ADDITIVES FOR FLAME RETARDED POLYOLEFINS

Abstract

This invention provides a flame retardant additive composition which comprises at least one glow suppressant and at least one brominated flame retardant. The glow suppressant is about 0.5 wt % or more of the flame retardant additive composition, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition. The brominated flame retardant contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, or a mixture of any two or more of these. Also provided are flame retarded polyolefin compositions that contain at least one glow suppressant and a brominated flame retardant.

Claims

1. A flame retardant additive composition which comprises at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom; and at least one brominated flame retardant, wherein the brominated flame retardant contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, or a mixture of any two or more of these; wherein the flame retardant additive composition contains about 0.5 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition.

2. A flame retardant additive composition as in claim 1 wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety, or wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine.

3. (canceled)

4. A flame retardant additive composition as in claim 1 which contains about 1 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition.

5. A flame retardant additive composition as in claim 1 which comprises at least one inorganic compound, optionally wherein the total amount of inorganic compounds is about 10 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition; or ii the inorganic compound comprises talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite; or iii) the inorganic compound comprises talc and antimony trioxide, and optionally at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite

6-8. (canceled)

9. A flame retardant additive composition as in claim 1 wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, optionally wherein the composition comprises at least one inorganic compound, and wherein the inorganic compound is zinc borate and aluminum diethyl phosphinate.

10. (canceled)

11. A flame retardant additive composition as in claim 1 wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is i) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %, or ii) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %.

12. (canceled)

13. A process for forming a flame retardant additive composition, which process comprises combining at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom; and at least one brominated flame retardant that contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, or a mixture of any two or more of these; in amounts such that the flame retardant additive composition contains about 0.5 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition.

14. A process as in claim 13 wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety, or wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine.

15. (canceled)

16. A process as in claim 13 wherein the glow suppressant is in an amount of about 1 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition.

17. A process as in claim 13 which comprises combining at least one inorganic compound, optionally wherein the inorganic compound is in an amount such that the flame retardant additive composition contains about 10 wt % or more inorganic compound, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition.

18. (canceled)

19. A process as in claim 17 wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite, or wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc and antimony trioxide, and optionally at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite.

20. (canceled)

21. A process as in claim 13 wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, optionally wherein the process comprises combining at least one inorganic compound, and wherein the inorganic compounds are zinc borate and aluminum diethyl phosphinate.

22. (canceled)

23. A process as in claim 13 wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is i) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %, or ii) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %.

24. (canceled)

25. A flame retarded polyolefin composition formed from i) at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom; ii) at least one inorganic compound; and iii) at least one brominated flame retardant in a flame retardant amount, wherein the brominated flame retardant contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, or a mixture of any two or more of these, and iv) at least one polyolefin, wherein the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 0.25 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition, and wherein the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 5 wt % or more inorganic compound, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition.

26. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 25 wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety, or wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine.

27. (canceled)

28. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 25 which contains about 0.5 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition.

29. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 25 wherein the inorganic compound is in an amount of about 8 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition.

30. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 25 wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite, or wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc and antimony trioxide, and optionally at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite.

31. (canceled)

32. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 25 wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, optionally wherein the composition comprises at least one inorganic compound, and wherein the inorganic compound is zinc borate and aluminum diethyl phosphinate.

33. (canceled)

34. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 25 wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is i) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %, or ii) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %.

35. (canceled)

36. A process for forming a flame retarded polyolefin composition, which process comprises combining i) at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom; ii) at least one inorganic compound; iii) at least one brominated flame retardant in a flame retardant amount, wherein the brominated flame retardant contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, or a mixture of any two or more of these, and iv) at least one polyolefin, in amounts such that the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 0.25 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition, and wherein the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 5 wt % or more inorganic compound, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition.

37. A process as in claim 36 wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety, or wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine.

38. (canceled)

39. A process as in claim 36 in which there is about 0.5 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition.

40. A process as in claim 36 wherein the inorganic compound is in an amount such that the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 8 wt % or more inorganic compound, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition.

41. A process as in claim 36 wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite, or wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc and antimony trioxide, and optionally at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite.

42. (canceled)

43. A process as in claim 36 wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, optionally wherein the inorganic compounds are zinc borate and aluminum diethyl phosphinate.

44. (canceled)

45. A process as in claim 36 wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is i) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %, or ii) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %.

46. (canceled)

47. A flame retarded polyolefin composition formed from at least one polyolefin and a flame retardant amount of a brominated flame retardant that contains aromatically-bound bromine and is a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %.

48. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 47 wherein the flame retardant amount is about 5 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition.

49. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 47 which comprises at least one inorganic compound, optionally wherein the inorganic compounds comprise talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite, or ii) the inorganic compounds are talc and antimony trioxide, and at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite.

50-51. (canceled)

52. A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in claim 47 wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is i) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %, or ii) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %.

53. (canceled)

54. A masterbatch which comprises a polyolefin; and a brominated flame retardant that contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a weight average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, or a mixture of any two or more of these.

55. A masterbatch as in claim 54 which comprises i) at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom, or ii) at least one inorganic compound and at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom.

56. (canceled)

57. A masterbatch as in claim 55 wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety, or wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine.

58. (canceled)

59. A masterbatch as in claim 54 which comprises at least one inorganic compound, optionally wherein the inorganic compound comprises antimony trioxide.

60. (canceled)

61. A masterbatch as in claim 54 wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, optionally wherein the masterbatch comprises at least one inorganic compound, and wherein the inorganic compound is antimony trioxde.

62. (canceled)

63. A masterbatch as in claim 54 wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is i) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %, or ii) a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %.

64. (canceled)

Description

EXAMPLES—GENERAL

Ingredients

[0105] The following is a list of ingredients used to make the flame retarded polyolefin samples in the Examples. Not all of the ingredients listed were used in each sample. Some of the ingredients may belong to more than one category. In the Tables, some of the ingredients used are referred to by their trade names.

Polyolefins

[0106] Linear low density polyethylene (Petrothene® GA564189, melt flow index: 20 g/10 min. at 190° C./2.16 kg, LyondellBassell). [0107] High density polyethylene (Alathon® LR590001, melt flow index: 0.8 g/10 min. at 190° C./2.16 kg, LyondellBassell). [0108] Low density polyethylene (Lone Star 220, melt flow index: 2.0 g/10 min. at 190° C./2.16 kg, Lone Star Chemical). [0109] Polypropylene (Profax 6523, melt flow index: 4.0 g/10 min. at 230° C./2.16 kg, LyondellBassell). [0110] Polypropylene impact copolymers (PP7033N, melt flow index: 8 g/10 min. at 230° C./2.16 kg; PP7143KNE1, melt flow index: 10 g/10 min. at 230° C./2.16 kg; ExxonMobil Corporation). [0111] Polypropylene impact copolymers (melt flow index: 12 g/10 min. and 17 g/10 min. at 230° C./2.16 kg; Lone Star Chemical).

Brominated Flame Retardants

[0112] Brominated anionic chain transfer polystyrene which has a number average molecular weight of about 2087 and contains about 74 wt % bromine (Br-ACTSP; Albemarle Corporation). [0113] Brominated anionic polystyrene which has a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2112 to about 2714 and a bromine content of about 72.8 wt % to about 74.9 wt % (Br-APS; Albemarle Corporation). [0114] Brominated anionic polystyrene which has a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 750 and a bromine content of about 73 wt % (Br-APS; Albemarle Corporation). [0115] Decabromodiphenyl ethane (Saytex® 8010, Albemarle Corporation). [0116] N,N-Ethylene-bis(tetrabromophthalimide) (Saytex® BT-93W, Albemarle Corporation).

Glow Suppressants

[0117] Melamine polyphosphate (MPP; Melapur® 200, BASF Corporation). [0118] Melamine poly(zinc phosphate), (Safire® 400, J. M. Huber Corporation). [0119] Poly-[2,4-(piperazine-1,4-yl)-6-(morpholine-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine] (or piperazine, polymer with morpholine-2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine reaction product; MCA PPM Triazine HF); mixture of ammonium polyphosphate and MCA PPM Triazine HF (MCA PPM Triazine 765); mixture of ammonium polyphosphate, MCA PPM Triazine HF, and a carbon booster (MCA PPM Triazine 770), all products of MCA Technologies GmbH. [0120] Mixture of about 63% aluminum diethyl phosphinate, about 32% melamine polyphosphate, and 4% to 5% zinc borate (Exolit® OP 1312, Clariant Ltd.). [0121] Mixture of 2,5,8-triamino-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaazaphenalene and 2,2′-iminobis(4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine (Delflam 20; Delamin Ltd.). [0122] Mixture of 55 to 65% piperazine pyrophosphate and 35 to 45% proprietary phosphoric acid compound (FP-2100J; Amfine Chemical Corporation). [0123] 2,2′-methylenebis(6-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol (ADK STAB LA-31); [0124] 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (ADK STAB LA-32); [0125] 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-[2-(2-ethylhexanoyloxy)ethoxy]phenol (ADK STAB LA-46); [0126] 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid polymer with 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1.3-propanediol and 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal, 1,2,2,6,6,-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl ester (CAS® registry number 101357-36-2, ADK STAB LA-63P); [0127] 1,10-bis(2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) decanedioate (CAS® registry number 52829-07-9, ADK STAB LA-77); [0128] bis(1-undecanoxy-2,2,6,6 tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)carbonate (CAS® registry number 705257-84-7, ADK STAB LA-81); [0129] Mixture of 50% to 60% piperazine pyrophosphate, 35% to 45% proprietary phosphoric acid compound and 3% to 6% zinc oxide (CAS® Registry No. 66034-17-1, ADK STAB FP-2500S); all “ADK” substances are products of Adeka Corporation.

Inorganic Compounds

[0130] Antimony trioxide (Brightsun HB ATO, China Antimony Chemicals Corporation). [0131] Zinc stannate (Flamtard S®, William Blythe Ltd.). [0132] Zinc borate (Firebrake ZB; Rio Tinto). [0133] Zinc sulfide (Sachtolith® HD-S, Venator Materials PLC). [0134] TiO.sub.2 (Kronos 2225, Kronos Incorporated). [0135] Calcium stearate [0136] Talc (microcrystalline; average particle size 2.2 μm, Mistron Vapor R, Imerys Performance Additives). [0137] Aluminum phosphinate, calcium phosphinate (both products of GreenChemicals SpA). [0138] Aluminum diethyl phosphinate (Exolit® OP 1230, Clariant Ltd.) [0139] Basic zinc phosphate complex (Kemgard® 981); zinc molybdate/magnesium hydroxide complex (Kemgard® MZM), both products of J. M. Huber Corporation. [0140] Halloysite clay (Dragonite® XR and Dragonite® HP, which are tubular mineral nanomaterials naturally exfoliated), both products of Applied Minerals Inc. [0141] Silane-modified aluminum silicate (Burgess K E; Burgess Pigment Company). [0142] Glass fibers: 3.2 or 4.5 mm long, 13 μm average diameter (Chop Vantage® HP 3299, Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd.). [0143] Glass fibers: 4.5 mm long, 13 μm average diameter (Chop Vantage® HP 3293, PPG Industries or Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd.). [0144] Chopped stranded fiberglass, (HP3293), PPG Industries. [0145] Magnesium aluminum hydroxide carbonate (hydrotalcite, DHT-4A®-2; Kisuma Chemicals). [0146] Magnesium hydroxide (Magnifin® H-5 IV; Huber Martinswerk GmbH). [0147] Mixture of 25% to 50% calcium borate and 50% to 75% wollastonite (Halox® 1120F; ICL Specialty Products Inc.)

Antioxidants

[0148] Tetrakis(3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)propionyloxymethyl)-methane (Ethanox® 310 antioxidant); tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Ethaphos® 368 antioxidant), both products of SI Group.

Impact Modifiers

[0149] Ethylene octene copolymer (Engage® XLT-8677; Dow Chemical).

Compatibilizers

[0150] Styrene ethylene/butylene linear triblock copolymer (57% polystyrene, Kraton® A1535 H SEBS; Kraton Corporation).
Maleic anhydride modified polypropylene homopolymer (Polybond® 3200, SI Group).
Sodium ionomer of ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer (Surlyn® 8920, Dow Chemical Company).

Halogenated Polyethylenes

Polytetrafluoroethylene

[0151] Chlorinated polyethylene (Weipren® CPE 6025 M, Lianda Corporation).

Pigments

[0152] Pigment Brown 24 (a mixed oxide of chromium, antimony, and titanium; Sicotan® Yellow K 2001 FG); [0153] Pigment Yellow 53 (a mixed compound of chromium, nickel, and titanium; Sicotan Yellow L 1010); [0154] Solvent Yellow 163 (1,8-bis(phenylthio)anthracene-9,10-dione; Oracet® Yellow 180); carbon black (Microlen® Black 0068, 53% C black); all products of BASF Corporation.

Other

[0155] Mixture of ammonium polyphosphate and an aromatic ester of tris-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)isocyanurate (Exolit® AP 750, Clariant Ltd.).

Analytical Methods

[0156] Known analytical methods can be used or adapted for use in assaying the characteristics of the brominated flame retardants used in the practice of this invention, and to characterize the flame retarded polyolefin compositions of this invention. The following methods were used to measure the brominated flame retardants used, and/or the flame retarded polyolefin compositions formed, as applicable.

[0157] Total Bromine Content. Since anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymers and brominated anionic styrenic polymers have some solubility in solvents such as dichloromethane, the determination of the total bromine content for these brominated flame retardants is accomplished by using conventional .sup.1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) techniques. The samples analyzed were dilute samples, usually 0.2 g of brominated flame retardant in about 1.5 g to about 2 g deuterated dichloromethane. The NMR spectrometer was a Bruker Ascend 500 Spectrometer with the magnet at a .sup.1H frequency of 500 MHz for proton observation. Chemical shifts were determined using the protonated solvent residual at resonance set at δ 5.32 ppm. The bromine content was determined by calculating the difference between the ratio of the integration of the proton signal of the aromatic region to the proton signal of the aliphatic region of an unbrominated polystyrene chain of known average molecular weight and the ratio of the integration of the proton signal of the aromatic region to the proton signal of the aliphatic region of the brominated flame retardant, and attributing the difference to the bromine atoms present on the aromatic rings of the brominated flame retardant. The total bromine content values reported in the Examples were determined by this NMR method.

[0158] GPC light scattering number average molecular weight. The number average molecular weights (M.sub.n) of the brominated flame retardants were determined by GPC light scattering using a Viscotek GPCmax VE2001 TDA nodular system equipped with an integrated UV detector (set at 254 nm), which includes a refractive index detector (RI) along with a dual angle light scattering detector, a combination pump and autosampler, and temperature controlled column compartment (Malvern. Panalytical Ltd.). Two 300 mm×7.5 mm OligoPore® columns with a pore size of 100 Å (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) were used for the analysis. The solvent was tetrahydrofuran (THF, HPLC grade), the flowrate was 1 mL/minute, and the column and pump oven temperatures were set at 40° C. The samples were prepared by dissolving 10 mg of the sample in 10 mL THF. An aliquot of this solution was filtered using 0.45 μm syringe filter, and 200 μL of the filtered solution was injected into the column. To calibrate, a first run containing 1,3-diphenylbutane and 1,3,5-triphenylhexane (adducts) was analyzed, and their peaks were assigned. Then a run was performed on an unbrominated sample of anionic polystyrene or anionic chain transfer polystyrene, and based on size exclusion as the mode of separation, peaks were identified according to their order of elution as 1,3-diphenylbutane (dimer), 1,3,5-triphenylhexane (trimer), tetraphenyloctane (tetramer), 1,3,5,7,9-pentaphenyldecane (pentamer), and so forth, based on comparison with the peaks from the adducts run. In each run for the brominated material, ten individual peaks were assigned theoretical molecular weight values based on the percentage of bromination, and a calibrated curve was constructed using these theoretical values and their corresponding retention times, as compared to the assigned peaks of the unbrominated material. From this calibrated curve for the brominated sample, the overall distribution data were calculated and reported. The molecular weight distribution calculations were performed by the Viscotek Omni SEC® software version 4.2.0.237 for gel permeation on chromatography (GPC) data collection and processing systems.

[0159] Particle size determinations were performed using a laser diffractometer (LS™-13 320, Beckman Coulter, Inc.). Results of the particle size reductions are summarized in Table 1 below.

[0160] UL-94 vertical burn test. The UL-94 vertical burn test for flammability was performed on bars at two thicknesses, 3.2 mm and 1.6 mm. The time to extinguish the flame was measured, and for some samples the time for the glow (afterglow) to disappear was also measured. Afterglow, or glow, is defined in the UL-94 vertical burn test as “persistence of glowing combustion after both removal of the ignition source and the cessation of any flaming.” The UL-94 vertical burn test defines afterglow time (glow time) as “the length of time during which an afterglow persists under specified conditions.” The cutoff for the glow to disappear to pass the glow test is a time of 30 seconds. In the Examples below, UL-94 vertical burn tests were performed on bars of two thicknesses, 3.2 mm and 1.6 mm. The compositions were not optimized for the more stringent tests with the 1.6 mm bars, but the results for the 1.6 mm bars may be improved by small changes in the amounts of one or more of the flame retardant, glow suppressant, and/or inorganic compounds.

[0161] Melt Flow Index Test. To determine the melt flow index of the flame retarded polyolefin compositions of this invention, the procedure and test equipment of ASTM Test Method D1238-00 were used. The extrusion plastometer was operated at 2.16 kg applied pressure and at a temperature of 230° C. The samples used in the tests were flame retarded polyolefin compositions of this invention.

[0162] Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was added as a 5 wt % mixture in the polyolefin polymer.

[0163] Each sample was formed by mixing and melting together all of the ingredients in a twin screw extruder (ZSK30 (30 mm), Werner & Pfleiderer Coperion GmbH), each ingredient being fed separately in powder form, except for the glass fibers.

[0164] Each reported UL-94 vertical burn test result in the Examples below is an average of 5 runs. Each reported physical or mechanical property test result in the Examples below is an average of 3 runs.

[0165] In the Tables below, runs containing “—A” are comparative runs for the glow suppressant containing embodiments, and are inventive for the embodiments where the flame retardant is a brominated anionic styrenic polymer and no glow suppressant is present. Runs containing “—C” are comparative runs for both the glow suppressant containing embodiments and the embodiments where the flame retardant is a brominated anionic styrenic polymer and no glow suppressant is present.

[0166] In all of the tables below, the amounts of each ingredient and the amount of bromine are reported as wt %.

EXAMPLE 1

[0167] Several samples containing a polypropylene homopolymer and a brominated anionic chain transfer polystyrene (Br-ACTSP) having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2087 and 74 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results are listed in Table 1. Run A is comparative.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Run A-C B C D Polypropylene (Profax 6523) 50.1 49.1 48.1 47.1 Br-ACTSP 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 ATO 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Melamine polyphosphate 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 17 11 8 7 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 54 46 33 27 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 27 13 7 9 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 123 62 51 76 MFI*, g/10 min 8.7 8.8 7.5 7.2 *MFI = Melt flow index

EXAMPLE 2

[0168] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene (Br-APS) having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2112 and 73.3 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results are listed in Table 2. The amount of bromine in each sample was 19.0 wt %.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Run A B C Impact copolymer (PP7033N) 51.1 50.1 49.1 Br-APS 25.4 25.4 25.4 ATO 8.3 8.3 8.3 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine polyphosphate 1.0 2.0 3.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-1 V-0 V-0 time, s 49 29 19 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 38 6 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 45 28 18 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 71 58 48

EXAMPLE 3

[0169] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2112 and 73.3 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results are listed in Table 3A. Additional properties of these samples are listed in Table 3B.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3A Run A B C D E F G Polypropylene 27.3 42.3 31.5 46.5 41.5 0 0 (PP7143KNE1) Impact copolymer 0 0 0 0 0 31.1 31.9 (PP7033N) Br-APS 24.3 24.3 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.4 25.4 ATO 7.2 7.2 7.6 7.6 7.6 8.3 7.5 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 20.0 20.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 polyphosphate 5% PTFE in 20.0 5.0 20.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 20.0 polypropylene Bromine 18.0 18.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 7.7 7.24 8.01 11.01 11.03 10 9 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 0 0 16 0 0 29 34 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 8.25 14.04 8.52 21.35 20.79 11 11 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 88 91 72 78 83 79 71

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3B Run A B C D E MFI (g/10 min) 6.02 10.14 6.97 10.73 13.71 Heat distortion temp., ° C. 117.5 116.6 116 115.1 114 Vicat softening temp., ° C. 143.3 144.1 142.8 142.7 143.2 Break strength, MPa 22 21 22 20 20 Tensile modulus, MPa 3089 2837 2725 2562 2452 Elongation at break, % 1.41 1.32 1.73 1.9 1.73 Flexural strength, MPa 27 26 27 26 25 Flexural modulus, MPa 1507 1444 1355 1278 1228 Izod Impact-notched, kJ/m.sup.2 1.4 1.23 2.02 1.45 1.4 Dielectric strength, kV/mm 22.88 21.72 21.88 22.22 21.46 Dielectric constant 2.56 2.567 2.517 2.523 2.521 Dissipation factor 0.0023 0.0023 0.0015 0.0018 0.0018 Volume resistivity, ohm .Math. cm 1.18 × 10.sup.17 3.05 × 10.sup.17 2.39 × 10.sup.17 1.64 × 10.sup.17 3.68 × 10.sup.17 Surface resistivity, ohm (/sq) 3.04 × 10.sup.17 5.77 × 10.sup.16 8.10 × 10.sup.16 5.38 × 10.sup.17 9.07 × 10.sup.16

EXAMPLE 4

[0170] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2250 and 73.3 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Run A B C D E F G H I Impact copolymer 51.5 48.5 46.5 41.5 43.5 41.5 36.5 28.5 21.5 (Lone Star; MFI = 12) Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 polyphosphate 5% PTFE in 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 20.0 20.0 polypropylene Engage XLT 8677 0.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 3.0 10.0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 16.01 12.99 15.52 11.8 17.95 13.39 12.12 8.27 8.29 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 0 0 0 0 23 17 22 38 38 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 21.69 17.97 20.43 20.66 13.82 17.48 11.61 10.11 9.17 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 77 71 76 70 75 77 90 73 82 MFI (g/10 min) 17.08 14.66 13.41 12.23 14.33 13.66 10.46 9.25 6.23 Break strength, MPa 20 17 14 11 17 16 11 17 11 Tensile modulus, MPa 2295 2053 1888 1621 2059 1956 1658 2159 1827 Elongation at break, % 1.94 2.4 5.56 8.66 2.57 2.37 5.99 3.15 10.75 Izod Impact-notched, 2.55 2.84 3.29 23.48 2.71 2.83 14.22 3.14 24.73 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 5

[0171] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2167 and 73.3 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 5.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Run A B C D E Impact copolymer (Lone Star; MFI = 12) 51.2 51.0 50.5 45.5 40.5 Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine polyphosphate 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Chloro-PE 0.25 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 Engage XLT 8677 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 7.48 11.17 10.04 9.25 8.73 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 0 0 0 0 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 20.06 18.63 21.08 27.81 19.63 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 78 71 88 94 71 MFI (g/10 min) 12.58 10.53 9.81 8.47 6.75 Break strength, MPa 20 19 17 12 9 Tensile modulus, MPa 2410 2241 2186 1834 1500 Elongation at break, % 2.09 2.4 3.69 16.56 53.22 Izod Impact-notched, kJ/m.sup.2 2.54 2.67 2.9 7.63 41.26

EXAMPLE 6

[0172] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2167 and 73.3 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 6.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 Run A B C D E F G H Impact copolymer (Lone 31.5 16.5 36.2 35.5 26.5 11.5 31.2 30.5 Star; MFI = 12) Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 polyphosphate 5% PTFE in 5.0 20.0 0 0 5.0 20.0 0 0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.0 0.0 0.25 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.25 1.0 Engage XLT 8677 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 7.5 7.55 8.27 7.45 9.29 10.02 8.22 7.35 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 36 46 58 45 36 46 53 35 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 8.57 7.79 11.16 10.73 9.26 7.1 7.71 10.26 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 67 88 60 102 80 44 69 92 MFI, g/10 min 9.08 5.91 8.18 6.81 7.17 4.72 5.86 5.82 Break strength, MPa 12 13 12 11 10 10 9 9 Tensile modulus, MPa 1403 1534 1363 1299 1159 1219 987 953 Elongation at yield, % 2.27 2.22 2.62 2.9 2.91 3.06 3.61 4.66 Elongation at break, % 22.69 28.04 58.12 114.04 76.34 127.97 123.55 173.71 Izod Impact-notched, kJ/m.sup.2 45.1 45.7 53.8 59.4 56.5 59.7 59 61.6

EXAMPLE 7

[0173] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2167 and 73.3 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 7.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7 Run A B C D E F G H I Impact copolymer (Lone 31.2 36.0 40.7 26.2 31.0 35.7 21.2 26.0 30.7 Star; MFI = 12) Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 polyphosphate Engage XLT 8677 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 5% PTFE in 15.0 10.0 5.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.25 0.5 0.75 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 7.46 9.05 7.06 7.01 7.18 11.06 7.44 6.83 9.68 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 34 7 9 43 20 9 54 18 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 7.55 9.07 9.63 7.75 8.97 12.18 7.98 7.56 13.69 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 42 71 87 47 44 74 52 82 79 MFI (g/10 min) 7.59 7.85 9.69 6.11 7.69 8.26 5.32 5.94 6.63 Tensile break stress 15 15 15 10 10 11 9 9 8 Tensile modulus, MPa 2221 2074 1960 1803 1768 1718 1512 1387 1326 Elongation at yield, % — — — 2.29 2.4 2.4 2.64 2.75 2.9 Elongation at break, % 2.85 3.7 3.68 28.35 23.89 15.47 96.82 65.1 79.23 Izod Impact-notched, 4.85 5.19 5.41 29.36 31.29 30.68 54.22 55.07 57.37 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 8

[0174] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2167 and 73.3 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 8.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 8 Run A B C D E F G H I Impact copolymer (Lone 46.5 41.5 26.5 41.5 36.5 21.5 36.5 31.5 16.5 Star; MFI = 12) Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 polyphosphate SEBS 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 5% PTFE in 0.0 5.0 20.0 0.0 5.0 20.0 0.0 5.0 20.0 polypropylene Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 7.49 7.58 7.73 7.32 7.41 6.92 7.34 7.21 8.29 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 19 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 8.59 7.91 8.01 15.9 8.56 8.33 10.34 7.26 7.09 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 77 83 68 83 80 17 108 79 122 MFI (g/10 min) 10.66 8.79 5.3 5.35 4.12 1.98 2.23 1.52 0.83 Tensile break stress 18 17 17 13 12 12 10 10 10 Tensile modulus, MPa 2161 2201 2417 1861 1913 2010 1596 1573 1660 Elongation at yield, % 2.02 1.97 1.93 2.29 2.32 2.24 Elongation at break, % 2.54 3.07 5.75 10.72 12.03 15.34 29.28 31.46 41.56 Izod Impact-notched, 3.47 3.65 5.28 14.06 8.85 17.94 51.31 43.44 48.7 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 9

[0175] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. The samples in Runs A and B contained Br-APS having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2183 and 73.7 wt % bromine; the samples of Run C contained Br-APS with an M.sub.n of about 2708 and 72.9 wt % bromine. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 9.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 9 Run A B C Impact copolymer (Lone Star; MFI = 17) 31.0 26.0 51.1 Br-APS 25.7 25.7 26.1 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine polyphosphate 1.0 1.0 1.0 Engage 8677 XLT 10.0 15.0 0.0 PTFE 10.0 10.0 0.0 Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 10.28 10.4 7.25 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 16 11 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-1 V-1 V-0 time, s 20.82 17.75 22.84 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 119 118 60 Tensile strength, MPa 15 12 — Tensile modulus, MPa 1682 1413 2316 Elongation at yield, % 2.15 2.33 — Elongation at break, % 27.05 38.69 1.61 Flexural strength 23 18 31 Flexural modulus 1405 1124 2234 Izod Impact-notched, kJ/m.sup.2 18.78 45.21 1.13

EXAMPLE 10

[0176] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2708 and 72.9 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Tables 10A and 10B.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 10A Run A-A B-A C-A D-A Impact copolymer (Lone Star; MFI = 17) 33.0 33.0 33.0 0 Impact copolymer (Lone Star) 0 0 0 32.6 Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 26.1 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine polyphosphate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5% PTFE in polypropylene 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Safire 400 0 0 0 0 Delflam 20 0 0 0 0 Kemgard MZM 1.0 0 0 0 Exolit OP 1230 0 0 0 0 Exolit OP 1312 0 0 0 0 FP-2100J 0 0 0 0 MCA PPM Triazine HF 0 0 0 0 Zinc stannate 0 1.0 0 0 Kemgard 981 0 0 1.0 0 Zn sulfide 0 0 0 1 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 20.36 9.62 27.41 6.71 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 11 0 16 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 time, s 9.47 15.39 22.91 7.31 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 154 146 154 197 Tensile strength, MPa 16 16 16 16 Tensile modulus, MPa 1876 1940 1824 1809 Elongation at yield, % 1.82 1.81 1.88 1.85 Elongation at break,% 8.67 4.99 6.43 7.28 Izod Impact-notched, 7.56 5.24 7.42 6.31 kJ/m.sup.2

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 10B Run E F G H I J K Impact copolymer (Lone 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 Star; MFI = 17) Impact copolymer (Lone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Star) Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 polyphosphate Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5% PTFE in 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Safire 400 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 Delflam 20 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 Kemgard MZM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Exolit OP 1230 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 Exolit OP 1312 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 FP-2100J 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 MCA PPM Triazine HF 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 Zinc stannate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kemgard 981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zn sulfide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 9.79 11.42 8.31 23.75 22.4 18.23 12.2 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 0 0 7 0 15 33 19 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 Fail V-0 V-0 V-1 time, s 14.245 8.97 7.35 143.54 29.4 10.96 11.19 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 65 111 89 25 6 107 171 Tensile strength, MPa 16 16 16 n/a 16 16 n/a Tensile modulus, MPa 1847 1809 1852 1963 1980 1916 1916 Elongation at yield, % 1.88 1.82 1.76 n/a 1.77 1.87 n/a Elongation at break, % 7.07 6.01 4.88 4.04 6.27 7.36 3.42 Izod Impact-notched, 5.6 5.47 4.61 6.79 7.91 6.62 4.09 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 11

[0177] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Most of the samples contained Br-APS having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2162 and 73.6 wt % bromine; The samples in Run E-A contained Br-APS with an M.sub.n of about 2714 and 72.8 wt % bromine. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Tables 11A and 11B.

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 11A Run A-A B-A C-A D-A E-A Impact copolymer 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 31.7 (Lone Star) Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 26.1 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 4.5 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine polyphosphate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5% PTFE in 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 FP-2500S 0 0 0 0 0 MCA PPM Triazine 765 0 0 0 0 0 MCA PPM Triazine 770 0 0 0 0 0 Mg(OH).sub.2 0 0 0 1 0 Exolit AP750 1 0 0 0 0 Zinc borate 0 0 0 0 5 Halox 1120F 0 0 0 0 0 Dragonite XR 0 1 0 0 0 Dragonite HP 0 0 1 0 0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 17.79 21.86 20.78 17.85 27.81 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 7 23 20 20 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-0 time, s 11.65 12.28 7.73 10.47 15.41 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 176 169 142 176 61 Tensile strength, MPa N/A N/A N/A 16 15 Tensile modulus, MPa 1935 1870 1903 1896 1751 Elongation at yield, % N/A N/A N/A 1.78 1.98 Elongation at break, % 3.76 3.9 3.63 4.52 1180 Izod Impact-notched, 4.14 4.7 4.42 5.23 4.45 kJ/m.sup.2

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 11B Run A B C D E F Impact copolymer 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 (Lone Star) Br-APS 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine polyphosphate 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5% PTFE in 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 FP-2500S 0 1 0 0 0 0 MCA PPM Triazine 765 0 0 1 0 0 0 MCA PPM Triazine 770 0 0 0 1 0 0 Mg(OH).sub.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Exolit AP750 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zinc borate 0 0 0 0 1 0 Halox 1120F 0 0 0 0 0 1 Dragonite XR 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dragonite HP 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 18.17 15.38 28.69 12.78 29.65 11.93 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 35 0 14 0 7 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-0 V-1 time, s 9.12 9.54 9.71 12.14 14.16 8.03 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 85 186 173 185 124 147 Tensile strength, MPa 16 16 16 16 16 N/A Tensile modulus, MPa 1819 1833 1867 1863 1830 2008 Elongation at yield, % 1.87 1.88 1.86 1.92 1.9 N/A Elongation at break, % 7.16 6.35 4.48 4.85 6.3 2.56 Izod Impact-notched, 5.87 5.07 4.66 4.69 4.81 4.29 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 12

[0178] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2708 and 72.9 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 12.

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 12 Run A B C D E F G H I J Impact copolymer 32.62 31.62 31.47 31.22 30.97 30.97 30.97 30.97 30.97 30.72 (Lone Star) Br-APS 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 ATO 7.58 7.58 7.58 7.58 7.58 7.58 7.58 7.58 7.58 7.58 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 polyphosphate Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5% PTFE in 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ca stearate 0 0 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Hydrotalcite 0 0 0 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 ADK STAB LA-46 0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 ADK STAB LA-31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.125 0.25 ADK LA-32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.125 0 ADK STAB LA-81 0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.25 ADK LA-63P 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 ADK LA77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.25 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 22.18 12.22 14.44 7.49 8.07 7.73 7.33 7.26 9.38 9.21 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 6 0 3 0 8 2 6 0 22 9 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 time, s 13.63 7.73 7.43 8.6 7.72 7.17 7.23 7.44 7.63 7.09 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 93 127 169 170 174 182 156 167 162 180 Tensile strength, MPa NA NA NA 16 16 NA NA NA NA NA Tensile modulus, MPa 1885 1837 1889 2000 2094 2134 2077 2028 2035 2005 Elongation at yield, % NA NA NA 1.71 1.69 NA NA NA NA NA Elongation at break, % 4.19 4.5 4.02 6.93 7.12 4.04 4.93 5.48 4.94 4.09 Izod Impact-notched, 4.5 5.5 8.82 9.2 9.75 7.37 8.21 9.57 9.3 8.24 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 13

[0179] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2714 and 72.8 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results are listed in Table 13.

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 13 Run A B C D E F G H-A I Impact copolymer (Lone 32.6 32.5 32.4 32.1 32.0 29.2 25.9 31.1 28.1 Star; MFI = 17) Br-APS 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 8.0 8.2 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 14 14 Melamine polyphosphate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 ADK STAB LA-46 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 ADK STAB LA-81 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Polybond 3200 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5% PTFE in 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ca stearate 0 0.15 0 0 0.15 0.15 0 0 0 TiO.sub.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 2.5 Hydrotalcite 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 Glass fibers (HP 3299) 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 20 20.5 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-1 V-0 V-0 time, s 9.51 8.11 9.17 13.48 7.91 8.34 69.31 9.76 7.57 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-1 V-0 V-1 V-0 time, s 8.42 6.84 7.92 7.1 7.7 7.48 43.1 7.55 7.18 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 80 92 107 104 103 156 53 158 79 Tensile strength, MPa 16 NA 16 16 17 NA 28 16 NA Tensile modulus, MPa 1747 1840 1929 1995 2151 2130 4291 1905 1865 Elongation at yield, % 1.87 NA 1.85 1.8 1.68 NA 2.25 1.72 NA Elongation at break, % 7.08 5.30 8.04 5.47 5.14 4.42 5.17 5.53 3.55 Izod Impact-notched, 5.45 5.28 5.69 5.93 7.03 8.26 9.63 6.37 4.52 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 14

[0180] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2708 and 72.9 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 14.

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 14 Run A B-A C-A D-A E Impact copolymer 28.6 29.6 32.6 31.1 28.1 (Lone Star) Br-APS 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 0 0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine polyphosphate 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exolit OP 1312 1 0 0 0 3 Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5% PTFE in 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Surlyn 8920 0 0 1 0 0 Glass fibers (HP 3299) 16 16 0 0 0 Polybond 3200 2 2 0 0 0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-1 V-1 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 74 78.84 7.22 6.47 6.74 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 46 44 61 0 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-0 time, s 67.19 69.56 12.24 7.95 6.97 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 55 122 138 206 77 Tensile strength, MPa 30 30 17 15 NA Tensile modulus, MPa 3990 3789 1948 1888 2089 Elongation at yield, % 2.36 2.46 1.91 1.72 NA Elongation at break, % 5.31 5.22 10.68 7.45 2.91 Izod Impact-notched, 10.18 10.6 5.10 6.43 3.12 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 15

[0181] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene (Br-APS) were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Most of the samples contained Br-APS having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2112 and 73.3 wt % bromine; the samples in Run A-A contained Br-APS with an M.sub.n of about 2560 and 74.9 wt % bromine. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results are listed in Table 15.

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 15 Run A-A B-A C D-A E F-A Impact copolymer 51.4 31.0 48.0 48.0 50.0 46.0 (PP7033N) Br-APS 25.4 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ATO 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Melamine polyphosphate 0 0 0 0 1 0 MCA PPM Triazine HF 0 0 3 0 0 0 5% PTFE in 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 polypropylene Zinc borate 0 0 0 3 0 0 Mg(OH).sub.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-1 V-0 V-1 time, s 18 6 12 48 10 71 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 89 34 0 32 0 75 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-1 V-1 V-1 V-0 V-0 V-2 time, s 31 31 33 37 18 102 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 169 147 140 73 53 110

EXAMPLE 16

[0182] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2714 and 72.8 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results are listed in Table 16. In Run A, some pigments were included in the composition to determine their effect on afterglow time because it was expected that the pigments might increase the afterglow time; it was observed that the pigments did not appear to affect afterglow time.

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 16 Run A B C-A D-A E-A F Impact copolymer (Lone 28.0 29.6 32.6 32.6 31.6 28.6 Star; MFI = 17) Br-APS 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Exolit OP 1312 3 3 0 0 0 3 Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5% PTFE in polypropylene 10 10 10 10 10 10 Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 SnO.sub.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 TiO.sub.2 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 Al phosphinate 0 0 1 0 0 0 Ca phosphinate 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sicotan Yellow K 2001 FG 0.051 0 0 0 0 0 Sicotan Yellow L 1010 0.032 0 0 0 0 0 Microlen Black 0068 0.0134 0 0 0 2 2 Oracet Yellow 180 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 6.24 6.91 6.8 12.38 11.73 9.01 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 0 0 0 5 93 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-1 fail V-1 time, s 7.7 6.94 9.06 8.15 7.96 9.12 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 76 63 84 131 421 146 Tensile strength, MPa NA NA 16 16 15 15 Tensile modulus, MPa 2095 1976 1811 1929 1820 1878 Elongation at yield, % NA NA 1.88 1.74 1.74 1.67 Elongation at break, % 2.56 5.24 12.55 8.29 5.07 8.36 Izod Impact-notched, kJ/m.sup.2 3.78 4.36 6.01 5.26 4.35 3.22

EXAMPLE 17

[0183] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2708 and 72.9 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results are listed in Table 17.

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 17 Run A B C D E F G H-A Impact copolymer (Lone 26.6 21.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 28.9 51.1 32.6 Star; MFI = 17) Br-APS 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 20 25 0 0 0 14 14 14 Melamine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 polyphosphate Engage 8677 XLT 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 5% PTFE in 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 0 10.0 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 α-Zr phosphate 0 0 15 5 0 0 0 0 TiO.sub.2 0 0 0 0 0 3.8 0 0 SnO.sub.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Burgess KE 0 0 0 10 .5 0 0 0 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 22.18 12.22 14.44 7.49 8.07 7.73 7.33 7.26 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 6 0 3 0 8 2 6 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 V-1 time, s 13.63 7.73 7.43 8.6 7.72 7.17 7.23 7.44 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 93 127 169 170 174 182 156 167 Tensile strength, MPa NA NA NA 16 16 NA NA NA Tensile modulus, MPa 1885 1837 1889 2000 2094 2134 2077 2028 Elongation at yield, % NA NA NA 1.71 1.69 NA NA NA Elongation at break, % 4.19 4.5 4.02 6.93 7.12 4.04 4.93 5.48 Izod Impact-notched, 4.5 5.5 8.82 9.2 9.75 7.37 8.21 9.57 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 18

[0184] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Most of the samples contained Br-APS having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 2560 and 74.9 wt % bromine; the samples in Run G-A contained Br-APS with an M.sub.n of about 2714 and 72.8 wt % bromine. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results are listed in Table 18.

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 18 Run A-A B-A C-A D-A E-A F-A G-A Impact copolymer 51.4 50.4 49.4 50.1 49.1 48.1 0 (PP7033N) Impact copolymer (Lone 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.6 Star; MFI = 17) Br-APS 25.4 25.4 25.4 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.10 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14 ATO 9.0 10.0 11.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 7.6 Engage 8677 XLT 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 5% PTFE in polypropylene 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0 Chloro-PE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 Bromine 19.0 19.0 19.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.0 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 18 16 40 14 10 11 13.62 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 89 88 90 85 101 112 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-1 V-1 Fail V-1 V-1 V-1 V-0 time, s 31 35 40 35 30 28 7.33 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 169 169 272 192 217 223 104 MFI, g/10 min. 10.58 10.69 10.61 11.48 11.11 11.01 —

EXAMPLE 19

[0185] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 750 and 73 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 19.

TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 19 Run A B C D Impact copolymer (Lone Star; MFI = 17) 32.0 25.3 32.3 28.3 Br-APS 26.1 30.0 32.0 30.0 Exolit OP 1312 1 12 1 1 ATO 7.6 0 2.0 2.0 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 5% PTFE in polypropylene 10 10 10 10 Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Engage XLT 8677 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Zinc borate 0 0 0 6 Calcium stearate 0.15 0 0 0 Hydrotalcite 0.5 0 0 0 Bromine 19 21.8 23.3 23.3 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 15.51 25.13 26.38 17.66 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 14 0 0 0 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-1 V-0 V-0 time, s 10.79 64.32 38.20 16.76 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 69 0 0 2 Tensile modulus, MPa 2240 2559 2197 2225 Elongation at break, % 3.46 2.64 4.49 3.94 Izod Impact-notched, kJ/m.sup.2 7.28 2.71 5.00 5.11

EXAMPLE 20

[0186] Several samples containing a polypropylene impact copolymer and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 750 and 73 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 20. Runs A-C are comparative for the glow suppressant containing embodiments.

TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 20 Run A-A B-A C-A D E Impact copolymer (Lone 78.7 85.85 65.7 23.3 32.4 Star; MFI = 17) Br-APS 10 10 9 30.2 34 Melamine polyphosphate 0 0 0 0 3 Exolit OP 1312 0 0 0 1 2 ATO 3.3 3.3 3.3 8.8 9.9 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 0 0 14.0 0 0 5% PTFE in 0 0 0 10 10 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 Engage XLT 8677 8.0 0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Calcium stearate 0 0.15 0 0 0 Hydrotalcite 0 0.5 0 0 0 Polybond 3200 0 0 0 2 0 Fiberglass strands 0 0 0 16 0 Bromine 6.6 6.6 19 22 24.8 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-2 V-2 V-2 V-0 V-0 time, s 51.72 57.63 146.8 17.47 32.81 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 0 0 0 0 12 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating Fail Fail Fail V-0 V-0 time, s 141.73 120.16 153.93 17.34 10.48 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 0 0 0 33 0 Tensile strength, MPa 17 19 17 — 17 Tensile modulus, MPa 1237 1468 1713 5652 1973 Elongation at yield, % 3.36 3.27 2.74 — 1.45 Elongation at break, % 24.26 48.29 11.92 3.04 4.80 Izod Impact-notched, 49.29 9.23 8.59 12.6 5.53 kJ/m.sup.2

EXAMPLE 21

[0187] Samples containing LLDPE, LDPE, HDPE, or a polypropylene impact copolymer, and a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) of about 750 and 73 wt % bromine were prepared and subjected to the UL-94 vertical burn test. Amounts of the components and the flammability test results, along with some additional properties of these samples, are listed in Table 20. Runs A, C, and E are comparative for the glow suppressant containing embodiments.

TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 21 Run A-A B C-A D E-A F G H LLDPE (Petrothene GA 33.62 32.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 564189) Impact copolymer (Lone 0 0 0 0 0 0 34.0 30.8 Star; MFI = 17) LDPE (Lone Star 220) 0 0 33.6 32.6 0 0 0 0 HDPE (Alathon 0 0 0 0 33.6 32.6 0 0 LR590005) Br-APS 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 13.1 13.1 Saytex 8010 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.6 0 BT-93W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.2 Melamine polyphosphate 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ATO 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Ethaphos 368 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ethanox 310 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Talc 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 5% PTFE in LLDPE 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 5% PTFE in LDPE 0 0 10 10 0 0 0 0 5% PTFE in HDPE 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 5% PTFE in 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 polypropylene Chloro-PE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Engage XLT 8677 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Calcium stearate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 Hydrotalcite 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 Bromine 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 UL-94, 3.2 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 time, s 7.17 9.11 7.29 7.93 7.48 7.00 12.23 7.78 Afterglow for 3.2 mm, s 21 15 0 2 14 2 16 31 UL-94, 1.6 mm rating V-0 V-0 V-1 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-1 time, s 8.79 8.79 27.97 8.82 9.92 7.17 7.58 7.48 Afterglow for 1.6 mm, s 3 3 4 2 6 4 29 151 Tensile strength, MPa 11 10 12 11 19 20 16 16 Tensile modulus, MPa 915 900 946 900 1902 1936 1762 1982 Elongation at yield, % 5.69 5.6 9.83 8.42 4.49 4.4 2.33 1.83 Elongation at break, % 14.88 12.12 67.79 49.60 26.15 22.01 16.63 7.54 Izod Impact-notched, 6.032 5.102 19.04 15.44 8.032 7.488 5.763 8.014 kJ/m.sup.2

[0188] Further embodiments of the invention include, without limitation: [0189] A) A flame retardant additive composition which comprises [0190] at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom; and [0191] at least one brominated flame retardant, wherein the brominated flame retardant contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from [0192] a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, [0193] b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, [0194] or a mixture of any two or more of these;
wherein the flame retardant additive composition contains about 0.5 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition. [0195] B) A flame retardant additive composition as in A) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety. [0196] C) A flame retardant additive composition as in A) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine. [0197] D) A flame retardant additive composition as in any of A)-C) which contains about 1 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition. [0198] E) A flame retardant additive composition as in A) which comprises at least one inorganic compound. [0199] F) A flame retardant additive composition as in Claim E) wherein the total amount of inorganic compounds is about 10 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition. [0200] G) A flame retardant additive composition as in Claim E) wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0201] H) A flame retardant additive composition as in Claim E) wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc and antimony trioxide, and optionally at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0202] I) A flame retardant additive composition as in any of A)-F) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, wherein the composition comprises at least one inorganic compound, and wherein the inorganic compound is zinc borate and aluminum diethyl phosphinate. [0203] J) A flame retardant additive composition as in any of A)-I) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate. [0204] K) A flame retardant additive composition as in any of A)-J) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %. [0205] L) A flame retardant additive composition as in any of A)-J) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %. [0206] M) A process for forming a flame retardant additive composition, which process comprises combining [0207] at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom; and [0208] at least one brominated flame retardant that contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from [0209] a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, [0210] b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, [0211] or a mixture of any two or more of these; [0212] in amounts such that the flame retardant additive composition contains about 0.5 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition. [0213] N) A process as in M) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety. [0214] O) A process as in M) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine. [0215] P) A process as in any of M)-0) wherein the glow suppressant is in an amount of about 1 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition. [0216] Q) A process as in M) which comprises combining at least one inorganic compound. [0217] R) A process as in Q) wherein the inorganic compound is in an amount such that the flame retardant additive composition contains about 10 wt % or more inorganic compound, based on the total weight of the flame retardant additive composition. [0218] S) A process as in Q) or R) wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0219] T) A process as in Q) or R) wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc and antimony trioxide, and optionally at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0220] U) A process as in any of M)-T) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate. [0221] V) A process as in Q) or R) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, wherein the process comprises combining at least one inorganic compound, and wherein the inorganic compounds are zinc borate and aluminum diethyl phosphinate. [0222] W) A process as in any of M)-V) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %. [0223] X) A process as in any of M)-V) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %. [0224] Y) A flame retarded polyolefin composition formed from [0225] i) at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom; [0226] ii) at least one inorganic compound; and [0227] iii) at least one brominated flame retardant in a flame retardant amount, wherein the brominated flame retardant contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from [0228] a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, [0229] b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, [0230] or a mixture of any two or more of these, and [0231] iv) at least one polyolefin, [0232] wherein the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 0.25 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition, and wherein the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 5 wt % or more inorganic compound, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition. [0233] Z) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in Y) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety. [0234] AA) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in Y) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine. [0235] AB) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of Y)-AA) which contains about 0.5 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition. [0236] AC) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in Y) wherein the inorganic compound is in an amount of about 10 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition. [0237] AD) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of Y)-AC) wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0238] AE) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of Y)-AC) wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc and antimony trioxide, and optionally at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0239] AF) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of Y)-AE) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate. [0240] AG) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of Y)-AC) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, wherein the composition comprises at least one inorganic compound, and wherein the inorganic compound is zinc borate and aluminum diethyl phosphinate. [0241] AH) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of Y)-AG) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %. [0242] AI) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of Y)-AG) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %. [0243] AJ) A process for forming a flame retarded polyolefin composition, which process comprises combining [0244] i) at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom; [0245] ii) at least one inorganic compound; [0246] iii) at least one brominated flame retardant in a flame retardant amount, wherein the brominated flame retardant contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from [0247] a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, [0248] b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, [0249] or a mixture of any two or more of these, and [0250] iv) at least one polyolefin, [0251] in amounts such that the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 0.25 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition, and wherein the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 5 wt % or more inorganic compound, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition. [0252] AK) A process as in AJ) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety. [0253] AL) A process as in AJ) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine. [0254] AM) A process as in any of AJ)-AL) which contains about 0.5 wt % or more glow suppressant, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition. [0255] AN) A process as in AJ) wherein the inorganic compound is in an amount such that the flame retarded polyolefin composition contains about 10 wt % or more inorganic compound, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition. [0256] AO) A process as in any of AJ)-AN) wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0257] AP) A process as in any of AJ)-AN) wherein the inorganic compound comprises talc and antimony trioxide, and optionally at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0258] AQ) A process as in any of AJ)-AP) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate. [0259] AR) A process as in any of AJ)-AM) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, and wherein the inorganic compounds are zinc borate and aluminum diethyl phosphinate. [0260] AS) A process as in any of AJ)-AR) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %. [0261] AT) A process as in any of AJ)-AR) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %. [0262] AU) A flame retarded polyolefin composition formed from at least one polyolefin and a flame retardant amount of a brominated flame retardant that contains aromatically-bound bromine and is a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a number average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %. [0263] AV) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in AU) wherein the flame retardant amount is about 5 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the flame retarded polyolefin composition. [0264] AW) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in AU) or AV) which comprises at least one inorganic compound. [0265] AX) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in AW) wherein the inorganic compounds comprise talc, antimony trioxide, zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0266] AY) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in AW) wherein the inorganic compounds are talc and antimony trioxide, and at least one inorganic compound selected from zinc borate, aluminum phosphinate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, calcium phosphinate, and/or hydrotalcite. [0267] AZ) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of AU)-AY) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %. [0268] BA) A flame retarded polyolefin composition as in any of AU)-AY) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %. [0269] BB) A masterbatch which comprises [0270] a polyolefin; and [0271] a brominated flame retardant that contains aromatically-bound bromine and is selected from [0272] a) a brominated anionic styrenic polymer having a weight average molecular weight of about 750 to about 7500, and/or a bromine content of about 60 wt % to about 77 wt %, [0273] b) a brominated anionic chain transfer vinyl aromatic polymer which contains about 70 wt % or more bromine, [0274] or a mixture of any two or more of these. [0275] BC) A masterbatch as in BB) which comprises at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom. [0276] BD) A masterbatch as in BB) which comprises at least one inorganic compound and at least one glow suppressant, wherein the glow suppressant is a compound comprising at least one 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom. [0277] BE) A masterbatch as in BC) or BD) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is an unsaturated ring moiety. [0278] BF) A masterbatch as in BC) or BD) wherein the 5-membered or 6-membered ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom of the glow suppressant is selected from triazole, piperidine, piperazine, triazine, and morpholine. [0279] BG) A masterbatch as in BB) which comprises at least one inorganic compound. [0280] BH) A masterbatch as in BD) or BG) wherein the inorganic compound comprises antimony trioxide. [0281] BI) A masterbatch as in any of BB)-BF) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate. [0282] BJ) A masterbatch as in BB) wherein the glow suppressant comprises melamine polyphosphate, wherein the masterbatch comprises at least one inorganic compound, and wherein the inorganic compound is antimony trioxde. [0283] BK) A masterbatch as in any of BB)-BJ) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 to about 4000, and/or a bromine content of about 70 wt % to about 77 wt %. [0284] BL) A masterbatch as in any of BB)-BJ) wherein the brominated anionic styrenic polymer is a brominated anionic polystyrene having a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 3500, and/or a bromine content of about 72 wt % to about 76 wt %.

[0285] Components referred to by chemical name or formula anywhere in the specification or claims hereof, whether referred to in the singular or plural, are identified as they exist prior to coming into contact with another substance referred to by chemical name or chemical type (e.g., another component, a solvent, or etc.). It matters not what chemical changes, transformations and/or reactions, if any, take place in the resulting mixture or solution as such changes, transformations, and/or reactions are the natural result of bringing the specified components together under the conditions called for pursuant to this disclosure. Thus the components are identified as ingredients to be brought together in connection with performing a desired operation or in forming a desired composition. Also, even though the claims hereinafter may refer to substances, components and/or ingredients in the present tense (“comprises”, “is”, etc.), the reference is to the substance, component or ingredient as it existed at the time just before it was first contacted, blended or mixed with one or more other substances, components and/or ingredients in accordance with the present disclosure. The fact that a substance, component or ingredient may have lost its original identity through a chemical reaction or transformation during the course of contacting, blending or mixing operations, if conducted in accordance with this disclosure and with ordinary skill of a chemist, is thus of no practical concern.

[0286] The invention may comprise, consist, or consist essentially of the materials and/or procedures recited herein.

[0287] As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredient in the compositions of the invention or employed in the methods of the invention refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods; and the like. The term about also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claims include equivalents to the quantities.

[0288] Except as may be expressly otherwise indicated, the article “a” or “an” if and as used herein is not intended to limit, and should not be construed as limiting, the description or a claim to a single element to which the article refers. Rather, the article “a” or “an” if and as used herein is intended to cover one or more such elements, unless the text expressly indicates otherwise.

[0289] This invention is susceptible to considerable variation in its practice. Therefore the foregoing description is not intended to limit, and should not be construed as limiting, the invention to the particular exemplifications presented hereinabove.