APPARATUS FOR GAS STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

Abstract

A gas transport vessel having a hull and a tank longitudinally received in the hull and method of constructing the tank within the hull. The vessel is designed to transport fluids, such as hydrogen or other gases and liquids. The tank has a plurality of layers that are unconnected to adjacent layers. The tank contacts the vessel at a top and bottom. The top connection, for example a connection to deck structure, supports the tank for preventing sagging. The tank may be substantially the length of the ship and located between a forward and a rearward bulkhead. Two tanks may placed adjacent one another separated by a longitudinal bulkhead. Each layer has a forward and rearward end cap constructed of multiple frusto-conical sections. A space is provided on sides of the tank to permit expansion. The tank is integral with ship structure, thereby providing additional strength to the vessel.

Claims

1. A fluid transport vessel comprising: a hull; a tank longitudinally received in said hull, said tank having a plurality of layers, said plurality of layers comprising an outside layer; ship structure above said tank; wherein said outside layer of said tank is supported by said ship structure.

2. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: said ship structure supports a deck.

3. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 further comprising: a forward bulkhead in said hull; a rearward bulkhead in said hull; wherein said tank is between said forward bulkhead and said rearward bulkhead.

4. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 further comprising: a longitudinal bulkhead in said hull, said longitudinal bulkhead separating said hull into a port hold and a starboard hold; a second tank in one of said port hold and said starboard hold; wherein said tank is in one of said port hold and said starboard hold not occupied by said second tank.

5. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: said plurality of layers comprises a number of layers between 3 layers and 10 layers, inclusive.

6. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: said plurality of layers further comprises an inside layer; and said inside layer is comprised of a material that resists embrittlement.

7. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: said plurality of layers comprises an inside layer; and said inside layer is comprised of a material that resists corrosion.

8. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: said plurality of layers further comprises an inner layer and intermediate layers between said inner layer and said outer layer, said intermediate layers for providing additional strength to said tank.

9. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: each layer of said plurality of layers has a forward end cap and a rearward end cap; wherein said forward end cap and said rearward end cap of each of said layers are constructed of multiple frusto-conical sections.

10. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 9 wherein: said frusto-conical sections define a single curvature.

11. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: at least one layer of said plurality of layers has a body segment having a forward end and a rearward end, an upper semi-cylindrical segment and a lower semi-cylindrical segment, said upper semi-cylindrical segment and said lower semi-cylindrical segment affixed to one another with a port body seam weld and a starboard body seam weld; a front end cap adjacent said forward end of said body segment; a rear end cap adjacent said rearward end of said body segment.

12. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: said outside layer of said tank has a top, a bottom, a port side and a starboard side; said top of said tank contacting ship structure; said bottom of said tank contacting ship structure; wherein a space is provided between said port side and ship structure and between said starboard side and ship structure for accommodating expansion of said tank.

13. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 1 wherein: each of said plurality of layers of said tank are unconnected to adjacent layers of said tank.

14. A fluid transport vessel comprising: a hull; a tank longitudinally received in said hull, said tank having a plurality of layers, said plurality of layers comprising an outside layer; wherein each layer of said plurality of layers said tank has end caps constructed of multiple frusto-conical segments.

15. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: the vessel includes structure above said tank; and said outside layer of said tank is supported by said structure.

16. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 15 wherein: said structure supports a deck.

17. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 further comprising: a forward bulkhead in said hull; a rearward bulkhead in said hull; wherein said tank is between said forward bulkhead and said rearward bulkhead.

18. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 further comprising: a longitudinal bulkhead in said hull, said longitudinal bulkhead separating said hull into a port hold and a starboard hold; a second tank in one of said port hold and said starboard hold; wherein said tank is in one of said port hold and said starboard hold not occupied by said second tank.

19. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: said plurality of layers comprises a number of layers between 3 layers and 10 layers, inclusive.

20. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: said plurality of layers further comprise an inside layer; and said inside layer is comprised of a material that resists embrittlement.

21. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: said plurality of layers further comprise an inside layer; and said inside layer is comprised of a material that resists corrosion.

22. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: said plurality of layers further comprises an inner layer and intermediate layers between said inner layer and said outer layer, said intermediate layers for providing additional strength to said tank.

23. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: said frusto-conical segments define a single curvature.

24. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: at least one layer of said plurality of layers has a body segment having a forward end and a rearward end, an upper semi-cylindrical segment and a lower semi-cylindrical segment, said upper semi-cylindrical segment and said lower semi-cylindrical segment affixed to one another with a port body seam weld and a starboard body seam weld; a front end cap adjacent said forward end of said body segment; a rear end cap adjacent said rearward end of said body segment.

25. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: said outside layer of said tank has a top, a bottom, a port side and a starboard side; said top of said outside layer contacting ship structure; said bottom of said outside layer contacting ship structure; wherein a space is provided between said port side and ship structure and between said starboard side and ship structure for accommodating expansion of said tank.

26. The fluid transport vessel according to claim 14 wherein: each of said plurality of layers of said tank are unconnected to adjacent layers of said tank.

27. A method of constructing a multi-layer tank within a hull of a ship comprising the steps of: installing a semi-cylindrical outer lower section in the hull and affixing said outer lower section to said hull; installing one or more semi-cylindrical lower sections within said outer lower section, said semi-cylindrical lower sections comprising an inside lower section; installing a semi-cylindrical inside upper section on said inside lower section and welding said inside upper section to said inside lower section on both sides for forming an inside cylinder; installing one or more semi-cylindrical upper sections for mating with counterpart ones of said semi-cylindrical lower sections and welding each mated pair on both sides for forming a plurality of nested cylinders; installing end caps on each of said plurality of nested cylinders for forming a plurality of nested tanks.

28. A method of strengthening a vessel for transporting fluid, said method comprising steps of: locating a multi-layer tank longitudinal within a hull of a ship, said multi-layer tank having an outside layer having a top and a bottom; securing said bottom of said outside layer to ship structure below said multi-layer tank; securing said top of said outside layer to ship structure above said multi-layer tank; wherein said securing steps integrate said multi-layer tank with said ship structure for allowing said multi-layer tank to become a structural element of said vessel, thereby adding strength to said vessel.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a schematic of a ship containing tanks;

[0024] FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a schematic of the ship of FIG. 1 showing side-by-side tanks;

[0025] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the ship and tanks of FIGS. 1 and 2 taken along lines 3-3 of FIG. 2;

[0026] FIG. 4 is an enlarged side elevation view of a forward end of the tank of FIG. 1;

[0027] FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a wall of the tank of FIGS. 1-4 taken at detail 5 of FIG. 3 showing welds in each layer;

[0028] FIG. 6 is an enlarged alternative cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 wherein a top layer of the tank is connected to deck structure;

[0029] FIG. 7 is an enlarged alternative cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 showing an expansion space between each side of the tank and ship structure;

[0030] FIG. 8 is an enlarged alternative cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 showing an embodiment wherein the tank is supported by ship structure that is separate from deck structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0031] Referring now to the Figures, shown is gas transport vessel 10. Gas transport vessel 10 is made up of ship structure including a hull 20. Hull 20 includes bottom shell portion 22, starboard shell portion 24, and port shell portion 26. Upper deck 28 spans between starboard shell portion 24 and port shell portion 26. Forward bulkhead 30 is located within hull 20 and rearward bulkhead 32 is located within hull 20.

[0032] Hull 20 may be divided lengthwise by longitudinal bulkhead 34. Longitudinal bulkhead 34 separates a port hold 36 and a starboard hold 38. Port hold 36 and starboard hold 38 are located between forward bulkhead 30 and rearward bulkhead 32. Starboard tank 40 is located in starboard hold 38. Starboard tank 40 is constructed of multiple layers. In one embodiment, starboard tank 40 is constructed of six layers, i.e., outer layer 42, second layer 44, third layer 46, fourth layer 48, fifth layer 50, sixth layer 52, and liner layer 54, (see, e.g., FIG. 5) wherein each of layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, and 54 are made up of the following segments. Other numbers of layers may be provided, e.g., 3 to 10 layers.

[0033] Each of layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, and 54 include body segment 40 (see, e.g., FIG. 4). Body segment 60 has a forward end 62 and a rearward end 64. Body segment 60 is made up of upper semi-cylindrical portion 66 and lower semi-cylindrical portion 68. Upper semi-cylindrical portion 66 and lower semi-cylindrical portion 68 are affixed to one another with a port body seam weld 70 and a starboard body seam weld 72.

[0034] Forward end cap 74 is affixed to forward end 62 of body segment 60. Forward end cap 74 is comprised of the following frusto-conical segments and a cap. Other constructions are also possible, such as a dome construction.

[0035] Referring now to FIG. 4, each of layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54 have a first frusto-conical segment 80 having an upper portion 82 and a lower portion 84 connected to one another via a first forward port seam weld (not visible in FIG. 4) and a first forward starboard seam weld 88. Upper portion 82 and lower portion 84 are preferably frusto-conical, single curvature layers to facilitate ease of construction. First forward frusto-conical segment has a forward edge 90 and a rearward edge 92. Rearward edge 92 is affixed to forward end 62 of body segment 60 by a first forward circumferential weld 94.

[0036] Each of layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54 define a second forward frusto-conical segment 100 having an upper portion 102 and a lower portion 104 connected to one another via a second forward port seam weld 106 and a second forward starboard seam weld 108. Upper portion 102 and lower portion 104 are preferably frusto-conical, single curvature layers to facilitate ease of construction. Second forward frusto-conical segment 100 has a forward edge 110 and a rearward edge 112. The rearward edge 112 of the second forward frusto-conical segment 100 is affixed to the forward edge 90 of the first frusto-conical segment 80 via a second forward circumferential weld 114.

[0037] Each of layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54 define a third forward frusto-conical segment 120 having an upper portion 122 and a lower portion 124 connected to one another via a third forward port seam weld 126 and a third forward starboard seam weld 128. Upper portion 122 and lower portion 124 are preferably frusto-conical, single curvature layers to facilitate ease of construction. Third forward frusto-conical segment 120 has a forward edge 130 and a rearward edge 132. Rearward edge 132 of third forward frusto-conical segment 120 is affixed to forward edge 110 of second frusto-conical segment 100 via a third forward circumferential weld 134.

[0038] Each of layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54 define a front plate 140 affixed to forward edge 130 of third forward frusto-conical segment 120 with a fourth circumferential weld 142.

[0039] A rearward end cap (not visible in FIG. 4) is affixed to rearward end 64 of body 60. The rearward end cap is preferably made up of multiple layers of frusto-conical segments and an end cap similar to forward end cap 74, described above.

[0040] A port tank 160 is located in port hold 36. Port tank 160 preferably has a similar construction to that of starboard tank 40, discussed above.

[0041] The ship 10 and the cargo containment system are sized in accordance with ABS rules. The containment system is designed under the Limit States provisions of the ABS Guidelines for CNG Ships.

[0042] In one embodiment, the cargo tanks 40, 160 are 20 meters in diameter with a wall thickness of 630 mm constructed in 6 layers of 100 mm and one inner layer of 30 mm. Other wall thicknesses are possible depending on the design conditions, tank size and cargo. Example wall thicknesses range from 20 mm to 200 mm and overall thickness range from 200 mm to 900 mm. In greater detail, although wall thicknesses will depend on the size and operating conditions of the tanks, contemplated wall thicknesses for each layer are in the range of 20 to 200 mm, more particularly 70 to 150 mm, and more particularly 100 to 120 mm. Overall thicknesses range from 200 to 900 mm, more particularly 400 to 700 mm, and more particularly 500 mm to 600 mm. Other thicknesses may be necessary depending on design considerations.

[0043] Nesting multiple cylinders inside each other, each with a wall thickness of about, e.g., 100 mm (see detail A; FIG. 5), facilitates ease of fabrication of a cylinder having sufficient wall thickness to provide adequate provable resistance to crack growth.

[0044] The wall therefore consists of multiple layers, e.g., layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, such as 6 layers of 100 mm thick X80 steel with a liner that resists embrittlement such as a stainless-steel liner 54 that is 30 mm in thickness. The stainless-steel liner 54 is provided to prevent the X80 material from hydrogen embrittlement. Other possible liner materials that resist embrittlement are possible, including aluminum and plastic. Visible in FIG. 5 are seam welds, e.g., seam weld 72 for each of layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, and 54, designated as seam weld 72 and 72a-e as shown in FIG. 5.

[0045] This nesting of cylinder layers is beneficial to the fracture mechanics problem as crack growth in a single cylinder becomes arrested since the stress at the crack tip diminishes. More importantly, the crack cannot jump the boundary to the adjacent layer due to lack of continuity.

[0046] With big tanks under such high pressure the energy stored is very large. Even though fatigue resistance can be demonstrated, the tanks of the invention ensure that, even if a crack developed, it could not progress beyond its critical length between inspections.

[0047] Some secondary advantages of the invention are that the deck stress in the ship 10 due to the design bending moment drops to about a third or so of what it would be in an equivalent sized tanker. This means that some steel weight reductions in the ship's structure may be possible. They have not been allowed for in the initial estimates of ship steel weights.

[0048] Additionally, the longitudinal stress in the 20-meter pipe tanks 40, 160 (due to the design wave and still water moment) is miniscule, as is the shear stress.

[0049] Cargo Containment Design

[0050] The containment design is governed (primarily) by two limit states. That of service (SLS) and that of fatigue.

[0051] If the ship 10 were to have a complete cycle of load-unload every 5 days, then over 30 years this amounts to 2,200 cycles.

[0052] The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) requires that a factor of 10 be applied when assessing design life using S—N fatigue curves. Also, the curves used must be conservatively based on 3 standard deviations below the mean failure line, (as opposed to the more normal industry standard of 2).

[0053] For 250 bar the fatigue formula results in 24,000 cycles which is in excess of the 22,000 required.

[0054] Ship Principal Particulars

[0055] The principal characteristics of example vessel 10 are as follows:

TABLE-US-00001 LOA 340 m Waterline 325 m Maximum Breadth 48 m Depth to Main Deck 26 m Loaded Draft 12.0 m Lightship Draft 11.8 m Loaded Displacement 160,000 tonnes Freeboard 14.0 m Cargo Weight 2,000 tonnes Cargo volume 118,000 m.sup.3 Ship Steel 22,000 tonnes of EH36 steel Ship to Cargo volume ratio 2.9:1 (average tanker is 1.5:1) GM 8.5 m Roll Period 11 seconds Hull Inertia 4300 m.sup.4 Hull Modulus 330 m.sup.3 Maximum Deck Stress 7 ksi (about 30% of allowable)

[0056] Example Containment Design

TABLE-US-00002 250 bar Yield Stress: 80 ksi OD: 20,000 mm Wall Thickness: 630 mm Nominal hoop stress at 250 bar 56 ksi Nominal safety factor with 1.4 respect to yield Length: 225 m (201 m + 12 m + 12 m) Total pipe weight 133,000 tonnes (127,000 tonnes of 80 ksi steel plus 6000 tonnes of stainless steel)

[0057] Example Calculation of Allowable Pressure

[0058] The permissible SLS design pressure for safety class high, under the DNV Submarine Pipeline Systems code OS-F101 Clause D 400, is derived below. The operating pressure (MAOP) is then 95% of this value.

[0059] The formula for the permissible design pressure for the serviceability (yield) limit state is:

[0060] Design Pressure=2×t.sub.min÷(OD−t.sub.min)×α.sub.u×f.sub.y×2÷3.sup.0.5÷γ.sub.sc+γ.sub.m

[0061] Where: [0062] t.sub.min=the minimum wall thickness of the pipe at any point, [0063] OD=the outside diameter [0064] f.sub.y=the minimum specified yield stress [0065] α.sub.u=equals the material strength factor or 0.96 [0066] γ.sub.sc=equals the safety class safety factor. In this case for the highest class it is 1.308 [0067] γ.sub.m=equals the material safety factor.

[0068] Putting numerical values into the above formula yields:

[0069] 250 Bar

Design Pressure=2×24.8÷(787.4−24.8)×80,000×0.96×2÷1.732÷1.308÷1.15=3835 psi. (264 bar)

[0070] Multiplying by 0.95 gives an MAOP of 3642 psi. (251 bar)

[0071] Example Fatigue Assessment

[0072] ABS have indicated in their guidelines that a factor of 10 be used when assessing design life with the appropriate S—N curves, which are conservatively based on 3 standard deviations below the mean failure line (as opposed to the more normal industry standard of 2).

[0073] The relationship between the number of cycles and the stress range can be written as:

Log(N)=Log(C)−cδ−m Log(F.sub.sr) [0074] Where: [0075] N=the predicted number of cycles to failure under the stress range F.sub.sr [0076] C=a constant relating to the mean S—N curve for that weld. [0077] m=the inverse slope of the mean S—N curve. [0078] c=the number of standard deviations below the mean [0079] δ=the standard deviation of Log (N)

[0080] Inserting numerical values into the equation yields the following:

[0081] 250 Bar Class C Weld

Log.sub.10(N)=14.034−3×0.204−3.5 Log(384)=4.377

[0082] From which N equals 10.sup.4.377=24,000 cycles

[0083] In one embodiment, damage stability requirements are met primarily by the continuance inwards of some of the watertight bulkheads 30, 32 in the outer double hull side shell where they will make a watertight seal with the cylinders 40 and/or 160.

[0084] In one embodiment, compartmentalization within the storage tanks 40, 160 is achieved by introducing divisions into the long cylinders if required.

[0085] In one embodiment, the nested tanks are constructed by first installing the outer lower circular section, e.g., 68 of layer 42 (see, e.g., FIG. 4), and welded to the super structure. Then the rest of the lower semicircular portions of layers 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, and 54 will be seated under gravity. Preferably, there are no weld connections between the shells. Then the top inner semicircular section, e.g., 66, will be lowered on to the bottom inner section, e.g., 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, and 54, and the inner seam weld, e.g., 70, 72, will be completed from both sides. This then continues with single sided welding until the outer top section 66 is seam welded onto its counterpart via seam welds 70, 72, see FIG. 5, Detail A above.

[0086] The length of each section will depend on the cranage capacity of the yard. A 50 meter section would weigh about 1400 tonnes. The very high D/t ratios of the 100 mm thick half cylinders make them very easily alignable for seam welding by various combinations of kentledge, hydraulic and temperature means. The end caps 74, 144 are specifically designed with single curvature in order to assist forming and fit up.

[0087] Moss tanks for LNG require equatorial ring support. This is because their internal design pressure is so low that the resulting shell cannot self-support from beneath. However, in one embodiment, Applicant's tanks 40, 160 are e.g., 250 bar cylinders that have a working pressure some 500 or more times that of a Moss tank and as such are easy to support from beneath. This support also acts as the shear transfer mechanism to transfer bending moment to ship structure, such as the ship's deck 28 and bottom shell. Moss tanks are not typically integrated with the ship 10. Applicant's tanks 40, 160 are integrated completely and are the stiffest and strongest part of part of the ships structure. By welding the top and bottom of tank 40, 160 to ship structure, such as deck structure, tank 40, 160 becomes a major structural element of the ship, thereby adding to the strength of the ship. Perhaps the best analogy is that of a second world war submarine which has its upper deck attached as an appurtenance rather than a load carrying member. The main support for tanks 40, 160 comes from both horizontal and longitudinal girders. The transverse support will be from the transverse girders and the watertight bulkheads 30, 32 described above. The longitudinal girders (top and bottom) will also be used as shear transfer connections to the deck 28 and tank shell.

[0088] As shown in FIG. 6, outer layer 42 of tank 40 may be connected to deck 28, e.g., by welding to support 39. Support 39 is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 as being part of ship structure of deck 28. However, support 39 may be provided for supporting tank 40 as ship structure that is separate from deck 28 (see, e.g., FIG. 8). Sagging of layers 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 is prevented by welding outermost layer 42 to a support 39 or to girders of top deck 28 of ship 10. The connection to deck 28 supports outermost layer 42 and prevents it from sagging. Since top layer 42 does not sag, inner layers 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 cannot deform and sag since they are nested within outer layer 42 whose geometry is constrained by attachment to top deck 28.

[0089] As shown in FIG. 7, expansion space 43 and 45 may be provided between tank 60 and structural shell portion 24 of hull 20 and between tank 40 and longitudinal bulkhead 34, respectively. Expansion gaps or spaces 43 and 45 prevent tank from 60 damaging ship hull 20 as tank 40 expands during pressurization.

[0090] Preferably, the nested tanks are not connected to each other in any way. They are tubes within tubes. If there were no ends and they were perfectly constructed then they would slide out. Imagine the nested tube spanning as a beam from end to end under self-weight giving a simple bending moment. The stress and deflections are based on the inertia of the tubes. If the tubes are in close contact and there are no gaps the overall inertia of the tubes is the exact same as if they were solid. It is completely different than having multiple layers of plate on top of one another. The inertia of the nested tubes is calculated as follows:

Inertia=π/64(D.sub.1.sup.4−D.sub.2.sup.4+D.sub.2.sup.4−D.sub.3.sup.4+D.sub.3.sup.4 . . . )=π/64(204−18.744)=1800 m.sup.4

[0091] With two tanks this is 3600 m.sup.4. Total hull and cylinder inertia acting together is 4300 m.sup.4 so about 80% of the ship's stiffness comes from the cargo tanks 40, 160.

[0092] Thus, the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and attain the ends and advantages mentioned above as well as those inherent therein. While presently preferred embodiments have been described for purposes of this disclosure, numerous changes and modifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such changes and modifications are encompassed within the spirit of this invention as defined by the claims.

[0093] It is to be understood that the terms “including”, “comprising”, “consisting” and grammatical variants thereof do not preclude the addition of one or more components, features, steps, or integers or groups thereof and that the terms are to be construed as specifying components, features, steps or integers.

[0094] If the specification or claims refer to “an additional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element.

[0095] It is to be understood that where the claims or specification refer to “a” or “an” element, such reference is not be construed that there is only one of that element.

[0096] It is to be understood that where the specification states that a component, feature, structure, or characteristic “may”, “might”, “can” or “could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included.

[0097] Methods of the present invention may be implemented by performing or completing manually, automatically, or a combination thereof, selected steps or tasks.

[0098] The term “method” may refer to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the art to which the invention belongs.

[0099] The term “at least” followed by a number is used herein to denote the start of a range beginning with that number (which may be a ranger having an upper limit or no upper limit, depending on the variable being defined). For example, “at least I” means 1 or more than 1. The term “at most” followed by a number is used herein to denote the end of a range ending with that number (which may be a range having 1 or 0 as its lower limit, or a range having no lower limit, depending upon the variable being defined). For example, “at most 4” means 4 or less than 4, and “at most 40%” means 40% or less than 40%.

[0100] When, in this document, a range is given as “(a first number) to (a second number)” or “(a first number)-(a second number)”, this means a range whose lower limit is the first number and whose upper limit is the second number. For example, 25 to 100 should be interpreted to mean a range whose lower limit is 25 and whose upper limit is 100. Additionally, it should be noted that where a range is given, every possible subrange or interval within that range is also specifically intended unless the context indicates to the contrary. For example, if the specification indicates a range of 25 to 100 such range is also intended to include subranges such as 26-100, 27-100, etc., 25-99, 25-98, etc., as well as any other possible combination of lower and upper values within the stated range, e.g., 33-47, 60-97, 41-45, 28-96, etc. Note that integer range values have been used in this paragraph for purposes of illustration only and decimal and fractional values (e.g., 46.7-91.3) should also be understood to be intended as possible subrange endpoints unless specifically excluded.

[0101] It should be noted that where reference is made herein to a method comprising two or more defined steps, the defined steps can be carried out in any order or simultaneously (except where context excludes that possibility), and the method can also include one or more other steps which are carried out before any of the defined steps, between two of the defined steps, or after all of the defined steps (except where context excludes that possibility).

[0102] Further, it should be noted that terms of approximation (e.g., “about”, “substantially”, “approximately”, etc.) are to be interpreted according to their ordinary and customary meanings as used in the associated art unless indicated otherwise herein. Absent a specific definition within this disclosure, and absent ordinary and customary usage in the associated art, such terms should be interpreted to be plus or minus 10% of the base value.

[0103] Thus, the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned above as well as those inherent therein. While the inventive device has been described and illustrated herein by reference to certain preferred embodiments in relation to the drawings attached thereto, various changes and further modifications, apart from those shown or suggested herein, may be made therein by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit of the inventive concept the scope of which is to be determined by the following claims.