Agent for inducing callus and method for inducing callus

Abstract

This invention relates to an agent for inducing a callus comprising a compound represented by Formula (I) or a hydrolysis product of an amide bond thereof: ##STR00001##
wherein Ar.sup.1 represents phenyl substituted with substituent or substituents selected from alkoxy and methylenedioxy; Ar.sup.2 represents phenyl substituted with halogen; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, or carboxyl; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may together form oxo; R.sup.3 to R.sup.10 each represent hydrogen or methyl; and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8, and/or R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 may together form oxo; a method for inducing a callus and a method for plant transformation using such agent for inducing a callus.

Claims

1. A method for inducing a callus comprising bringing a plant, a plant cell, a piece of plant tissue, or a plant seed into contact with a combination of (a) 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or a salt thereof and (b) 1-piperonylpiperazine or a salt thereof, and inducing callus formation, wherein the combination of (a) 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof and (b) 1-piperonylpiperazine or the salt thereof accelerates callus induction relative to that induced by 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof.

2. A method for producing a callus comprising bringing a plant, a plant cell, a piece of plant tissue, or a plant seed into contact with a combination of (a) 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or a salt thereof and (b) 1-piperonylpiperazine or a salt thereof, inducing callus formation, and growing the callus, wherein the combination of (a) 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof and (b) 1-piperonylpiperazine or the salt thereof accelerates callus induction relative to that induced by 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof.

3. A method for producing a transformant comprising bringing a plant, a plant cell, a piece of plant tissue, or a plant seed into contact with 1-piperonylpiperazine or a salt thereof, and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or a salt thereof in a medium containing a combination of (a) 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof and (b) 1-piperonylpiperazine or the salt thereof, producing a callus, differentiating the callus, and introducing a gene into the callus, wherein the combination of (a) 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof and (b) 1-piperonylpiperazine or the salt thereof accelerates callus induction relative to that induced by 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof.

4. A method for producing a transformant comprising bringing a transformed plant, a transformed plant cell, a transformed piece of plant tissue, or a transformed plant seed into contact with 1-piperonylpiperazine or a salt thereof, and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or a salt thereof in a medium containing a combination of (a) 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof and (b) 1-piperonylpiperazine or the salt thereof, producing a callus, and differentiating the callus, wherein the transformed plant, the transformed plant cell, the transformed piece of plant tissue, or the transformed plant seed comprises an introduced gene, and wherein the combination of (a) 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof and (b) 1-piperonylpiperazine or the salt thereof accelerates callus induction relative to that induced by 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or the salt thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows the results of the callus induction activity test of fipexide (FPX) using Arabidopsis.

(2) FIGS. 2A and 2B show the redifferentiation conditions as a result of treatment with fipexide (FIG. 2A) and without treatment (FIG. 2B).

(3) FIG. 3 shows the results of a comparison of callus induction efficiency attained with the aid of fipexide (FPX) and that attained via a conventional technique (with the aid of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)/kinetin).

(4) FIG. 4 shows the results of the callus induction activity tests of fipexide (FPX), 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) alone, 1-piperonylpiperazine (PPZ) alone, and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) in combination with 1-piperonylpiperazine (PPZ).

(5) FIG. 5 shows the results of the callus induction activity test of fipexide (FPX) using the wild-type rice (Nipponbare).

(6) FIG. 6 shows the results of the callus induction activity test of fipexide (FPX) on soybean seed (Tsurunoko), tomato seed (Micro-Tom), and cucumber seed (Natsu Suzumi).

(7) FIG. 7 shows the results of the callus induction activity test of fipexide (FPX) using wild-type Populus.

(8) FIG. 8 shows the results of plant transformation performed by the Agrobacterium method that employs callus induction caused by fipexide.

EMBODIMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE INVENTION

(9) Hereafter, the present invention is described in detail.

(10) The present invention relates to an agent for inducing a callus and a method for inducing a callus with the use of a compound comprising a particular type of substituted piperazine skeleton in which a nitrogen atom is substituted with Ar.sup.1—C(R.sup.1)(R.sup.2)— and a phenoxyacetyl group (—CO—CH.sub.2—O—Ar.sup.2) in which a benzene ring is substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms in a molecule or with the use of two types of compounds comprising the substituted piperazine skeleton and the substituted phenoxyacetyl group in separate molecules in combination.

(11) The correlation between the compound comprising the substituted piperazine skeleton and callus induction has not yet been reported.

(12) Examples of halogen atoms as substituents of the substituted phenyl group represented by Ar.sup.2 in Formulae (I) and (I-2) include fluorine, chlorine, and iodine atoms.

(13) Examples of compounds comprising a phenoxyacetyl group (—CO—CH.sub.2—O—Ar.sup.2) with a benzene ring being substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms include 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and these compounds are known as synthetic auxins.

(14) Examples of the C.sub.1-6-alkoxy group as a substituent of the substituted phenyl group represented by Ar.sup.1 in Formulae (I) and (I-1) include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and an isopropoxy group, and examples of the substituted methylenedioxy group include a difluoromethylenedioxy group and a dichloromethylenedioxy group.

(15) Examples of the substituted phenyl group represented by Ar.sup.1 include a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group (a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group), a 2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl group (a 1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl group), a 3,4-(difluoromethylenedioxy)phenyl group (a 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group), a 2,3-(difluoromethylenedioxy)phenyl group (a 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl group), a 3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxyphenyl group (a 7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group), a 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl group, and a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl group, with the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group (the 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group) being preferable.

(16) Examples of the substituted phenyl group represented by Ar.sup.2 in Formulae (I) and (I-2) include a 4-chlorophenyl group, a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group, and a 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl group, with the 4-chlorophenyl group being preferable.

(17) Examples of the C.sub.1-3-alkyl group represented by R.sup.1 or R.sup.2 in Formulae (I) and (I-1) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and an isopropyl group, and such C.sub.1-3 alkyl group may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from among, for example, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a cyano group, a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine, chlorine, or iodine atom), and a nitro group. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may together form an oxo group. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are preferably hydrogen atoms.

(18) In Formulae (I) and (I-1), R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, and R.sup.10 are preferably hydrogen atoms.

(19) Examples of the C.sub.1-7 hydrocarbon group represented by R.sup.11 in Formula (I-1) include: C.sub.1-5-alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, and an isopentyl group; C.sub.2-5-alkenyl groups such as an allyl group (a 2-propen-1-yl group) and a 2-methyl-2-propen-1-yl group; C.sub.2-5-alkynyl groups such as a propargyl group (a 2-propyn-1-yl group); and a benzyl group. Such C.sub.1-7 hydrocarbon group may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from among, for example, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a halogen atom (e.g., a fluorine, chlorine, or iodine atom), and a methoxy group.

(20) Among the compounds represented by Formula (I), fipexide in which a substituted phenyl group represented by Ar.sup.1 is a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group (a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group), a substituted phenyl group represented by Ar.sup.2 is a 4-chlorophenyl group, and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, and R.sup.10 are each a hydrogen atom is a commercially available compound known as an antidepressant comprising a small number of substituents. This compound is preferable from the viewpoint of availability.

(21) Among the compounds represented by Formula (I-1), 1-piperonylpiperazine in which a substituted phenyl group represented by Ar.sup.1 is a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group (a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group) and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, R.sup.10, and R.sup.11 are each a hydrogen atom is a commercially available compound comprising a small number of substituents. This compound is preferable from the viewpoint of availability.

(22) Examples of salts of the compounds represented by Formula (I) or (I-1) include salts with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, pyrosulfuric acid, and metaphosphoric acid, and salts with organic acids, such as citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, sulfonic acid (e.g., methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or naphthalenesulfonic acid), and amino acid (e.g., glutamic acid).

(23) Examples of salts of the compounds represented by Formula (I-2) include alkaline metal salts, such as sodium salt and potassium salt, lysine salt, and arginine salt.

(24) The compounds represented by Formula (I) can be produced in accordance with a conventional technique, such as the method described in JP 2002-503239 A, in the manner described below:

(25) ##STR00004##
wherein Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, and R.sup.10 are as defined above; and X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 each independently represent a halogen atom (a chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom).

(26) A compound represented by Formula (I-1a) is equivalent to a compound represented by Formula (I-1), wherein R.sup.11 represents a hydrogen atom.

(27) Products that can be obtained in the manner described above may be purified in accordance with a conventional technique, such as column chromatography using silica gel as a carrier, or recrystallization using methanol, ethanol, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, or water. Examples of eluting solvents used for column chromatography include methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and a solvent mixture of any thereof.

(28) Many of the compounds represented by Formulae (I), (I-1), and (I-2) are commercially available, and such commercially available compounds can be used in the present invention.

(29) Examples of plants to which the present invention is applicable include: dicotyledonous plants, such as Arabidopsis plants, trees (e.g., Populus and Eucalyptus), rapeseed, tomato, tobacco, soybean, carrot, melon, apple, Manihot utilissima, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Striga; and monocotyledonous plants, such as Gramineae plants (e.g., rice, wheat, barley, maize, and Brachypodium distachyon) and Liliaceae plants (e.g., onion).

(30) Plants, plant cells, pieces of plant tissue, or plant seeds to be implanted into media are not particularly limited, provided that they are capable of callus induction. Examples of plant tissues include shoot apex, stalk, leaf, shoot, germ cell, and root. Plants and the like to be implanted are preferably disinfected and sterilized with the use of, for example, an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite. Plants and the like grown by aseptic seeding are not necessarily sterilized.

(31) The agent for inducing a callus according to the present invention can contain known additives for preparation, in addition to the active ingredients described above. Examples of known additives for preparation include an excipient, an emulsifier, and a moistening agent. The configuration of the agent for inducing a callus according to the present invention is not particularly limited, provided that such agent can be used in the art. Examples of configurations include an emulsion, a liquid, an oil solution, an aqueous solution, water dispersible powder, a flowable agent, a dusting powder, a microgranule, a granule, an aerosol, and a paste.

(32) In the method for inducing a callus and the method for producing a callus according to the present invention, plants and the like can be brought into contact with the agent for inducing a callus according to the present invention without particular limitation. In accordance with a plant type, a target organ, a dosage form of the agent for inducing a callus, and other factors, an adequate means can be selected from among soaking, coating, spraying, and addition to the medium. To this end, plants and the like are preferably cultured in a medium containing the agent for inducing a callus according to the present invention.

(33) Any callus induction medium may be used without particular limitation, provided that it contains (i) the compound represented by Formula (I) or a salt thereof or (ii) the compound represented by Formula (I-1) or a salt thereof and the compound represented by Formula (I-2) or a salt thereof and it is capable of callus induction.

(34) While the concentration of the compound represented by Formula (I) or a salt thereof in the medium is not particularly limited, it is generally 5 to 200 μM and preferably 15 to 60 μM.

(35) When the compound represented by Formula (I-1) or a salt thereof is used in combination with the compound represented by Formula (I-2) or a salt thereof, the concentration of the compound represented by Formula (I-1) or a salt thereof in the medium is not particularly limited, and it is generally 0.01 to 100 μM, and preferably 0.1 to 60 μM. While the concentration of the compound represented by Formula (I-2) or a salt thereof in the medium is not particularly limited, it is generally 0.01 to 100 μM, and preferably 0.1 to 60 μM.

(36) Components other than the compound described above may be, for example, a saccharide, a gelling agent, or an inorganic salt, which is generally used for callus induction. Phytohormone may be added to the medium, provided that the effects of the present invention are not adversely affected.

(37) Culture is preferably conducted under aseptic conditions. Culture is preferably carried out at 20° C. to 25° C., and light conditions are preferably set between continuous light conditions and continuous dark conditions. In general, callus induction is observed 2 to 4 weeks after the initiation of culture.

(38) In order to grow the callus that was induced in the manner described above, for example, the medium may be exchanged with a fresh callus induction medium (i.e., agarose solid MS medium or liquid MS medium containing 0.9% sucrose) every month.

(39) The grown callus may be redifferentiated by, for example, transferring the callus to a MS medium (0.9% agarose and 1.5% sucrose) containing auxin (indoleacetic acid) at 0.15 mg/l and cytokinine (N.sup.6-2-isopentenyladenine) at 0.5 mg/l and developing a shoot (an adventitious bud) about 2 to 4 weeks thereafter.

(40) The callus obtained according to the present invention can be used for production of a transgenic crop. For example, a callus may be prepared from a cell infected with Agrobacterium, or a callus may be infected with Agrobacterium comprising a plasmid to be introduced into a callus cell. Thereafter, a cell comprising a plasmid inserted into the chromosome may be separated and then redifferentiated to reproduce a plant. Thus, a transgenic crop that is capable of stable gene transfer can be obtained.

(41) This description includes part or all of the content as disclosed in the description and/or drawings of Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-117832, which is a priority document of the present application.

EXAMPLES

(42) Hereafter, the present invention is described in greater detail with reference to the examples, although the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples.

Example 1

Fipexide Activity Test Using Arabidopsis

(43) (1) Morphological Observation of Arabidopsis (Columbia) by Treatment with Fipexide

(44) Wild-type seeds of Arabidopsis (Columbia) were sowed in a ½ MS medium supplemented with fipexide at 0, 15, 30, or 45 μM, and morphological observation was conducted.

(45) As a result of treatment with fipexide, callus formation was mainly observed in the root at low concentration of 15 μM and in the shoot apex at high concentration of 45 μM (FIG. 1). Since callus formation is suppressed in the root at high concentration, it was considered that the root was more sensitive to fipexide than the shoot apex and cell division was inhibited in the root.

(46) (2) Callus Induction and Redifferentiation by Treatment with Fipexide

(47) The root organ of Arabidopsis (Columbia) was cut, treated in a ½ MS medium supplemented with fipexide at 45 μM for 2 weeks to induce a callus, and then cultured in a redifferentiation medium (auxin/cytokinine). As a result, redifferentiation was observed (FIG. 2A).

(48) In contrast, the root organ of Arabidopsis (Columbia) was cut and then cultured in the redifferentiation medium without callus induction. As a result, redifferentiation was not observed (FIG. 2B).

(49) (3) Comparison of Fipexide with Conventional Technique

(50) Callus induction in Arabidopsis that was carried out at the optimized auxin/cytokinine concentration (i.e., 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at 2.26 μM and kinetin at 0.465 μM) was compared with callus induction that was carried out at the fipexide concentration of 45 μM. As a result, callus induction efficiency of the fipexide was found to be higher than that attained at the optimized auxin/cytokinine concentration. FIG. 3 shows the conditions of the hypocotyl that had been cultured under constant lighting conditions for 87 days.

(51) (4) Functional Analysis of Putative Fipexide Metabolites (i.e., 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 1-Piperonylpiperazine)

(52) Fipexide is a compound formed by an amide bond between 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1-piperonylpiperazine, and fipexide is deduced to be non-enzymatically hydrolyzed in a plant. Thus, treatment with 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or 1-piperonylpiperazine alone or treatment with both thereof was attempted.

(53) Arabidopsis (Columbia) was allowed to germinate under weak lighting conditions for 7 days, the hypocotyl cut therefrom was placed on a ½ MS medium supplemented with 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and/or 1-piperonylpiperazine at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, or 60 μM, and morphological observation thereof was conducted.

(54) As a result, callus induction activity was observed by treatment with 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid as with the case of treatment with fipexide. This indicates that the 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid structure plays a key role in callus formation.

(55) When the plant was treated with 1-piperonylpiperazine alone, in contrast, the number and the length of lateral roots were increased, and the leaf area was enlarged, although callus induction activity was not observed.

(56) When the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis was treated with both 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1-piperonylpiperazine, in addition, the callus growth rate was faster than the case in which the plant was treated with 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid alone. This indicates that cell elongation activity of 1-piperonylpiperazine additively accelerates the callus induction caused by 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.

(57) The results are shown in FIG. 4.

Example 2

Fipexide Activity Test Using Other Plants

(58) As with the case of Arabidopsis germination conditions, plants were cultured in a fipexide medium with the use of sterilized seeds. As a result, callus induction was observed in germinated rice seeds, germinated Eucalyptus seeds, soybean seed (Tsurunoko), tomato seed (Micro-Tom), and cucumber seed (Natsu Suzumi).

(59) FIG. 5 shows the conditions of the wild-type rice (Nipponbare) 30 days after seed germination. Callus formation was observed at fipexide concentration of 45 μM.

(60) FIG. 6 shows the results of callus induction activity tests of fipexide (FPX) on soybean seed (Tsurunoko), tomato seed (Micro-Tom), and cucumber seed (Natsu Suzumi).

(61) As with the case of Arabidopsis plants, stalks and roots of Populus were cultured in a fipexide medium and, as a result, callus induction was observed in the stalks and the roots of Populus.

(62) The induced callus was cultured in a redifferentiation medium (i.e., a MS medium (0.9% agarose and 1.5% sucrose) containing auxin (indoleacetic acid) at 0.15 mg/1 and cytokinine (N.sup.6-2-isopentenyladenine) at 0.5 mg/l or a ½ MS medium (0.9% Phytoagar (agarose for plants) and 0.2% sucrose) containing 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 0.1 mg/l and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 0.2 mg/l). As a result, redifferentiation was observed.

(63) The conditions of the aseptic stalk (which is not the hypocotyl) and the root organ sections of wild-type Populus 30 days after cutting in the presence of fipexide are shown at the center of FIG. 7, and the conditions thereof 30 days after the medium was exchanged with a fresh redifferentiation medium are shown on the right of FIG. 7.

Example 3

Transformation Utilizing Callus Induction Caused by Fipexide

(64) Under general callus induction conditions for Populus, callus induction was conducted with the use of fipexide instead of auxin/cytokinine, and whether or not Agrobacterium-infected callus was transformed was examined.

(65) The GUS gene was introduced into a pH35GS binary vector comprising a Gateway cassette (Kubo M. et al., Genes & Dev., 19, 1855-1860, 2005) (manufactured by Inplanta Innovations Inc.; Production code: IN3-VEC17) using the Gateway system, and the resulting binary vector was used for the Agrobacterium method, so as to confirm infection.

(66) The transformation procedure is described below.

(67) 1. From young plants of aseptically cultured Populus (Populus tremula x tremuloides T89) that had been grown in pots, stalk samples (length: 5 mm) were cut.

(68) 2. The stalk samples were cultured in the presence of Agrobacterium (for 3 days, in the dark, at 22° C.).

(69) 3. After Agrobacterium was washed away, the stalk samples were placed on MS1 medium or modified MS1 medium (containing 30 μM fipexide instead of 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)) and cultured at 25° C.

(70) 4. (On the fourth week, it was confirmed that many calluses were formed in modified MS1 medium containing fipexide while callus was not formed in conventional MS1 medium.)

(71) 5. Two months after the initiation of callus induction culture, 23 calluses were fixed in 90% (w/w) acetone at −30° C. overnight, the samples were washed twice with 50 mM PBS buffer (pH 7.0), and the samples were subjected to incubation in GUS substrate solution at 37° C. for 15 minutes for staining.

(72) As a result, GUS activity was observed in all samples. The results are shown in FIG. 8.

(73) The compositions of the MS1 medium, the modified MS1 medium, and the GUS substrate solution are shown below.

(74) [MS1 Medium Composition (in 1 Liter)]

(75) 4.4 g of Murashige & Skoog salt

(76) 20 g of sucrose

(77) 0.2 mg of BAP

(78) 0.1 mg of IBA

(79) 0.01 mg of TDZ (thidiazuron)

(80) pH 5.6

(81) [Modified MS1 Medium Composition (in 1 Liter)]

(82) 4.4 g of Murashige & Skoog salt

(83) 20 g of sucrose

(84) 30 μM of fipexide

(85) pH 5.6

(86) [GUS Substrate Solution Composition (in 1 Liter)]

(87) 1 mM of X-Gluc

(88) 50 mM of PBS (pH7.0)

(89) 0.1% of Triton X-100

(90) 1 mM of potassium ferricyanide

(91) 1 mM of potassium ferrocyanide

(92) Thus, it was found that callus induction caused by fipexide was applicable to a plant transformation technique by the Agrobacterium method.

(93) All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.