MINERAL BINDER COMPOSITION FOR 3D PRINTING

Abstract

A dry mineral binder composition includes cement and mineral fillers for the manufacture of molded parts by way of 3D printing. The binder composition additionally contains at least one aluminum sulfate-based accelerator, at least one polycarboxylate ether-based super-plasticizer and at least one rheology additive.

Claims

1. A dry mineral binder composition comprising cement and mineral fillers for the production of mouldings by means of 3D printing, wherein the binder composition also comprises at least one aluminium-sulfate-based accelerator and comprises at least one superplasticizer based on a polycarboxylate ether and comprises at least one rheology aid, where the polycarboxylate ether has, per gram of dry polycarboxylate ether, at least 1 mmol of carboxylic acid groups.

2. The binder composition according to claim 1, wherein the quantity present of the aluminium-sulfate-based accelerator is 0.1 to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the dry binder composition.

3. The binder composition according to claim 1, wherein the quantity present of the polycarboxylate ether is 0.02 to 5% by weight, calculated as dry polymer based on the total weight of the dry binder composition.

4. The binder composition according to claim 1, wherein the rheology aid is selected from the group consisting of modified starches, modified celluloses, microbial polysaccharides, superabsorber and mineral thickeners.

5. The binder composition according to claim 1, wherein at least two different rheology aids are present in the dry binder composition.

6. The binder composition according to claim 1, wherein 0.1 to 5% by weight, of calcium sulfoaluminate, based on the total weight of the dry binder composition, is also present.

7. The binder composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one antifoam selected from the group consisting of oil-based antifoams, silicone-based antifoams, alkyl esters of phosphoric or of phosphonic acid, alkoxylated polyols, fatty-acid-based antifoams, alkoxylated fatty alcohols and mixtures thereof is also present.

8. The binder composition according to claim 1 comprising: 10 to 50% by weight of cement, 0.1 to 5% by weight of calcium sulfoaluminate, 0 to 10% by weight of at least one latently hydraulic binder, 45 to 85% by weight of mineral fillers, 0.1 to 2% by weight of an accelerator based on aluminium sulfate, 0.02 to 5% by weight of at least one polycarboxylate ether, 0.01 to 2% by weight of at least one rheology aid, 0.01 to 1% by weight of at least one antifoam and 0 to 10% by weight of other additives, based on the total weight of the dry binder composition.

9. An aqueous mineral binder composition obtained by mixing of the dry mineral binder composition according to claim 1 with water, where the mixing takes place in a continuous mixer.

10. A method comprising producing mouldings by means of 3D printing with the aqueous mineral binder composition according to claim 9.

11. A process for the application of a mineral binder composition, comprising the steps of: provision of a dry mineral binder composition according to claim 1, of water, and optionally of at least one other additive; addition, by a feed device, of the dry mineral binder composition, of water, and optionally of the at least one other additive into a mixing device; mixing of the dry mineral binder composition with water and optionally with the at least one other additive in the mixing device to give an aqueous mineral binder composition; with use of a conveying device, introduction of the aqueous mineral binder composition through a conveying line into a printing head that is movable in at least one direction in space; application of the aqueous mineral binder composition by the movable printing head.

12. A process according to claim 11, wherein at least one other additive is added together with the water to the dry mineral binder composition, where the at least one other additive comprises another polycarboxylate either, a retarder and/or another rheology aid, and where the metered addition of the at least one other additive is adjusted as required by printing conditions.

13. The process according to claim 11, wherein the speed of the horizontal motion of the printing head during the application of the aqueous mineral binder composition is at least 20 mm per second.

14. A moulding produced by mixing of a dry mineral binder composition according to claim 1 with water and optionally with other additives, layer-by-layer application of the aqueous mineral binder composition by a 3D printer and hardening of the binder composition.

15. The moulding according to claim 14, wherein its height is at least 0.5 m, where the height is obtained from the sum of all thicknesses of the layers applied in vertical direction.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0198] FIG. 1 is: a diagram of an example of a system for the application of an aqueous mineral binder composition.

[0199] FIG. 2 is: a graph of chronological development of strength of aqueous cementitious binder compositions.

WORKING EXAMPLES

[0200] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of a system 1 for carrying out a process of the present invention for the application of the aqueous mineral binder composition.

[0201] The system 1 comprises a moving device 2 with a movable arm 2.1. At the free end of the arm 2.1 there is a printing head 3 attached, which is movable in all three dimensions in space by the arm 2.1. The printing head 3 can thus be moved to any desired position in the operating range of the moving device 2.

[0202] In the interior of the printing head 3, running from the end (in FIG. 1 above) facing towards the arm 2.1 to the opposite, free end, there is a tubular passage 3.1 through which an aqueous mineral binder composition is to be conducted. At the free end, the passage 3.1 leads into a controllable outlet 4 in the form of a nozzle, which can be continuously opened and closed.

[0203] An inlet nozzle 5 for the addition of an additive leads laterally into the passage 3.1 in a region facing towards the arm 2.1. An additive, for example a rheology aid, can be added if necessary through the inlet nozzle 5 into the aqueous mineral binder composition moving through the passage 3.1.

[0204] In the interior of the printing head 3, downstream of the inlet nozzle, there is moreover, arranged in the passage 3.1, a static mixer 6 which additionally mixes the aqueous mineral binder composition and the additive during flow through the system.

[0205] In the region of the controllable outlet 4, there is moreover a measurement unit 8 arranged to determine the pressure in the tubular passage 3.1. The sampling frequency of the measurement unit 8 is by way of example 10 Hz.

[0206] Attached at the printing head 3 there is moreover a device 7 for removing air from the aqueous mineral binder composition. The device is designed as vacuum-treatment device, and can reduce the proportion of air in the aqueous mineral binder composition. To this end it is possible by way of example, to design a section of the wall of the passage 3.1 as gas-permeable membrane, so that air can be extracted from the aqueous mineral binder composition by applying a reduced pressure outside of the passage 3.1.

[0207] The system 1 for the application of an aqueous mineral binder composition moreover has a feed device 9 which has connections on its ingoing side to three containers 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, and to a reservoir 11.4. In each of the three containers 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 there is a respective component of the aqueous mineral binder composition. The first component, present in the first container 11.1, is a dry mineral binder composition. The second component, present in the second container 11.2, consists by way of example of water. The third component present in the third container 11.3 is by way of example a flow agent in the form of a polycarboxylate ether. In material present in the reservoir 11.4 is by way of example a rheology aid in the form of modified cellulose and/or of a microbial polysaccharide.

[0208] The outgoing side of the feed device 9 has three separate outlets, connected to a mixing device 10 by respectively one of three inlets 10.1, 10.2, 10.3. The feed device 9 moreover has individually controllable metering devices (not shown in FIG. 1), so that the individual components in the individual containers 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 can be metered individually into the mixing device 10.

[0209] Another outlet of the feed device is connected (not depicted in FIG. 1) to the inlet nozzle 5, so that additive from the reservoir 11.4 can be conveyed into the inlet nozzle 5 by way another metering device of the feed device 9.

[0210] The mixing device 10 is configured as dynamic mixer and comprises, together therewith, an integrated conveying device in the form of a screw conveyor. In the mixing device, the components individually metered into this device are mixed with one another and conveyed into the flexible line 12 attached to the outgoing side of the mixing device. During operation, the mixing and conveying of the binder composition can take place continuously.

[0211] The aqueous mineral binder composition can be conveyed into the printing head 3 through the flexible line 12, which concomitantly leads into the tubular passage 3.1 at that end of the printing head that faces towards the arm 2.1, and can be applied continuously through the controllable outlet 4.

[0212] Another constituent of the system 1 is a measurement unit 13, integrated into the conveying line 12 in the region between the mixing device 10 and the printing head 3. The measurement unit comprises by way of example an ultrasound transducer which is configured to determine the flow properties of the aqueous mineral binder composition. The sampling frequency of the measurement unit 13 is by way of example 10 Hz.

[0213] A central control unit 14 of the system 1 comprises a processor, a memory unit, and also a plurality of interfaces for the reception of data and a plurality of interfaces for the control of individual components of the system 1.

[0214] The mixing device 10 here is connected by way of a first control line 15a to the control unit 14, while the feed device is connected by way of a second control line 15b to the control unit 14. It is therefore possible, formulations appropriately prescribed by way of the central control unit and stored in the control unit, to meter the individual components in the containers 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 into the mixing device 10, and to convey these at adjustable conveying rates into the flexible line 12.

[0215] The controllable outlet 4, the inlet nozzle 5, and also the device 7 for removing air from the aqueous mineral binder composition at the printing head are respectively likewise connected by way of a separate control line 15c, 15d, 15e to the control unit 14 and can be controlled thereby.

[0216] The moving device 2 is also connected by way of another control line 15g to the control unit 14. The motion of the printing head 3 can therefore be controlled by way of the control unit 14.

[0217] The measurement unit 8 is connected by a data line 15h to the control unit 14, so that printing data captured in the measurement unit can be transmitted to the control unit 14.

[0218] Analogously, the measurement unit 13 is connected by a data line 15f to the control unit 14, so that data characterizing flow properties and captured in the measurement unit can be transmitted to the control unit 14.

[0219] The programming of the control unit 14 here is such that:

[0220] (i) the addition rates of the three components of the aqueous mineral binder composition are controlled by the feed device 9 as a function of the flow properties, determined by way of the measurement unit 13, of the aqueous mineral binder composition in the flexible line;

[0221] (ii) the conveying device integrated in the mixing device 10 is controlled as a function of the pressure 8 determined by way of the measurement unit 8, and also as a function of the structure of the object to be produced with the aqueous mineral binder composition;

[0222] (iii) the addition rate of the additive through the inlet nozzle 5 is controlled as a function of the flow properties of the aqueous mineral binder composition determined by way of the measurement unit 13, and also as a function of the structure of the object to be produced;

[0223] (iv) the extent of removal of air from the hardenable construction material in the device 7 is controlled as a function of the flow properties of the aqueous mineral binder composition determined by way of the measurement unit 13;

[0224] (v) the moving device 2, and therefore the position of the printing head 3, is controlled as a function of a model of the object to be produced, stored in the data memory of the control unit 14.

Inventive Example 1

[0225] The composition of the dry mineral binder composition of the invention is described in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 % by weight in Component binder composition CEM I 52.5 cement 25 Metakaolin 4.5 Betoflow ® D 5 Nekafill ® 15 20 0-1 mm quartz sand 42 Denka CSA #20 2 Sika ® ViscoCrete ®-225P 0.25 Carbowet ® 4000 0.5 Modified cellulose 0.05 Inorganic thickener 0.1 Superabsorber 0.1 Aluminium sulfate 0.5

Materials Used

[0226] Aluminium sulfate is Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3.18 H.sub.2O, obtainable from Merck, Switzerland

[0227] Betoflow® D is a fine calcium carbonate powder of particle size about 1-5 μm, obtainable from Omya.

[0228] Nekafill® 15 is a ground limestone obtainable from Kalkfabrik Netstal.

[0229] Sika® ViscoCrete-225P is a pulverulent superplasticizer based on a polycarboxylate ether, obtainable from Sika.

[0230] Carbowet° 4000 is an antifoam obtainable from Air Products Chemicals Europe.

[0231] Denka CSA #20 is a shrinkage reducer based on calciumsulfoaluminate cement, obtainable from Newchem, Switzerland.

[0232] 3D printing was carried out by a system as depicted by way of example in FIG. 1.

[0233] The dry binder composition, with the composition stated in Table 1, was mixed continuously in the mixing device with a quantity of water such that the resultant ratio by weight of water to dry binder composition was about 0.16. The aqueous mineral binder mixture was then conveyed through the flexible conveying line by the screw conveyor integrated in the mixing device to the printing head of the 3D printer.

[0234] Conveying of the dry binder composition, addition of the water, mixing with the water, conveying of the aqueous binder composition, and the motion of the printing head were controlled by way of a control unit.

[0235] The temperature of the mixing water and of the ambient air was about 25° C.

[0236] The printing head was used to apply the binder composition in layers of about 30 mm width and 10 mm height onto a plastics film spread on a concrete base. The horizontal speed of the printing head here was about 40 mm per second. A tube with about 0.6 m diameter and height 2 metres was produced in a plurality of layers located vertically on top of one another. The time required to finish the moulding was about 2 hours and 40 minutes. The difference in heights between the lower layers and the upper layers was not more than 5%. The printed moulding had a very uniform undulating surface with no visible defects. The moulding also exhibited no visible cracks after 3 days of storage at 25° C. and about 40% relative humidity.

[0237] About 16 hours after application of the final layer, the hollow body was lifted, with the aid of carrying straps and a crane, onto a transport pallet; this did not result in any damage to the printed moulding.

[0238] After about four days, a heavy hammer was used to break the moulding into fragments, and these were optically analysed. The fracture surfaces were uniform, with no air inclusions or defects. The fracture surfaces exhibited no preferred orientation, and therefore bonding between the applied layers was as good as that within the layer.

[0239] The strength of the mortar was determined by producing prisms measuring 40×40×160 mm and testing these in accordance with DIN EN 196-1. The compressive strength of the mortar after 28 days of storage at 20° C. and 95% relative humidity was 50.2 MPa; flexural tensile strength was 8 MPa.

Inventive Example 2

[0240] Experiments for Inventive Example 2 were carried out as described in Inventive Example 1.

[0241] However, the quantity of Denka CSA #20 in the formulation of Table 1 was in each case adjusted as in Table 2. Start of setting and end of setting were determined in accordance with DIN EN 196-3. The linear volume decrease was moreover determined within 16 h after mixing with water by a method based on EN 12617-4. Table 2 below gives an overview of the results.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Formulations and results of Inventive Example 2 1E2-1 1E2-2 1E2-3 1E2-4 Denka CSA #20*.sup.1 0 2 4 8 Start of setting [min] 5.2 2.0 1.5 1 End of setting [min] 10.9 2.7 1.9 1.2 Linear volume decrease 2986 1204 736 324 [μm/m] *.sup.1% by weight in the binder composition of Table 1

Comparative Example 1

[0242] Inventive Example 1 was repeated with retention of the printing parameters, but the binder composition comprised no aluminium sulfate. The structure collapsed before a printing height of 0.3 m had been achieved.

Comparative Example 2

[0243] A fresh mortar made of 120 kg of cement CEM I 52.5, 92 kg of quartz sand measuring 0-1 mm, 33 kg of Betoflow®-D, 80 kg of Nekafill® 15, 0.6 kg of Sika® ViscoCrete®-225P, 0.004 kg of Carbowet® 4000, 0.3 kg of superabsorber and 56.8 kg of water was prepared in a mechanical mixer.

[0244] Application by means of 3D printer was achieved as described in Inventive Example 1.

[0245] The mortar flowed out from the discharge nozzle, and could not be applied in layers. The experiment was then terminated.

[0246] FIG. 2 is a graph of chronological development of strength of mortars over a number of hours beginning immediately after mixing with water:

[0247] continuous line: typical development of strength of a mortar as described in Inventive Example 1;

[0248] dotted line: typical development of strength of a mortar as is described in Comparative Example 1;

[0249] dashed line: typical development of strength of a mortar as is described in Comparative Example 2.

[0250] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative examples, which can be modified as desired for the purposes of the invention.

[0251] It is therefore possible by way of example to omit the static mixer 6, with the result that the printing head comprises neither a static mixer nor a dynamic mixer.

[0252] In addition to, or instead of, the conveying device integrated in the mixing device 10, there can be one or more conveying devices provided in the conveying line 12 and/or in the printing head 3. These can also be conveying devices other than conveying screws.

[0253] It is likewise possible to provide, in the region of the printing head 3 and/or in the conveying line 12, instead of or in addition to the measurement unit 8, 13, other measurement units which by way of example permit measurement of temperature. It is also conceivable that the measurement unit 13 in the conveying line is omitted entirely or is integrated in the printing head.

[0254] The mixing device 10 can also have fewer or more inlets, thus permitting metered addition of additional components present in additional containers.

[0255] Instead of one or more of the containers 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, there can also be connections present to external sources, e.g. to a water supply.

[0256] It is also possible to programme the control unit in a different manner, for example in order to take into account a volume flow rate through the conveying line 12 and/or the printing head 3.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

[0257] 1 System

[0258] 2 Movement device

[0259] 2.1 Movable arm

[0260] 3 Printing head

[0261] 3.1 Passage

[0262] 4 Controllable outlet

[0263] 5 Inlet nozzle

[0264] 6 Static mixer

[0265] 7 Air-removal device

[0266] 8 Pressure-measurement unit

[0267] 9 Feed device

[0268] 10 Mixing device

[0269] 10.1 First inlet

[0270] 10.2 Second inlet

[0271] 10.3 Third inlet

[0272] 11.1 First container

[0273] 11.2 Second container

[0274] 11.3 Third container

[0275] 11.4 Reservoir

[0276] 12 Flexible line

[0277] 13 Measurement unit with ultrasound transducer

[0278] 14 Control unit

[0279] 15a . . . h Control lines and data lines