Regeneration and genetic transformation of okra through somatic embryogenesis

Abstract

The present invention provides medium compositions and methods for the regeneration of the whole plant from explants obtained from plants belonging to the Malvaceae family, particularly the Abelmoschus genus, more preferably Abelmoschus esculentus L, through somatic embryogenesis. The present invention also provides an efficient methodology for genetic transformation of plants belonging to the Malvaceae family through somatic embryogenesis in semisolid culture with the use of the Agrobacterium. The present invention is also related to a method for the development of virus-resistant transgenic plants belonging to the Malvaceae family.

Claims

1. A method for producing a plant belonging to an Abelmoschus species containing foreign DNA, comprising of: i. co-cultivating hypocotyl segment explants of Abelmoschus species plant with Agrobacterium comprising a plasmid with a virus resistance gene construct, optionally a replicase antisense construct, and an antibiotic resistance gene; ii. culturing the co-cultivated hypocotyl segments to induce antibiotic-resistant calli and converting antibiotic-resistant calli into embryogenic calli and inducing somatic embryos in a semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) based tissue culture medium further comprising: a) subculturing antibiotic-resistant calli twice at an interval of 3 to 4 weeks for the multiplication of antibiotic-resistant calli; and b) subculturing antibiotic-resistant calli once in 3 to 4 weeks for the induction of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos; iii. maturing somatic embryos and germinating matured somatic embryos further comprising: a) culturing somatic embryos for three weeks in MS based Somatic Embryo Maturation medium (SEMM) for embryo maturation; b) culturing matured somatic embryos for three weeks in a desiccation medium comprising Stewart's based medium supplemented with 20 g/L of agar; and c) germinating somatic embryos into transgenic plants with roots in Stewart's based culture medium under a 16:8 hours day:night photoperiod at a temperature of 26±2° C.; and iv. hardening and allowing further growth of regenerated transgenic plants under greenhouse conditions.

2. The method for producing a plant belonging to an Abelmoschus species containing foreign DNA of claim 1, wherein the induction of antibiotic-resistant calli from co-cultivated explants is carried out in Callusing/Embryogenic Calli Induction Medium (C/ECIM) comprising of MS medium supplemented with 25 mg/L Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), combination of an auxin 2,4-D and a cytokinin Kinetin in a ratio of 5:1 by weight, 0.1 to 100 mg/L, optionally 25 mg/L Geneticin, and 10 to 1000 mg/L, preferably optionally 300 mg/L Cefotaxime, at 26±2° C. in a culture room under dark conditions for 3 to 4 weeks, and the subculturing of antibiotic-resistant calli is carried out twice at an interval of 3 to 4 weeks in the same medium for the multiplication of antibiotic-resistant calli.

3. The method for producing a plant belonging to an Abelmoschus species containing foreign DNA of claim 1, wherein subculturing of antibiotic-resistant calli is carried out once in 3 to 4 weeks in Callusing/Embryogenic Calli Induction Medium (C/ECIM) comprising of MS medium supplemented with 25 mg/L Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), combination of an auxin 2,4-D and a cytokinin Kinetin in a ratio of 5:1 by weight, 0.1 to 100 mg/L, optionally 25 mg/L Geneticin, and 10 to 1000 mg/L, optionally 300 mg/L Cefotaxime, at 26±2° C. in a culture room under dark conditions for the induction of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos.

4. The method for producing a plant belonging to an Abelmoschus species containing foreign DNA of claim 1, wherein culturing of the somatic embryos for three weeks is carried out in a Somatic Embryo Maturation Medium (SEMM) comprising of MS based medium supplemented with Abscisic acid (ABA) and glutamine in a ratio of 0.5:50.0 mg/L for embryo maturation.

5. The method for producing a plant belonging to an Abelmoschus species containing foreign DNA of claim 1, wherein culturing of the matured somatic embryos is carried out for three weeks in a desiccation medium comprising of Stewart's medium supplemented with 20.0 g/L agar.

6. The method for producing a plant belonging to an Abelmoschus species containing foreign DNA of claim 1, wherein germination of somatic embryos into transgenic okra plants with roots is carried out in a Somatic Embryo Germinating Medium (SEGM) comprising of MS medium supplemented with 0.1 to 100 mg/L, optionally 15 mg/L Geneticin under a 16:8 hours day:night photoperiod at a temperature of 26±2° C.

7. The method for producing a plant belonging to an Abelmoschus species containing foreign DNA of claim 1, wherein the plants developed are transgenic and resistant to viral infections.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

(1) FIG. 1: Stages of Regeneration of Okra through Somatic Embryogenesis;

(2) FIG. 1a: Hypocots in Callusing Medium;

(3) FIG. 1b: Induction of calli;

(4) FIG. 1c: Proliferation of calli;

(5) FIG. 1d: Embryogenic calli Induction;

(6) FIG. 1e: Globular Embryos Induction in clumps;

(7) FIG. 1f: Somatic Embryo Development from Embryogenic Calli;

(8) FIG. 1g: Somatic Embryo Clumps;

(9) FIG. 1h: Somatic Embryos under Maturation;

(10) FIG. 1i: Somatic Embryos under Desiccation;

(11) FIG. 1j: Regeneration of Embryos into plants;

(12) FIG. 1k: Rooted plant in-vitro;

(13) FIG. 1l: Hardening of Okra Plants in greenhouse;

(14) FIG. 1m: Established Okra Plant in Greenhouse derived through Somatic Embryogenesis

(15) FIG. 2: Different Stages of Embryos, and their development:

(16) FIG. 2a: Development of Globular Embryos in clusters;

(17) FIG. 2b: Development of Globular/heart shaped Embryos in clusters;

(18) FIG. 2c: Development of Embryogenic calli and Globular/heart shaped Embryos;

(19) FIG. 2d: Different Stages of Somatic Embros in Single Cluster;

(20) FIG. 2e: Different Stages of Somatic Embros in Single Cluster;

(21) FIG. 2f: Development of Embryogenic Calli and Elongated Embryos Simultaneously

(22) FIG. 3: Stages of Genetic Transformation and Development of Transgenic Okra with Virus resistance through Somatic Embryogenesis:

(23) FIG. 3a: 7 days old seedlings;

(24) FIG. 3b: Hypocots under co-cultivation;

(25) FIG. 3c: Hypocots under selection;

(26) FIG. 3d: Callus induction under selection;

(27) FIG. 3e: Independent calli lines in selection;

(28) FIG. 3f: Embryogenic calli induction;

(29) FIG. 3g: Induction of globular somatic embryos in clusters;

(30) FIG. 3h: Embryos development;

(31) FIG. 3i: Somatic embryo maturation;

(32) FIG. 3j: Somatic embryo desiccation;

(33) FIG. 3k: Germination of somatic embryos;

(34) FIG. 3l: Shoot development;

(35) FIG. 3m: Regenerated transgenic plants with roots;

(36) FIG. 3n: Hardening of transgenic okra plant;

(37) FIG. 3o: Transgenic plant in Growth chamber;

(38) FIG. 3p: Transgenic plants in Greenhouse

DESCRIPTION OF TABLES

(39) FIG. 4: Table 1: Stock Solutions for MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962)

(40) FIG. 5: Table 2: Components for MS medium

(41) FIG. 6: Table 3: Stock Solutions for Stewart Embryo Germination medium (Stewart, 1977)

(42) FIG. 7: Table 4: Components for Stewart's medium

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(43) An embodiment of the present invention discloses a method of regenerating a whole plant from explants of Malvaceae family, such as plants belonging to the Abelmoschus species, wherein the said method comprises the steps of:

(44) Step i) using a composition comprising media components, hormones and growth conditions for regeneration of plants through tissue culture;

(45) Step ii) using 7-days old explants for induction of calli using specific auxin and kinetin-based medium;

(46) Step iii) conversion of calli into embryogenic calli;

(47) Step iv) developing large number of somatic embryos from embryogenic calli in semisolid tissue culture medium;

(48) Step v) short time culturing of somatic embryos in tissue culture medium containing suitable hormones and media components for maturation

(49) Step vi) Dessication of somatic embryos in desiccation medium;

(50) Step vii) germinating matured somatic embryos into plants in basal medium containing suitable nutrients in the absence of hormones; and

(51) Step viii) hardening and advancing the plants to subsequent generations.

(52) Further, the invention may also provide for regeneration of plants belonging to Abelmoschus species wherein the plant is selected from a group comprising of A. esculentus, A. caillei, A. ficulneus, A. crinitus, A. angulosus, A. moschatus, A. tuberculatus, A. tetraphyllus, A. manihot.

(53) For the current study, Okra genotypes representing proprietary lines of Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd. from a recent harvest were preferably used for standardization of the somatic embryogenesis-mediated regeneration protocol.

(54) The said seed inoculation period is 3 to 15 days, preferably 7 days. The method of seed inoculation comprises a series of sterilization of the seeds followed by inoculation of the sterilized seeds.

(55) Sterilization of Okra Seeds:

(56) The Okra seeds are surface sterilized with 70% (v/v) ethanol for 1 to 30 minutes, preferably for 10 minutes and washed 3 to 4 times with sterile distilled water to remove excess ethanol. The seeds are again surface sterilized with 0.1% (w/v) aqueous mercuric chloride solution for 1 to 30 minutes, preferably for 10 minutes with continuous agitation and subsequently washed 3 to 4 times with sterile distilled water.

(57) Inoculation of Sterilized Seeds:

(58) Surface sterilized seeds are blot dried on sterile filter paper for a few minutes and then inoculated in culture bottles containing 30 ml of Seed Germination Medium (SGM). They are then incubated in culture bottles at temperatures ranging from 20° C. to 30° C., preferably 26° C. in darkness for 1 to 5 days, preferably for 3 days for germination; then transferred to culture room for 16:8 hour day:night photoperiod at temperatures ranging from 20° C. to 30° C., preferably 26° C. Unless specified, the tissue culture experiments are carried out in the culture room conditions initially under dark conditions. During post-somatic embryo germination, the cultures are maintained under 16:8 hours day: night photoperiod with the temperature ranging from 20° C. to 30° C., preferably 26° C. with luminosity of 1000 to 6000 lux.

(59) Another embodiment of the present invention discloses the transfer of surface sterilized seeds onto SGM. The medium is prepared considering the requisite quantities of the components required for half-strength as provided in Table 1 (FIG. 4) and Table 2 (FIG. 5) and the volume is made up to approximately 900 ml using distilled water with the contents being uniformly dissolved. Then, the pH is adjusted to 5.6 to 5.8 using 0.1 N NaOH and the volume is made up to 1000 ml. To this, 7.0 g/L of Agar is added and sterilized using an autoclave.

(60) Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method of regeneration of Okra plant involving explant initiation and callusing for a period of 4 weeks. The hypocots are excised out from 3 to 15 day old seedlings, preferably 7 days old aseptically grown Okra seedlings and placed in Callusing/Embryogenic Calli Induction Medium (C/ECIM) and incubated at temperature ranging from 20° C. to 30° C., preferably at 26° C. in the culture room under dark conditions (FIG. 1a). The explants are regularly subcultured at 3 to 4 week intervals for callus initiation and development while being maintained under dark conditions. At the cut ends of the hypocotyl explants, slimy brownish calli are induced (FIG. 1b).

(61) Another embodiment of the present invention discloses the growth of explants in C/ECIM. C/ECIM comprises quantities of components provided in Table 1 (FIG. 4) and Table 2 (FIG. 5) supplemented with combinations of auxins in the range of 0.01 to 10 mg/L or combinations of auxin and cytokinins, with the latter in the range of 0.01 to 5 mg/L.

(62) Another embodiment of the present invention discloses C/ECIM comprises quantities of components provided in Table 1 (FIG. 4) and Table 2 (FIG. 5), supplemented with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the range of 5 to 100 mg/L, preferably 25 mg/L, 2, 4-D in the range of 0.01 to 3.0 mg/L, more preferably 0.5 mg/L, and Kinetin in the range of 0.01 to 2.0 mg/1, preferably 0.1 mg/L. Then, the volume is made up to approximately 900 ml using distilled water and the contents are uniformly dissolved. Then the pH is adjusted to 5.6 to 5.8 using 0.1 N NaOH and the volume is made up to 1000 ml. To this, 3.0 g/L of phytagel is added and sterilized using an autoclave.

(63) Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of regeneration of Okra plant wherein the duration of the embryogenic calli induction method is 8 to 20 weeks, more ideally at 12 weeks followed by subculturing of the calli once in 3-4 weeks for multiplication and proliferation in C/ECIM (FIG. 1c). This process is continued for 3 to 4 months for induction of somatic embryogenic calli (FIG. 1d). The embryogenic calli are further subcultured in the same medium at 3-4 week intervals for somatic embryogenic calli proliferation (FIG. 1d).

(64) Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of regeneration of Okra plant wherein the method of somatic embryo induction and maturation takes 15 weeks.

(65) In yet another embodiment, the invention provides for the induction of somatic embryo followed by maturation of the embryo as indicated below.

(66) Somatic Embryo Induction:

(67) The globular somatic embryos are induced in clusters from embryogenic calli in C/ECIM (FIG. 1e) and further developed into heart and torpedo shaped embryos. The process of embryo development in clusters and embryogenic calli proliferation occurs simultaneously (FIGS. 1f and 1g; FIG. 2). Different stages of somatic embryo induction and development such as globular, heart and torpedo, is given in FIG. 2.

(68) Embryo Maturation:

(69) The developed embryos are separated from embryogenic calli and placed for 3 weeks in the amino acid rich medium, viz., Somatic Embryo Maturation Medium (SEMM) which allows further development and maturation as shown in FIG. 1h. After separating the embryos, the embryogenic calli are again subcultured in C/ECIM for induction of next set of embryos.

(70) In the above embodiment, the SEMM preparation comprises the quantities of components as provided in Table 1 (FIG. 4) and Table 2 (FIG. 5) and supplemented with ABA in the range of 0.01 to 3.0 mg/L, preferably 0.5 mg/L and glutamine in the range of 1 to 1000 mg/L, preferably 50 mg/L. The volume is made up to approximately 900 ml using distilled water and the contents are uniformly dissolved. Then the pH is adjusted to 5.6 to 5.8 using 0.1 N NaOH and the volume is made up to 1000 ml. To this, 3.0 g/L of phytagel is added and sterilized using an autoclave.

(71) Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of regeneration of Okra plant wherein the embryo desiccation and germination into a plantlet takes 11 weeks' time. The somatic embryos are incubated for 3 weeks for elongation of embryos under dark conditions (FIG. 1i) in a desiccation medium (SEDM). Well elongated embryos are transferred to somatic embryo germinating medium (SEGM). Emerging shoots are subcultured regularly at 3 weeks interval under 16:8 hour day: night photoperiod at the temperature from 20° C. to 30° C. and more preferably at 26° C. with luminosity of 100 to 6000 lux for emergence of true leaves (FIG. 1j). The shoots are further subcultured in SEGM for the development of plants with roots (FIG. 1k).

(72) In the above embodiment, the desiccation medium is prepared by considering the quantities of components as provided in Table 3 (FIG. 6) and Table 4 (FIG. 7), and the volume is made up to approximately 900 ml using distilled water and the contents are uniformly dissolved. Then the pH is adjusted to 6.8 using 0.1 N NaOH and the volume is made up to 1000 ml. To this, 20.0 g/L of agar is added and sterilized using an autoclave.

(73) The somatic embryo germinating medium SEGM according to the above embodiment is prepared by considering the quantities of components required for half strength as provided in Table 3 (FIG. 6) and Table 4 (FIG. 7), and their volume is made up to approximately 900 ml using distilled water and the contents are uniformly dissolved. Then the pH is adjusted to 5.6 to 5.8 using 0.1 N NaOH and the volume is made up to 1000 ml. To this, 8.0 g/L of agar is added and sterilized using an autoclave.

(74) Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of hardening of Okra plant wherein the plantlet is transferred to the soil for further growth. Regenerated plants with few roots are hardened (2 weeks) in small plastic cups containing standard pot mixture and maintained in the plant growth chamber for 2 weeks (FIG. 1l). The established plants with well-developed roots are transplanted in soil and maintained in the greenhouse at 26+2° C. and 60% RH till the harvest of the seeds (FIG. 1m).

(75) Still another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method for transforming a plant belonging to the Abelmoschus genus such as Okra, wherein the said method comprising the steps of

(76) Step a) use of 7-days old explants for co-cultivation with Agrobacterium;

(77) Step b) induction of antibiotic-resistant calli from hypocotyl segments under selection;

(78) Step c) conversion of antibiotic-resistant calli into embryogenic calli;

(79) Step d) development of somatic embryos from embryogenic calli in semisolid tissue culture medium;

(80) Step e) maturation of somatic embryos and germination of matured somatic embryos into transgenic Okra plants, hardening and normal growth of regenerated transgenic plants under greenhouse conditions.

(81) Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method for transforming plant belonging to the Abelmoschus genus such as Okra, wherein the recombinant Agrobacterium strain carrying DNA/RNA sequence comprises of a coding or non-coding gene sequence, inclusive or not, of terminator or promoter, as an expressing or non-expressing cassette.

(82) In yet another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method for transforming a plant belonging to the Abelmoschus genus, wherein the DNA/RNA sequences confer tolerance or resistance to viruses to transformed cells, tissues and plants.

(83) Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method for the transformation of Okra through somatic embryogenesis for the development of transgenic virus-resistant Okra plants, particularly resistant towards Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) and Enation Leaf Curl Virus (EnLCuV).

(84) For the current study, a method of the above embodiment comprises use of Okra genotypes representing proprietary lines of Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd. from the most recent harvest for standardization of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Okra through somatic embryogenesis-mediated transformation protocol.

(85) According to another embodiment, seed inoculation takes 2 to 15 days preferably 7 days and is carried out as described in one of the above embodiments.

(86) Further, the invention as per the above embodiment provides a method for the preparation of the Agrobacterium culture. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA4404) culture containing plasmid pGA643 harbouring virus resistant gene construct such as Replicase Antisense with selectable marker gene (nptII), is revived from −80° C. freezer glycerol stock in AB medium containing appropriate antibiotics. The culture is incubated at 28° C. under dark conditions for 2-3 days. Agrobacterium suspension is prepared by setting up overnight cultures by inoculating loopful of 3-day grown Agrobacterium culture in 50 ml of AB medium with appropriate antibiotics and incubating at 28° C. while shaking vigorously at 220 rpm. The culture is allowed to grow to obtain OD.sub.600 of 0.8. The overnight grown culture is diluted to an OD.sub.600 of 0.3. The diluted culture is incubated on a shaker at 28° C. with 220 rpm for 3 to 4 hours to obtain OD.sub.600 of 0.6. The culture is resuspended in MS based liquid medium for co-cultivation. Acetosyringone suspended in DMSO is added to a final concentration of 100 μM to diluted Agrobacterium culture prior to co-cultivation.

(87) Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide methods for explant initiation following cocultivation, explants are excised out from 2 to 15 days old Okra seedlings, preferably 7 days old aseptically grown Okra seedlings (FIG. 3a) and placed in sterile petri dishes. Agrobacterium suspension is added to the explant segments and mixed well which is followed by incubation for 2 to 90 minutes more preferably 30 minutes (FIG. 3b). Agrobacterium suspension is removed through aspiration and explants are allowed for air drying for brief time. The explants are placed in Co-cultivation Medium (CCM) and incubated at the temperature from 20° C. to 30° C., more preferably at 26° C. in the culture room under dark conditions for 1 to 7 days, preferably 3 days (FIG. 3c).

(88) As per the above embodiment, the said medium CCM, comprises quantities of components as provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and supplemented with 2,4-D in the range of 0.01 to 3.0 mg/L, preferably 0.5 mg/L, and Kinetin in the range of 0.01 to 2.0 mg/1, preferably 0.1 mg/L. Then, the volume is made up to approximately 900 ml using distilled water and the contents are uniformly dissolved. Then the pH is adjusted to 5.6 to 5.8 using 0.1 N NaOH. Then the volume is made up to 1000 ml. To this, 3.0 g/L of phytagel is added and sterilized using an autoclave. Acetosyringone is added to the sterilized medium to a final concentration of 100 μM. Then, the medium is dispensed in sterile petri plates under sterile conditions.

(89) The explants from the above embodiment are co-cultivated explants that are blot dried to remove excess Agrobacterium and placed in C/ECIM supplemented with Geneticin in the range of 0.1 to 100 mg/L, preferably 25 mg/L and Cefotaxime in the range of 10 to 1000 mg/L, preferably 300 mg/L. They are then incubated at the temperature from 20° C. to 30° C. and more preferably at 26° C. in the culture room under dark conditions for 3-4 weeks for induction of antibiotic resistant calli (FIG. 3d). The antibiotic resistant calli are carefully excised from explants and subcultured twice at 3 to 4 week intervals in the same medium for the multiplication of antibiotic resistant calli.

(90) Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for embryogenic calli induction which comprises subculturing the antibiotic resistant calli once in 3 to 4 weeks for calli multiplication and proliferation in C/ECIM (FIG. 3e). This process is continued for 3 to 4 months for the induction of somatic embryogenic calli. The embryogenic calli are further subcultured in the same medium at 3 to 4 week intervals for somatic embryogenic calli proliferation (FIG. 3f).

(91) Still another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for somatic embryo induction and maturation comprising the induction of globular somatic embryos in clusters from embryogenic calli in C/ECIM (FIG. 3g) and further development into heart and torpedo shaped embryos (FIG. 3h). The developed embryos are separated from embryogenic calli and placed in the amino acid rich medium SEMM for 3 weeks (FIG. 3i). After separating the embryos, the embryogenic calli are again subcultured in C/ECIM for induction of the next set of embryos.

(92) Further, the invention provides a method for desiccation and germination of the embryo into a plantlet which comprises transfer of somatic embryos to desiccation medium SEDM (FIG. 3j) and incubation for 3 weeks for elongation of embryos under dark conditions. Well-elongated embryos are transferred to the somatic embryo germinating medium SEGM supplemented with Geneticin in the range of 0.1 to 100 mg/L, preferably between 15 mg/L (FIG. 3k). The emerging shoots are subcultured regularly at 3 weeks interval under 16:8 hr day: night photoperiod at the temperature 20° C. to 30° C. and more preferably at 26° C. for the emergence of true leaves (FIG. 3l). The shoots are further subcultured in SEGM supplemented with Geneticin in the range of 0.1 to 100 mg/L, preferably between 15 mg/L for the development of transgenic plants with roots (FIG. 3m).

(93) Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for the hardening of the transformed plants obtained from the previous embodiment. Regenerated transgenic plants with few roots are hardened in small plastic cups containing standard pot mixture (FIG. 3n) and maintained in the plant growth chamber for 2 weeks (FIG. 3o). Established transgenic plants with well-developed roots are then transplanted and maintained in the greenhouse at 28+2° C. and 60% RH for molecular studies and harvest of seeds (FIG. 3p).

(94) The present invention provides plant regeneration from a variety of explants, the explants selected from a group comprising of cotyledons with petiole, hypocotyls, embryo, immature embryo, leaf lamina, cotyledonary axil, shoot tip, anther, root, callus or other suitable explants of Okra or Abelmoschus genus. Regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in semisolid culture results in high frequency of Okra plant regeneration. Genetic transformation of Okra through somatic embryogenesis will eventually lead to the development of Okra plants with desirable virus resistance.

(95) The present invention is related to a method for producing a plant belonging to an Abelmoschus species containing foreign DNA, comprising of (i) co-cultivating hypocotyl segment explants of Abelmoschus species plant with Agrobacterium harbouring plasmid with virus resistance gene constructs such as replicase antisense and antibiotic resistance gene for transformation; (ii) culturing the co-cultivated hypocotyl segments for induction of antibiotic-resistant calli and converting antibiotic-resistant calli into embryogenic calli and inducing somatic embryos in a semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) based tissue culture medium further comprising subculturing antibiotic-resistant calli twice at an interval of 3 to 4 weeks for the multiplication of antibiotic-resistant calli, and subculturing antibiotic-resistant calli once in 3 to 4 weeks for the induction of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos; (iii) maturing somatic embryos and germinating matured somatic embryos further comprising culturing somatic embryos for three weeks in MS based Somatic Embryo Maturation medium (SEMM) for embryo maturation, culturing matured somatic embryos for three weeks in a desiccation medium comprising Stewart's based medium supplemented with 20 g/L of agar; and germinating somatic embryos into transgenic plants with roots in Stewart's based culture medium under a 16:8 hours day:night photoperiod at a temperature of 26±2° C.; and (iv) hardening and allowing further growth of regenerated transgenic plants under greenhouse conditions.

(96) It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims.