ANTENNA FEED FOR A DIRECT RADIATING ARRAY ANTENNA, RADIATING PANEL AND ANTENNA COMPRISING SEVERAL ANTENNA FEEDS

Abstract

An antenna feed includes a waveguide having a main part in hollow straight cylinder form extending in a direction, a radiating element, comprising ridges extending inwards and several treads along the direction, the number, the heights and the thicknesses of the treads being configured to allow a variation of impedance of the radiating element, a polarizer comprising two inputs separated by an internal leaf extending in the direction, and an output corresponding to the input of the radiating element, the internal leaf comprising several levels configured to transform a circularly polarized electromagnetic field into linear polarization, the polarizer comprising ridges extending inwards, the radiating element and the polarizer being made of a single piece, and disposed end-to-end in the direction, and a third portion comprising a filter, the internal leaf being prolonged in or part all of the third portion, the filter comprising a set of frequency filtration posts disposed inside the third portion and on one and the same surface of the internal leaf, the output of the filter corresponding to one of the two inputs of the polarizer, the third portion further comprising third ridges extending inwards and over all or part of the length of the third portion, the third ridges and the internal leaf being regularly distributed around the perimeter of the third portion; the radiating element, the polarizer and the filter being made of a single piece, preferably produced by an additive manufacturing technique, and the polarizer and the filter being disposed end-to-end in the longitudinal direction.

Claims

1. An antenna feed for a direct radiating array antenna, for the transmission and the reception of microwaves, said feed comprising a waveguide having at least one main part in hollow straight cylinder form extending in a longitudinal direction, the base of said cylinder having at least one axis of symmetry in its plane and the outer transverse dimensions of said main part being constant in the longitudinal direction; the main part of the waveguide comprising, in said longitudinal direction: a first portion forming a radiating element, or the major part of said radiating element, said radiating element comprising first ridges extending inwards and over all or part of the length of said radiating element, said first ridges being regularly distributed around the perimeter of said radiating element and each having several treads along the longitudinal direction, the number, the heights and the thicknesses of said treads being configured to allow a given variation, preferably an increase, of impedance between an input and an output of the radiating element; a second portion forming a polarizer, said polarizer comprising two inputs separated by an internal leaf extending in the longitudinal direction, and an output corresponding to the input of the radiating element, the internal leaf comprising several levels along the longitudinal direction, said levels being configured to transform a circularly polarized electromagnetic field at the input into a linearly polarized electromagnetic field at the output, and, in reverse, to transform a linearly polarized electromagnetic field at the output into a circularly polarized electromagnetic field at the input, the polarizer further comprising second ridges extending inwards and over all or part of the length of said polarizer, said second ridges and said internal leaf being regularly distributed around the perimeter of said polarizer; a third portion comprising a filter, the internal leaf being prolonged in all or part of said third portion, the filter comprising a set of frequency filtration posts disposed inside the third portion and on one and the same surface of the internal leaf, the output of the filter corresponding to one of the two inputs of the polarizer, said third portion further comprising third ridges extending inwards and over all or part of the length of said third portion, said third ridges and the internal leaf being regularly distributed around the perimeter of said third portion; the radiating element, the polarizer and the filter being made of a single piece, preferably produced by an additive manufacturing technique, and the polarizer and the filter being disposed end-to-end in the longitudinal direction.

2. The antenna feed according to claim 1, the waveguide having a constant thickness over all of its length.

3. The antenna feed according to claim 1, the number of first ridges and/or of second ridges being an even number, preferably both at the input and at the output of the radiating element and/or of the polarizer.

4. The antenna feed according to claim 1, the base of the straight cylinder being a regular polygon of even order, preferably a hexagon.

5. The antenna feed according to claim 4, the internal leaf and all or part of the first ridges and/or of the second ridges being disposed at the vertices of the polygonal straight cylinder.

6. The antenna feed according to claim 4, the internal leaf and all or part of the first ridges and/or of the second ridges being disposed on the internal lateral surfaces of the polygonal straight cylinder.

7. The antenna feed according to claim 1, the base of the straight cylinder being a circle.

8. The antenna feed according to claim 1, the number of third ridges being an even number, preferably both at the input and at the output of the filter.

9. The antenna feed according to claim 1, the waveguide being entirely in hollow straight cylinder form over all of its length.

10. The antenna feed according to claim 1, the waveguide comprising the main part in hollow straight cylinder form and a complementary part, said complementary part being able to be in cone or truncated pyramid form at the output of the radiating element, the most flared part being disposed at the output of the radiating element, the complementary part being free of grooves.

11. A radiating panel for a direct radiating array antenna comprising: a plurality of antenna feeds chosen according to claim 1; said radiating panel being made of a single piece, preferably produced by an additive manufacturing technique.

12. A direct radiating array antenna comprising: a radiating panel according to claim 11; at least one amplifier and/or one load connected to the radiating panel, at the input of at least one filter.

13. The array antenna according to claim 12, the radiating panel being connected to the at least one amplifier and/or the at least one load via at least one Vivaldi antipodal transition, and preferably via at least one transition/adaptation designed to change the position, the dimensions and/or the form of the ridges of the waveguide at the input of the feed so as to be able to position the Vivaldi transition in said waveguide.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0062] Other features, details and advantages of the invention will emerge on reading the description given with reference to the attached drawings which are given by way of example and which represent, respectively:

[0063] FIGS. 1A-1B represent an antenna feed according to a first embodiment of the invention,

[0064] FIGS. 2A-2D represent an antenna feed according to a second embodiment of the invention.

[0065] FIGS. 3A-3B represent in detail a hexagonal horn according to a first variant of the invention.

[0066] FIGS. 4A-4C represent in detail a hexagonal polarizer according to the first variant of the invention.

[0067] FIGS. 5A-5C represent in detail a filter according to the first variant of the invention.

[0068] FIGS. 6A-6B represent in detail a hexagonal horn according to a second variant of the invention.

[0069] FIGS. 7A-7C represent in detail a hexagonal polarizer according to the second variant of the invention.

[0070] FIG. 8 represents in detail a hexagonal horn according to a third variant of the invention.

[0071] FIGS. 9A-9B represent in detail a circular horn according to a fourth variant of the invention.

[0072] FIGS. 10A-10C represent in detail a circular polarizer according to the fourth variant of the invention.

[0073] FIG. 11 illustrates several forms of filters for a feed according to the invention.

[0074] FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate several optional transitions between the filter and the polarizer for a feed according to the invention.

[0075] FIG. 13 represents by 3D view a radiating panel for a direct radiating array antenna comprising a plurality of feeds according to the invention.

[0076] FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate a particular embodiment of a filter of a feed according to the invention.

[0077] FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate a particular embodiment of a radiating element according to the invention.

[0078] FIG. 16 schematically represents a functional architecture of a direct radiating array antenna.

[0079] FIG. 17 illustrates a first mode of connection between a radiating panel and amplifiers and/or loads.

[0080] FIG. 18 illustrates a second mode of connection between a radiating panel and amplifiers and/or loads.

[0081] FIGS. 19A-19B are schematic diagrams of a Vivaldi transition.

[0082] FIGS. 20A-20C illustrate an adaptation/transition of the waveguide of a feed according to the invention that makes it possible to incorporate a Vivaldi transition to amplifiers and/or loads.

[0083] FIG. 21 illustrates a waveguide of a feed according to the invention incorporating a Vivaldi transition to amplifiers and/or loads.

[0084] Throughout these figures, identical references can designate identical or similar elements.

[0085] Furthermore, the various parts represented in the figures are not necessarily to a uniform scale, to render the figures more legible.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0086] In the detailed description, the radiating element can be designated by the term “horn”.

[0087] The longitudinal direction is identified by the reference X and the arrow is oriented in the direction from input to output of each of the elements (horn, polarizer, filter). The longitudinal direction X corresponds also to the axis of the cylinder. The polarizer is disposed end-to-end with the horn in the longitudinal direction, and the filter, if necessary, is disposed end-to-end with the polarizer in the longitudinal direction.

[0088] For all the embodiments and variants presented hereinbelow in the description, and more generally according to the invention, the antenna feed can be made of a metal, metallized or metallizable material. For example, it can be aluminium, titanium, or any other material which can be surface-metallized. Preferably, the material of the antenna feed is designed to fabricate the antenna feed, and to fabricate the radiating panel of the array antenna (comprising a plurality of feeds in a single piece) by an additive manufacturing technique.

[0089] According to the invention, a feed comprises a waveguide having at least one main part in hollow straight cylinder form extending in a longitudinal direction X, the base of said cylinder having at least one axis of symmetry in its plane. The outer transverse dimensions of this main part are constant in the longitudinal direction X. Hereinafter in the detailed description, it is accepted that the form of the feed corresponds to the form of the waveguide.

[0090] The feeds represented in the figures and described hereinbelow in the description are in hollow straight cylinder form, and this is so over all their length (in other words, the main part extends over all the length of the waveguide).

[0091] Alternatively, according to a variant embodiment not represented, the feed can comprise, at the output of the radiating element, a complementary part in cone or truncated pyramid form, the most flared part being disposed at the output of the radiating element. Instead of a cone or truncated pyramid, the feed can comprise, at the output of the radiating element, a complementary part of cylindrical form, of outer transverse dimensions and/or of base form that all different from the main part. The complementary part is free of grooves. Furthermore, the length of the complementary part is very small relative to the main part of the waveguide. For example, it represents of the order of 1/10, or even 1/20, of the length of the horn and can represent 1/100 of the overall length of the feed.

[0092] FIGS. 1A and 1B represent an antenna feed according to a first embodiment of the invention, FIG. 1A being a 3D view and FIG. 1B being a side view (seen from the output of the horn). The antenna feed 1 illustrated is in the form of a waveguide which comprises a first, horn-forming portion 2 and a second, polarizer-forming portion 3, the two forming a single piece (waveguide) whose outer form is a straight cylinder with hexagonal base 10, the cylinder being hollow.

[0093] The horn 2 represented comprises an input E.sub.C (referenced in FIG. 3A) and an output S.sub.C. It has an outer hexagonal cylinder form 10, and comprises six ridges 21 (first ridges), which protrude towards the interior of said horn from each vertex 10A of the hexagonal cylinder 10 and extend in the longitudinal direction X. The six first ridges all have the same forms and they are conformed with treads along the longitudinal direction X. In the example represented, the first ridges are staged according to the three treads 211, 212, 213 whose dimensions (heights, thicknesses and/or lengths) vary along the longitudinal direction X. The number and the dimensions of the treads are configured to allow a given variation of impedance between the input and the output of the radiating element.

[0094] An important feature of the invention is that the transverse outer dimensions of the cylindrical main part of the waveguide (here the hexagonal cylinder) do not vary in the longitudinal direction X and notably do not decrease. It is the ridges in the horn, with their treads, which make it possible to make the impedance vary in said horn. Thus, that makes it possible to have, at the horn input, the widest possible aperture to be able to then produce the septum polarizer which is connected at the horn input. This makes it possible to introduce the leaf of the polarizer and to push the first upper mode as far as possible away from the operating band of the array antenna. This particular feature is all the more true for cylindrical (or prismatic) horns with square base for which the cutout frequency of the first upper mode appears for a lower frequency.

[0095] The horn is described in more detail hereinbelow in the present description, according to different variants (not limiting), each of the variants being able to be implemented in the first embodiment, or in the second embodiment described below.

[0096] The polarizer 3 comprises two inputs E.sub.P1, E.sub.P2 separated by an internal leaf 30, or septum, extending in the longitudinal direction X, and an output S.sub.P (referenced in FIG. 4A) which corresponds to the input E.sub.C of the horn 2. The internal leaf comprises several levels 301, 302, 303, 304 in the longitudinal direction X. The levels are configured to transform a circularly polarized electromagnetic field at the polarizer input into a linearly polarized electromagnetic field at the polarizer output, and vice versa. Regularly distributed on either side of the leaf 30, at the polarizer inputs E.sub.P1, E.sub.P2, four ridges 31 (second ridges) protrude towards the interior of said polarizer from each vertex 10A of the hexagonal cylinder 10 and extend in the longitudinal direction X. Furthermore, at the output S.sub.P of the polarizer, two other second ridges 32 (referenced in FIGS. 4A and 4B) are formed, which correspond to the two radial ends of the leaf 30 which disappears at the polarizer output. The second ridges 31, 32 have the same thicknesses and heights as the first treads 211 of the first ridges 21. In other words, at the output of the polarizer, the second ridges 31, 32 are in the continuity of the corresponding first ridges 21 at the input of the horn 2. The dimensions of the second ridges are represented as constant in the longitudinal direction, and are substantially equal to one another.

[0097] The ridges in the polarizer make it possible to reduce the minimum operating frequency thereof and allow the propagation of the wave therein. The dimensions of the ridges are such that the main mode is propagated in the polarizer. On the other hand, the cutoff frequency of the first upper mode needs to be greater than the maximum operating frequency for the latter not to be able to be propagated in the structure. Furthermore, that makes it possible to reduce the transverse dimensions of the polarizer with respect to a conventional septum polarizer, in order to make it compatible with the aperture of the horn.

[0098] The polarizer is described in more detail hereinbelow in the present description, according to different variants (not limiting), each of the variants being able to be implemented in the first embodiment, or in the second embodiment described below.

[0099] FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D represent an antenna feed according to a second embodiment of the invention which differs from the first embodiment in that it further comprises a third portion 4 which comprises a filter 40. FIG. 2A is a 3D view, FIG. 2B is a view in cross-section on a plane passing through the axis X and the axis Y (corresponding to the plane of the leaf), FIG. 2C is a view in cross-section on a plane passing through the axis X and the axis Z, and FIG. 2D is a side view (seen from the output of the horn).

[0100] The antenna feed 1′ illustrated thus comprises a first, horn-forming portion 2, a second, polarizer-forming portion 3 and a third portion 4 comprising a filter 40, the three portions forming a single piece of which the outer form is a straight cylinder with hexagonal base 10.

[0101] The filter 40 corresponds to half the hexagonal straight cylinder in the third portion 4 (the output of the filter corresponds to one of the two inputs of the polarizer). Inside the half-cylinder, the filter comprises, in the continuity of one of the two inputs of the polarizer, a series 42 of frequency filtering posts, the posts being positioned after one another in the longitudinal direction X and disposed on the central leaf. The filtering posts are chosen to allow certain frequencies to pass while other frequencies are retained.

[0102] In the example represented, the posts have a 45° inclination in order for the antenna feed to be produced by additive manufacturing in one and the same piece, therefore in the same material as the horn and the polarizer. The different posts have dimensions (lengths, thicknesses and/or heights) that can differ from one post to another. Furthermore, the distances between two adjacent posts can differ.

[0103] The dimensions of the posts and the distance between two adjacent posts are defined to make it possible to produce a filter of “combline filter” type. A conventional “combline” type filter is generally produced by introducing metal rods into a rectangular guide, the size of the rods and the distance relative to the top wall of the guide making it possible to transmit or reject certain frequencies. This type of filter is well known to the person skilled in the art. According to the invention, the filter is dimensioned to produce a low-pass filter.

[0104] The third portion 4 further comprises third ridges 41 extending towards the interior thereof and over all or part of the length of said third portion. In the example represented, said third ridges are in the continuity of the second ridges. These third ridges are dimensioned in such a way that the wave can be propagated in the wave guide.

[0105] The filter is described in more detail hereinbelow in the present description, according to different possible variants (not limiting). Any variant can be implemented in the second embodiment.

[0106] FIGS. 3A (3D view) and 3B (side view) represent in detail a hexagonal horn 2 according to a first variant of the invention, which corresponds to the hexagonal horn of FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B. The hexagonal horn 2 comprises six first ridges 21 which protrude towards the interior of said horn from each vertex of the hexagonal cylinder. The six first ridges all have the same forms and are conformed as treads along the longitudinal direction X. In the example illustrated, three treads 211, 212, 213 are represented whose dimensions (heights, thicknesses and/or lengths) vary along the longitudinal direction, the thicknesses of the treads decreasing in the direction going from the input E.sub.C to the output S.sub.C of the horn (direction of circulation). Thus, the thickness e.sub.211 of the first tread 211 is greater than the thickness e.sub.212 of the second tread 212, itself being greater than the thickness e.sub.213 of the third tread. Moreover, the height h.sub.211 of the first tread 211 is slightly greater than the height h.sub.212 of the second tread 212, which is itself greater than the height h.sub.213 of the third tread 213.

[0107] Generally, it is not necessary for the thickness and the heights of the treads to vary increasingly or decreasingly in the direction of circulation, the latter being able to take any values provided that that makes it possible to produce the desired impedance variation.

[0108] Whatever the variant embodiment, and more generally according to the invention, the number of treads and the dimensions of the treads of the first ridges are parameters that can be configured by the person skilled in the art, so as to allow a given variation of impedance between the input and the output of the horn. Thus, there is a very large number of possible configurations, which cannot all be described in the present description. As an example, the number of treads can be equal to three as illustrated, or four.

[0109] Furthermore, the number of first ridges and their locations are not to be limited to the embodiments and variants illustrated.

[0110] The first ridges can all have the same forms, as illustrated, or have different forms.

[0111] Preferably, the number of first ridges is an even number, both at the input and at the output of the horn, and they are disposed regularly around the perimeter of the cylinder. An even number favours the symmetry of the antenna feed. The even number then favours the introduction of the leaf of the septum polarizer which in this case is attached to two opposite ridges and makes it possible to simplify the dimensions of the septum polarizer.

[0112] According to a particular embodiment, a last section without any ridge (tread of zero height) can be added at the output of the horn in order to enhance the efficiency and the directivity thereof (these two concepts are well known to the person skilled in the art). In particular, if the horn has a complementary part, for example in cone or truncated pyramid form, at the output of said horn, this complementary part does not include any ridge.

[0113] FIGS. 4A (3D view in the input-output direction of the polarizer), 4B (3D view in the output-input direction of the polarizer) and 4C (side view) represent a hexagonal polarizer according to the first variant of the invention, which corresponds to the hexagonal polarizer of FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B. The hexagonal polarizer 3 comprises two inputs E.sub.P1, E.sub.P2 separated by an internal leaf 30, or septum, extending in the longitudinal direction X. Transversely, the internal leaf 30 extends between two radially opposite vertices of the cylinder, i.e. over a width I.sub.30. The internal leaf 30 comprises four levels 301, 302, 303, 304 configured to transform a circularly polarized electromagnetic field at the input into a linearly polarized electromagnetic field at the output, and vice versa. However, this number of levels is not limiting and can be less than four (two or three) or five or more.

[0114] On either side of the leaf 30, at the polarizer inputs E.sub.P1, E.sub.P2, four second ridges 31 protrude towards the interior of said polarizer from each vertex of the hexagonal cylinder and extend in the longitudinal direction X. Furthermore, at the output S.sub.P of the polarizer, two additional levels on the two radial ends of the internal left (ends situated on the vertices of the cylinder) form two complementary second ridges 32 at the polarizer output S.sub.P. In other words, at the output of the polarizer, these two complementary second ridges 32 formed at the polarizer output correspond to the two ends of the leaf 30 which disappear at the output of said polarizer.

[0115] The thicknesses e.sub.31 and the heights h.sub.31 of the four second ridges 31 are constant in the longitudinal direction and are substantially equal to one another. The thicknesses e.sub.32 and the heights h.sub.32 of the two complementary second ridges 32 are constant in the longitudinal direction and are substantially equal to one another and to those of the four second ridges 31.

[0116] Whatever the variant embodiment, and more generally according to the invention, the number of levels of the internal leaf, the thickness of the leaf and the dimensions of the levels can be configured by the person skilled in the art. The leaf of the polarizer can, furthermore, have forms different from that represented. In addition to the staircase form illustrated, the literature contains a wide number of forms other than the staircase form, which forms can also be used in the context of the invention. One example that can be cited is a blade whose form has been approximated by a mathematical equation of the Legendre polynomial type. Any other form suited to the function of transforming a linearly polarized electromagnetic field into a circularly polarized electromagnetic field, and vice versa, can be envisaged. Thus, there is a very large number of possible configurations, which cannot all be described in the present description.

[0117] Preferably, the thickness e.sub.30 of the internal leaf 30 is substantially equal to the thickness e.sub.31, e.sub.32 of the second ridges 31, 32. This makes it possible to simplify the design and the manufacture of the antenna feed, and of the array antenna, and favour the overall symmetry.

[0118] Preferably, the thickness e.sub.31, e.sub.32 (and/or the height h.sub.31, h.sub.32) of the second ridges 31, 32 is substantially equal to the thickness e.sub.211 (and/or the height h.sub.211) of the first ridges 21 (first tread 211) at the input of the horn. The second ridges 31 can thus be positioned in the continuity of the first ridges 21 at the input E.sub.C of the horn 2.

[0119] FIGS. 5A (3D view), 5B (side view) and 5C (other 3D view) represent a filter in detail, which corresponds to the filter 40 of FIGS. 2A and 2B.

[0120] The filter is formed only on one of the inputs of the polarizer because the antenna operates in single-polarization mode.

[0121] The filter 40 corresponds to half the hexagonal straight cylinder in the third portion 4 (the output of the filter corresponds to one of the two inputs of the polarizer). Inside the half-cylinder, the filter comprises, in the continuity of one of the two inputs of the polarizer, a series 42 of four frequency filtering posts 421, 422, 423, 424, the posts being positioned one after the other in the longitudinal direction X and disposed on the internal leaf 30 (prolonged between the polarizer and the third portion). The filtering posts are chosen to allow certain frequencies to pass while other frequencies are retained.

[0122] The different posts have dimensions (lengths, thicknesses and/or heights) that can differ from one post to the other. Furthermore, the distances between two adjacent posts can differ.

[0123] In the example illustrated, the second and third posts 422, 423 have equivalent dimensions (thickness e.sub.422, height h.sub.422, length L.sub.422), and the first and fourth posts 421, 424 also have dimensions (thickness e.sub.421, height h.sub.421, length L.sub.421) that are equivalent but different from the second and third posts. Furthermore, the four posts are spaced apart from one another by distances which are not necessarily equal.

[0124] The number of posts illustrated is not limiting, as for the dimensions of the posts and the distances between the adjacent posts.

[0125] As indicated previously, the dimensions of the posts and the distance between two adjacent posts are defined to make it possible to produce a “combline filter” type filter of low-pass filter type, the form of which can be adapted in order to incorporate it in the ridged waveguide.

[0126] Furthermore, the dimensions and the number of posts depend on the desired value for the rejection of the filter. If the rejection level is to be increased, the number of posts is increased.

[0127] The third portion 4 further comprises third ridges 41 extending towards the interior and over all or part of the length of said third portion, said third ridges being in the continuity of the second ridges 31, 32. These third ridges are dimensioned in such a way that the wave can be propagated in the waveguide.

[0128] Since the form of the polarizer is highly variable, and dependent on the form of the horn (cylinder with circular or polygonal base, etc.), it is possible to have a wide variety of forms for the ridged waveguide forming the filter. Possible, but not limiting, forms are illustrated in FIG. 11 (illustrated with the ridges but without the posts).

[0129] Furthermore, in order to facilitate the insertion of the posts at the centre of the filter, provision can be made to produce a transition between the polarizer and the filter which will make it possible to change the disposition of the ridges inside the third portion comprising the waveguide comprising the filter. One condition is to ensure that the operating frequency of the waveguide is lower than the minimum operating frequency, both before and after the transition. As illustrated in FIGS. 12A to 12C, the transition can be produced by removing ridges (FIG. 12A), by adding ridges (FIG. 12B), or even by bending existing ridges (FIG. 12C), or even by combining several of these solutions.

[0130] FIGS. 6A (3D view) and 6B (side view) represent a hexagonal horn 2′ according to a second variant of the invention, which differs from the first variant in that the first ridges 21′ are not disposed at the vertices of the hexagonal cylinder 10 but in the middle of the lateral surfaces 10B of said cylinder. In the example represented, there are six first ridges each with three treads, the treads decreasing between the input and the output of the horn but, as indicated previously, it is not necessary for the thicknesses and the heights of the treads to vary increasingly or decreasingly in the direction of circulation, the latter being able to take any values provided that that makes it possible to produce the desired impedance variation.

[0131] The number of first ridges and of treads is not limiting. Preferably, there is an even number of first ridges, both at the input and at the output of the horn.

[0132] FIGS. 7A (3D view in the input-output direction of the polarizer), 7B (3D view in the output-input direction of the polarizer) and 7C (side view) represent a hexagonal polarizer 3′ according to the second variant of the invention, which differs from the first variant in that the second ridges 31′, 32′ and the internal leaf 30 are not disposed at the vertices of the hexagonal cylinder but in the middle of the lateral surfaces of said cylinder. In the example represented, there are six first ridges each with three treads. However, the number of ridges is not limiting. Preferably, there is an even number of second ridges, both at the input and at the output of the polarizer.

[0133] The first and second variants can be combined with one another, such that the first ridges (and the second ridges) can be disposed both at the vertices of the hexagonal cylinder and in the middle of the lateral surfaces of said cylinder. It is thus possible to obtain, for example, 12 first ridges in the horn and 12 second ridges at the polarizer output.

[0134] The second ridges are generally disposed in the same locations over all the length occupied by said second ridges.

[0135] The first ridges can be disposed in the same locations over all the length occupied by the first ridges, as illustrated.

[0136] Alternatively, the first ridges can be positioned according to a first configuration over a first length (or first section), then according to a second configuration over a second length (or second section), then possibly even according to a third configuration over a third length (or third section), etc. It is however important to observe the impedance steps and observe the best possible symmetry of the horn (and of the antenna feed) with respect to the longitudinal axis X.

[0137] An example of this alternative (third variant) is illustrated in FIG. 8 which represents a horn 3″′ in which first ridges 21 (configured in a single tread) are positioned on the vertices of a hexagonal straight cylinder at the input E.sub.C of the horn over a first section L1, then first ridges 21′ (configured in three treads) are positioned in the middle of the lateral surfaces of the hexagonal cylinder over a second section L2 that can run to the output S.sub.C of the horn. This configuration is obviously not limiting.

[0138] In a preferential embodiment, the second ridges at the output of the polarizer are positioned in the continuity of the first ridges at the input of the horn. Alternatively, it is possible to envisage a change of location of the ridges between the output of the polarizer and the input of the horn (for example at the vertices in the polarizer then in the middle of the surfaces in the horn, or vice versa), always within the limit of observance of the desired impedances.

[0139] FIGS. 9A (3D view) and 9B (side view) represent a horn 2″ according to a fourth variant of the invention, which differs from the first variant, from the second variant and from the third variant in that the straight cylinder 10′ is circular and not hexagonal. The first ridges 21″ are positioned regularly around the circle. In the example represented, there are six first ridges 21″ each with three treads. However, the number of ridges and of treads is not limiting. Preferably, there is an even number of first ridges, both at the input and at the output of the horn.

[0140] FIGS. 10A (3D view in the input-output direction of the polarizer), 10B (3D view in the output-input direction of the polarizer) and 10C (side view) represent a polarizer 3″ according to the fourth variant of the invention, which differs from the first variant, from the second variant and from the third variant in that the straight cylinder 10′ is circular and not hexagonal. The second ridges 31″, 32″ and the internal leaf 30″ are positioned regularly around the perimeter of the circle. In the example represented, there are four second ridges 31″ at the input of the polarizer and six second ridges 31″, 32″ at the polarizer output. However, the number of ridges is not limiting, preferably there is an even number of second ridges, both at the input and at the output of the polarizer.

[0141] The form of the straight cylinder is not limited to the hexagonal or circular form. Alternatively, the form of the straight cylinder can be square, octagonal, decagonal, and, more generally, in the form of a regular polygon of even order (even number of sides), in order to have the most symmetrical possible form.

[0142] Furthermore, in order to conserve the circular polarization, the ridges must be positioned symmetrically around the perimeter of the cylinder.

[0143] Thus, preferably for a cylinder with polygonal base, the number of first ridges in the horn is equal to the number of sides of the polygon, or to a multiple of the number of sides. For example: [0144] for a square cylinder, the number of first ridges can be 4, 8, 12, etc.; [0145] for a hexagonal cylinder, the number of first ridges can be 6, 12, etc.; [0146] for an octagonal cylinder, the number of first ridges can be 8, 16, etc.; [0147] for a decagonal cylinder, the number of first ridges can be 10, 20, etc.

[0148] The number of first ridges indicated above is given for the input and the output of the horn. For the polarizer, the number of second ridges indicated above corresponds to the number of ridges at the output thereof (at the polarizer input, there are at least two of them corresponding to the leaf). Likewise, when there is a filter, there are at least two third ridges corresponding to the leaf which are prolonged in the filter. Thus, for a hexagonal cylinder, there are preferably 6 first ridges at the input and at the output of the horn, 6 second ridges at the output of the polarizer (corresponding to the input horn), 4 second ridges at the input of the polarizer, and 4 third ridges at the input and at the output of the filter, if necessary.

[0149] The ridges (and the internal leaf) can be positioned at the internal vertices and/or on the internal lateral surfaces of the polygon, preferably in the middle of the internal lateral surfaces of the polygon.

[0150] For a circular cylinder, the ridges (and the internal leaf) are also regularly distributed around the perimeter of the circle, inside said circular cylinder. The number of first ridges, of second ridges, or even of third ridges when there is a filter, can be 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.

[0151] For a circular cylinder, there are preferably 6 first ridges at the input and at the output of the horn, 6 second ridges at the output of the polarizer (corresponding to the input of the horn), 4 second ridges at the input of the polarizer, and 4 third ridges at the input and at the output of the filter, if necessary.

[0152] More generally, the number of first ridges, and of second ridges, or even of third ridges when there is a filter, is preferably an even number, preferably at the input and at the output of the horn, of the polarizer and of the filter if necessary.

[0153] Since the horn and the polarizer are made of a single piece (waveguide), with the same outer form, the form of the horn conditions the form of the polarizer. Thus, if the horn is hexagonal, square, circular, the polarizer is too. Likewise, when a filter is added, the outer form of the third portion which comprises the filter complies with the outer form of the horn and of the polarizer.

[0154] FIG. 13 represents a 3D view (seen from the output of the horns) of a radiating panel 110 for an array antenna, comprising a plurality of feeds according to the invention. In the example represented, the feeds 1 all have a hexagonal straight cylinder form 10, the first ridges 21′ being in the middle of the lateral surfaces of said cylinder. The radiating panel represented is made of a single piece. The number of feeds represented is, here, 37, but that is not limiting and that number is generally much higher. Furthermore, the feeds can be chosen according to any one of the embodiments, variants, alternatives described previously.

[0155] Preferably, the feeds of one and the same radiating panel are all substantially identical.

[0156] Since the structure of the radiating panel is complex, and the feeds have small dimensions (of the order of 10 cm high, 15 cm wide and 20 cm long), a preferred solution for manufacturing the radiating panel is additive manufacturing.

[0157] An additive manufacturing technique that is particularly suited to manufacturing the radiating panel is the selective laser melting technique, known as SLM, also called “LBM” (for “laser beam melting”). The SLM technique consists in depositing a layer of metallic powder of controlled thickness (generally in a controlled atmosphere) on a manufacturing plate, using a laser source to produce a selective melting of the powder in the manufacturing plane, then depositing another layer of powder on the preceding layer, the manufacturing iteration continuing so as to form the desired part. A titanium or aluminium metal powder can be used, although that is not limiting.

[0158] The SLM technique allows complex parts to be manufactured, and at the same time by reducing the manufacturing time and costs. Such a radiating panel with a plurality of feeds cannot be produced with certain conventional manufacturing methods (of milling, and other such types) or involves a complex and lengthy manufacturing process and at high manufacturing costs with other conventional manufacturing methods (of electroerosion and other such types).

[0159] As an alternative to the SLM technique, it is possible to envisage an additive manufacturing technique based on the use of polymers, for example the material extrusion additive manufacturing technique (also called “fused deposition modelling” or “FDM”) according to which at least one heated printing head extrudes a polymer matrix filament so as to manufacture a part; the displacement of the printing head on the three axes makes it possible to deposit small volumes of molten polymer locally, and construct a part layer by layer. Material jetting additive manufacturing can also be cited, which is a method in which at least one printing head that can move on the three axes projects a photosensitive polymer, which acts as an ink, which is then polymerized by a UV radiation. Other techniques exist which are not cited here but which are well known to the person skilled in the art. Whatever the additive manufacturing technique based on the use of polymers may be, the part produced must be metallized (deposition of a metallization layer).

[0160] Even with the SLM technique, and in order to reduce the RF losses, a metallization layer is preferably produced on the part.

[0161] The metallization layer can be produced using an electrolytic deposition or a chemical deposition, for example depending on the form of the part and/or the targeted area of use.

[0162] In order to facilitate the additive manufacturing of a radiating panel, it is possible to adapt the production of certain elements of the feeds.

[0163] Thus, the posts 421, 422, 423 of the filters 4 can have an inclination (maximum inclination of 45°), as illustrated in FIGS. 14A (filter 4′ comprising posts 421′, 422′, 423′ without inclination) and 14B (filter 4 with inclination).

[0164] Furthermore, under all or part of the treads 211, 212, 213 of the horns 2, provision can be made to add material to produce a support 221, 222 as illustrated in FIGS. 15A (without support) and 15B (with support). Such a support for such a part which is vertically manufactured makes it possible to avoid collapse during manufacturing. Such a support is a technique commonly used in additive manufacturing.

[0165] As an alternative to an additive manufacturing technique, one solution for manufacturing a radiating panel is the pressurized moulding, or “diecasting” technique. The diecasting technique is a diecasting method which is characterized by the fact that molten metal is forced under high pressure into a mould cavity. The cavity of the mould is created using two dies made of tempered steel which have been machined into form and operate in a way similar to an injection mould during the process. Most of the diecast parts are manufactured from non-ferrous metals, in particular zinc, copper, aluminium, magnesium, lead, tin and the alloys based on tin. Depending on the type of metal cast, a hot or cold chamber machine is used.

[0166] FIG. 16 schematically represents a functional architecture of a direct radiating array antenna 100 which comprises a radiating panel 110 comprising several feeds 1′ (each feed 1′ is represented with a horn 2, a polarizer 3 and a filter 4), such as the radiating panel illustrated in FIG. 13. The radiating panel 110 is connected to amplifiers 120 and/or loads 121. The assembly is linked to a beam-forming network 140, or “BFN”, which makes it possible to distribute the energy (in amplitude and in phase) between the different feeds to direct the beam from the antenna in a given direction.

[0167] A load makes it possible to absorb the RF energy that it receives and that it dissipates in the form of heat.

[0168] The electrically conductive connections 130 are produced between all or part of the feeds of the radiating panel and the amplifiers and/or the loads. With the metal (or metallization) thickness of the feeds of the radiating panel being small (generally a millimetre or less), it is difficult to produce these connections in said thickness, so placements in the array of feeds are used. In the case of a limited number of feeds (typically fifty or so feeds), the connections can be disposed on the edges of the array. If the number of feeds is greater, the connections will be disposed rather within the array.

[0169] FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate a radiating panel 110, such as the radiating panel illustrated in FIG. 13 (with more feeds), seen from the filter input.

[0170] The radiating panel illustrated comprises 256 radiating elements. There are consequently 512 ports at the input of the septum polarizers. For example, the port E.sub.P1 (see reference for example in FIG. 4A) of the septum polarizer generates left circular polarization (LCP) and the port E.sub.P2 (see reference for example in FIG. 4A) of the septum polarizer generates right circular polarization (RCP): thus, 256 ports at the input of the radiating panel generate right circular polarization and 256 ports generate left circular polarization. The antenna is generally designed to operate in single-polarization mode and, for the case presented in this example, in right polarization mode. In the case considered, the right polarization is called “main polarization” and the left polarization is called “cross polarization”. In the case considered, the 256 ports E.sub.P2 are followed by filters then they have to be connected to the amplifiers to generate the signal. The 256 ports E.sub.P1 are not followed by filters and have to be connected to loads to limit the cross component which corresponds to noise.

[0171] To connect the amplifiers to the radiating panel, it is necessary to have locations with tappings in the radiating panel. For that, two solutions have been considered, of which FIG. 17 illustrates a first solution (connection 131), the second solution being illustrated in FIG. 18 (connection 132).

[0172] The first mode of connection 131 illustrated in FIG. 17 uses a few ports of the cross polarization (port E.sub.P1 of the polarizers in the case considered) which are filled with material to be able to have a tapping in order to connect the amplifiers to the radiating panels with screws.

[0173] The second mode of connection 132 illustrated in FIG. 18 uses the 2 ports of the same feed (ports E.sub.P1 and E.sub.P2 of the polarizers in the case considered) which are filled with material to be able to have a tapping in order to connect the amplifiers to the radiating panels with screws.

[0174] In both modes, the connections form short-circuits.

[0175] In the case where the antenna is designed to operate in left polarization mode, then the 256 ports E.sub.P1 are followed by filters then connected to the amplifiers and the 256 ports E.sub.P2 are not followed by filters and are connected to loads.

[0176] Whatever the mode of connection used, the amplifiers are preferably grouped together in one or more blocks of several amplifiers, blocks that can be designated as “amplification modules”. The link from the amplification modules to the radiating panel is made therefore via fixings which are fixed at the connections that are made, for example by screws which are screwed into the tappings of the connections. The connections can be made at the time of manufacturing of the radiating panel (for example during additive manufacturing) or after manufacturing (for example by tapping once the radiating panel has been manufactured).

[0177] The first mode of connection makes it possible not to excessively degrade the RF performance levels compared to the second mode of connection but demands more compact amplification modules. The second mode of connection is easier to produce.

[0178] The number of amplifiers in an amplification module (and consequently the number of short-circuits at the radiating panel output) depends on several parameters and objectives: the aim can be to facilitate the production of the assembly of the antenna in order to reduce the cost of the antenna, or to target RF performance levels for the antenna (the greater the number of short-circuits, the more the RF performance levels are degraded), or even to incorporate a thermal control (the aim of thermal control being to evacuate the power dissipated by the amplifiers out of the antenna).

[0179] The modes of transmission of the microwaves in the amplifiers and in the radiating panel are different. In fact, the waves at the output of the radiating panel are transmitted via a waveguide (ridged) whereas the waves in the amplifier are propagated generally using a line called “microstrip line” which is a microwave transmission line known to the person skilled in the art and will not be developed here.

[0180] The transition of the mode of propagation of the HF waves in the ridged waveguide from the radiating panel to the microstrip line of the amplifiers must be produced via a suitable transition. The so-called “Vivaldi” antipodal transition makes it possible to produce a transition between a waveguide and a microstrip line, but it is generally implemented for a conventional and non-ridged waveguide. Its principle is illustrated in FIGS. 19A and 19B.

[0181] A so-called “Vivaldi” antipodal transition 50 consists in the insertion of a substrate 51 inside the waveguide 55 (generally in the middle of the waveguide). On the substrate, two different metal etchings are formed, a first etching 51 on its top face (its end furthest away from the input of the waveguide is refined in conductor strip form 51A) and a second etching 52 on its bottom face (its end furthest away from the input of the waveguide is widened to become the ground plane 52A). The electrical field E arrives at the etched substrate which picks up the electrical field, then contained between the two metal etchings. The form of the metal etchings makes it possible to rotate the electrical field, and transmit it to the conductive strip.

[0182] The inventors have developed a new transition based on the Vivaldi antipodal transition. The principle is to produce a transition piece beforehand that makes it possible to change the position, the dimensions and/or the forms of the ridges of the waveguide at the input of the feed (at the polarizer or filter input) to free up space at the centre thereof. An example of prior production of such a transition 60 is illustrated in FIGS. 20A, 20B and 20C. FIG. 20A represents a side view of the output 60A of the transition (for example at the filter input) where the ridges 41 of the filter 4 appear. FIG. 20B represents, by a side view, the input 60B of the transition/adaptation (amplifier side). FIG. 20C represents, by a 3D view, the transition/adaptation 60 in the continuity of the filter.

[0183] This makes it possible to arrange the substrate of the Vivaldi transition 50 at the centre of the waveguide, with the two metal etchings, as illustrated in FIG. 21.

[0184] The loads can be connected in the same way to the radiating panels. The loads are in fact generally incorporated in the amplification module and can be connected in the same way as the amplifiers to the radiating panel, with the same transition/adaptation in the guide and the same Vivaldi transition. The load can be connected to the end of the microstrip line as surface-mounted component (SMC).

[0185] That thus makes it possible to form the array antenna, with the RF performance levels targeted.

[0186] Unless stipulated otherwise or technically impossible, the different embodiments, variants and alternatives can be combined. The antenna feed, the radiating panel and the array antenna can thus comprise one or more of the features previously described taken alone or in all possible technical combinations.

[0187] Furthermore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments previously described but extends to any embodiment falling within the scope of the claims.

[0188] The invention is applicable in the field of space array antennas for satellites in low Earth orbit where data has to be transmitted within a wide angular range, notably in the K, Ka, Ku, Q, V, and other bands, for example for high-speed Internet.