DEVICE FOR CAPACITIVE MEASUREMENT OF A HEIGHT OF A FLUID IN A TANK

Abstract

A device, for capacitive measurement of a height of a fluid in a tank, comprises at least one pair of capacitors extending in a longitudinal direction. A first capacitor forms first geometric patterns defining a first line capacitance. A second capacitor is opposite the first capacitor and forms second geometric patterns defining a second line capacitance. The first and second geometric patterns are arranged so that the first and second line capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, have a sum that depends on the position of the fluid in the longitudinal direction. The first and second line capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, have a difference that is a constant for reference positions of the fluid in the longitudinal direction.

Claims

1. A device for taking capacitive measurements of a height of a fluid in a tank, the fluid possessing a free surface, the device comprising at least one pair of capacitors extending in a longitudinal direction intended to be parallel to the normal to the free surface of the fluid, said at least one pair of capacitors comprising: a first capacitor, comprising a first pair of electrodes forming first geometric patterns defining a first linear electrical capacitance that varies in the longitudinal direction; a second capacitor, opposite to the first capacitor, and comprising a second pair of electrodes forming second geometric patterns defining a second linear electrical capacitance that varies in the longitudinal direction; wherein the first and second geometric patterns are arranged so that: the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, possess a sum that depends on the position of the fluid in the longitudinal direction; the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, possess a difference that is a constant for reference positions of the fluid in the longitudinal direction.

2. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one pair of capacitors comprises a median axis extending in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

3. The device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first geometric patterns are arranged on either side of the median axis so as to achieve an axial symmetry about the median axis; and the second geometric patterns are arranged on either side of the median axis so as to achieve an axial symmetry about the median axis.

4. The device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first geometric patterns and the second geometric patterns are arranged above the median axis so as to achieve a central symmetry; and the first geometric patterns and the second geometric patterns are arranged below the median axis so as to achieve a central symmetry.

5. The device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first geometric patterns and the second geometric patterns are arranged above the median axis so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated above the median axis in the longitudinal direction, possess a difference that is a constant; and the first geometric patterns and the second geometric patterns are arranged below the median axis so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated below the median axis in the longitudinal direction, possess a difference that is a constant.

6. The device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first and second geometric patterns are arranged so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, possess a difference that changes sign on either side of the median axis.

7. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second geometric patterns are arranged so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, possess a zero difference for at least two reference positions of the fluid in the longitudinal direction.

8. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second geometric patterns are arranged so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, possess a sum proportional to the position of the fluid in the longitudinal direction.

9. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second capacitors are capacitors with interdigitated electrodes.

10. The device as claimed in claim 1, comprising a set of pairs of capacitors, each pair of capacitors possessing a length in the longitudinal direction, the set of pairs of capacitors being distributed in the longitudinal direction so that their length follows a geometric series.

11. The device as claimed in claim 1, comprising a set of pairs of capacitors distributed in the longitudinal direction periodically.

12. The device as claimed in claim 1, comprising a set of pairs of capacitors distributed in the longitudinal direction, the first and second geometric patterns of two adjacent pairs of capacitors being arranged so that: the sum of the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, is a monotonic function in the longitudinal direction; the difference between the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction, is constant in the longitudinal direction, for the reference positions of the fluid in the longitudinal direction.

13. The device as claimed in claim 1, comprising a protective layer made of a dielectric, and arranged to cover said at least one pair of capacitors.

14. The device as claimed in claim 1, comprising: a printed circuit board, electrically conductive tracks, arranged on the printed circuit board, and forming said at least one pair of capacitors.

15. A tank, comprising at least one device as claimed in claim 1, said at least one pair of capacitors being arranged so as to generate an electric field inside the tank.

16. The tank as claimed in claim 15, containing a fluid, and comprising a side wall made of a dielectric, the device being arranged inside the side wall, at distance from the fluid.

17. The tank as claimed in claim 16, comprising a heating device arranged in the tank to heat the fluid, the heating device comprising a metal portion forming a ground, said at least one pair of capacitors being electrically connected to the ground.

18. The tank as claimed in claim 16, wherein the device is arranged at a distance from the fluid comprised between 0.05 mm and 25 mm.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0071] Other features and advantages will become apparent from the detailed description of various embodiments of the disclosure, the description being accompanied by examples and references to the accompanying drawings.

[0072] FIG. 1 is a partial schematic view, in exploded perspective, of a device according to the disclosure, illustrating a first mode of integration of the device into a wall of a tank.

[0073] FIG. 2 is a partial schematic view, in exploded perspective, of a device according to the disclosure, illustrating a second mode of integration of the device into a wall of a tank.

[0074] FIG. 3 is a schematic view in perspective of a tank equipped with a device according to the disclosure.

[0075] FIG. 4 is a schematic view in longitudinal cross section of a first embodiment of a set of pairs of capacitors of a device according to the disclosure.

[0076] FIG. 5 is a schematic view in longitudinal cross section of a second embodiment of a set of pairs of capacitors of a device according to the disclosure.

[0077] FIG. 6 is a schematic view in longitudinal cross section, on an enlarged scale, of a pair of capacitors according to the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4.

[0078] FIG. 7 is a schematic view in longitudinal cross section, on an enlarged scale, of a pair of capacitors according to the second embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5.

[0079] FIG. 8 is a schematic view, in longitudinal cross section, of a set of pairs of capacitors distributed in the longitudinal direction periodically.

[0080] FIG. 9 is a schematic view, in longitudinal cross section, of a set of pairs of capacitors distributed in the longitudinal direction so that their length follows a geometric series.

[0081] FIG. 10 is a schematic view, in longitudinal cross section, of a set of pairs of capacitors the sum of the first and second linear electrical capacitances of which, integrated in the longitudinal direction, is a monotonic function in the longitudinal direction; the set of pairs of capacitors is arranged on either side of a separator.

[0082] FIG. 1 is a view analogous to FIG. 10, in the absence of a separator.

[0083] FIG. 12 is a partial schematic view in cross section of a wall of a tank, illustrating a first mode of integration of the device according to the disclosure.

[0084] FIG. 13 is a partial schematic view in cross section of a wall of a tank, illustrating a second mode of integration of the device according to the disclosure.

[0085] FIG. 14 is a graph showing on the x-axis the number of periods of a set of pairs of capacitors, and on the y-axis the electrical capacitance (in pF) for the left-hand capacitors (C.sup.L) and for the right-hand capacitors (C.sup.R).

[0086] FIG. 15 is a graph representing on the x-axis the number of periods of a set of pairs of capacitors, and on the y-axis the difference in electrical capacitance (in pF) between the left-hand capacitors and the right-hand capacitors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0087] For the sake of simplicity, elements that are identical or that perform the same function have been designated with the same references in the various embodiments.

[0088] One subject of the disclosure is a device 1 for taking capacitive measurements of a height of a fluid in a tank 2, the fluid possessing a free surface, the device 1 comprising at least one pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R extending in a longitudinal direction Z′-Z intended to be parallel to the normal to the free surface of the fluid, the or each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R comprising: [0089] a first capacitor C.sub.i.sup.L (i corresponding to the i-th pair) comprising a first pair of electrodes forming first geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB, C.sub.i.sup.LT defining a first linear electrical capacitance that varies in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z; [0090] a second capacitor C.sub.i.sup.R (i corresponding to the i-th pair), opposite to the first capacitor C.sub.i.sup.L, and comprising a second pair of electrodes forming second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.RB, C.sub.i.sup.RT defining a second linear electrical capacitance that varies in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z.

[0091] The first and second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB, C.sub.i.sup.LT; C.sub.i.sup.RB, C.sub.i.sup.RT are arranged so that: [0092] the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, possess a sum (denoted S.sub.i, i corresponding to the i-th pair) that depends on the position of the fluid in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z; [0093] the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, possess a difference (denoted D.sub.i, i corresponding to the i-th pair) that is a constant (denoted K) for reference positions of the fluid in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z.

[0094] If the position of the fluid in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z is denoted z and the reference positions denoted z.sub.ref, then:

S.sub.i(z)=C.sub.i.sup.LB(z)+C.sub.i.sup.LT(z)+C.sub.i.sup.RB(z)+C.sub.i.sup.RT(z)

D.sub.i(z)=C.sub.i.sup.LB(z)+C.sub.i.sup.LT(z)−C.sub.i.sup.RB(z)−C.sub.i.sup.RT(z)

D.sub.i(z.sub.ref)=K

Pair(s) of Capacitors:

[0095] The or each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R advantageously comprises a median axis X′-X extending in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction Z′-Z.

[0096] The first and second capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R are advantageously capacitors with interdigitated electrodes.

[0097] The device 1 advantageously comprises a set of pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R, each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R possessing a length (denoted L) in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z.

[0098] According to a first embodiment (illustrated in FIG. 9), the set of pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R is distributed in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z so that their length L.sub.i follows a geometric series:

L.sub.i=α.sup.i-1*δ; α>1; i∈[1;N]

[0099] where α is the common ratio of the geometric series, δ is the length of the first pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R, N is the number of pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R, and i indicates the i-th pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R. The pairs of capacitors with the shortest lengths (lower levels) possess, locally, a better precision as regards the measurement of the fluid height than the pairs of capacitors with the longer lengths (upper levels). This spatial modulation of measurement precision is useful both: [0100] with respect to estimating with precision the level remaining in a tank 2, and [0101] with respect to predicting with a good precision the date on which replenishment will be required, assuming the consumption of fluid is constant or predictable over time.

[0102] This has an economic advantage by virtue of a better management of replenishments, since, by extrapolation of the quantity (h.sub.i+1−h.sub.i)/(t.sub.i+1−t.sub.i), where h.sub.i+1 and h.sub.i, respectively, are the remaining heights of fluid at the times t.sub.i+1 and t.sub.i, respectively, it is possible—with less uncertainty than a method based on human experience alone—to determine the date on which the fluid in the tank 2 will run out. From a mathematical point of view, such measurement points allow a person having ordinary skill in the art to qualify models that he has been able to develop, and to update his predictions.

[0103] According to a second embodiment (in particular, illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5 and 8), the set of pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R is distributed in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z periodically. The length L.sub.i of each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R is therefore constant in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z.

L.sub.i=λ; i∈[1;N]

[0104] where λ is the spatial period of the pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R.

[0105] The device 1 advantageously comprises: [0106] a printed circuit board 3, [0107] electrically conductive tracks, arranged on the printed circuit board, and forming the or each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R.

[0108] The printed circuit board 3 may be made from a material chosen from polyimide, FR-4 epoxy resin, and cellulose paper. The electrically conductive tracks may be made from a material chosen from Cu, Al, graphite, and graphene. By “electrically conductive,” what is meant is that the tracks are made of a material having an electrical conductivity at 300 K higher than or equal to 1 S.Math.cm.sup.−1.

[0109] The device 1 advantageously comprises a protective layer 4 made of a dielectric, preferably a plastic, and arranged to cover the or each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R. By “dielectric,” what is meant is a material that has an electrical conductivity at 300 K lower than or equal to 10.sup.−6 S.Math.cm.sup.−1. By way of nonlimiting examples, the dielectric from which the protective layer 4 is made may be an epoxy resin or a silicone paste.

[0110] The device 1 advantageously comprises a ground plane GND. By “ground plane,” what is meant is any means for obtaining a reference potential for the pair or pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R.

[0111] The device 1 advantageously comprises control electronics 10 configured to control the or each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R. The control electronics 10 are electrically connected to the ground plane GND. The control electronics 10 advantageously comprise a microcontroller. The control electronics 10 advantageously comprises an electronic circuit configured to measure:

S=Σ.sub.i=1.sup.NS.sub.i(z)

D=Σ.sub.i=1.sup.ND.sub.i(z)

[0112] By way of non-limiting example, such measurements may be taken using the component AD7746 from the manufacturer Analog Devices, which is a capacitance-to-digital sigma-delta converter with a differential mode.

[0113] The device 1 advantageously comprises a connector 11, arranged to communicate the measurements taken by the device 1. The connector 11 may be a CAN data bus (CAN being the acronym of controller area network). According to one alternative, the control electronics 10 comprise a wireless communication module, which preferably employs one of the following technologies: BLUETOOTH®, BLUETOOTH® Low Energy, RFID, Wi-Fi, LoRa, SigFox.

First and Second Geometric Patterns:

[0114] By way of nonlimiting examples, the electrodes of each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R may have a longitudinal section of rectangular shape or of chevron shape.

[0115] The first geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB, C.sub.i.sup.LT are advantageously arranged on either side of the median axis X′-X so as to achieve an axial symmetry about the median axis X′-X. The second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.RB, C.sub.i.sup.RT are advantageously arranged on either side of the median axis X′-X so as to achieve an axial symmetry about the median axis X′-X. The first geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LT and the second geometric patterns CRT are advantageously arranged above the median axis X′-X so as to achieve a central symmetry. The first geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB and the second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.RB are advantageously arranged below the median axis X′-X so as to achieve a central symmetry.

[0116] As a result:

[00001]$D_i\left(z_{\mathrm{ref}}=\frac{L_i}{2}\right)=D_i\left(z_{\mathrm{ref}}=L_i\right)=K=0$$S_i\left(z\right)\propto z$

[0117] The first geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LT and the second geometric patterns CRT are advantageously arranged above the median axis X′-X so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated above the median axis X′-X in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, possess a difference that is a constant and preferably zero. The first geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB and the second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.RB are advantageously arranged below the median axis X′-X so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated below the median axis X′-X in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, possess a difference that is a constant and preferably zero.

[0118] The first and second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB, C.sub.i.sup.LT; C.sub.i.sup.RB, C.sub.i.sup.RT are advantageously arranged so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, possess a difference that changes sign on either side of the median axis X′-X. In the case where the set of pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R is distributed in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z periodically with a spatial period λ, the uncertainty in the measurement of fluid height is decreased to λ/2. It is possible to carry out an inventory of the quantity of fluid with a precision of

[00002]$\frac{1}{2N}$

of the total height of the device 1, where N is the number of pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R.

[0119] The first and second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB C.sub.i.sup.LT; C.sub.i.sup.RB, C.sub.i.sup.RT are advantageously arranged so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, possess a difference of zero for at least two reference positions of the fluid in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z.

[0120] The first and second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB, C.sub.i.sup.LT; C.sub.i.sup.RB, C.sub.i.sup.RT are advantageously arranged so that the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, possess a sum proportional to the position of the fluid in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z.

[0121] According to one embodiment (illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11), the device 1 comprises a set of pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R distributed in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z; the first and second geometric patterns C.sub.i.sup.LB, C.sub.i.sup.LT; C.sub.i.sup.RB, C.sub.i.sup.RT of two adjacent pairs of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R are advantageously arranged so that: [0122] the sum of the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, is a monotonic function in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z; [0123] the difference between the first and second linear electrical capacitances, integrated in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, is constant in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z, and preferably zero, for the reference positions of the fluid in the longitudinal direction Z′-Z.

[0124] Thus, it is possible to encode the information of one sub-sector (i.e., a sub-sector corresponding to the spatial extent of a pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R) with respect to an adjacent, differentiated sub-sector. The monotonic function may be a linear function; thus, a first sub-sector will possibly have an electrical capacitance denoted C.sub.0, for a given spatial extent, and the (upper) second sub-sector will possibly have a higher electrical capacitance (equal to β C.sub.0, β>1), for the same given spatial extent.

Tank:

[0125] One subject of the disclosure is a tank 2 comprising at least one device 1 according to the disclosure, the or each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R being arranged so as to generate an electric field inside the tank 2.

[0126] The tank 2 may contain a fluid. The tank 2 may comprise a side wall 20 made of a dielectric. The dielectric is preferably a plastic or a composite. The plastic may be polyethylene. The composite may be a pre-preg, comprising a matrix (or resin) impregnating a reinforcement. The resin may be a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin.

[0127] The device 1 is advantageously arranged inside the side wall 20, at distance from the fluid. The side wall 20 separates the fluid from an exterior environment. Where appropriate, the side wall 20 is hollow and comprises two portions P1, P2 forming a closed cavity. Such a hollow side wall 20 allows the device 1 to be protected from the exterior environment and from the fluid. The device 1 advantageously comprises an energy-harvesting system, arranged inside the closed cavity, and configured to harvest energy from an external source located in the exterior environment. The energy-harvesting system is electrically connected to the microcontroller of the control electronics 10. The energy is advantageously chosen from electromagnetic energy, mechanical energy and thermal energy. By way of nonlimiting examples, the external source may be an induction generator, a thermoelectrical generator, or a piezoelectrical system. The external source may emit radio waves. Where appropriate, the external source is advantageously selected from: [0128] a smartphone fitted with an NFC module (NFC being the acronym of near-field communication), [0129] an antenna emitting a BLE signal (BLE being the acronym of BLUETOOTH® Low Energy), or a Wi-Fi signal at 2.4 GHz or at 5 GHz.

[0130] The device 1 advantageously comprises, arranged inside the closed cavity, storage means for storing the energy harvested by the energy-harvesting system. By way of nonlimiting examples, the storage means may comprise a battery or an (e.g., carbon-based) supercapacitor.

[0131] According to one alternative illustrated in FIG. 12, the device 1 may be arranged on the exterior of the side wall 20. The device 1 may be fastened to the exterior of the side wall by adhesive bonding or by thermoforming.

[0132] The tank 2 may comprise a heating device 5, arranged in the tank 2 to heat the fluid. The heating device 5 may comprise a metal portion (for example, made of stainless steel) forming a ground. The or each pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R is advantageously electrically connected to the ground. Setting the fluid and the control electronics 10 to a common potential allows measurements of fluid height to be obtained through a thick side wall 20, via measurement of the electrical capacitances using a three-wire method.

[0133] The device 1 for taking capacitive measurements is advantageously arranged at a distance from the fluid comprised between 0.05 mm and 25 mm, and preferably comprised between 4 mm and 6 mm.

[0134] It is possible, on the basis of the measurements of S and D taken by the electronic circuit of the control electronics 10, to compute an effective dielectric constant including the side wall 20 and the fluid facing the corresponding sub-sector (i.e., the spatial extent of the pair of capacitors C.sub.i.sup.L, C.sub.i.sup.R facing the fluid), so that each sub-sector possesses its own calibration law. Thus, it is possible to: [0135] correct for variations in the thickness of the side wall 20 of the tank 2 for a given fluid, [0136] to adapt the sensitivity of each sub-sector to variations in the properties of the fluid.

[0137] Such a self-calibration will be, in particular, made possible insofar as the level of the fluid will probably vary, and insofar as the various values associated with fixed points will be able to be deduced and stored. Such values form calibration points that allow the device 1 to be calibrated dynamically, for example using a Levenberg-Marcquardt algorithm, in order to model using a simple law the relationship between the height of the fluid and the measured electrical capacitance. An artificial-intelligence algorithm, based on machine learning, will possibly usefully complement this first approach.

Manufacturing Process:

[0138] When the dielectric of the side wall 20 of the tank 2 is a thermoplastic, the side wall 20 may be formed using an extrusion-blow-molding process. The device 1 is added to the mold (insert) before the blowing phase. The inserts may be added to the blow mold by robots at a rate that does not slow down the cycle of molding the tank 2.

[0139] According to one alternative, the side wall 20 of the tank 2 may be formed using an injection-blow-molding process. It is possible to use a holder (the external portion P2 of the wall) to hold the device 1 in the blow mold.

[0140] According to another alternative, the side wall 20 of the tank 2 may be formed by a rotational molding process in which the device 1 is held in the mold using a medium such as a fabric or a grille, the medium preferably being made of metal.

Results:

[0141] One example of the result of measurement is illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 15. The device 1 is integrated into the interior of a side wall 20 of the tank 2, of a thickness of the order of 5 mm. The fluid is the liquid ADBLUE®. It may be seen that the electrical capacitances of the first and second capacitors (left capacitance C.sup.L and right capacitance C.sup.R) decrease with the height of the liquid, the total dynamic decrease being of the order of 8 pF from 29 pF, this being largely sufficient for a precise measurement, while the amplitude of the maximum difference |C.sup.L−C.sup.R| is of the order of 0.45 pF, and may be adapted via the geometry of the electrodes. It may be seen in FIG. 15 that D=Σ.sub.i=1.sup.N D.sub.i(z) is indeed zero for the half-periods. Since the zeros of D are multiple, it is advantageous to know at least approximately the dielectric properties of the fluid. By way of indication, if the height of the device 1 is made up of N sub-periods of the same length, the device 1 will possess of the order of 2N+1 zeros, and the dielectric properties will be advantageously known to typically better than

[00003]$\frac{100}{2N+1}\%$

to remove any indeterminacy in each discrete level.

[0142] The invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed. A person skilled in the art has the ability to consider technically operative combinations thereof and to substitute them for equivalents.