous condition within an incubator such that these gaseous conditions differ from the corresponding ambient gaseous condition, wherein the pressure is application substantial uniformity across the cell surface.

(32) FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of modulating the potency level phenotype of a cell population through multiple potency levels by regulating one or more variable aspects of a gaseous condition within an incubator such that these gaseous conditions differ from the corresponding ambient gaseous condition.

(33) FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of modulating the potency level phenotype of a cell population within a workflow context that may be used in a clinical manufacturing context, where an expanded cell population may be used for research, diagnostic, drug screening, or therapeutic purposes or therapeutic purposes.

(34) FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of modulating the phenotype of a cell population by regulating one or more variable aspects of a gaseous condition within an incubator such that these gaseous conditions differ from the corresponding ambient gaseous condition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Introduction and Terminology

(35) Embodiments of the technology are directed to methods of modulating aspects of cellular biology by way of regulating the gaseous or atmospheric environment within a cell culture incubator. Cellular responses to manipulation of the gaseous environment, by way of example, may include the modulation of expressed cellular phenotypes with respect to cellular potency-level, particularly with regard to the continuum ranging between pluripotent and differentiated states. Regulating the gaseous environment within a cell culture incubator may be directed toward holding a particular condition in a steady state, and it may also be directed toward providing a dynamic state, in which aspects of the gaseous environment change during the course of a cell culture duration.

(36) Gaseous environment parameters include the total atmospheric pressure as well as the partial pressure of individual gases. Of the various individual gases included in the cell culture environment, embodiments of the technology described here relate particularly to oxygen, and more particularly to low-oxygen or hypoxic conditions. Regarding total atmospheric pressure, biological responses described herein relate primarily to the effects of an atmospheric pressure that is elevated above the ambient atmospheric pressure. Total gas pressure values are typically recited in terms of the pounds/square inch (PSI), which should be understood as the PSI level above ambient atmospheric pressure.

(37) Oxygen levels are typically referred to in terms of a concentration % value, i.e., the relative amount of oxygen present with respect to all gases present within a given volume, regardless of the summed total atmospheric pressure of all gases present. A parameter thought be more biologically relevant than “concentration %” is the partial pressure of oxygen, i.e., the amount of oxygen present per unit volume, in absolute terms, regardless of the relative presence of other gases. However, oxygen level is commonly recited as a concentration % value, and instruments typically display oxygen level as a concentration % value. Accordingly, the parameter term generally used in this application is oxygen concentration %.

(38) In addition of regulating levels of oxygen and total gas pressure, some embodiments of methods of modulating phenotype through atmospheric means may include regulating temperature and regulating pH. Regulating pH within cell culture media with a bicarbonate buffering system is typically done by regulating the concentration of carbon dioxide in the internal atmosphere. Regulation of pH within cell culture media can also be done by way of using other buffering systems, which can mitigate some of the complexity of controlling pH solely by way of carbon dioxide gas level.

(39) “PSI”, as used herein, refers to pressure (pounds per square inch) over the ambient atmospheric pressure, whatever the ambient condition may be. It is recognized that this is a casual use of the term, and more formal language would designate it as PSIG (PSI “gauge”), however “PSI” widely in use in this informal sense, particularly in instrument dials and readouts.

(40) As noted above, embodiments of the disclosed technology rely on an incubator that can independently regulate oxygen level and total gas pressure within the confines of a cell culture incubator chamber (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/789,464, “Cancer cell enrichment system”, as filed on Oct. 20, 2017). A term that incorporates both variables, the “O-P condition”; refers to a condition that is defined by the combination of the two variable atmospheric parameters (oxygen level and total gas pressure). Any terminology that defines each parameter, respectively can be used to identify the O-P condition. For example, oxygen level may be defined in terms of concentration (relative % of total gas) or partial pressure (absolute level of oxygen per unit volume). By way of a specific example, an O-P condition could be defined as “3% oxygen—3 PSI”.

(41) Cell culture “duration” or “course”, as used herein, are terms that refer to a length of time during which a particular population of cells, a subpopulation of cells, a single cell, or descendants of any of the foregoing are in culture within an incubator configured to regulate the gas composition to which cells are exposed. A cell culture duration is typically at least a day, and typically can range from periods of several days, several weeks, and even several months, during which time the cultured cells can be cultured and passaged under different conditions, and be subject to one or more workflows during which cells are subjected to different sets of conditions, in various orders, to one or more particular ends.

(42) “Phenotype”, as used herein, refers to any feature of a cell that manifests as a variation in observable expression of a particular genotype, such variation arising from the state of development, differentiation, activation, or under the influence of factors within the cellular milieu. Phenotypic expression can manifest in any observable form, such as, by way of example, morphologic or structural variation, molecular variation (any class of biological molecule), metabolic, or functional or behavioral variation. Metabolic variation can manifest, by way of example, via substrate and metabolite flux through metabolic pathways or by way of rates of enzyme, receptor, ion transporter, or ion channel activity.

(43) The various forms of phenotypic expression are broadly considered to be manifestations of control at the level of transcription of DNA into RNA, for example, as mediated by transcriptional factors or by way of epigenetic modification of DNA. “Phenotype” can be used specifically with reference to an individual cell or more generally to a cell population, where it refers to an apparent or dominant character of the population, even the cell population, in fact, may have a level of heterogeneity, harboring cells of other phenotypes.

(44) “Potency-level phenotype” refers to a phenotypic spectrum that ranges from the totipotent character of a zygote to the substantially fixed potency of a terminally differentiated cell. Aside from a totipotent zygote, per various terminologies in use, other cell potency level phenotypes include pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and unipotency. Potency-level phenotype variation is closely linked with the concept of “plasticity”, i.e., a high potency level cell has a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, and a low potency or highly differentiated cell has a low degree of phenotypic plasticity. Although potency-level phenotype refers to potency in particular, variations in potency-level phenotype may also include a full range of other aspects of phenotypic variation, as listed above.

(45) In this patent application, cells are variously described as being (a) pluripotent, (b) intermediately-differentiated or a progenitor of a particular cell type, or (c) fully differentiated or mature. A stem cell is a cell having a high potency level, such as pluripotency. An induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC) is a cell that in a native state had at least some degree of differentiation, but by way of methods of environmental manipulation and/or transfection has gained in potency level, thus being “induced” and “pluripotent”.

(46) Cells multiply by dividing, a single parent cell giving rise to two daughter cells. Cells, as subjected to methods provided herein, typically exist within populations that may be either substantially homogenous or heterogeneous to varying degree. As cells within populations divide, the population, as a whole, can be said to be expanding. If an initial cell population is heterogeneous, including (for example) a subpopulation 1 and a subpopulation 2, expansion of the initial population may involve the expansion of subpopulation 1 at a greater rate than that of subpopulation 2. Indeed, subpopulation 1 may expand while subpopulation 2 is declining. In a scenario such as this, it can be said that resulting cell population is enriched with subpopulation 1.

(47) Cell populations, as subjected to methods provided herein, typically are outside the body, in vitro, within a cell culture incubator. Cell culturing, thus, refers to growing or maintaining cells within an incubator. Growing cells, in this sense, refers to the expansion of cell populations by cell division, as described above. Cultured cells may also live without dividing, in which case cells can be said to be maintained in cell culture. There are many uses for expanded populations having a particular potency level phenotype, or any particularly well characterized phenotype for that matter; these include cell populations to be directed toward research, diagnostic, drug screening, or therapeutic purposes or therapeutic use.

(48) Some terms are used in the description of the various relevant atmospheric parameters, relevant cell types, and gene expression data. Table 1 provides units and levels of variable atmospheric parameters that are regulated by embodiments of the technology. Table 2 provides a list of cell types, of varying potency level phenotypes and the cell culture modules that are included in the scope of the technology. With regard to gene expression analysis, “unsupervised hierarchical clustering” refers to grouping genes or samples such that gene similarities within the groups are greater than between groups, without any presumptive (thus “unsupervised”) classification of the genes. And “gene ontology (GO) enrichment” refers to a statistical analysis of genome datasets using classification of genes and their corresponding products (RNA or protein) into groupings based on the relatedness of their biological function (“GO terms”).

(49) The whole of a cell culture environment within an incubator includes many factors, as, for example, the composition of the liquid cell culture medium and bioactive agents included therein, surfaces and structures with which cells engage, temperature, and atmospheric conditions external to the liquid. Embodiments of methods provided herein, focus on regulating the gaseous composition and the total gas pressure, as noted above in the description of the O-P (oxygen level, total atmospheric pressure) condition. The cell culture environment also includes the composition of the liquid cell culture medium, including organic and inorganic compounds, as well as particular bioactive agents. Bioactive agents are compounds that are not metabolic fuel or nutritional, but rather have biological effects that follow from their informational or directive nature, as typically mediated by physical or chemical interaction with molecules of the target cell. The cell culture environment may further include physical or chemical aspects of the surfaces that cells contact. The cell culture environment may further include any structural features with which cultured cells may interact, for example, features that provide a 3D structural context. The cell culture environment may also include interactive relationships between cells or among cell populations. The cell culture environment may further include electrical engagement of cells, for example electrical current as transmitted through the liquid medium or through solid structures which cells may contact.

(50) FIGS. 1A and 1B

(51) FIG. 1A shows a representation of two O-P conditions on a graph with X and Y-axes that intersect in the upper left corner of the graph, that intersection representing the ambient O-P condition. Oxygen concentration is represented on the X-axis, the oxygen concentrations used in embodiments of the technology are typically less than the ambient level. Total gas pressure is represented on the Y-axis, the total gas pressure concentrations used in embodiments of the technology are typically higher than the ambient total gas pressure. The ambient conditions for both oxygen level and total gas pressure, respectively, are located at the intersection of the X- and Y-axes, in the lower right corner of the graph.

(52) Two exemplary O-P conditions are shown in FIG. 1: O-P condition 1 and O-P condition 2. Each O-P condition has an oxygen level less than the ambient level and a total pressure greater than the ambient lever. In comparing O-P condition 1 to O-P condition 2, it can be seen that O-P condition 1 has a lower level of oxygen and a lower total gas pressure, respectively, than the oxygen and total pressure values of O-P condition 2.

(53) FIG. 1B shows another example of depicting two O-P conditions, showing them on a graph that includes the X- and Y-axes of FIG. 1, but also showing a Z axis representing time. The foreground X-Y axis at Time Point 1 shows O-P condition 1; the background X-Y axis at Time Point 2 shows O-P condition 2. In this example, by way of an O-P condition path, over the course of time between Time Point 1 and Time Point 2, the O-P condition has migrated from O-P condition 1 (having a relatively low oxygen level and a relatively low total gas pressure) to O-P condition 2, (having a relatively high oxygen level and a relatively high total gas pressure).

(54) The O-P condition path, as shown in FIG. 1B, is schematically represented as a straight line, in which the oxygen level and the total gas pressure change in ramping manner, synchronously, and at the same relative rate. As described further below in detail, there are numerous variations of the nature of the O-P condition path. For example, the O-P condition path need not be a straight or direct ramping function, and the oxygen and total gas pressure conditions need not change synchronously or at the same relative rates.

(55) Table 1: Gaseous Parameters

(56) Table. 1 is a Table of variable atmospheric parameters that are regulated to varying degrees by embodiments of the technology.

(57) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Variable Atmospheric Parameters Regulation within an incubator, per embodiments of the present Parameter Parameter Terms disclosure Total Gas pounds/square Typically regulated at a level higher Pressure inch (PSI), as than ambient atmospheric pressure used herein, Maintained by way of an air pumps refers to lbs./ and incubator chamber seals. Measured square inch by pressure sensors. above ambient pressure (14.7 PSI). Oxygen (O.sub.2) Concentration % Typically regulated at a level lower Level or Partial than the ambient level of ~21% (or Pressure 160 mm Hg). A low level of oxygen is maintained by addition of nitrogen (or carbon dioxide) to incubator chamber, thereby diluting the oxygen in the chamber. In case of oxygen drifting to a level lower than desired, oxygen can be increased by influx of ambient air, bringing in oxygen at its ambient concentration. Measured by oxygen sensors, data reported typically reported in concentration % terms. Carbon Concentration % Typically regulated at a level of Dioxide 5%-10%, a level considerably above (CO.sub.2) Level the ambient level of ~0.04%. The function of the carbon dioxide is to provide capacity for a bicarbonate- based buffering system in the cell culture medium. Measured by carbon dioxide sensors, data reported typically reported in concentration % terms. Nitrogen Concentration % Typically maintained at a level that (N.sub.2) Level ranges near the ambient level of ~78% and upward toward 99%. The nitrogen level goes above ambient because it is used to displace oxygen to a low level. Inflow of nitrogen is primarily regulated by the oxygen level, nitrogen serving as a diluter of oxygen. Water Vapor Concentration % Water vapor can be maintained passively, by way of evaporation of standing water in the incubator, thus remaining at saturation level, or it may be maintained actively, at a level less than saturation. Temperature Degrees Celsius Typically regulated at 37 degrees C., but may be regulated at a lower or higher level.
FIG. 2 Potency-Level Phenotypic Modulation Through Various Workflows

(58) FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a progression of a cell population through various phenotypic manifestations (C1-C4) as directed by the cell culture conditions of a series of modules (Modules A, B, and C). “Modules”, as used here, refers to a particular set of atmospheric conditions that is dictated and maintained by a controller that is operating a cell culture incubator. The conditions, according to these modules, support the progression of the cell population through phenotypic phases that move from a high potency level phenotype (on the left), such as being pluripotent, to a low potency level phenotype (on the right), such as a having mature and differentiated phenotype. Modules A-C refer to cell culture conditions that encourage a precursor cell phenotype to progress toward the “new” phenotypic state, and to stably maintain the cell population in that state. These culture conditions may include the composition of the cell culture medium, the presence of bioactive agents in the cell culture medium, as well as atmospheric conditions as provided by embodiments of the present technology described herein that relate to regulation of gaseous conditions such as oxygen level and total gas pressure (i.e., an “O-P condition”).

(59) The subject cell population of FIG. 2 begins its phenotypic progression within this scheme as a differentiated donor cell population C1, a primary cell population, from a donor subject. The primary cell population is in a differentiated state, although it may have a varying degree of amenability to being reprogramed to a high potency-level, depending to a significant extent on factors related to the specifics of the donor tissues, as, for example, the particulars of the site of the donor tissue or the age of the donor.

(60) Starting with cell population C1, as described above, subsequent populations C2, C3, and C4, each with distinct phenotypic features, can be seen. Population C2, as it stabilizes in Module A, has an induced pluripotent stem cell phenotype, was derived from population C1. Population C3, in Module B, has an intermediately differentiated or differentiated cell progenitor phenotype, and is derived from population C2. Population C4, in Module C, has a mature, fully or substantially differentiated phenotype, and is derived from population C3.

(61) By way of some specific examples, population C1 may be derived from a biopsy of a human being at any point in human development, including a neonate, an infant, a child, an adolescent, or an adult. From such a biopsy, fibroblast cells can grow out in culture. Population C1 can be driven to a yield population C2, an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) cell population, by way of transfective reprogramming by Yamanaka factors (delivered, in some embodiments, by a self-replicating RNA vector) as well as by exposure to particular O-P conditions. The step of phenotypic progression from population C1 to C2 can be referred to as a reprogramming step.

(62) Population C2 (an iPSC population) can then be driven to become an intermediately differentiated population C3, by way of exposure to various induction factors as well as to particular O-P conditions to become an intermediately differentiated population C3, as for example, a neural progenitor cell (NPC). The step of phenotypic progression from population C2 to C3 can be referred to as an induction step.

(63) And finally, cell population C3, such as a neural progenitor cell, can be driven to assume a differentiated phenotype characteristic of cell population C4, such as that of a neuronal cell, or more particularly, a motor neuron cell, this progression being driven by exposure to various lineage-specific bioactive agents, such as growth factors, as well as exposure to particular O-P conditions. The step of phenotypic progression from population C3 to C4 can be referred to as a differentiation step.

(64) Each of these steps is driven, at least in part, by an O-P condition, as described herein, a condition that includes both the oxygen level and the total gas pressure. The various O-P conditions that drive (1) a C1 potency level phenotypic population to a C2 potency level phenotypic population, (2) a C2 potency level phenotypic population to C3 phenotypic population, and (3) those that drive a C3 potency level phenotypic population to C4 potency level phenotypic population, respectively, may be variously similar to each or entirely different. The types of variation in O-P condition are described in detail elsewhere, herein.

(65) As shown by directional arrows as the bottom of FIG. 3, units of cell culture workflow can be operated over any portion of an entire progression from a cell population C1 potency level phenotype to a C4 potency level phenotype. For example, a workflow may include any of the following sequences: 1. drive a cell population from a C1 potency level phenotype to a C2 potency level phenotype, per conditions of Module A. 2. drive a cell population from a C2 potency level phenotype to a C3 potency level phenotype, per conditions of Modules A and B. 3. drive a cell population from a C3 potency level phenotype to a C4 potency level phenotype, per conditions of Modules B and C. 4. drive a cell population from a C1 potency level phenotype to a C3 potency level phenotype, per conditions of Modules A and B. 5. drive a cell population from a C1 potency level phenotype to a C4 potency level phenotype, per conditions of Modules A-C. 6. drive a cell population from a C2 potency level phenotype to a C4 potency level phenotype per conditions of Modules A-C.
Table 2: Cell Populations, Potency Level Phenotypes, and Associated Markers

(66) Table 2 provides a list of cell types, of varying potency level phenotypes and the cell culture modules that are included in the scope of the technology. These cells types are provided as exemplary cell types that are subject to methods of the technology; cell types responsive to these methods are not limited to this list.

(67) The left column of Table 2 sets out rows dedicated to fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and hematopoietic cells. To the right of the left column are columns for Module A, Module B, and Module C, respectively. The modules, as described above, refer to the totality of cell culture conditions, including oxygen level and total gas pressure (the “O-P condition”). These O-P conditions encourage the phenotypic modulation of subject cell populations into potency level phenotypes, include a pluripotent phenotype (Module A), an intermediate potency level or progenitor cell phenotype (Module B), or a mature and differentiated cell phenotype (Module C). Markers (or biomarkers) that identify various cell types are shown within parentheses following the various cell phenotype types.

(68) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Cell Populations: Modulation of Potency Level Phenotype and Biomarkers Module A Module B Module C source population: pluripotent intermediate potency mature mature, derivative progenitor cell differentiated cell differentiated Skin biopsy to Induced pluripotent Derived by exposure to Derived from progenitor obtain fibroblasts, stem cell (iPSC) induction factors and to cells and exposure to human donors derived by trans- O-P conditions B trophic factors and to fection with tran- A. Neural progenitor O-P conditions C scription factors cells (NPS) A1. Motor neurons and exposure to B. Cardiomyocytes A2. Neuronal O-P conditions A (SIRPA, cTNT, NKX2.5) B. Mature cardiac cells C. Pancreatic progenitors C. Pancreatic beta-cells (GP2, FXYD2, PDX-1) (GLUT2, IGFR, IR) D. Liver progenitor D. Mature liver cells (CPM, CD133, GATA2) (CK18, ALB, Glycogen) E. Retinal Epithelium E. Retinal cells progenitors F. Adipocytes F. Pre-adipocytes (Asc-1, PAT2, (CD44, CD90, CD105, Adiponectin, Adipoq, CD24, ZFP423) and ALK7) G. Endothelial G. Endothelial Cells progenitors (CD44, CD90, CD105, CD24, ZFP423) Mesenchymal stem Osteochondreal Osteoblast Osteocyte cells (MSCs) (CD44+, progenitor (osteocalcin, DMP-1, (SOST, DMP1, FGF23) CD73+, CD90+, osteoahderin) Chondrocyte CD45−, CD34−) (SOX9, COL2A1) iPSC-derived or Hematopoietic Lymphoid progenitor Immune Cells: primary hemato- Stem Cells (CD34, CD43, Flt-3/Flk-2, T cell (CD3), poietic cells (CD34+, CD38−, IL-7 R alpha/CD127, B cell (CD19, CD20), CD90+, CD45RA−) Neprilysin/CD10) NK cell (CD16, CD56)

(69) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Terminology Term Explanation and Relevance BM iPSC-NSC Neural stem cells (“NSC”) generated from bone marrow-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (“BM iPSC”). CB iPSC-NSC Neural stem cells (“NSC”) generated from cord blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (“CB iPSC”). CD34 CD34 Molecule: A marker for early hematopoietic stem cells. CD34 + A distinct population of hematopoietic progenitor CD43medCD45+ cells. CD43 Sialophorin: A marker for early hematopoietic stem cells. CD45 Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type C: Marker used to distinguish the early lymphocyte progenitor cell lineage. CD57 B3GAT1 (beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1): A marker for primed state pluripotency in stem cells. ChAT Choline acetyltransferase: A neurotransmitter protein that is highly abundant in motor neurons. FDR False discovery rate: the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure is used. GO term Gene ontology term: Biological function classification of a group of gene products (protein, non-coding RNA, or macromolecular complex) based on the literature. iPSC Induced pluripotent stem cell LIF Leukemia inhibitory factor MAP2 Microtubule associated protein 2: A marker for mature neurons. MFI Mean fluorescence intensity: the geometric mean fluorescence intensity is extracted from flow cytometry data. NANOG Nanog homeobox: A gene important for maintenance of pluripotency. NOGGIN A protein important for neural patterning; used to derive neural stem/progenitor cells from iPSCs. NES Nestin: A marker commonly used to identify neural stem/progenitor cells. NSC Neural stem cell: A multipotent progenitor cell that can give rise to multiple neuronal lineages. PAX6 Paired Box 6: A marker commonly used to identify neural stem/progenitor cells. POU5F1 POU Class 5 homeobox: The human homolog of mouse OCT4 gene; important for maintenance of pluripotency. psa-NCAM Polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule: A marker used to identify neural stem/progenitor cells. SMI-32 Antibody clone targeting the neurofilament-H gene; used to identify motor neurons. SOX2 SRY-Box 2: A gene important for maintenance of pluripotency. SYN1 Synapsin 1: A marker for mature neurons. whole- A method to sequence fragments of all transcriptome messenger RNAs present within a population mRNA-seq of cells.
Neural Cell Differentiation From iPSC's

(70) Data are reported and depicted (FIGS. 3A-6B) here showing that human iPSCs that are cultured under elevated atmospheric pressure and hypoxic conditions have altered epigenetic and metabolic gene expression profiles that reflect a promotion of differentiation and maturation of neurons.

(71) The biological effects of physical forces on stem cell maintenance and differentiation is becoming better understood as the number of studies demonstrating the positive influence various forms of physical force have on stem cell differentiation. Traditional methods of stem cell culture generally have not systematically varied the physical forces that exist in vivo, such as three-dimensional cell-to-cell interactions and variations in oxygen level and atmospheric pressure in various tissues and compartments of the human body. Physiologically-relevant oxygen gas concentration and three-dimensional culture in the form of organoid models have been used in the study of stem cell differentiation, yet consideration of atmospheric pressure has not been evaluated in this context.

(72) The role of atmospheric pressure and hypoxic conditions on stem cell state over time in culture in human donor iPSC lines is reported here; aspects of the data are provided in FIGS. 3A-6B. Three different human donor iPSC lines were cultured under atmospheric variables included 5% or 15% oxygen, each in combination with either ambient atmospheric pressure (+0 PSI) or elevated atmospheric pressure (+2 PSI). Thus, experimental groups included (1) 5% oxygen at +0 PSI, (2) 5% oxygen at +2 PSI, (3) 15% oxygen at +0 PSI, and (4) 15% oxygen at +2 PSI.

(73) Cultures were examined for global gene expression changes by mRNA-seq and immunofluorescence staining for pluripotency and differentiation markers over time. iPSCs cultured under elevated atmospheric pressure (+2 PSI) and 15% oxygen for 7 passages (unlike their cohort cultures exposed to ambient atmospheric pressure or iPSCs cultured in 5% oxygen) show morphological and global gene expression changes that are consistent with a primed or differentiated state. As early as passage 3, iPSCs cultured under elevated atmospheric pressure and 15% oxygen exhibit a shift in metabolic gene expression profile and an up-regulation of genes involved in epigenetic regulation. To examine the combined influence of elevated pressure and protein and/or small molecule factors in the medium, directed-differentiation was performed of both (1) iPSCs into neural progenitors and (2) neural stem cells (NSCs) into motor- and CNS-type neurons, and show that 5% oxygen and elevated pressure (+2 PSI) increased the level of expression of neural progenitor and neuronal maturation markers, respectively. These observations suggest that atmospheric pressure (in conjunction with a hypoxic oxygen level) during culture can be a significant regulator of stem cell differentiation. Manipulation of these atmospheric variables can be leveraged towards encouraging the maturation of stem cells toward neurons that are suitable for translational studies in vitro and in the clinic.

(74) FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of the experimental design. Two human fibroblast cell lines and one human CD34+ cord blood cell line were re-programmed using a self-replicating RNA vector (ReproRNA, Stemcell technologies) containing the transcription factors OCT4, KLF-4, SOX2, GLIS1, and c-MYC or episomal vector (National Institutes of Health, NIH) expressing re-programming factors, respectively to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). The two fibroblast lines were purchased from the Coriell Institute and re-programmed in the indicated oxygen and atmospheric pressure conditions and clonal lines established. The CD34+ cord blood iPSC line was obtained from the NIH Health. Each iPSC line was then cultured in feeder-free conditions in mTesr1 medium in the indicated oxygen and atmospheric pressure conditions in parallel, and analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy or mRNA-seq (passage 3 and 7) for protein and gene expression changes, respectively.

(75) FIG. 3B shows an unsupervised hierarchical clustering of cumulative differentially expressed genes (763 total) by whole-transcriptome RNA-seq at passage 7 in the indicated O2 and PSI values. This figure shows that long-term culture of iPSC lines in elevated atmospheric pressure leads to significant differentially expressed genes constituting roughly 3% of all known coding genes in the human genome, indicating that there is a large influence of elevated atmospheric pressure on the iPSC transcriptome. The columns representing 15% O.sub.2+2 PSI indicate large clusters of genes that are higher in expression (these are yellow in the original micrograph) or lower in expression (these are blue in the original micrograph) after normalization to median log base 2 gene expression across all samples for each gene (rows). A minor cluster of genes that are higher in expression specifically in 5% O.sub.2+2 PSI samples is also observed, indicating a unique set of genes that are positively regulated in this combination of oxygen concentration and pressure.

(76) FIG. 3C is a Venn diagram that shows significant differentially expressed genes (as shown in FIG. 3B) showing overlap between analysis groups. The numbers in each Venn diagram compartment represent significantly differentially expressed genes between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI and 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI, and the overlap of common differentially expressed genes between each analysis group. The larger number of differentially expressed genes in the 15% O2 analysis group indicates that elevated atmospheric pressure functions synergistically with higher oxygen to influence gene expression changes in iPSCs. The disparity in the total number of differentially expressed genes displayed in this figure compared to FIG. 3B is due to the fact that no genes were filtered based on differential expression between 15% O2 vs 5% O2, in contrast to FIG. 3B.

(77) FIG. 3D shows the top five gene ontology (GO) terms for both up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed genes between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI in iPSCs cultured to passage 7. Gene ontology enrichment is ranked according to adjusted p-value of the false discovery rate (FDR) and displayed on log 10 scale. The number of significant differentially expressed genes for each GO term is displayed in the bar graph. The top gene ontology pathways that are enriched in 15% O.sub.2+2 PSI vs. 15% O.sub.2+0 PSI differential gene expression analysis relate to morphogenesis of cells, indicating that 15% O2 and elevated atmospheric pressure is influencing gene regulatory pathways that govern a phenotypic change in iPSCs. These results suggest that elevated atmospheric pressure (at 15% O.sub.2) influences the morphology and differentiation state of the cell population at this time-point (passage 7) at the level of transcription.

(78) FIG. 3E shows representative immunofluorescence and phase contrast images of passage 7 iPSCs showing expression of markers PAX6 and NES in the indicated culture conditions. Two proteins that are highly expressed in primitive ectoderm, PAX6 and NES, are labelled by immunofluorescence staining and visualized at passage 7, with observable nuclear PAX6 expression specifically in iPSCs cultured at 15% O2+2 PSI. NES staining, although present in iPSCs cultured at ambient atmospheric pressure, has a unique cytoplasmic localization pattern in 15% O2+2 PSI in iPSC lines 2 and 3, but not as pronounced in line 1. Examination of the morphology of the iPSCs cultured in 15% O2+2 PSI by phase contrast indicates a flattened cell-body appearance with an increased cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio relative to their counterparts in ambient atmospheric pressure, which is indicative of cellular differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that iPSCs cultured in 15% O2+2 PSI at passage 7 may be differentiated towards a state indicative of primitive ectoderm.

(79) FIG. 3F shows flow cytometry data of psa-NCAM stained iPSCs at passage 7 cultured in 15% O2+0 PSI (light histogram) and 15% O2+2 PSI (dark histogram). The summary of the % psa-NCAM positive (+) cells is shown in the column graph on the right. Gating of psa-NCAM positive cells was performed using un-stained iPSCs. psa-NCAM, the polysialylated isoform of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), is a cell surface glycoprotein that regulates cell-to-cell interactions and is first expressed in the early neural ectoderm cell lineage during embryonic development, or during in vitro stem cell differentiation to neural ectoderm. The presence of psa-NCAM in iPSC lines 2 and 3 at passage 7 indicate that these cell populations contain individual cells that are differentiated down the neural ectoderm lineage, whereas line 1 has not yet committed to this lineage. The absence or delayed expression of psa-NCAM in line may be due to epigenetic differences that infer some resistance to differentiation

(80) FIG. 3G shows representative immunofluorescence images of passage 7 iPSCs showing expression of markers POU5F1, NANOG, and SOX2 in the indicated culture conditions. The expression of pluripotency markers POU5F1, NANOG, and SOX2 is largely retained in iPSCs cultured in 15% O2+2 PSI, suggesting that these cells have not fully exited the pluripotent state, with the exception of sporadic cells stained negative within each population.

(81) FIG. 3H shows pluripotency and germ layer differentiation marker gene expression from DEseq2 log 2 fold changes between both 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI (blue bars) and 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI (red bars) iPSC lines. The increased expression of germ layer commitment markers for ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm in iPSCs cultured in 15% O2 and elevated atmospheric pressure are indicative of cellular priming for differentiation, as upregulation of these genes is observed during the transition from naïve to primed state pluripotency in both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Upregulation of these germ layer commitment markers is also indicative of an intermediary differentiation step in which iPSCs are transitioning from the pluripotent state to any one or more germ layers.

(82) FIGS. 4A-4F show data reflecting a shift in metabolic and epigenetic gene signature observed in iPSCs cultured short-term in high oxygen and increased atmospheric pressure. FIG. 4A shows unsupervised hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes (1473 total) by whole-transcriptome RNA-seq at passage 3 with adjusted FDR between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI using DEseq2. n=3 independent donor iPSC lines, two from human fibroblast (iPSC lines 1 and 2) and one from human CD34+ cord blood (iPSC line 3) cells. This figure demonstrates how short-term culture of iPSC lines in 15% O2 and elevated atmospheric pressure leads to significant differentially expressed genes constituting roughly 5.9% of all known coding genes in the human genome, showing that there is a large influence of elevated atmospheric pressure on the iPSC transcriptome.

(83) FIG. 4B is a Venn diagram of showing significant differentially expressed genes from (FIG. 1A) and additionally, differentially expressed genes between 5% O2+0 PSI vs. 5% O2+2 PSI. The numbers in each Venn diagram compartment represent significantly differentially expressed genes between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI and 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI, and the overlap of common differentially expressed genes between each analysis group. The larger number of differentially expressed genes in the 15% O2 analysis group indicates that elevated atmospheric pressure functions synergistically with higher oxygen to influence gene expression changes in iPSCs.

(84) FIG. 4C shows the top five GO (gene ontology) terms for both up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed genes between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI. Gene ontology enrichment ranked according to adjusted p value (FDR) and displayed on log 10 scale. The number of significant differentially expressed genes for each GO term is displayed in the bar graph.

(85) The top (gene ontology) pathways that are enriched in 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI differential gene expression analysis (nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nucleus, RNA binding, and biosynthetic process) relate to both cellular metabolism and regulation within the cell nucleus. These results suggest that elevated atmospheric pressure (at 15% O2) influences cellular functions relating to metabolism and gene regulation within the nuclear compartment at passage 3 within this population of cells. The significance of these findings is that enrichment for these gene ontology pathways may be indicative of the phenotypic changes observed in long-term culture of iPSCs in 15% O2+2 PSI, at passage 7.

(86) FIG. 4D shows representative immunofluorescence images of passage 3 iPSCs showing expression of POU5F1 and NANOG in the indicated culture conditions. The expression of pluripotency markers POU5F1 and NANOG is retained in iPSCs cultured in 15% O2+2 PSI, suggesting that these cells have not exited the pluripotent state up to passage 3 in culture.

(87) FIG. 4E shows naïve/Primed associated genes and epigenetic regulator gene expression from DEseq2 log 2 fold changes between both 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI (dark bars) and 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI (light bars) iPSC lines. All 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI (blue bars) have adjusted p-value (FDR)<0.05, and those gene names with a black dot are also significant for 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI (red bars). The increased expression of genes coding for epigenetic regulators in 15% O2+2 PSI at passage 3 could in part explain the differentiation phenotype observed at passage 7, as it is known that progressive methylation of the genome is characteristic of transition from pluripotent stem cells to differentiated cells in-vitro or during early embryonic development in vivo. Furthermore, the increase in the expression of genes associated with primed-state pluripotency in 15% O2+2 PSI is suggestive that these cells are either poised for, or in initiation of, a transition from pluripotency to a more differentiated state.

(88) FIG. 4F shows flow cytometry analysis of iPSCs stained for the primed-state associated surface marker CD57 (B3GAT1) in the indicated culture condition. Bottom left column graph is mean fluorescence intensity (MFI, the geometric mean) for the histograms. Bottom right column graph is the mean MFI at each time-point for all iPSC lines. CD57 (B3GAT1) has been identified as a cell surface marker that is specific to primed-state pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells and iPSCs. Here the expression of CD57 is shown to increase in iPSCs cultured in 15% O2+2 PSI using immunofluorescence staining followed by flow cytometry analysis, with peak expression observed at passage 3. The reduction of CD57 back to basal levels at passage 7 may be an indication that the iPSCs have transitioned from primed-state pluripotency to a downstream phenotypic state.

(89) FIGS. 5A-5B show metabolic gene expression changes in response to short and long-term culture of iPSCs in 15% oxygen and increased atmospheric pressure. FIG. 5A Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathway-related genes from Hallmark and Kegg gene ontology databases that are differentially expressed between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI at passage 3 with adjusted (FDR) p-value<0.05. Un-supervised hierarchical clustering of data is shown as scaled log 2 fold change across rows (genes). Genes known to regulate either glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathways are differentially expressed in iPSCs cultured to passage 3 in 15% O2+2 PSI. A shift in the metabolism of iPSCs and embryonic stem cells is a feature of differentiation state or transition from naïve to primed-state pluripotency.

(90) FIG. 5B shows box-plots of cumulative significant differentially expressed genes from (a) with 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI genes included. The total number of significant genes (n) is listed above each group. Box-plots representing the Log 2 fold-change in gene expression of cumulative significant differentially expressed genes for 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI and 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI analyses at passages 3 that relate to glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation from Hallmark and Kegg gene ontology databases. At passage 3, the log 2 fold-changes in gene expression for glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation specific genes are significantly different between 15% O2+2 PSI vs. 15% O2+0 PSI and 5% O2+2 PSI vs. 5% O2+0 PSI analyses by Wilcoxon rank-sum test, suggesting that 15% oxygen in conjunction with elevated pressure has a stronger influence on metabolic gene expression than 5% oxygen with elevated pressure.

(91) FIGS. 6A-6C show enhancement of neural induction and CNS and motor neuron differentiation and maturation under conditions of low oxygen and increased atmospheric pressure. FIG. 6A shows representative immunofluorescence images and parallel flow cytometry analysis of iPSC-2 line differentiated for 6 days in medium containing 10 ng/mL recombinant LIF and NOG and stained for markers PAX6 and NES. Bottom column graph shows geometric mean fluorescence for the flow cytometry data for PAX6 and NES. Directed differentiation using medium containing recombinant NOG and LIF can induce neural differentiation of iPSCs. Both PAX6 and NES proteins are expressed in neural progenitor cells and are common markers to identify cells within this lineage. These data show that directed differentiation of iPSC-2 line in 5% O2+2 PSI results in an increased percent of double positive PAX6 and NES expressing cells, with a concomitant increase in the mean fluorescence intensity of PAX6 and NES staining of those double positive cells.

(92) FIG. 6B shows representative immunofluorescence images of day 31 motor neurons differentiated from cord blood derived iPSC neural stem cells (CB iPSC-NSC) and bone marrow derived iPSC neural stem cells (BM iPSC-NSC) stained for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, in red) and neurofilament-H, as identified with antibody clone SMI-32 (in green). (Colors refer to representation in original micrographs.) Scale bars=50 μM. Quantification for ChAT and neurofilament-H is displayed in the column graphs to the right as % of total area of staining. The rationale for differentiating neural stem cells (NSCs) into motor neurons using 5% O2 and elevated pressure is that these conditions showed a positive influence on neural induction in FIG. 6A. These data show that differentiation efficiency of NSCs into the motor neuron lineage under 5% O2+2 PSI in the presence of the neurotrophic factors BDNF and GDNF is increased based on choline acetyltransferase and neurofilament-H staining by immunofluorescence microscopy.

(93) FIG. 6C shows CNS-type neuronal differentiation using the same source NSC lines as in (b) stained for both MAP2 (red) and SYN1 (green) day 14 and 21 of differentiation. Scale bars=50 μM. Quantification of the mature neuronal marker SYN1 is displayed in the column graphs to the right. For both (b) and (c), n=3 images quantified per condition. Error bars are standard error of the mean. *=p-value<0.05, **=<0.01 student's T test. The rationale for differentiating neural stem cells (NSCs) into CNS-type neurons using 5% O2 and elevated pressure is that these conditions showed a positive influence on neural induction in FIG. 6A. These data show that differentiation efficiency of NSCs into the CNS-type neuron lineage under 5% O2+2 PSI is increased based on SYN1 staining by immunofluorescence microscopy. Additionally, SYN1 (Synapsin 1) is a protein expressed in mature neurons, and its expression at day 14 of differentiation specifically in 5% O2+2 PSI culture conditions suggest that the neurons are in a more mature state than their counterparts cultured in ambient atmospheric pressure.

(94) Hematopoietic Cell Data

(95) FIGS. 7A-7B Two unique donor iPSC lines, one from dermal fibroblasts (“F9-Xcell”, in-house) and one from CD34+ cord blood cells (“NCRM5”, National Institute of Health), were cultured in an Avatar™ incubator at 3% oxygen and elevated pressure (+2 PSI) for the first six days of differentiation in phase I medium, followed by culture in 15% oxygen and elevated pressure (+2 PSI) for a further 8 days in phase II medium. Cells were stained with propidium iodide to assess viability and hematopoietic stem cell markers CD34, CD43, and CD45 at the end of phase II medium incubation (14 days total differentiation) to examine the percent triple positive using the gating strategy described in the figure. The population of cells highlighted by a circle with an arrow in the far right plot identifies a CD34+CD43.sup.medCD45.sup.high lineage that is specifically enriched in the Avatar™ incubator using the variable oxygen and elevated pressure culture strategy described above. “Standard” refers to a conventional CO.sub.2 incubator set to 5% CO.sub.2, 37 degrees Celsius, and ambient oxygen. Error bars in the column graph are standard error of the mean for technical duplicates.

(96) FIG. 7A shows representative flow cytometry density plots for propidium iodide and SSC-A gating, CD34 and CD43 gating, CD34 and CD45 gating, and CD34, CD43, and CD45 gating. The population of cells highlighted by a circle with a check mark in the far right plot indicates CD34+CD43.sup.medCD45.sup.high expression. The hematopoietic lineage markers CD34, CD43, and CD45 are used in combination to identify cells that are differentiating towards a common lymphocyte and myeloid progenitor cell population. These data show that specific oxygen and atmospheric pressure conditions can influence the expression of CD43 and CD45 by enriching for a population of cells displaying CD34+CD43.sup.medCD45.sup.high expression. In this experiment, cells were incubated in 3% O2+2 PSI for the first 6 days of differentiation (phase I), followed by incubation in 15% O2+2 PSI for another 8 days of differentiation (phase II), at which point the cells were stained for CD34, CD43, and CD45 and analyzed by flow cytometry. These results highlight how oxygen and atmospheric pressure can influence the phenotypic state during hematopoietic stem cell differentiation in a 2-phase process.

(97) FIG. 7B is a bar graph showing mean percent of CD34+CD43medCD45+ expressing cells for each iPSC line from the flow cytometry data of FIG. 7A. Error bars in the column graph are standard error of the mean for technical duplicates. For FIGS. 7A and 7B, “standard” refers to a conventional CO.sub.2 incubator set to 5% CO.sub.2, 37 degrees Celsius, and ambient oxygen. This graph summarizes the data in FIG. 7A as mean percent of total live cells (propidium iodide negative) with CD34+CD43.sup.medCD45.sup.high expression across the two unique donor iPSC lines (F9-Xcell and NCRM5) used for this hematopoietic stem cell differentiation experiment.

(98) Method Flow Diagram for Embodiment 1

(99) FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of modulating the potency level phenotype of a cell population by regulating one or more variable aspects of a gaseous condition within an incubator such that these gaseous conditions differ from the corresponding ambient gaseous condition. Aspects of this method embodiment are detailed in the “Summary of the Present disclosure”, above. A conceptual basis of this method is shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2. Illustrative examples of scientific support for embodiments of this method with various types of cells are shown in FIGS. 3A-7B. FIGS. 8-12 provide flow diagrams of further embodiments of methods provided by the present disclosure.

(100) In brief (FIG. 8), steps of this embodiment of the present disclosure include (step 801) culturing a cell population in an incubator able to regulate one or more variable parameters of a gaseous condition within the incubator independently of a corresponding ambient gaseous condition, and (step 802) regulating the one or more variable parameters of the gaseous condition within the incubator such that at least one of the one or more variable parameter differs from an ambient level of the variable parameter, and as a consequence of such difference from ambient conditions, driving the subset population from a first potency level phenotype to a second potency level phenotype.

(101) Modulating a Phenotype with by Application of Uniformly Distributed Pressure

(102) In addition to the embodiments of a method of modulating cell potency-level phenotype by way of regulating the gaseous environment within a cell culture incubator, as described above in the “Summary of the Present disclosure” and in the “Detailed Description” sections, further embodiments are provided. Each of the embodiments that follow may include any aspect of first embodiment as described herein.

(103) In a second embodiment, among several exemplary embodiments provided herein, an embodiment of the present disclosure is represented in FIG. 9.

(104) FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method 900 of modulating the potency level phenotype of a cell population by regulating one or more variable aspects of a gaseous condition within an incubator such that these gaseous conditions differ from the corresponding ambient gaseous condition, wherein the pressure is application substantial uniformity across the cell surface. In brief, this embodiment of the present disclosure includes 901 culturing a cell population in an incubator able to regulate one or more variable parameters of a gaseous condition within the incubator independently of a corresponding ambient gaseous condition, and 902 controlling a pressure exerted on cells within the cell population, wherein the pressure is greater than ambient atmospheric pressure, and wherein the pressure is distributed with substantial uniformity across a surface of each cell, consequently driving the subset population from a first potency level phenotype to a second potency level phenotype.

(105) Aspects of the method shown in FIG. 9 will now be elaborated in further detail. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, pressure, as one of the atmospheric variables, is characterized particularly as exerting its biological effects on cells in a manner that is uniformly distributed across the cell surface area. Accordingly, some embodiments of a method of modulating a cellular potency level phenotype of at least a subset population of a source population of cells include culturing the source cell population in a liquid medium within a cell culture incubator; and (among atmospheric variables) controlling a pressure exerted on cells of the cell population, wherein the pressure is greater than ambient atmospheric pressure, and wherein the pressure is distributed with substantial uniformity across a surface of each cell. By virtue of exerting uniformly distributed pressure, the method further includes driving the subset population from a first potency level phenotype to a second potency level phenotype, wherein the first potency level phenotype of the subset cell population is that which would be expressed under a gaseous condition in which total atmospheric pressure is at an ambient level, and wherein the second potency level phenotype of the subset cell population is expressed as a consequence of exposure to the pressure higher than that of ambient atmospheric pressure.

(106) In particular embodiments of this method, the pressure exerted on the cells is distributed across substantially every portion of the surface of each cell with a substantially identical time course. These embodiments may further include controlling a concentration of oxygen in the cell culture incubator such that the concentration within the incubator is lower than the ambient oxygen concentration; and wherein the second potency level phenotype of the subset population is expressed, at least in part, as a consequence of exposure to the concentration of oxygen being less than that of the ambient level.

(107) Modulating a Phenotype: First to Second, Second to Third

(108) In a third embodiment, among several exemplary embodiments provided herein, an embodiment of the present disclosure is represented in FIG. 10.

(109) FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a method 1000 of modulating the potency level phenotype of a cell population through multiple potency levels by regulating one or more variable aspects of a gaseous condition within an incubator such that these gaseous conditions differ from the corresponding ambient gaseous condition.

(110) In brief, this embodiment of the present disclosure includes 1001 culturing a cell population in an incubator able to regulate one or more variable parameters of a gaseous condition independently of a corresponding ambient gaseous condition. The method further includes (1002) regulating each of the one or more variable parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator independently of the ambient gaseous condition, and consequently and sequentially driving the subset population from a first potency level phenotype to a second potency level phenotype, and then from the second potency level phenotype to a third potency level phenotype.

(111) Aspects of the method shown in FIG. 10 will now be elaborated in further detail. Some embodiments of the present disclosure include moving a subject cell population from a first to a second potency level phenotype, and them moving the second potency level phenotype to a third potency level phenotype. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of modulating a potency level phenotype of at least a subset population of a source population of cells, the method includes culturing the source cell population in a liquid medium within a cell culture incubator, the incubator configured to independently regulate one or more variable parameters of gaseous conditions within the incubator; and regulating each of the one or more variable parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator independently of each other and independently of an ambient external gaseous condition. By virtue of regulating the one or more atmospheric variables, the method then includes driving the subset population from a first potency level phenotype to a second phenotype, and thence from the second potency level phenotype to a third potency level phenotype.

(112) In this embodiment, the first potency level phenotype of the subset cell population is expressed under a culture condition the one or more variable parameters of the gaseous condition are substantially in accordance with ambient conditions (a first set of gaseous conditions), and the second potency level phenotype of the subset cell population is expressed as a consequence of exposure to a second set of gaseous conditions as determined by the independent regulation of the one or more parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator, and the third potency level phenotype of the subset cell population is expressed as a consequence of exposure to a third set of gaseous conditions as determined by the independent regulation of the one or more parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator. In some of these embodiments, one of the variable aspects of the gaseous conditions within the incubator is a total gas pressure, and wherein a second of the variable aspects of the gaseous conditions within the incubator is a concentration of oxygen.

(113) In one example of this embodiment, the source population includes fibroblasts derived from a human being, such fibroblasts are of a first potency level phenotype, and the second potency level phenotype is that of an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), and the third potency level phenotype is that of an intermediately differentiated cell. In some of these particular embodiments, driving the subset of the source population toward the second potency level phenotype (the iPSC) includes including one or more transcription factors in the cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the source population of fibroblasts is derived from a donor human being, by way of a skin biopsy, the donor being be any of a fetus, a neonate, an infant, a child, an adolescent, or an adult.

(114) Some embodiments of this method of deriving second and third potency level phenotypes from a first potency level phenotype, include expanding the cultured subset of cells of expressing the third potency level phenotype by culturing under the second set of gaseous conditions.

(115) Modulating a Phenotype: A Manufacturing Process Context, with Particular Modules and Work Flows

(116) In a fourth embodiment, among several exemplary embodiments provided herein, an embodiment of the present disclosure is represented in FIG. 11.

(117) FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a method 1100 of modulating the potency level phenotype of a cell population within a workflow context that may be used in a clinical manufacturing context, where an expanded cell population of a particular potency level phenotype may be used for research, diagnostic, drug screening, or therapeutic purposes. In brief, this embodiment of the method includes 1101 culturing a source cell population in an incubator capable of operating multiple gaseous condition modules, including a module A for pluripotency, a module B for intermediate potency level, and a module C for a differentiated potency level, each module delivering a particular oxygen level and a total gas pressure within the cell culture incubator. The method further includes 1102 regulating oxygen level and total gas pressure within the incubator in accordance with the gaseous condition module that favors the targeted potency level phenotype. Embodiments of the method further include 1103 culturing the cell population and the appropriate module conditions to expand a population of cells having the targeted potency level phenotype.

(118) Aspects of the method shown in FIG. 11 are depicted in general terms in FIG. 2, and will now be elaborated on in further detail. Some embodiments of the present disclosure include adapting the method to a clinical manufacturing process context, with particular modules and work flows 1100. Accordingly, a method of modulating phenotypic potency level to achieve a targeted level of phenotypic potency level, includes 1101 culturing a source cell population in a liquid medium within a cell culture incubator that is capable of operating multiple gaseous condition modules, the modules including a condition module A for pluripotency, a condition module B for intermediate potency level, and a module C for a differentiated potency level, wherein each module operates at a specification with regard to oxygen level and total gas pressure conditions within the cell culture incubator. The method further includes 1102 regulating oxygen level and total gas pressure within the incubator in accordance with the gaseous condition module that favors the targeted potency level phenotype; and further culturing 1103 the cell population and the appropriate module conditions to expand a population of cells having the targeted potency level phenotype.

(119) In some embodiments of the method, prior to regulating oxygen level and total gas pressure within the incubator in accordance with the gaseous condition module that favors the targeted potency level phenotype, regulating gaseous conditions in accordance with one of the other gaseous condition modules.

(120) In some embodiments of the method, further culturing the cell population includes culturing in a workflow that comprises at least two consecutive culture condition modules.

(121) In some embodiments of the method, the gaseous condition module that favors the targeted potency level phenotype is based on any of experimental data from previous examples of a population of cells of a same type as the source population or from previous examples of populations of cells similar to those of the source population.

(122) Modulating Phenotype with Two or More Gaseous Parameter Variables

(123) In a fifth embodiment, among several exemplary embodiments provided herein, an embodiment of the present disclosure is represented in FIG. 12.

(124) FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of a method 1200 an embodiment of a method of modulating a cellular phenotype of at least a subset population of a source population of cells includes culturing 1201 the source cell population in a liquid medium within a cell culture incubator, the incubator being configured to regulate two or more variable parameters of gaseous conditions within the incubator independently of each other and independent of a corresponding ambient condition. Embodiments of the method include regulating 1201 the two or more variable parameters of the gaseous condition within the incubator such that at least two of the two or more variable parameter differs from a corresponding ambient level, and consequently driving the subset population from a first phenotype to a second phenotype. In these method embodiments, the first phenotype of the subset cell population is that which is expressed under a gaseous condition absent the independent regulation of the two or more variable parameters of the gaseous condition, and the second phenotype of the subset cell population is expressed as a consequence of exposure to the gaseous condition as determined by the independent regulation of the two or more parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator.

(125) In some of these embodiments, the source cell population includes cell populations selected from the group consisting of immune cells, tumor cells, and stem cells. In particular examples of these embodiments, the immune cell populations may include monocytes, macrophages, antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells, T-cells, Tumor-infiltrating T cells, Regulatory T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, and B-cells. In other embodiments, stem cells may include naturally occurring stem cells or induced stem cells. Stem cell populations may include mesenchymal stem cells, said mesenchymal stem cells including any of progenitor, immature and mature subgroups.

(126) In some of these embodiments, the second phenotype (in contrast to the initial or “first” phenotype) is a desired type of cell in a desired phenotypic state, the desired phenotypic state including a desired functionality. In one such example, the source population is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) population and the desired type of cell is a mature natural killer (NK) cell that has functional tumor-killing properties, such desired cells being appropriate to deploy in immuno-oncology applications. In particular embodiments, the mature natural killer (NK) cell with functional tumor-killing properties has a range of tumor-killing levels, and relevantly, regulating the two or more variable parameters of the gaseous condition within the incubator can modulate the level of tumor-killing efficacy. In some of these embodiments, the desired type of cell is a mature immune cell in which one or more of the immune markers identifying an aspect of the “self” of the source population have been removed, the desired cell type thereby becoming a universal donor cell.

(127) In some embodiments of the present disclosure, one of the variable parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator is a total gas pressure, the total gas pressure is greater than ambient total gas pressure. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, one of the variable parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator is a concentration of an individual gas. In a particular embodiment, the individual gas is oxygen, and the level of oxygen is below ambient oxygen level.

(128) Any one or more features or steps of any embodiment of the present disclosures disclosed herein (device or method) can be combined with any one or more other features of any other embodiment of the present disclosures, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. It should also be understood that the present disclosures are not limited to the embodiments that are described or depicted herein for purposes of exemplification, but are to be defined only by a fair reading of claims appended to the patent application, including the full range of equivalency to which each element thereof is entitled. Some theoretical considerations of the inventors have been advanced in this application, as, for example, regarding the biological effects of oxygen level and atmospheric pressure on cells. These theoretical considerations are offered strictly for the purpose of conveying concepts underlying the present disclosures, not to support any of the claims, all of which stand wholly independent of any theoretical considerations.

Embodiments

(129) The following non-limiting embodiments provide illustrative examples of the invention, but do not limit the scope of the invention.

(130) Embodiment 1. A method of modulating a potency level phenotype of at least a subset population of a source population of cells, the method comprising: culturing the source cell population in a liquid medium within a cell culture incubator, the incubator configured to regulate one or more variable parameters of a gaseous condition within the incubator independently of an ambient gaseous condition; regulating the one or more variable parameters of the gaseous condition within the incubator such that at least one of the one or more variable parameter differs from an ambient level of the variable parameter, and as a consequence of such difference from ambient conditions, the subset population is driven from a first potency level phenotype to a second potency level phenotype, wherein the first potency level phenotype of the subset cell population is that which is expressed under a gaseous condition in which the one or more variable gaseous parameters are substantially in accordance with ambient conditions, and wherein the second potency level phenotype of the subset cell population is expressed as a consequence of exposure to the gaseous condition as determined by the regulation of the one or more parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator.

(131) Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein one of the variable parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator is a total gas pressure, and wherein the total gas pressure is greater than ambient total gas pressure.

(132) Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein one of the variable parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator is a concentration of an individual gas.

(133) Embodiment 4. The method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the individual gas is oxygen, and wherein the level of oxygen is below ambient oxygen level.

(134) Embodiment 5. The method of any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the incubator is configured to regulate two or more variable parameters of a gaseous condition within the incubator independently of an ambient gaseous condition, and configured to regulate the two or more variables of a gaseous condition independently of each other.

(135) Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein one of the two variable parameters comprises a total gas pressure and wherein a second of the two variable parameters comprises an oxygen level.

(136) Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the two or more variable parameters of the gaseous conditions comprise a total gas pressure and a concentration of at least one individual gas, and wherein culturing the cells within a cell culture incubator comprises culturing for a culture duration over which time both the total gas pressure and the concentration of the at least one gas is substantially constant.

(137) Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the two or more variable parameters of the gaseous conditions comprise a total gas pressure and a concentration of at least one individual gas, and wherein culturing the cells within a cell culture incubator comprises varying at least one of the total gas pressure or the concentration of the at least one gas over a culture duration.

(138) Embodiment 9. The method of any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein modulating the phenotype comprises modulating a potency level aspect of the phenotype of the subset population of cultured cells such that the first phenotype and the second phenotype differ with regard to potency level.

(139) Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 9, wherein modulating the potency level aspect of the phenotype of the subset population of cultured cells comprises driving the cells from a state of high potency level toward a state of a mature, differentiated cell phenotype.

(140) Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 9, wherein modulating a potency level phenotype comprises driving a cell having a pluripotent phenotype toward a cell type belonging to any of the embryonic germ layer derivatives, said germ layers consisting or endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

(141) Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 11, wherein driving a phenotype toward an ectodermal derived cell type comprises driving the phenotype toward that of an ectodermal or neural cell type.

(142) Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 9, wherein modulating a potency level phenotype comprises driving a cell having a pluripotent phenotype toward that of an intermediately differentiated or progenitor cell phenotype.

(143) Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 10, wherein driving a phenotype toward a state of a mature, differentiated cell type comprises driving a population human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) toward a myeloid progenitor cell type, as indicated by emergence of CD34+CD45+CD43+ cells.

(144) Embodiment 15. The method of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein modulating a potency level phenotype comprises driving a cell having an intermediately differentiated cell phenotype toward that of a cell having fully differentiated cell phenotype.

(145) Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 15, wherein an intermediately differentiated cell phenotype comprises a neural cell phenotype and a mature differentiated call phenotype comprises a neuronal phenotype.

(146) Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 9, wherein modulating the potency level aspect of the phenotype of the subset population of cultured cells comprises driving the cells from a differentiated state toward a state of higher potency.

(147) Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 15, wherein modulating a differentiation phenotype comprises driving a cell having differentiated cell phenotype toward an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) phenotype.

(148) Embodiment 19. The method of any one of embodiments 1-18, further comprising modulating the second phenotype such that it becomes a third phenotype.

(149) Embodiment 20. The method of any one of embodiments 1-19, wherein modulating the potency level phenotype comprises modulating an expression of a differentiation marker, said marker reflecting any or more of gene expression, protein expression, cellular functionality, kinetic property, or metabolic pathway activity of at least the subset population of the cultured population of primary cells.

(150) Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the differentiation marker comprises a neural cell marker.

(151) Embodiment 22. The method of any one of embodiments 1-21, wherein modulating a state of potency-level phenotype comprises modulating an expression of an aspect of cell morphology, dimension, adherent properties, migratory behavior, electrical, activation, or functional properties of at least the subset population of the cultured population of primary cells.

(152) Embodiment 23. The method of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the liquid medium comprises one or more cell differentiation induction factors or growth factors.

(153) Embodiment 24. The method of any one of embodiments 1-23, further comprising isolating cells of the second phenotype, and expanding a population of cells of the second phenotype by way of further cell culturing.

(154) Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 24, wherein a particular second phenotype is desired, and wherein a set of the two or more independently regulated parameters of the gaseous conditions that favor an expression of the desired second phenotype has been determined, the method further comprising expanding the cultured subset of cells of expressing the second phenotype by a culturing under those independently regulated gaseous conditions.

(155) Embodiment 26. The method of any one of embodiments 1-25, wherein the method is adapted to determine a gaseous condition favorable for outgrowth of a population having a desired phenotype, the method comprising: splitting the source population of cells into cohort cultures comprising at least a first and a second cohort culture; culturing the cohort cell cultures in parallel under gaseous conditions that differ only with regard for variations in any of total gas pressure and oxygen concentration; measuring a level of an expression of at least one marker indicative of the desired phenotype within each of the cohort cultures; and based on the results of differentiation marker level measurement among the cohort cultures, determining which of the variations in gaseous conditions is optimal for the outgrowth of the cell population having the desired phenotype.

(156) Embodiment 27. A method of modulating a phenotype of at least a subset population of a source population of cells, the method comprising: culturing the source cell population in a liquid medium within a cell culture incubator, the incubator configured to regulate two or more variable parameters of a gaseous condition within the incubator independently of a corresponding ambient gaseous condition; regulating the two or more variable parameters of the gaseous condition within the incubator such that each of the variable parameters differs from a respective ambient level, and consequently driving the subset population from a first phenotype to a second phenotype, wherein the first phenotype of the subset cell population is that which is expressed under a gaseous condition in which the two or more variable gaseous parameters are substantially in accordance with ambient conditions, and wherein the second phenotype of the subset cell population is expressed as a consequence of exposure to the gaseous condition as determined by the regulation of the two or more parameters of the gaseous conditions within the incubator.