BENZOXAZINE MONOMERS AND POLYMERIC COATINGS

Abstract

Monomer(s) based on a 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine derivative. Alternatively, a composition comprising a mixture of the monomer(s) and of a second benzoxazine derivative selected from the group consisting of monofunctional amines bridged with diphenolic compounds, monophenolic compounds bridged with diamines and diamines bridged by diphenolic compounds, or a mixture thereof. These compounds are suited for the preparation of benzoxazine derivative heterogeneous polymers, for example having the shape of coatings or films, exhibiting enhanced anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oxidant properties. A material with a coated substrate with the heterogeneous polymer may be a part of implantable materials, such as implantable metallic apparatus such as a catheter, a metallic implant, or a metallic prosthesis, biologically compatible. These implantable materials may be safely used because they are preventing any inflammatory and/or oxidative reaction(s) from a host into which the coated substrate is grafted or implanted.

Claims

1.-20. (canceled)

21. A monomer based on a 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine derivative having the formula ##STR00025## either wherein R.sub.4=CH.sub.3 R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 together represent ##STR00026## with R.sub.5= ##STR00027## and R.sub.1=H, or CH.sub.3, or wherein R.sub.4 and R.sub.3 together represent ##STR00028## with ##STR00029## and R.sub.2=R.sub.1=CH.sub.3, or a mixture thereof.

22. A composition comprising a mixture of a first monomer consisting of the 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine derivative monomer of any one of the formulas of claim 1, or a mixture thereof, and a second benzoxazine derivative selected from the group consisting of monofunctional amines bridged with diphenolic compounds, monophenolic compounds bridged with diamines and diamines bridged by diphenolic compounds, or a mixture thereof.

23. The composition according to claim 22, wherein the second benzoxazine derivative is a compound of formula A ##STR00030## wherein R is a —CH.sub.2—, —C(CH.sub.3).sub.2—, SO.sub.2, —C(CF.sub.3).sub.2—, —C(CH.sub.3)(C.sub.6H.sub.5)—, —C(CH.sub.3)(C.sub.2H.sub.5)—, —C(C.sub.6H.sub.5).sub.2—, —CHCH.sub.3—, —C.sub.6H.sub.10— or —C(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH— group; R.sub.1 is a —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH, vinyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, fluorene, phenylacetylene, phenyl propargyl ether, benzonitrile, furfuryl, phenylene or —(CH.sub.2).sub.17CH.sub.3 group.

24. The composition according to claim 22, wherein the second benzoxazine derivative is a compound of formula B ##STR00031## either wherein R is a —(CH).sub.2—, —(CH).sub.4—, —(CH).sub.6—, —(CH).sub.8—, —(CH).sub.10—, —(CH).sub.12—, —(CH).sub.14—, or —(CH).sub.18— group, or ##STR00032## and wherein, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 are selected from the group consisting of R.sub.1=R.sub.2=R.sub.3=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3, R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.3=CH.sub.2CH═CH.sub.2, R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3, R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.3=CH═CHCH.sub.3, R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3, R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.3=CHO, R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3, R.sub.2=R.sub.3=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3, R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.3=CHO, R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3, R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.3=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH, R.sub.1=R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.3=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH, R.sub.1=R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.3=CH═CHCOOH, and R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3, R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H, R.sub.3=CH═CHCOOH, or wherein R.sub.3=R.sub.4=H, ##STR00033## and R.sub.1=COOH, or wherein R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=OH, R.sub.3=H and ##STR00034## or wherein R.sub.1=H, and ##STR00035## and R.sub.3=H, R.sub.4=OH, or wherein R.sub.1=CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=OH, R.sub.3=H ##STR00036## or wherein R.sub.1=R.sub.3=R.sub.4=H, and ##STR00037## or wherein R.sub.1=R.sub.3=H R.sub.2=—CH.sub.2HC═CH.sub.2, and R.sub.4=OCH.sub.3; or R.sub.1=R.sub.3=H R.sub.2=—CH═HCCH.sub.3 and R.sub.4=OCH.sub.3; or R.sub.1=R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H and ##STR00038## or R.sub.1=R.sub.2=R.sub.3=H and R.sub.4=CH.sub.2CH═CH.sub.2, or R.sub.1=R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H and R.sub.3=CH.sub.2CH═CH.sub.2, or R.sub.1=R.sub.3=R.sub.4=H and R.sub.2=CH.sub.2CH═CH.sub.2.

25. The composition according to claim 22, wherein in the composition the second benzoxazine derivative has a concentration equal or superior to 50% in comparison to the concentration of the first monomer.

26. A process for producing a material comprising a substrate coated with at least one of an anti-inflammatory and an anti-oxidant heterogeneous polymer based on a 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine derivative, the process comprising the steps of: (a) depositing one of an anti-inflammatory and an anti-oxidant monomer selected from the group consisting of at least one monomer of the formulas of claim 1 and of further the formula ##STR00039## either wherein R.sub.3=R.sub.4=H, ##STR00040## and R.sub.1=COOH, or wherein R.sub.1=H, R.sub.2=OH, R.sub.3=H and ##STR00041## or wherein R.sub.1=H, and ##STR00042## and R.sub.3=H, R.sub.4=OH, or wherein R.sub.1=CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=OH, R.sub.3=H ##STR00043## or wherein R.sub.1=R.sub.3=R.sub.4=H, and ##STR00044## or wherein R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H R.sub.3=—CH.sub.2HC═CH.sub.2 and R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3; or R.sub.2=R.sub.4=H R.sub.3=—CH═HCCH.sub.3 and R.sub.1=OCH.sub.3, or a mixture thereof onto the substrate, (b) heating a deposit obtained through step (a) at a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined duration to polymerize the monomer to obtain the material.

27. The process according to claim 26, wherein the at least one of the anti-inflammatory and the anti-oxidant monomer based on a 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine derivative, being a first monomer, the process comprising a step of depositing a second benzoxazine derivative selected from the group consisting of monofunctional amines bridged with diphenolic compounds, monophenolic compounds bridged with diamines and diamines bridged by diphenolic compounds, or a mixture thereof, onto the substrate deposited with the first monomer during step (a) for generating a mixture, before the step (b) of heating.

28. The process according to claim 26, including a step of adding a second benzoxazine derivative, selected from the group consisting of monofunctional amines bridged with diphenolic compounds, monophenolic compounds bridged with diamines and diamines bridged by diphenolic compounds, or a mixture thereof, to the at least one of the anti-inflammatory and the anti-oxidant monomer based on a 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine derivative, being a first monomer, and a step of mixing to form a resulting composition of the first monomer and second benzoxazine derivative, the resulting composition being deposited onto the substrate in the step (a).

29. The process according to claim 27, wherein the second benzoxazine derivative is a compound of formula A, as defined in claim 23.

30. The process according to claim 28, wherein the second benzoxazine derivative in the resulting composition has a concentration equal or superior to 50% in weight in comparison to the concentration of the first monomer.

31. The process according to claim 26, wherein step (b) of heating is performed at a temperature within a range of from 100° C. to 250° C.

32. A material comprising a substrate with at least one of an anti-inflammatory and an antioxidant heterogeneous polymer based on 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine coating or film, obtainable by the process claim 26.

33. The material according to claim 32, wherein the heterogeneous polymer presents a mechanical relaxation temperature corresponding to the maximum of the loss factor of from 100° C. to 300° C.

34. The material according to claim 32, wherein the coating or the film presents a thickness of from of from 100 μm to 2 mm.

35. The material according to claim 32, wherein the coating or the film presents a hardness of more than 5H measured according the ASTM D 3363 standard.

36. The material according to claim 32, as a part of implantable materials.

37. The material according to claim 32 for use for the treatment or the prevention of at least one of inflammatory and oxidant disease(s).

38. The material according to claim 32, wherein the coating or the film presents a thickness of from 100 μm to 500 μm.

39. The material according to claim 36, wherein the part of implantable materials are implantable metallic apparatus such as a catheter, a metallic implant, or a metallic prosthesis, biologically compatible.

40. The process according to claim 27, wherein the second benzoxazine derivative is a compound of formula B as defined in claim 24.

Description

DRAWINGS

[0079] FIG. 1 is an exemplary illustration of a chemical structure of the monomers 1-13 (comparative example) used in various embodiments of the present invention.

[0080] FIG. 2 is an exemplary illustration of a chemical structure of monomers 7b, 8b, 9b, 10b, 11b, 12b and 13b (comparative example), in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0081] FIG. 3 is an exemplary illustration of a chemical structure of monomers 7c, 8c, 9c, 10c, 11c, 13c and (comparative example), in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0082] FIG. 4 is an exemplary illustration of a chemical structure of monomers 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d, and 13d (comparative example), in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0083] FIG. 5 is an exemplary illustration of a chemical structure of P-e (second benzoxazine derivative), in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0084] FIG. 6 is an exemplary illustration of a .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) spectrum of the monomer 1, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0085] FIG. 7 is an exemplary illustration of a .sup.13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) spectrum of the monomer 1, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0086] FIG. 8 is an exemplary illustration of a mass spectrum (MALDI-Tof/MS) of the monomer 1, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0087] FIG. 9 is an exemplary illustration of an IR spectrum of the monomer 1, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0088] FIG. 10 is an exemplary illustration of a DSC curve of the monomer 1, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0089] FIG. 11 is an exemplary illustration of a DSC curves of the composition comprising the monomer 1 and P-e, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0090] FIG. 12 is an exemplary illustration of a coating of P-e on a steel coverslip that has been treated with NaOH, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0091] FIG. 13 is an exemplary illustration of a coating of the composition (monomer 1+P-e) on a steel coverslip that has been treated with NaOH, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0092] FIG. 14 is an exemplary illustration of a coating of the composition (monomer 1+P-e) on a steel coverslip that has not been treated with NaOH, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0093] FIG. 15 is an exemplary illustration of a rheogram featuring the polymerization of the composition (monomer 1+P-e), in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0094] FIG. 16 is an exemplary illustration of a rheogram featuring the mechanical relaxation temperature of the cross-linked composition (monomer 1+P-e), in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0095] FIG. 17 is an exemplary illustration of an effect of the substrate on the metabolic activity in RAW 264.7 (left) and THP-1 (right) macrophages, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0096] FIG. 18 is an exemplary illustration of an effect of the substrate on the TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 (left) and THP-1 (right) macrophages, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0097] FIG. 19 is an exemplary illustration of a measurement of the inflammation inhibitory activity of 5 samples, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0098] FIG. 20 is an exemplary illustration of a measurement of the pro-inflammatory activity of 5 samples, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

[0099] FIG. 21 is an exemplary illustration of a measurement of the toxicity of 5 samples, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Preparation of the Monomers

[0100] FIGS. 1-3 show the monomers 1-12 that are based on benzoxazines and that are used in the present invention. The monomer 13 is here used as a comparative example, not of the invention. By looking at the compounds 1-13 more carefully on FIG. 1, it is highlighted that the monomers 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 13 have a side chain that can vary in its degree of unsaturation. As shown on FIG. 2, the corresponding monomers 7b, 8b, 9b, 10b, 11b, and 13b have only two olefinic groups while the corresponding monomers 7c, 8c, 9c, 10c, 11c, and 13c have only one olefinic group as described on FIG. 3. Finally, the side chain can fully be saturated as depicted on FIG. 4 for the corresponding monomers 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d and 13d. It is precised that among those similar monomers, the monomer bearing three unsaturations is the major compound and the monomer bearing only one unsaturation is the minor compound. It is further noted that when one of this particular monomer is used, it is relatively difficult to know which one is used. For the purpose of the present invention, it is considered that when, for example compound 8 is used, compounds 8b, 8c and 8d are also comprised. It is finally precised that all the unsaturations shown in relation with those specific compounds have the configuration Z (or cis).

[0101] Starting from 8-tocopherol as a phenol derivative starting material, the following reactional scheme has been established (scheme I).

##STR00024##

[0102] This solventless reaction is performed during 24 h at 80° C. The product is then purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure at 50° C. No further purification has been required. The overall yield of the reaction has been determined to be equal of 96%. The state of the monomer 1 at room temperature is a viscous liquid.

[0103] FIGS. 6-9 show the analytical data of the compound 1 (respectively .sup.1H and .sup.13C NMR, mass and IR spectra).

Study of the Polymerisation Behaviour

[0104] FIG. 10 shows the results of the DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) analysis of monomer 1. The DSC analysis has been performed in the following temperature range: 25° C. to 280° C. The DSC traces were recorded at a heating rate of 5° C./min under nitrogen. The polymerization temperature (T.sub.p) has thus been determined to be equal to 254° C. (ring opening of the oxazine moiety of the monomer 1).

[0105] Since monomers 1-13 are mono-functional, their polymerization is not sufficient for the material to be efficiently cross-linked and to form an effective self-supported coating. In order to study the behaviour of these monomers for coating experiment, a DSC analysis on a composition comprising the monomer 1 and P-e (3,3′-ethane-1,2-diylbis(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine) has been performed. P-e is a bi-functional compound (see chemical structure on FIG. 5), presenting two oxazine rings.

[0106] P-e has been synthesized following a known protocol (Ganfoud R. et al., Composites Sci. Technol., 2015, 110, 1-7; Puchot L. et al, Polymer Chemistry, 2018, 9, 472).

[0107] The composition comprises 33% of monomer 1 (17 mg) and 67% of P-e (34 mg) and the mixing is achieved at 100° C. A pasty solid with an orange color is obtained. FIG. 11 shows the DSC curves obtained on the composition. The range of temperature is 25° C. to 280° C. and the heating rate is of 5° C./min under nitrogen.

[0108] The DSC curve of the P-e alone shows a melting point at 107° C. and two exothermic peaks (186° C. and 238° C., not indicated as such on FIG. 11) identifying the successive ring-opening of the two benzoxazine rings. The aspect of the DSC curve for the composition shows that the polymerisation of P-e seems to occur in the first place and that the polymerisartion with the monomer 1 follows.

Coating Experiments

Coating of P-e

[0109] A coverslip in steel is treated with NaOH.sub.(aq) in order to favour the adherence of the polymer film. A drop of P-e (obtained by melting the P-e at 107° C.) is deposited and spread out on the coverslip. The coverslip is then placed in the sterilizer at 180° C. for 2 h in order to favour the polymerisation and the formation of the coating. Finally, the discs were sterilised by soaking them in 70% ethanol in water for 30 min.

[0110] FIG. 12 shows a picture of the coating of P-e on a steel coverslip that has been treated with NaOH. The thickness is about 120 μm.

[0111] The coating is smooth and homogeneous.

Coating of the Composition (Monomer 1+P-e)

[0112] A coverslip in steel is treated with NaOH.sub.(aq) in order to favour the adherence of the polymer film. A drop of the composition (obtained by melting the composition at 110° C.) is deposited and spread out on the coverslip. The coverslip is then placed in the sterilizer at 180° C. for 2 h in order to favour the polymerisation and the formation of the coating. Finally, the substrates were sterilized by soaking them in 70% ethanol in water for 30 min.

[0113] FIG. 13 shows a picture of the coating of the composition on a steel coverslip that has been treated with NaOH.

[0114] The result is less satisfying than the result obtained with P-e alone, since the coating shown on the picture of FIG. 13 is inhomogeneous and rough, in comparison to the coating shown on the picture of FIG. 12.

Coating of the Composition (Monomer 1+P-e) without a Pre-Treatment of the Coverslip.

[0115] This time, the coating is performed on a coverslip in steel that has not been treated. A drop of the composition (obtained by melting the composition at 110° C.) is deposited and spread out on the coverslip. The coverslip is then placed in the sterilizer at 180° C. for 2 h in order to favour the polymerisation and the formation of the coating. Finally, the substrates were sterilized by soaking them in 70% ethanol in water for 30 min. The thickness of the coating is is about 110 μm.

[0116] FIG. 14 shows a picture of the coating of the composition on a steel coverslip that has not been treated with NaOH.

[0117] These coating experiments have demonstrated that the substrate can be used without any pre-treatment.

[0118] The hardness of the coating was measured using the Pencil Hardness Tester Elcometer 501, in accordance with the following standard ASTM D 3363. A scratch on the coating was not observed using pencil with a hardness lower than 5H.

[0119] In order to perform the polymerisation at a temperature inferior to 180° C., the use of Lewis acid as catalyst can be made. Such Lewis acid catalyst are in various instances PCl.sub.5, PCl.sub.3, POCl.sub.3, TiCl.sub.4, AlCl.sub.3 or CH.sub.3OTf. They can be added at concentration varying between 0.5 wt % and 10 wt %. These compounds are added within the composition that is deposited onto the surface of the substrate and are washed out during the soaking in ethanol. The temperature which is then employed can be lowered until 150° C. The range of temperature when these catalysts are present thus vary between 150° C. and 180° C.

[0120] To lower the polymerisation temperature, primary amines, quaternary ammoniums, thiols and elemental sulphur can be used. These compounds are added within the composition that is deposited onto the surface of the substrate and are washed out during the soaking in ethanol. The thickness of the film is about 120 μm.

[0121] FIG. 15 shows a rheogram. Rheo-kinetic measurements were performed with an Anton Paar Physica MCR 302 rheometer equipped with a CDT 450 temperature control device with disposable aluminium plate-plate (diameter 25 mm, measure gap 0.35 mm) geometry. The polymerization measurements were recorded in oscillation mode at imposed 1% strain amplitude (γ) and a frequency (f) of 1 Hz. A heating ramp of 20° C./min was applied to reach the temperature of 150° C. Gelation points were measured at 150° C. whereas the sample deformation was ramped linearly from 1% to 0.2% to remain within the instrument limitation and to maintain linear viscoelastic behaviour as the moduli increase over several orders of magnitude upon curing. Gelation point corresponds to the time needed at this temperature to reach the crossing of the storage and loss moduli. The measurement show a solid material is formed after 200 seconds at 150° C.

[0122] FIG. 16 shows a rheogram of the final cross-linked polymer consisting of monomer 1 and P-e. Rheo-kinetic measurements were performed with an Anton Paar Physica MCR 302 rheometer equipped with a CDT 450 temperature control device with disposable aluminium plate-plate (diameter 25 mm, measure gap 0.35 mm) geometry on a sample pre-crosslinked between the plates of the rheometer, as described above. The measurements were recorded in oscillation mode at imposed 0.05% strain amplitude (γ) and a frequency (f) of 1 Hz. A heating ramp of 20° C./min was applied to reach the temperature of 150° C. The mechanical relaxation temperature corresponds to the maximum of the loss factor, at 122° C.

Pharmaceutical Aspect

Film Preparation

[0123] Tocopheryl-benzoxazine 1 and P-e were provided according to the above mentioned protocol. Poly(L-Lysine) (cat. #P2636) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK).

[0124] Monomers, in 1:2 weight ratio (monomer 1:P-e), were dissolved in chloroform at a total final concentration of 20% w/v. Alternatively, other aprotic solvents such as acetone or dichloromethane can be employed. Still alternatively, the monomers in 1:2 weight ratio (monomer 1:P-e) have been melted together at a temperature ranging between 105° C. and 110° C. This second way to mix both monomer 1 and P-e allows for preventing the use of chloroform. Approximately 100 mg of the solution or of the molten mixture were deposited on ø=13 mm circular glass coverslips placed on a stirring plate, which was then kept at 100° C. for 15 min. The thermal treatment was performed at 150° C. for 1 h followed by a post-cure at 170° C. for 2 h. Finally, the discs were sterilised by soaking them in 70% ethanol in water for 30 min. The thickness of the film is about 110 μm.

[0125] In addition to clear glass coverslips, as a control, also glass coverslips coated with poly-L-lysine were used. In particular, 50 μL of a sterile 0.01% w/v poly-L-lysine solution in MilliQ water were deposited on the coverslips and after 10 min the solution was removed and the glass surface was rinsed with MilliQ water. Coverslips were allowed to dry for at least 2 h before introducing cell culture medium.

Cellular Studies

[0126] General cell culture. The mouse leukaemic monocyte macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and the human monocyte cell line THP-1 (TIB-202™) were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, Va., USA) and maintained in cell culture media (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) high glucose (#D5671) for RAW 264.7, RPMI 1640 Medium (#R0883 for THP-1) supplemented with 10% (v/v) foetal bovine serum (FBS, #F7524), 2 mM L-Glutamine (#G7513), and 1% (v/v) penicilin-streptomycin (#P4333). All cell culture reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK) unless specified otherwise. Cells were routinely cultured in a humidified 5% (v/v) CO.sub.2 air atmosphere at 37° C. and used to maximum passage number of 15.

[0127] THP-1 differentiation (M0 macrophages). THP-1 premonocytes of passages below 20 (1.25×105 cells/cm.sup.2) were differentiated into THP-1 macrophages for 24 h by incubation in complete medium containing 50 ng-mL-1 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; #P1585, Sigma-Aldrich, UK). (See de la Rosa J. M. R. et al., Adv. Healthcare Mater, 2017, 1601012 for the protocol). After differentiation, PMA medium was removed; cells were washed once with serum-free RPMI 1640 and rested or further activated for 24 hours in PMA-free complete medium.

[0128] Metabolic activity. RAW 264.7 macrophages were seeded on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), glass, or polymer films (poly-L-lysine or tocopherol) placed in the wells of 24-well plates at a density of 2.5×104 cells/cm.sup.2 and allowed to grow for 48 h. THP-1 premonocytes were differentiated and rested on the substrates as described above in order to obtain THP-1 macrophages. Cells were then washed with PBS and incubated for one hour at 37° C. in serum- and phenol red-free medium containing CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) 5% (v/v). Metabolic activity was measured by reading the absorbance values at 490 nm (Synergy2 Biotek plate reader, using Gen5 software) and normalized by the amount of total protein content in each well using the BCA kit (Sigma-Aldrich, UK).

[0129] Effect of substrate on the production of inflammatory mediators. RAW 264.7 macrophages were seeded on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), glass, or polymer films (polylysine or tocopherol) placed in the wells of 24-well plates at a density of 2.5×104 cells/cm.sup.2 and allowed to grow for 24 h. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated for 24 hours with fresh medium containing 1 μg/mL Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli 026:B6 (L5543, Sigma-Aldrich, UK) alone. Freshly differentiated THP-1 macrophages were treated for 24 h with fresh medium containing 100 ng/mL LPS plus 20 ng/mL IFN-γ (#300-02, Prepotech, Inc.). RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells cultured in fresh medium without any effectors were used as a negative control. After activation, supernatants were collected and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 minutes. For RAW 264.7 macrophages the amount of TNF-α in culture medium was determined by BD OptEIA™ mouse TNF (Mono/Mono) ELISA set according to manufacturer instructions. For THP-1 macrophages the amount of TNF-α was determined by TNF-α ELISA MAXM Deluxe (#43020, BioLegend, UK) according to manufacturer instructions. TNF-α levels were normalized by the amount of total protein content in each well by using the BCA kit.

[0130] FIG. 17 shows the effect of the substrate on the metabolic activity in RAW 264.7 (left) and THP-1 (right) macrophages. The concentration values are normalized against the total amount of protein of the sample, which is assumed to be roughly proportional to the cells number.

[0131] It has been observed that there are not significant difference in metabolic activity between macrophages exposed to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), glass discs (uncoated or coated with poly-L-lysine) or polymer films (comprising notably the monomer 1) deposited on glass substrate. The viability of the macrophages is thus maintained.

[0132] FIG. 18 shows the effect of the substrate on the TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 (left) and THP-1 (right) macrophages. The concentration values are normalized against the total amount of protein of the sample, which is assumed to be roughly proportional to the cell number.

[0133] The TNF-α production in macrophages seeded either on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) or polymer film (comprising notably the monomer 1) has been measured by ELISA after 24 h incubation with LPS (1 μg/mL) for RAW 264.7 and with LPS (100 ng/mL) plus IFN-γ (20 ng/mL) for THP-1.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect

[0134] Compounds 1, 8, 12, and 13 (comparative example) in combination with P-e and P-e alone have been tested with respect to their anti-inflammatory properties.

[0135] In human, inflammation can arise through the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases, inducing the expression of numerous inflammation related-genes such as those for tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6 or IL-8 (Medzhitov R., Nature, 2008, 454, 428-435). In the present invention, an inflammation-relevant human cell line, i.e. the monocytes THP-1 cells, are used to evaluate the potential of the coatings to reduce the inflammation. Their cytotoxicity towards are first evaluated using the resazurin reduction test (O'Brien J. et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 2000, 267, 5421-5426.) General anti-inflammatory properties are then determined using THP-1 cells transfected with a reporter plasmid expressing the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene under the control of an NF-κB-inducible promoter. TNFα are used as an inflammation inducer and the data are expressed as percentage inhibition of NF-κB activation. In addition, the effects of the most promising monomers is further evaluated on inflammation-related genes by real time qPCR using THP-1 cells differentiated into macrophages (Andre C. M. et al., J. Agric. Food. Chem, 2013, 61, 2773-2779) and IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, and COX-2 as markers (Kaulmann A. et al., Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 2016, 60, 992-1005).

[0136] FIG. 19 shows that the samples coated with a polymer formed from the monomers 1, 8, and 12 (the thickness of the film is about 120 μm) have a strong anti-inflammatory effect, in comparison with the samples coated with a compound P-e or 13 (not of the invention). Roughly, the inhibition of the inflammation amounts to 20%. The high variability for the coating resulting from the composition comprising monomer 1 and P-e can be explained by a difference in the quantity of coating or by biological variability.

[0137] FIG. 20 shows the pro-inflammatory properties of the five compounds 1, P-e, 8, 12, and 13. In fact, only the sample coated with the film derived from compound 13 shows a trend to provoke the inflammatory response of the host.

[0138] Moreover, none of the five compounds 1, P-e, 8, 12, and 13 is toxic with regards to the biological cells, as shown in FIG. 21.

Anti-Oxidant Effect

[0139] Once polymerized upon heating, polybenzoxazines exhibit a phenolic structure, which is highly suspected to exhibit a radical scavenging activity, and ensuing anti-oxidant properties.

[0140] A wide range of both in vivo and in vitro methods are currently used to assess the antioxidant activity of compounds or polymers, all of which having certain advantages and limitation. Here, both the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Capacity Assay has been used to get a more complete picture of its antioxidant potential. In the ORAC assay, the peroxyl radical reaction involves hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms, whereas the DPPH assay is based on an electron transfer. Briefly, for ORAC analyses, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), i.e. a water-soluble azo compound, is used as a peroxyl radical generator; trolox, i.e. a water-soluble tocopherol analogue, is used as standard; and fluorescein is used as fluorescent probe. The fluorescence is measured every minute for 50 min. All samples are analyzed in triplicate and the final ORAC values are calculated using the net area under the decay curves as described (Andre C. M., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 366-378). In the DPPH assay the capacity of the different building blocks to reduce an oxidant (an organic nitrogen radical which changes colour when reduced) is monitored by spectrophotometry at 515 nm.

[0141] Studies performed with polymer P-e alone (comparative example) and with polybenzoxazines formed especially from the monomers 1, 8, and 12, with or without P-e, show that anti-oxidant properties, without being limited, are enhanced by 5% to 25% when polybenzoxazines of the invention are used in comparison to P-e.

Implementation of the Coatings of the Present Invention

[0142] These interesting properties (anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, low trend to be pro-inflammatory and absence of toxicity) are ideal for all the implementation relating to implantable metallic apparatus, the implantable metallic apparatus being in various instances a catheter, a metallic implant, or a metallic prosthesis.

Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of Monomers 1 to 12

[0143]

TABLE-US-00001 Monomer 1 Para- δ-Tocopherol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 0.0018 mol molar 402.65 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.725 g 0.115 g 0.175 g

[0144] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, tocopherol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C. The yield of the reaction is 96%.

TABLE-US-00002 Monomer 2 Delta Para- tocotrienol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 396.62 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.714 g 0.115 g 0.175 g

[0145] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, Delta tocotrienol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C.

TABLE-US-00003 Monomer 3 beta Para- tocophenol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 416.68 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.750 g 0.115 g 0.175 g

[0146] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, beta tocophenol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C.

TABLE-US-00004 Monomer 4 beta Para- tocotrienol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 410.63 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.739 g 0.115 g 0.175

[0147] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, beta tocotrienol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C.

TABLE-US-00005 Monomer 5 gamma Para- tocophenol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 416.68 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.750 g 0.115 g 0.175

[0148] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, gamma tocophenol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C.

TABLE-US-00006 Monomer 6 gamma Para- tocotrienol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 410.63 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.739 g 0.115 g 0.175

[0149] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, gamma tocophenol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C.

TABLE-US-00007 Monomer 7 Anacardic Para- acid formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 342.47 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.616 g 0.115 g 0.175

[0150] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, Anacardic acid and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C.

TABLE-US-00008 Monomer 8 Para- cardanol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 297.3 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.535 g 0.115 g 0.175 g

[0151] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, cardanol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C. The yield of the reaction is 96%.

TABLE-US-00009 Monomers 9 and 10 Para- Cardol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 315.4 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.567 g 0.115 g 0.175 g

[0152] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, cardol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 2 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C.

TABLE-US-00010 Monomer 11 Methyl Para- Cardol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 329.4 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.592 g 0.115 g 0.175 g

[0153] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, methyl cardol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C.

TABLE-US-00011 Monomer 12 Para- Iso-eugenol formaldehyde Furfurylamine mol 0.0018 mol 0.0036 mol 0.0018 mol molar 164.20 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 31.83 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 97.12 g .Math. mol.sup.−1 mass mass 0.30 g 0.115 g 0.175 g

[0154] The reaction is done without solvent. Furfurylamine, iso-eugenol and paraformaldehyde are all weighted in a flask. The mixture is stirred and heated at 80° C. for 24 h without reflux. The product is purified by liquid-liquid extractions from CHCl.sub.3 in 1M NaOH (in triplicate) and water (in triplicate). The mixture is then dried with MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and dried under reduce pressured at 50° C. The yield of the reaction is 92%.