MICROSTRUCTURE ARRANGEMENT FOR GRIPPING LOW COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION MATERIALS

Abstract

A microstructure arrangement having a substrate; a set of pillars having a cross section area in the range of 10 μm.sup.2 to 160,000 μm.sup.2 and a pitch in the range of 20 μm to 1000 μm. The set of pillars can be on a set of pillars having a cross section area less than that of the pillars. The set of pillars can be defined by pillars each having a cross section width from 0.5 μm to 100 μm and a pitch in the range of 1 μm to 200 μm; and, wherein the set of pillars can be configured to cooperate to have a physical property of a grip force in excess of 50.0 N with a contact area of 25% or less, as determined by the friction testing method.

Claims

1. A microstructure arrangement for gripping a low coefficient of friction material comprising: a substrate disposed on a gripping surface; a set of pillars disposed on the substrate with each pillar having a cross section area in a range of 100 μm.sup.2 to 160,000 μm.sup.2; and, wherein the set of pillars are configured to cooperate to have a physical property of a grip force in excess of 50.0 N with a contact area of 25% or less, as determined by the friction testing method.

2. The microstructure arrangement of claim 1 wherein the set of pillars have a coefficient of friction in a range of about 0.7 to about 1.4.

3. The microstructure arrangement of claim 1 wherein said grip force is in excess of 55.0 N with a contact area of 20% or less.

4. The microstructure arrangement of claim 1 wherein the grip force is in excess of 60.0 N with a contact area of 10% or less.

5. The microstructure arrangement of claim 1 wherein said substrate is carried by a surface of one of a wheel, finger tips of a glove, palm of a glove, brake pad, brake drum, brake rotor, clutch plate, plier, grasper, retractor, surgical tools, laparoscopic tool and any combination thereof.

6. The microstructure arrangement of claim 1 wherein the set of pillars has an angle of orientation to the substrate of greater than 75 degrees.

7. A microstructure arrangement for gripping a low coefficient of friction material comprising: a substrate disposed on a gripping surface; a set of pillars carried on the substrate having a first pillar having a height relative to the substrate in the range of 10 μm to 160,000 μm and a pitch determined from the center of a second pillar in the range of 20 μm to 1000 μm; and, wherein the set of pillars define a microstructure arrangement on said substrate configured to provide a coefficient of friction in a range of about 0.7 to about 1.4 against a material taken from the group consisting of human skin, steel, polymer, and any combination thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The construction designed to carry out the invention will hereinafter be described, together with other features thereof. The invention will be more readily understood from reading the following specification and by reference to the accompanying drawings forming a part thereof, wherein an example of the invention is shown and wherein:

[0008] FIGS. 1A-1F shows micrograph images of a microstructure arrangement including a plurality of pillars on a gripping surface material according to the present invention;

[0009] FIG. 1G shows a micrograph image of a microstructure arrangement including a plurality of recesses on a gripping surface material according to the present invention;

[0010] FIGS. 2A-2B shows micrograph images of a microstructure arrangement including a plurality of primary microstructure pillars carrying a plurality of secondary microstructure pillars on a gripping surface material according to the present invention;

[0011] FIG. 3 shows a schematic for one testing method according to the present invention;

[0012] FIG. 4 shows a schematic for one testing method according to the present invention;

[0013] FIG. 5 shows a schematic for one testing method according to the present invention;

[0014] FIGS. 6A to 6B show testing results with a 20 N force applied to a testing sample;

[0015] FIGS. 6C to 6D show testing results with a 50 N force applied to a testing sample;

[0016] FIGS. 6E to 6F show testing results with an 80 N force applied to a testing sample;

[0017] FIG. 6G shows testing results with a 110 N force applied to a testing sample;

[0018] FIG. 6H shows testing results with a 140 N force applied to a testing sample;

[0019] FIG. 7 shows a graphical representation of some of the novel physical properties and aspects of the present invention;

[0020] FIG. 8A shows a perspective view of aspects of the present invention; and,

[0021] FIG. 8B shows a top down view of aspects of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0022] With reference to the drawings, the invention will now be described in more detail. According to the present invention, the microstructure arrangements detailed herein are applied, in one embodiment, to a gripping pad made of a high modulus material. The gripping pad can have a higher Young's modulus than the material to be gripped. At least one outer surface of the gripping pad contains a microstructure pattern consisting of, for example, micro pillar structures, or alternative microstructure recesses, that exhibit high grip and high coefficient of friction (COF) to plastic polymer materials that have low COF such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or low COF rubber polymers such as silicone rubber or human skin.

[0023] In one embodiment, the microstructure pattern may be formed in a pad of steel, with a resulting increase in COF of steel to PTFE from 0.2 to over 0.8. In one embodiment, the microstructure pattern may be formed in a pad of high modulus polymer, such as polyester terephthalate (Mylar) or modified polyester terephthalate (Dupont Hytrel or Eastman Tritan), with a resulting increase in COF of polyester terephthalate to PTFE from about 0.04 to over 1.00 without visible damage to the PTFE. These materials are provided by way of example only, as the microstructure arrangements according to the present invention can be included in various other materials as would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

[0024] The microstructure pattern described and illustrated herein may be formed in a pad of steel or high modulus polymer that grips any lower modulus polymer material with a COF greater than 0.8 without visible damage.

[0025] The microstructure pattern described and illustrated herein may be formed in a pad of steel or high modulus polymer that grips biopolymers including skin with pull force greater than 50 Newtons without visible damage or the perception of pain.

[0026] The microstructure pattern described and illustrated herein may be formed in a pad of steel or high modulus polymer that grips textiles and fabric with a COF greater than 1.00 without visible damage to the fabric.

[0027] In one embodiment, the microstructure pattern includes micro pillars with an angle of orientation to a film base material of greater than 75 degrees, and preferred greater than 85 degrees.

[0028] In illustrated embodiments, referring to FIGS. 1A-1G, the microstructure pattern includes primary microstructure features defined by pillars that may be of a cross section that is circular, square, triangular, circular fluted, rectangular or other geometric shapes, and combinations thereof. The illustrated embodiments described herein are provided by way of example only and are not limiting of the various geometric shapes that may be utilized in the present invention.

[0029] In one embodiment, the microstructure pattern includes micro pillars that include an upper end that may be flat, rounded, spherical, pyramidal or have smaller pillars on the end surface of the larger pillar, such as illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2F. The stacked arrangement is particularly useful in gripping skin, rubber and other softer materials.

[0030] Referring to FIGS. 2A-2B, in the illustrated embodiments, the microstructure pattern includes a primary microstructure with a secondary microstructure feature carried on top of the primary microstructure feature. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, the secondary microstructure 40 is defined by smaller pillars covering the tops of larger pillars defining the primary microstructure 38. In one embodiment, the smaller pillars may have a cross section width from 0.5 to 100 microns, a height above the end of the primary pillar from 1 to 100 microns tall, and a center to center pitch of 1 to 200 microns, oriented in a triangular, rectangular or random distribution, or combinations thereof, over the outer end surface of the larger pillar. The illustrated embodiments described herein are provided by way of example only, and are not limiting of the various geometric shapes that may be utilized in defining the primary and secondary microstructures of the present invention.

[0031] In one embodiment, the microstructure pattern will cover greater than 25% of the outer surface area of at least one side of the gripping pad.

[0032] The microstructure pattern can be formed on a variety of gripping pad surfaces for a variety of applications, including, for example, on a single or pair of rotating wheels to provide grip, on finger tips or palms of gloves, on brake pads and brake drums or rotors, on clutch plates, on jaws of pliers, graspers, retractors and similar squeezing instruments, on robotic surgical tools or laparoscopic surgical tools. The gripping pad surfaces can be in the form of tapes and films for wrapping handles or for adhering to surfaces and they can be molded forms such as handles of tools. The gripping pads can be molded for articles that can include handles, grips, labels, closures, utensils, and similar objects that can be gripped by hand or with a hand covering such as a glove. The gripping pads may be sewn to or molded into gloves, luggage grip, backpack straps and similar items. The gripping pads may be molded or printed on labels and containers. These are but a few examples of the possible application of the microstructure pattern detailed herein.

[0033] Low COF polymers to which the microstructure pattern can be applied to improve grip include, but are not limited to, PTFE, HOPE, PE, PP, nylon, PET or any similar plastic polymer, silicone rubber, isoprene rubber, thermoplastic elastomers, polyurethane rubbers or any similar rubber polymer. These low COF polymers can have a COF against smooth steel less than 0.2, however, a gripping pad including a microstructure pattern according to the present invention can securely grip and hold such materials.

[0034] Preferably, the primary microstructures (and secondary microstructures in a stacked array embodiment) have a uniform height from the film base so that a uniform pressure is applied against the surface of the material to be gripped. This prevents damage to the material while providing optimal grip by allowing all of the microstructure ends to engage the material in a uniform engagement.

[0035] Table 1 below lists dimensional specifications of the patterns tested directed to certain arrangements of micro patterns on gripping surface.

TABLE-US-00001 SHAPE (pillar unless otherwise PITCH % Pattern ID SIZE (μm) noted) (μm) LATTICE DEPTH (μm) Contact H190AP 200 circular 500 rectangular 600 12.6% H185AP 100 circular 700 rectangular 200  1.6% H191AP 150 circular 450 rectangular 450  8.7% H282AP 25 × 50 elipse 150 rectangular 70  5.6% H034AP 30 circular 85 rectangular 40  9.8% H037AP 50 circular 140 rectangular 40 10.0% H002AP 50 circular 100 rectangular 70 19.6% H003AP 50 × 25 oval 100 rectangular 70  9.8% H012CP 25 square 50 triangular 50 25.0% H008AP 200 circular 400 triangular 350 22.7% H008AH 200 circular 400 triangular 350 77.3% (holes) H009AP 100 circular 200 triangular 200 22.7% H021AP 100 square 350 triangular 400  9.4% H160AP 10 + 100 circular 20 + 200 triangular   20 + 200  5.0% H374AP 41 × 20.5 + 200 oval & 82 + 933 rectangular 57.4 + 100  0.5% square H375AP 41 × 20.5 + 200 oval & 82 + 660 rectangular 57.4 + 100  0.9% square H376AP 41 × 20.5 + 200 oval & 82 + 443 rectangular 57.4 + 100  2.0% square H377AP 41 × 20.5 + 200 oval & 82 + 362 rectangular 57.4 + 100  3.0% square H378AP 41 × 20.5 + 200 oval & 82 + 280 rectangular 57.4 + 100  5.0% square H379AP 41 × 20.5 oval 82 rectangular 57.4  9.8% H404AP 100 circular 200 rectangular 50 19.6% H401AP 50 square 100 rectangular 25 25.0% H049AP 50 raised 200 lines 75 25.0% (ridges)

[0036] The pillars can include a rounded cross section such as a circle, oval, square with rounded corners, or rectangle with rounded corners. The patterns can include the characteristics shown in the following table:

TABLE-US-00002 Height/ Calculated Width Depth Pitch percent Shape L1 + L2 L1 + L2 L1 + L2 contact Pattern (pillars) (μm) (μm) (μm) Lattice area H374AP oval & square 41 × 20.5 + 200 57.4 + 100 82 + 933 rectangular 0.45% H375AP oval & square 41 × 20.5 + 200 57.4 + 100 82 + 660 rectangular  0.9% H376AP oval & square 41 × 20.5 + 200 57.4 + 100 82 + 443 rectangular   2% H377AP oval & square 41 × 20.5 + 200 57.4 + 100 82 + 362 rectangular   3% H378AP oval & square 41 × 20.5 + 200 57.4 + 100 82 + 280 rectangular   5% H379AP oval 41 × 20.5 57.4 82 rectangular  9.8% H002AP round 41 57.4 82 rectangular 19.6% H404AP circular 82 41 164 rectangular 19.6% H401AP square 41 20.5 82 rectangular   25% H049AP ridges 41 61.5 164 lines   25% H008AH Circular (holes) 164 287 328 triangular 77.3% Blank N/A N/A N/A N/A NIA 100

[0037] Referring to FIG. 1A, micro pattern H012CP is shown molded in stainless steel and includes an arrangement of square, rounded and oval shaped micro pillars 10 that, as shown, in an offset pattern with a first line 12 offset from a second line 14 resulting in a triangular lattice 16. In FIG. 1B, micro pattern H002AP is shown molded in stainless steel and includes an arrangement of mostly rounded shaped micro pillars 18. The pillars can be arranged in rows 20a and 20b referred to as a rectangular lattice 22. In FIG. 1C, micro pattern H003AP is shown molded in stainless steel and includes an arrangement of mostly oval shaped micro pillars 24 in offset rows with a triangular lattice. In FIG. 1D, micro pattern H008AP is shown molded in stainless steel and includes an arrangement of highly uniform rounded shaped micro pillars. Micro pattern H009AP (not pictured) is similar to the image in FIG. 1D of micro pattern H008AP except with slightly reduced dimension. The pillars 26 of this figure are rounded in an offset pattern and have generally uniform dimensions among the pillars. In FIG. 1E, micro pattern H021AP is shown molded in stainless steel and includes an arrangement of mostly square shaped micro pillars 28. In FIG. 1F, micro pattern H021AP also shown, but molded in Hytrel and includes an arrangement of mostly square shaped micro pillars 30 in an offset design. In FIG. 1G, micro pattern H008AH is shown molded in stainless steel and includes an arrangement of rounded holes 32 in the substrate 34. The holes can be arranged in a rectangular pattern. In referring to the dimensions, the depth of the holes are from the top of the substrate to the bottom of the hole, as opposed to referring to the height of the pillar relative to the substrate. In FIG. 2A, micro pattern H160AP is shown at 200× magnification as molded in stainless steel and includes an arrangement of rounded shaped micro pillars 38 arranged in an offset pattern. A plurality of secondary and generally smaller micro pillars 40 can be disposed on the top of the larger micro pillars 38. FIG. 2B is micro pattern H160AP shown at 500× magnification to illustrate the arrangement of the smaller micro pillars 40 arranged on the tops of the larger micro pillars 38. In one embodiment, the smaller micro pillars 40 can also be disposed along the sides of the pillars and on the substrate 42.

[0038] In one embodiment, the micro patterns were etched on silicon wafers, transferred to silicone rubber, molded into a powdered metal/binder compound, such as BASF Catamold 17-4 PH or 1001 steels, or into the plastic or rubber materials. In one embodiment, the molded powdered metal compound can be sintered to create the micro patterns on the steel surfaces. Some of the patterns can be modified using, electrical discharge machining, laser etching, or CNC milling and sawing to create additional features on the surface. Some methods of manufacturing are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,720,047 incorporated by reference.

[0039] Referring to FIG. 3, a weighted testing method is shown. A clamp having a first jaw 44a and a second jaw 44b that can apply clamping force against a weighted member 46 having an outer surface 48. The inner surface 50 of the jaws can contact the outer surface of the weighted member and when the weighted member is pulled in a direction shown as 52, the friction between the weighted member and the clamp can be measured. Different gripping materials can be attached to the clamp jaws and the friction results can be measured as shown in the following table with the gripping levels arranged into three categories: (low, medium or high).

TABLE-US-00003 Gripping 40A material PTFE Silicone PET TPE Dry Skin pp PS Sandpaper Low Medium Medium High Strength Medium Low Tape Tacky Foam Low Low Low Serrated Pliers High With Medium High With Low High With High With Damage Damage Damage Damage Smooth 17-4PH Low High Low Low Low Low Low Steel Smooth Medium High High High Low High Silicone (40A) H012AP In 17- High Low High High Low High High 4PH Steel H012AP In Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Polypropylene H160AP In 17- High High High High High High High 4PH Steel

[0040] Referring to FIG. 4, the tactile properties of the various patterns were measured using a tactile testing method. Using this method, micro patterns were machined on a steel sample, a 1×1 inch samples in one embodiment with a blank sample of like dimensions used as a control. The sample 54 is held in clamp 56 which is in turn attached to a load cell 58. The load cell can be a 251b load cell such as an S type or S-Beam load cell as provided by Omega Engineering, Inc. A test subject was asked to grip the sample. The load cell is fixed to an anchor point 60, in one embodiment. The test subject then grips the sample and pulls the sample generally in a direction shown as 62 and is requested to provide test results concerning the touch aesthetic as shown for each material and pattern in the following table.

TABLE-US-00004 Touch Aesthetic Touch Aesthetic soft materials hard materials (Silicone, TPE, (Steel, $ Pattern ID TPU) Polypropylene) Depth (μm) Contact H190AP soft, fuzzy, painless Painful 600 12.6% H185AP painless, prickly Painful 200  1.6% H191AP soft, fuzzy painless Painful 450  8.7% H282AP smooth, painless Comfortable 70  5.6% H034AP painless Comfortable 40  9.8% H037AP painless Comfortable 40 10.0% H002AP painless, smooth Comfortable 70 19.6% H003AP painless, smooth Comfortable 70  9.8% H012CP painless, smooth Comfortable 50 25.0% H008AH smooth Comfortable 22.7% H008AP prickly Painful 350 77.3% H009AP prickly Comfortable 200 22.7% H021AP soft, fuzzy, painless Painful 400  9.4% H160AP smooth, painless Comfortable  20 + 200  5.0% H374AP prickly Comfortable 57.4 + 100   0.5% H375AP prickly Comfortable 57.4 + 100   0.9% H376AP prickly Comfortable 57.4 + 100   2.0% H377AP prickly Comfortable 57.4 + 100   3.0% H378AP prickly Comfortable 57.4 + 100   5.0% H379AP smooth, painless Comfortable 57.4  9.8% H404AP smooth, painless Comfortable 50 19.6% H401AP smooth, painless Comfortable 25 25.0% H049AP rigid, painless Comfortable 75 25.0%

[0041] The grip force that was measured using the load cell with the measurement of the force on the sample required is pulled by the test subject until the samples slipped from between the fingers of the test subject. The peak force was measured in Newtons (N) for multiple trials and the average values (Average) and standard deviation calculated (SD) as shown below.

TABLE-US-00005 Grip Force in Newtons Pattern ID (% Contact) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average SD H374AP (0.45%) 66 65 64 65.0 0.8 H375AP (0.9%) 75 72 69 72.0 2.4 H376AP (2%) 78 74 75 75.7 1.7 H377AP (3%) 76 74 71 73.7 2.1 H378AP (5%) 75 73 72 73.3 1.2 H379AP (9.8%) 68 67 66 67.0 0.8 H002AP (19.6%) 59 57 56 57.3 1.2 H404AP (19.6%) 55 58 58 57.0 1.4 H401AP (25%) 51 53 53 52.3 0.9 H049AP (25%) 44 44 48 45.3 1.9 H008AH (77.3%) 44 46 45 45.0 0.8 Blank (100%) 42 37 39 39.3 2.1
Referring to FIG. 7, the graphical representation of this chart is shown for various patterns, one aspect of the novelty of the present invention can be shown. Conventional belief is that to accomplish sufficient friction between skin and an object, a contact area of twenty percent (20%) or more is needed. The contact area is the area of the finger, such as the fingertip, that is in contact with the surface. The present invention shows that with the micro patterns shown herein, the grip force (in Newtons) significantly increases with contact area between 0.25% and 25% as shown in section 72.

[0042] Materials tested for providing the samples using in the tactile testing included 17-4 PH stainless steel, Eastman Tritan modified PET, Dupont Hytrel modified PET, Momentive silicone rubber, 70 Shore A, NuSil silicone 40 Shore A. Low COF materials used in the tactile testing included polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), nylon, polyacetal resin (POM), polystyrene, polyesterterephthalate (PET), silicone rubber and human skin.

[0043] Referring to 5, the friction testing method is shown. The sample 54 is provided with a blank of the same or generally the same dimension as a control. The sample is secured between first clamping member 56a and second clamping member 56b and force applied in the respective directions 58a and 56b against the sample. The sample can have microstructures on the outer sides that can contact the clamping members. The force that is applied to the sample can be measured with a force gauge 60. The force gauge can be a NEXTECH 1000 N model in one embodiment. The force applied to the sample between the clamping members can be tested at several levelsor contact forces, including increments of 20 N, 50 N, 80 N, 110 N, and 120 N. The sample can be retracted in direction 62 by retractor 64 with load cell 66 disposed between the sample and the retractor. The retraction rate can be 1 mm/second. The testing was performed, and the averages tabulated as shown below in FIGS. 6A through 6J. The sample and load cell can be removably connected with connector 70, in one embodiment. The results of the friction test for certain materials and patterns are shown in the following table:

TABLE-US-00006 Coefficient of Friction for Each Material Pattern ID PTFE SBR Nylon Silicone Rubber smooth 0.2 1.0 0.3 1.1 H374AP 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.0 H375AP 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.0 H376AP 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.1 H377AP 0.8 1.3 0.8 1.1 H378AP 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.1 H379AP 0.8 1.3 0.8 1.2

[0044] In the above table, the materials shown are polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), nylon and silicone rubber.

[0045] Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the pattern designated H376AP is shown having a substrate 42 with a primary pattern 38 that can include a secondary pattern 40 disposed on the top of other outer surface of the primary pattern. The secondary pattern can be generally consistent from pillar to pillar of the primary pattern or can vary from pillar to pillar as illustrated. The rows can be inline (rectangular lattice) or offset (triangular lattice).

[0046] The invention can include a microstructure arrangement for gripping a low coefficient of friction material comprising: a substrate disposed on a gripping surface wherein the substrate has a higher Young's modulus than the low coefficient of friction material to be gripped; a first set of pillars disposed on the substrate with each pillar having a cross section area in the range of 10 μm2 to 400 μm2, a height relative to the substrate in the range of 10 μm to 400 μm, and a pitch determined from the center of the pillars in the range of 20 μm to 1000 μm; a second set of pillars disposed on said first set of pillars with each pillar of said second set of pillars having a cross section area less than that of the pillars in said first set of pillars; wherein said second set of pillars are defined by pillars each having a cross section width from 0.5 μm to 100 μm, a height of from 1 μm to 100 μm, and a pitch determined from the center of the second set of pillars in the range of 1 μm to 200 μm; wherein said first and second set of pillars are configured to cooperate to have the physical property of a grip force in excess of 50.0 N with a contact area of 25% or less, as determined by the friction testing method; and, wherein said first and second set of pillars are configured to cooperate to have a coefficient of friction in the range of about 0.7 to about 1.4.

[0047] The microstructure arrangement can include a grip force is in excess of 55.0 N with a contact area of 20% or less. The microstructure arrangement can include a grip force in excess of 60.0 N with a contact area of 10% or less. The microstructure arrangement can include a substrate formed from the material selected from the group consisting of steel, polyester terephthalate, and modified polyester terephthalate. The microstructure arrangement can include a substrate of steel and the material to be gripped is polytetrafluoroethylene, and wherein said substrate with said first and second set of pillars has a coefficient of friction in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 against said polytetrafluoroethylene. The microstructure arrangement can include a substrate of steel and the material to be gripped is styrene-butadiene rubber, and wherein said substrate with said first set and second of pillars has a coefficient of friction of about 1.4 against said styrene-butadiene rubber. The microstructure arrangement can include a substrate of steel and the material to be gripped is Nylon, and wherein said substrate with said first and second set of pillars has a coefficient of friction of about 1.0 against said Nylon. The microstructure arrangement can include a first set of pillars having an angle of orientation to said substrate of greater than 75 degrees.

[0048] The microstructure arrangement for gripping a low coefficient of friction material can include a substrate disposed on a gripping surface wherein the substrate has a higher Young's modulus than the low coefficient of friction material to be gripped, and wherein the substrate has a coefficient of friction relative to a polymer against steel of about 0.2 or less without any microstructure arrangement; at least a first set of pillars carried on the substrate with each pillar having a cross section area in the range of 10 μm2 to 400 μm2, a height relative to the substrate in the range of 10 μm to 400 μm, and a pitch determined from the center of the pillars in the range of 20 μm to 1000 μm; and, wherein the at least said first set of pillars define a microstructure arrangement on said substrate configured to provide a coefficient of friction in the range of about 0.7 to about 1.4 against a polymer with said substrate made of steel.

[0049] The material to be gripped can be selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, nylon, high-density polyethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester terephthalate, polyacetal resin, silicone rubber, isoprene rubber, thermoplastic elastomers and polyurethane rubbers. The microstructure arrangement can include at least said first set of pillars covers at least about 25% of the surface area of a gripping side of said substrate. The microstructure arrangement can include a first set of pillars have a generally uniform height from the surface of said substrate.

[0050] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the presently disclosed subject matter belongs. Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the presently disclosed subject matter, representative methods, devices, and materials are herein described.

[0051] Unless specifically stated, terms and phrases used in this document, and variations thereof, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. Likewise, a group of items linked with the conjunction “and” should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as “and/or” unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, a group of items linked with the conjunction “or” should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should also be read as “and/or” unless expressly stated otherwise.

[0052] Furthermore, although items, elements or components of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated to be within the scope thereof unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to” or other like phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent.

[0053] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that one or more aspects of this invention can meet certain objectives, while one or more other aspects can meet certain other objectives. Each objective may not apply equally, in all its respects, to every aspect of this invention. These and other objects and features of the invention will become more fully apparent when the detailed description is read in conjunction with the accompanying figures and examples.

[0054] It is to be understood that the summary of the invention and the detailed description are of a preferred embodiment and not restrictive of the invention or other alternate embodiments of the invention. In particular, while the invention is described herein with reference to a number of specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that the description is illustrative of the invention and is not constructed as limiting of the invention. Various modifications and applications may occur to those who are skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention, as described by the appended claims. Likewise, other objects, features, benefits and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from this summary and certain embodiments described below, and will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Such objects, features, benefits and advantages will be apparent from the above in conjunction with the accompanying examples, data, figures and all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, alone or with consideration of the references incorporated herein.

[0055] While the present subject matter has been described in detail with respect to specific exemplary embodiments and methods thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing may readily produce alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to such embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is by way of example rather than by way of limitation, and the subject disclosure does not preclude inclusion of such modifications, variations and/or additions to the present subject matter as would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art using the teachings disclosed herein.