TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT IN A CELLULAR NETWORK

Abstract

There is provided a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node. For each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, a traffic flow in the tile is measured (200) based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment, subsequent traffic flow in the tile is estimated (202) based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile and an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile is transmitted (204) to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node.

Claims

1. A method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node, the method comprising: for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network: measuring a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment; estimating subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile; and transmitting an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node.

2. The method of claim 1, the method comprising: estimating the subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on one or more spatial differences and/or one or more temporal differences identified by the comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to the one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile.

3. The method of claim 1, the method comprising: using a machine learning algorithm to estimate the subsequent traffic flow in the tile.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile is an estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile at a first time; and the method comprises: updating the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time; and transmitting an indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile to the resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network comprises: allocating resources in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile; and/or provisioning a quality of service in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said resources comprise resources for vehicle-to-everything, V2X, communication.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of tiles are defined by a grid.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein: the at least one user equipment is served by at least one of a plurality of base stations, each having a coverage area, and wherein the plurality of base stations cover the coverage area of the cellular network.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein: the plurality of tiles of the cellular network span the coverage areas of the plurality of base stations.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein: the coverage areas of the plurality of base stations are overlapping.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein: the information provided by the at least one user equipment is received from the at least one user equipment and/or from at least one location service function node.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one user equipment comprise one or more vehicles and/or one or more mobile devices.

13. A traffic flow management node configured to perform the method of claim 1.

14. A traffic flow management node comprising: processing circuitry configured to cause the traffic flow management node to: for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, measure a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment and estimate subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile; and a transmitter, wherein the traffic flow management node is further configured to employ the transmitter to transmit an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node.

15. The traffic flow management node of claim 14, wherein the traffic flow management node is an application server.

16. The traffic flow management node of claim 14, wherein the traffic flow management node is a node of a cellular network or a node outside the cellular network.

17. A method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node, the method comprising: managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, wherein the estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile; and providing the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein: the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile is an estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile at a first time; and the method further comprises: managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, wherein the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein: managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile comprises: allocating resources in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile; and/or provisioning a quality of service in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile.

20. A resource management node configured to perform the method of claim 17.

21. A resource management node comprising: processing circuitry for configuring the resource management node to: manage resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, wherein the estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile; and provide the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

22-23. (canceled)

24. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by processing circuitry of a network node, causes the management node to perform the method of claim 1.

25. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by processing circuitry of a management node, causes the management node to perform the method of claim 17.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] For a better understanding of the idea, and to show how it may be put into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0028] FIG. 1 is a system according to an embodiment;

[0029] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a traffic flow management node according to an embodiment;

[0030] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a method performed by a traffic flow management node according to an embodiment;

[0031] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a resource management node according to an embodiment;

[0032] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a method performed by a resource management node according to an embodiment;

[0033] FIG. 6 is a signalling diagram illustrating an exchange of signals in an embodiment;

[0034] FIG. 7 is a simplified schematic of a plurality of tiles of a cellular network according to an embodiment;

[0035] FIG. 8 is a representation of traffic flow over time;

[0036] FIG. 9 is a simplified schematic of base station coverage areas;

[0037] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a method performed by a traffic flow management node according to an embodiment;

[0038] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a traffic flow management node according to an embodiment; and

[0039] FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a resource management node according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] There is described herein an improved technique for managing traffic flow in a cellular network. The cellular network referred to herein may be a radio access network (RAN) or any other cellular network. The cellular network can, for example, be a fourth generation (4G) cellular network, a fifth generation (5G) cellular network, or any other generation of cellular network.

[0041] The methods described herein may be realized using the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) architecture described in 3GPP TS 23.285 and may also apply to the enhanced 5G V2X architecture described in 3GPP TS 23.287. The methods described herein also apply to application layer models, such as those described in 3GPP TS 23.286, where a V2X application enabler (VAE) client may perform the functions of the at least one user equipment referred to herein and a VAE server may perform the functions of the traffic flow management node referred to herein.

[0042] However, it will be understood that the methods described herein may also be applicable to other cellular network architectures.

[0043] FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 in accordance with an embodiment. The system 100 is for managing traffic flows in a cellular network.

[0044] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the system 100 can comprise at least one user equipment 10. The at least one user equipment 10 can be at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network. The at least one user equipment 10 may comprise one or more vehicles (e.g. one or more cars, or any other vehicles, or any combination of vehicles), one or more mobile devices (e.g. one or more smartphones, one or more tablets, or any other mobile devices or any combination of mobile devices), or any other user equipment, or any combination of user equipments. The at least one user equipment 10 may be a V2X user equipment according to some embodiments.

[0045] The at least one user equipment 10 can be configured to connect to the system 100 or, more specifically, to one or more nodes of the system 100. The at least one user equipment 10 is configured to provide (or report) information indicative of a location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10. The information indicative of a location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10 may also be referred to herein as “traffic flow information”.

[0046] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the system 100 can comprise at least one traffic flow management node 20, which will be described in more detail later with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. The at least one user equipment 10 is configured to provide (or report) information indicative of the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10 to the at least one traffic flow management node 20, either directly or indirectly. In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the at least one user equipment 10 can be configured to provide the information indicative of the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10 to the at least one traffic flow management node 20 via at least one base station 40, at least one application server (e.g. a V2X application server) and/or a reference point (e.g. a V1 reference point). The information may be a report of the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10. The information (or report) may be pre-configured by the at least one traffic flow management node 20 or triggered based on certain criteria (e.g. periodic reporting, event-driven reporting, etc.).

[0047] The at least one traffic flow management node 20 may be a node of the cellular network, e.g. a node that resides in a mobile network operator (MNO) network. Thus, the at least one traffic flow management node 20 can be a network node according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the at least one traffic flow management node 20 may be a network data analytics function (NWDAP) node, a policy control function (PCF) node, or a network exposure function (NEF) node. In some of these embodiments, the at least one traffic flow management node 20 may communicate with an application server (e.g. a V2X application server), e.g. over an interface such as over a Nnef interface. In these embodiments, the information from the at least one user equipment 10 may be communicated to the at least one traffic flow management node 20 via the application server. Alternatively, the at least one traffic flow management node 20 may be a node outside the cellular network, such as a node managed by a third party or a third party application function (AF). In some embodiments, for example, the at least one traffic flow management node 20 may itself be an application server, e.g. a V2X application server. The at least one traffic flow management node 20 can be a node providing a service (e.g. a V2X service) to one or more user equipments in the cellular network. The at least one traffic flow management node 20 can interact with the cellular network to perform the functions described herein.

[0048] The system 100 can comprise at least one resource management node 30, which will be described in more detail later with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. The at least one resource management node 30 can interact with the cellular network to perform the functions described herein.

[0049] Although not illustrated, in some embodiments, the system 100 itself may comprise processing circuitry and at least one memory for storing instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the system to operate in accordance with the method described herein for the traffic flow management node 20 and/or the method described herein for the resource management node 30.

[0050] Herein, reference is made to a plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The plurality of tiles may, for example, be defined by a grid. The cellular network is (and thus the cells of the cellular network are) segmented or divided into the plurality of tiles. The plurality of tiles are different to (i.e. do not correspond to) the cells of the cellular network. A tile of the cellular network can span several cells of the cellular network (or parts of them) and a cell of the cellular network can span several tiles of the cellular network (or parts of them). For example, an N to M relation can be provided between cells of the cellular network and tiles of the cellular network. Each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network can correspond to a different geographical area. For example, in some embodiments, each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network may correspond to a different road segment in the cellular network. In some of these embodiments, the cellular network may be represented by a map that is divided into a plurality of tiles, each corresponding to a different road segment. Thus, in some embodiments, each tile of the plurality of tiles may correspond to a road segment. The plurality of tiles make up a traffic flow measurement table. The process described herein can be applied (e.g. iteratively) to small or large geographical areas.

[0051] FIG. 2 illustrates a traffic flow management node 20 in accordance with an embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the traffic flow management node 20 comprises processing circuitry (or logic) 22.

[0052] The processing circuitry 22 controls the operation of the traffic flow management node 20 and can implement the method described herein in respect to the traffic flow management node 20. The processing circuitry 22 can comprise one or more processors, processing units, multi-core processors or modules that are configured or programmed to control the traffic flow management node 20 in the manner described herein. In particular implementations, the processing circuitry 22 can comprise a plurality of software and/or hardware modules that are each configured to perform, or are for performing, individual or multiple steps of the method described herein.

[0053] Briefly, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 is configured to, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of a cellular network, measure a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment 10. The processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 is also configured to, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, estimate subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile, and transmit an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node.

[0054] As illustrated in FIG. 2, the traffic flow management node 20 may optionally comprise a memory 24. The memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20 can comprise a volatile memory or a non-volatile memory. In some embodiments, the memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20 may comprise a non-transitory media. Examples of the memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20 include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a mass storage media such as a hard disk, a removable storage media such as a compact disk (CD) or a digital video disk (DVD), and/or any other memory.

[0055] The processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 can be connected to the memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20. In some embodiments, the memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20 may be for storing program code or instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20, cause the traffic flow management node 20 to operate in the manner described herein in respect of the traffic flow management node 20. For example, in some embodiments, the memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20 may be configured to store program code or instructions that can be executed by the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 to perform the method described herein in respect of the traffic flow management node 20.

[0056] Alternatively or in addition, the memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20 can be configured to store any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. The processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 may be configured to control the memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20 to store any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.

[0057] In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the traffic flow management node 20 may optionally comprise a communications interface 26. The communications interface 26 of the traffic flow management node 20 can be connected to the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 and/or the memory 24 of traffic flow management node 20. The communications interface 26 of the traffic flow management node 20 may be operable to allow the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 to communicate with the memory 24 of the traffic flow management node 20 and/or vice versa. The communications interface 26 of the traffic flow management node 20 can be configured to transmit and/or receive any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 may be configured to control the communications interface 26 of the traffic flow management node 20 to transmit and/or receive any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.

[0058] Although the traffic flow management node 20 is illustrated in FIG. 2 as comprising a single memory 24, it will be appreciated that the traffic flow management node 20 may comprise at least one memory (i.e. a single memory or a plurality of memories) 24 that operate in the manner described herein. Similarly, although the traffic flow management node 20 is illustrated in FIG. 2 as comprising a single communications interface 26, it will be appreciated that the traffic flow management node 20 may comprise at least one communications interface (i.e. a single communications interface or a plurality of communications interface) 26 that operate in the manner described herein.

[0059] It will also be appreciated that FIG. 2 only shows the components required to illustrate an embodiment of the traffic flow management node 20 and, in practical implementations, the traffic flow management node 20 may comprise additional or alternative components to those shown.

[0060] FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a traffic flow management node 20 in accordance with an embodiment.

[0061] The traffic flow management node 20 described earlier with reference to FIG. 2 is configured to operate in accordance with the method of FIG. 3. The method can be performed by or under the control of the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20.

[0062] With reference to FIG. 3, at block 200, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, a traffic flow in the tile is measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment 10. More specifically, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 measures the traffic flow in each tile based on the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment 10. The information provided by the at least one user equipment 10 may be received from the at least one user equipment and/or from at least one other node, such as at least one location service function node.

[0063] A person skilled in the art will be aware of various way in which to measure traffic flow based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network. In some embodiments, for example, measuring a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network may comprise, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, determining a number of user equipments in the tile based on the location of the at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network and measuring the traffic flow in the tile based on the determined number. Thus, traffic flow can be determined based on the number of user equipments in the tile in some embodiments. The number of user equipments per tile can be referred to as the density of user equipments. Alternatively or in addition, for example, measuring a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network may comprise, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, determining an average velocity of user equipments in the tile based on the velocity of the at least one user equipment in the cellular network and measuring the traffic flow in the tile based on the determined average velocity. Thus, traffic flow can be determined based on an average velocity (and/or the number) of user equipments in the tile in some embodiments.

[0064] In more detail, in a 3GPP network, traffic flow may be measured based on the average velocity V and density p of user equipments. The traffic flow can be measured based on the information collected about the velocity of the user equipments and the number of user equipments in a tile (e.g. using location tracking). The density p of user equipments is the number of user equipments per tile (e.g. per road unit). The traffic flow F may be represented as F.fwdarw.(ρ, V). In a simple form, the traffic flow F can be expressed by the following equation:

F=β.Math.V,

where ρ is the density of user equipments (e.g. the number of user equipments per km) and V is the average velocity of user equipments (e.g. in km/h). Thus, using the information indicative of the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment, the traffic flow in a certain tile (e.g. on a certain road) can be characterized.

[0065] Returning back to FIG. 3, at block 202, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, subsequent traffic flow in the tile is estimated based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. More specifically, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 estimates the subsequent traffic flow in each tile based on the comparison. Thus, at block 202, a future traffic flow is predicted for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. In some embodiments, the subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be estimated based on one or more spatial differences and/or one or more temporal differences identified by the comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to the one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. In some embodiments, a machine learning (or artificial intelligence (AI)) algorithm may be used to estimate the subsequent traffic flow in the tile. In some embodiments, for example, the machine learning (or AI) algorithm may use current and previous traffic flow measurements to learn spatial and temporal variations in the traffic flow measurements and predict a future traffic flow at t+dt.

[0066] At block 204, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile is transmitted to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node. More specifically, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 transmits the indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in each tile. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 may configured to transmit the indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in each tile directly to the resource management node 30. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 may configured to transmit the indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in each tile to the resource management node 30 via at least one other node.

[0067] Thus, the transmission of the indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow to the resource management node enables the management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node. The management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network can, for example, comprise allocating resources in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile, provisioning a quality of service (QoS) in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile, and/or any other management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network.

[0068] The resources referred to herein can comprise resources for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, or any other resources, or any combination of resources. In the case of resources for V2X communication, the resources may comprise one or more resources for long-range V2X communication, such as communication between a user equipment and a Node B (e.g. over the 3GPP Uu interface). Alternatively or in addition, the resources may comprise one or more resources for short-range V2X communication, such as communication between road users and roadside infrastructure (e.g. over a side-link, such as the 3GPP PC5 interface).

[0069] Although not illustrated in FIG. 3, in some embodiments, the method can also comprise updating (e.g. correcting) the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile. More specifically, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 can be configured to update the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile. In these embodiments, the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be an estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile at a first time and the method may comprise updating the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time. In some embodiments, the actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time may be provided by the at least one user equipment 10 and/or at least one other node. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 can be configured to measure the actual traffic flow in the tile at the first time, e.g. from information provided by the at least one user equipment 10 and/or at least one other node. The actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time can be a live (or real-time) measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time. The estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network may be updated as measurements of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time are provided. Thus, in some embodiments, the future traffic flow predicted for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network can be updated (e.g. corrected).

[0070] In some embodiments involving an updated estimation, the method may also comprise transmitting an indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile to the resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node. More specifically, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 can be configured to transmit the indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 may configured to transmit the indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile directly to the resource management node 30. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry 22 of the traffic flow management node 20 may configured to transmit the indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow to the resource management node 30 via at least one other node.

[0071] FIG. 4 illustrates a resource management node 30 in accordance with an embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the resource management node 30 comprises processing circuitry (or logic) 32.

[0072] The processing circuitry 32 controls the operation of the resource management node 30 and can implement the method described herein in respect to the resource management node 30. The processing circuitry 32 can comprise one or more processors, processing units, multi-core processors or modules that are configured or programmed to control the resource management node 30 in the manner described herein. In particular implementations, the processing circuitry 32 can comprise a plurality of software and/or hardware modules that are each configured to perform, or are for performing, individual or multiple steps of the method described herein.

[0073] Briefly, the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 is configured to manage resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of a cellular network based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. The processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 is also configured to provide the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

[0074] As illustrated in FIG. 4, the resource management node 30 may optionally comprise a memory 34. The memory 34 of the resource management node 30 can comprise a volatile memory or a non-volatile memory. In some embodiments, the memory 34 of the resource management node 30 may comprise a non-transitory media. Examples of the memory 34 of the resource management node 30 include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a mass storage media such as a hard disk, a removable storage media such as a compact disk (CD) or a digital video disk (DVD), and/or any other memory.

[0075] The processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 can be connected to the memory 34 of the resource management node 30. In some embodiments, the memory 34 of the resource management node 30 may be for storing program code or instructions which, when executed by the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30, cause the resource management node 30 to operate in the manner described herein in respect of the resource management node 30. For example, in some embodiments, the memory 34 of the resource management node 30 may be configured to store program code or instructions that can be executed by the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 to perform the method described herein in respect of the resource management node 30.

[0076] Alternatively or in addition, the memory 34 of the resource management node 30 can be configured to store any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. The processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 may be configured to control the memory 34 of the resource management node 30 to store any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.

[0077] In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the resource management node 30 may optionally comprise a communications interface 36. The communications interface 36 of the resource management node 30 can be connected to the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 and/or the memory 34 of resource management node 30. The communications interface 36 of the resource management node 30 may be operable to allow the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 to communicate with the memory 34 of the resource management node 30 and/or vice versa. The communications interface 36 of the resource management node 30 can be configured to transmit and/or receive any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 may be configured to control the communications interface 36 of the resource management node 30 to transmit and/or receive any requests, responses, indications, information, data, notifications, signals, or similar, that are described herein.

[0078] Although the resource management node 30 is illustrated in FIG. 4 as comprising a single memory 34, it will be appreciated that the resource management node 30 may comprise at least one memory (i.e. a single memory or a plurality of memories) 34 that operate in the manner described herein. Similarly, although the resource management node 30 is illustrated in FIG. 4 as comprising a single communications interface 36, it will be appreciated that the resource management node 30 may comprise at least one communications interface (i.e. a single communications interface or a plurality of communications interface) 36 that operate in the manner described herein.

[0079] It will also be appreciated that FIG. 4 only shows the components required to illustrate an embodiment of the resource management node 30 and, in practical implementations, the resource management node 30 may comprise additional or alternative components to those shown.

[0080] FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node 30 in accordance with an embodiment. The resource management node 30 described earlier with reference to FIG. 4 is configured to operate in accordance with the method of FIG. 5. The method can be performed by or under the control of the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30.

[0081] With reference to FIG. 5, at block 300, resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network are managed based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. More specifically, the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 manages the resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on the estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile.

[0082] Although not illustrated in FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the method can comprise managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. More specifically, the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 may manage the resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. In these embodiments, the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be an estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile at a first time and the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network may be based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time. As mentioned earlier, the actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first can be a live (or real-time) measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the.

[0083] As also mentioned earlier, managing resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network can, for example, comprise allocating resources in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile, provisioning a quality of service (QoS) in the at least one tile to manage the traffic flows in the at least one tile, and/or any other management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network.

[0084] At block 302, the managed resources are provided to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. More specifically, the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30 provides the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

[0085] FIG. 6 is a signalling (or call flow) diagram illustrating an exchange of signals in an embodiment. The exchange of signals is in the system 100 described earlier. In the illustrated example embodiment, the system 100 comprises the at least one user equipment 10 mentioned earlier, the traffic flow management node 20 described earlier, the resource management node 30 described earlier, at least one base station 40, and at least one other node 50. The traffic flow management node 20 is as described earlier with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 and the resource management node 30 is as described earlier with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

[0086] As illustrated by arrow 400 of FIG. 6, information (or traffic flow information) is provided by at least one user equipment 10, e.g. via at least one base station 40. The information is indicative of a location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network. At block 402 of FIG. 6, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, a traffic flow in the tile is measured based on the location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network from the information provided by the at least one user equipment 10. That is, the method described earlier with respect to block 200 of FIG. 3 is performed.

[0087] At block 404 of FIG. 6, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, subsequent traffic flow in the tile is estimated based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. That is, the method described earlier with respect to block 202 of FIG. 3 is performed. As illustrated by arrow 406 of FIG. 6, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile is transmitted to a resource management node, e.g. via at least one other node 50, enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node. That is, the method described earlier with respect to block 204 of FIG. 3 is performed.

[0088] As illustrated by arrow 408 of FIG. 6 and as described earlier, in some embodiments, an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile may be provided by at least one user equipment 10. In these embodiments, at block 410 of FIG. 6 and as described earlier, the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile is updated based on the actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile. As illustrated by the arrow 412 of FIG. 6 and as described earlier, an indication of the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in the tile may be transmitted to the resource management node 30, e.g. via at least one other node 50, enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by the resource management node 30.

[0089] At block 414 of FIG. 6, resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network are managed based on the estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network and the managed resources are provided to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. That is, the method described earlier with respect to blocks 300 and 302 of FIG. 5 is performed. In embodiments involving an updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow, the resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network can be managed based on the updated estimation of the subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

[0090] FIG. 7 illustrates a plurality of tiles 500, 502, 506 of a cellular network at different times t−2, t−1, t, t+1 according to an embodiment. As mentioned earlier, the plurality of tiles 500, 502, 506 make up a traffic flow measurement table.

[0091] In the illustrated example embodiment of FIG. 7, the traffic flow is denoted by “F”. Each traffic flow F1 . . . Fn represents the traffic flow in a tile (or unit area) of a plurality of tiles 500, 502, 506. As illustrated in FIG. 7, a traffic flow F1 . . . Fn in each tile of a plurality of tiles 500 of the cellular network at a first time t is measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment 10 in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment 10 (as described earlier with reference to block 200 of FIG. 3). At block 504, a subsequent traffic flow F . . . Fn in each tile of the plurality of tiles 506 of the cellular network at a second time t+1 is estimated (as described earlier with reference to block 200 of FIG. 3). The second time t+1 is later than the first time t. That is, a future traffic flow is predicted.

[0092] For each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, the subsequent traffic flow in the tile of the plurality of tiles 506 of the cellular network is estimated based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile of the plurality of tiles 500 of the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile of the plurality of tiles 502 of the cellular network. That is, in the illustrated example embodiment, for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network, the measured traffic flow F . . . Fn at a first time t in the tile of the plurality of tiles 500 of the cellular network is compared to the measured traffic flow F . . . Fn at a third time t−1 and at a fourth time t−2 in the tile of a plurality of tiles 502 of the cellular network. Here, the third time t−1 and fourth time t−2 are earlier than the first time t. In some embodiments, the subsequent traffic flow in each tile of the plurality of tiles 506 of the cellular network can be estimated based on one or more spatial differences and/or one or more temporal differences identified by the comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile of the plurality of tiles 500 of the cellular network to the one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile of the plurality of tiles 502 of the cellular network. For example, a spatial and/or one or more temporal interpolation may be performed.

[0093] Thus, the subsequent traffic flow at a second time t+1 in each tile of the plurality of tiles 506 of the cellular network is estimated. Although the example embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 uses two previously measured traffic flows in the tile of the plurality of tiles 502 of the cellular network for the comparison, it will be understood that one or more than two previously measured traffic flows in the tile of the plurality of tiles 502 of the cellular network may be used for the comparison in other embodiments. As illustrated in FIG. 7, current and previous traffic flow measurements can be used to predict future traffic flow. The future traffic flow at the second time t+1 can be predicted from current traffic flow measurements at the first time t and previous traffic flow measurements at the third and fourth times t−1, t−2, etc. The predicted traffic flow can be a macroscopic measurement, in some embodiments, which characterizes the average behaviour of the cellular network.

[0094] The method described with reference to FIG. 7 may be repeated over time. For example, at the second time t+1, another subsequent traffic flow may be estimated for a traffic flow at a later fifth time t+2. That is, at the second time t+1, a prediction may be made for a future traffic flow at the fifth time t+2. The predicted traffic flow at the fifth time t+2 may be estimated in the same way as that described earlier and may be based on the traffic flows measured at one or more of the earlier times t+1, t, t−1, etc.

[0095] FIG. 8 is a representation of traffic flow over time. In more detail, FIG. 8(a) shows a flow table representation at the third time t−1 mentioned earlier with reference to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8(b) shows a flow table representation of the first time t mentioned earlier with reference to FIG. 7. As described with reference to FIG. 7, the third time t−1 is earlier than the first time t. The first time t is the current time, whereas the third time t−1 is an earlier time.

[0096] As illustrated in FIG. 8, a traffic flow variation can be seen in the flow table representations. For example, there is no change in the measured traffic flow in a first tile 600 seen between the third time t−1 and the first time t, whereas there is a change (and, in particular, an increase of 0.05) in the measured traffic flow in a second tile 602 seen between the third time t−1 and the first time t. As mentioned earlier, in some embodiments, a machine learning (or AI) algorithm may use current and previous traffic flow measurements to learn spatial and temporal variations in the traffic flow measurements and predict a future traffic flow at t+dt. For example, the machine learning (or AI) algorithm may use the current and previous traffic flow tables shown in FIG. 8 to learn the spatial and temporal variations of the traffic flow and predict the future traffic flow at t+dt.

[0097] The traffic flow measurement described herein can cover multiple base stations 40. In more detail, the at least one user equipment 10 described herein may be served by at least one of a plurality of base stations 40. Each of these base stations 40 has a coverage area. The plurality of base stations 40 may cover the (e.g. entire) coverage area of the cellular network. The plurality of tiles of the cellular network referred to herein can span the coverage areas of the plurality of base stations 40. The coverage areas of the plurality of base stations 40 may be overlapping.

[0098] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a plurality of base stations 40 having overlapping coverage areas. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the cellular network is distributed over a plurality of cells, each served by a base station 40. The borders of a first cell 700, the borders of a second cell 702 and the borders of a third cell 704 are illustrated in FIG. 9. Each base station 40 provides its respective cell with coverage and thus defines a coverage area. In this example, the cellular network comprises three base stations 40 but it will be understood that the cellular network may comprise any other number of base stations 40. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the borders of the cells of the plurality of base stations overlap. That is, the plurality of base stations 40 have overlapping coverage areas. The plurality of tiles span the different coverage areas of the plurality of base stations 40. The traffic flow measurement for each base station may have a different structure.

[0099] FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method of managing traffic flows in a cellular network by a resource management node 30 in accordance with an embodiment. The resource management node 30 described earlier with reference to FIG. 4 may be configured to operate in accordance with the method of FIG. 10 according to some embodiments. The method can be performed by or under the control of the processing circuitry 32 of the resource management node 30.

[0100] The method illustrated in FIG. 10 relates to the updating (e.g. correcting) of the estimation of the subsequent traffic flow in each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network and is thus a method that may be performed subsequent to the method described earlier with reference to FIG. 3 in which the subsequent traffic flow is estimated. The method illustrated in FIG. 10 will be described in relation to a tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network but it will be understood that the method can be performed for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network.

[0101] With reference to FIG. 10, at block 800, a subsequent traffic flow in the tile estimated for a first time t in the manner described earlier is provided. That is, a predicted traffic flow in the tile at the first time t is provided. The prediction of the traffic flow is performed at an earlier time t−1. At block 802, an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time t is provided. The actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile in this example is a live (or real-time) measurement of the traffic flow in the tile.

[0102] At block 804, a prediction error is calculated. The prediction error is calculated as the difference between the predicted traffic flow in the tile at the first time t and the actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile at the first time t. At block 806, the predicted traffic flow in the tile at the first time t is updated (e.g. corrected) by considering the prediction error. This update can be performed for each tile of the plurality of tiles. In this illustrated example, the traffic flow estimates are provided in a traffic flow measurement table. Thus, at block 806, the predicted traffic flow in the tile at the first time t is updated in the traffic flow table, as illustrated in the traffic flow measurement table 808. In some embodiments, the method described with reference to FIG. 10 can be repeated as live (or real-time) measurements of the traffic flow arrive. It may be that multiple measurements of the traffic flow for a certain tile are available at the first time t, while no older measurements of the traffic flow for other tiles are available, e.g. t−2 for some tiles, t−6 for others tiles, and so on.

[0103] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a traffic flow management node 1000 in accordance with an embodiment. The traffic flow management node 1000 comprises a measuring module 1002 configured to, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of a cellular network, measure a traffic flow in the tile based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network from information provided by the at least one user equipment. The traffic flow management node 1000 comprises an estimating module 1004 configured to, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, estimate subsequent traffic flow in the tile based on a comparison of the measured traffic flow in the tile to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. The traffic flow management node 1000 comprises a transmitting module 1006 configured to, for each tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network, transmit an indication of the estimated subsequent traffic flow in the tile to a resource management node enabling management of resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of the cellular network by said resource management node. The traffic flow management node 1000 may operate in the manner described herein.

[0104] FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a resource management node 1100 in accordance with an embodiment. The resource management node 1100 comprises a managing module 1102 configured to, manage resources related to the traffic flows in at least one tile of a plurality of tiles of the cellular network based on an estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The estimated subsequent traffic flow for each tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network is based on a comparison of a traffic flow in the tile measured based on a location and corresponding velocity of at least one user equipment in the cellular network to one or more previously measured traffic flows in the tile. The resource management node 1100 comprises a providing module 1104 configured to provide the managed resources to one or more user equipments in the at least one tile of the plurality of tiles of the cellular network. The resource management node 1100 may operate in the manner described herein.

[0105] There is also a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by processing circuitry (such as the processing circuitry 22, 32 of any of the nodes 20, 30 described earlier), cause the processing circuitry to perform at least part of the method described herein. There is provided a computer program product, embodied on a non-transitory machine-readable medium, comprising instructions which are executable by processing circuitry (such as the processing circuitry 22, 32 of any of the nodes 20, 30 described earlier) to cause the processing circuitry to perform at least part of the method described herein. There is provided a computer program product comprising a carrier containing instructions for causing processing circuitry (such as the processing circuitry 22, 32 of any of the nodes 20, 30 described earlier) to perform at least part of the method described herein. In some embodiments, the carrier can be any one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, an electromagnetic signal, an electrical signal, a radio signal, a microwave signal, or a computer-readable storage medium.

[0106] The node functionality described herein can be performed by hardware. Thus, any one or more of the nodes described herein (e.g. any one or more of the traffic flow management node 20, 1000 and the resource management node 30, 1100) can be a hardware node. However, it will also be understood that at least part or all of the node functionality described herein can be virtualized. For example, the functions performed by any one or more of the nodes can be implemented in software running on generic hardware that is configured to orchestrate the node functionality. Thus, in some embodiments, any one or more of the nodes described herein (e.g. any one or more of the traffic flow management node 20, 1000 and the resource management node 30, 1100) can be a virtual node. In some embodiments, at least part or all of the node functionality described herein may be performed in a network enabled cloud. The node functionality described herein may all be at the same location or at least some of the node functionality may be distributed.

[0107] It will be understood that at least some or all of the method steps described herein can be automated in some embodiments. That is, in some embodiments, at least some or all of the method steps described herein can be performed automatically.

[0108] Thus, in the manner described herein, there is advantageously provided an improved technique for managing traffic flow in a cellular network. It is possible to measure traffic flow in a tile based on information from at least one user equipment 10, which is indicative of a location and corresponding velocity of the at least one user equipment 10, and then predict future traffic flow in the tile based on current and previous traffic flow measurements. There is also advantageously provided a method for updating (e.g. correcting) a subsequent traffic flow estimation based on an actual measurement of the traffic flow in the tile.

[0109] It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the idea, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. The word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim, “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality, and a single processor or other unit may fulfil the functions of several units recited in the claims. Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed so as to limit their scope.