METHOD TO PREPARE VIRTUAL ASSAY USING SIMULATED DISTILLATION

Abstract

Systems and methods are disclosed for providing virtual assays of an oil sample such as crude oil based on simulated distillation (SD) carried out on the oil sample, and the density of the oil sample. The virtual assay provides a full range of information about fractions of the oil sample including naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil, vacuum residue, and other information about the properties of the oil sample. Using the system and method herein, the virtual assay data pertaining to these several fractions of the oil sample and the oil sample itself is obtained without fractionation of the oil sample into the several components.

Claims

1. A method for producing a virtual assay of an oil sample, wherein the oil sample is characterized by a density, selected from the group consisting of crude oil, bitumen and shale oil, and characterized by naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue fractions, the method comprising: entering into a computer simulated distillation (SD) data indicative of weight percent amount distilled across a range of boiling points of the oil sample without fractionation; calculating and assigning, as a function of the SD data, one or more analytical values (AV); and calculating and assigning, as a function of the one or more AVs and the density of the oil sample, virtual assay data of the oil sample and the naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue fractions, said virtual assay data comprising a plurality of assigned data values.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein virtual assay data comprises: a plurality of assigned assay data values pertaining to the oil sample including one or more of aromatic content, C5-asphaltenes content, elemental compositions of sulfur and nitrogen, micro-carbon residue content, total acid number and viscosity; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the vacuum residue fraction of the oil sample including one or more of elemental composition of sulfur and micro-carbon residue content; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the vacuum gas oil fraction of the oil sample including elemental compositions of one or more of sulfur and nitrogen; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the gas oil fraction of the oil sample including one or more of elemental compositions of sulfur and nitrogen, viscosity, and indicative properties including aniline point, cetane number, cloud point and pour point; and a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the naphtha fraction of the oil sample including one or more of aromatic content, elemental composition of hydrogen and sulfur, paraffin content and octane number.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein virtual assay data comprises: a plurality of assigned assay data values pertaining to the oil sample including aromatic content, C5-asphaltenes content, elemental compositions of sulfur and nitrogen, micro-carbon residue content, total acid number and viscosity; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the vacuum residue fraction of the oil sample including elemental composition of sulfur and micro-carbon residue content; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the vacuum gas oil fraction of the oil sample including elemental compositions of sulfur and nitrogen; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the gas oil fraction of the oil sample including elemental compositions of sulfur and nitrogen, viscosity, and indicative properties including aniline point, cetane number, cloud point and pour point; and a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the naphtha fraction of the oil sample including aromatic content, elemental composition of hydrogen and sulfur, paraffin content and octane number.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein virtual assay data further comprises: yields of fractions from the oil sample as mass fractions of boiling point ranges, including one or more of naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue; composition information of hydrogen sulfide and/or mercaptans in the oil sample and/or its fractions; elemental compositions of one or more of carbon, hydrogen, nickel, and vanadium; physical properties of the oil sample and/or its fractions including one or more of API gravity and refractive index; or indicative properties of the oil sample and/or its fractions including one or more of flash point, freezing point and smoke point.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein a single AV is used to calculate and assign the plurality of assigned data values, and wherein said AV is a mid boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data or an average boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data.

6. The method as in claim 5, wherein each assay value is determined by a multi-variable polynomial equation with predetermined constant coefficients developed using linear regression techniques, wherein corresponding variables are the AV and the density of the oil sample.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein each assay value is determined by
AD=K.sub.AD+X1.sub.AD*AV+X2.sub.AD*AV.sup.2+X3.sub.AD*AV.sup.3+X4.sub.AD*ρ*AV where: AD is the assigned assay value that is a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property; AV is the analytical value selected from the group consisting of the mid boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data or the average boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data; ρ is the density of the oil sample; and K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, and X4.sub.AD are constants.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein each assay value is determined by
AD=K.sub.AD+X1.sub.AD*ρ+X2.sub.AD*ρ.sup.2+X3.sub.AD*ρ.sup.3+X4.sub.AD*AV+X5.sub.AD*AV.sup.2+X6.sub.AD*AV.sup.3+X7.sub.AD*ρ*AV where: AD is the assigned assay value that is a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property; AV is the analytical value selected from the group consisting of the mid boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data or the average boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data; ρ is the density of the oil sample; and K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD, and X7.sub.AD are constants.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of AVs are used to calculate and assign the plurality of assigned data values, and wherein said plurality of AVs comprise analytical values AV(1) . . . AV(n) that are boiling points at n different distillation points of the oil sample derived from the SD data.

10. The method as in claim 9, wherein each assay value is determined by a multi-variable polynomial equation with predetermined constant coefficients developed using linear regression techniques, wherein corresponding variables are the AVs and the density of the oil sample.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein SD data is obtained by an analytic characterization technique selected from the group consisting of gas chromatography, true boiling point distillation, supercritical fluid chromatography, equilibrium flash and high temperature simulated distillation.

12. The method of any of claim 1, wherein SD data is obtained by gas chromatography.

13. A system for producing a virtual assay of an oil sample, wherein the oil sample is characterized by a density, selected from the group consisting of crude oil, bitumen and shale oil, and characterized by naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue fractions, the system comprising: an analytic characterization system that outputs simulated distillation (SD) data; a non-volatile memory device that stores calculation modules and data, the data including the SD data, wherein the SD data is indicative of weight percent amount distilled across a range of boiling points of the oil sample without fractionation; and a processor coupled to the non-volatile memory device; a first calculation module that is stored in the non-volatile memory device and that is executed by the processor, wherein the calculation module calculates, as a function of the SD data, one or more analytical values (AV); and a second calculation module that is stored in the non-volatile memory device and that is executed by the processor, wherein the second calculation module calculates, as a function of the one or more AVs and the density of the oil sample, virtual assay data of the oil sample and the naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue fractions, said virtual assay data comprising a plurality of assigned data values.

14. The system as in claim 13, wherein virtual assay data comprises: a plurality of assigned assay data values pertaining to the oil sample including aromatic content, C5-asphaltenes content, elemental compositions of sulfur and nitrogen, micro-carbon residue content, total acid number and viscosity; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the vacuum residue fraction of the oil sample including elemental composition of sulfur and micro-carbon residue content; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the vacuum gas oil fraction of the oil sample including elemental compositions of sulfur and nitrogen; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the gas oil fraction of the oil sample including elemental compositions of sulfur and nitrogen, viscosity, and indicative properties including aniline point, cetane number, cloud point and pour point; a plurality of assigned assay values pertaining to the naphtha fraction of the oil sample including aromatic content, elemental composition of hydrogen and sulfur, paraffin content and octane number.

15. (canceled)

16. The system of claim 13, wherein a single AV is used in the second calculation module, and wherein said AV is a mid boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data or an average boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data.

17. The system as in claim 16, wherein each assay value is calculated and assigned by the second calculation module with a multi-variable polynomial equation with predetermined constant coefficients developed using linear regression techniques, wherein corresponding variables are the AV and the density of the oil sample.

18. The system as in claim 17, wherein each assay value is calculated and assigned by the second calculation module with a function:
AD=K.sub.AD+X1.sub.AD*AV+X2.sub.AD*AV.sup.2±X3.sub.AD*AV.sup.3+X4.sub.AD*ρ*AV where: AD is the assigned assay value that is a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property; AV is the analytical value selected from the group consisting of the mid boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data or the average boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data; ρ is the density of the oil sample; and K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, and X4.sub.AD are constants.

19. The system as in claim 17, wherein each assay value is calculated and assigned by the second calculation module with the function:
AD=K.sub.AD+X1.sub.AD*ρ+X2.sub.AD*ρ.sup.2+X3.sub.AD*ρ.sup.3+X4.sub.AD*AV+X5.sub.AD*AV.sup.2+X6.sub.AD*AV.sup.3+X7.sub.AD*ρ*AV where: AD is the assigned assay value that is a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property; AV is the analytical value selected from the group consisting of the mid boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data or the average boiling point of the oil sample derived from the SD data; ρ is the density of the oil sample; and K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD, and X7.sub.AD are constants.

20. The system of claim 13, wherein a plurality of AVs are used in the second calculation module, and wherein said plurality of AVs comprise analytical values AV(1) . . . AV(n) that are boiling points at n different distillation points of the oil sample derived from the SD data, and wherein each assay value is calculated and assigned by the second calculation module with a multi-variable polynomial equation with predetermined constant coefficients developed using linear regression techniques, wherein corresponding variables are the AVs and the density of the oil sample.

21. The system of claim 13, wherein the analytic characterization system is selected from the group consisting of a gas chromatography system, a true boiling point distillation system, a supercritical fluid chromatography system, an equilibrium flash system and a high temperature simulated distillation system.

22. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] FIG. 1 is process flow diagram of steps used to implement the method described herein for providing virtual assays of an oil sample such as crude oil based on simulated distillation.

[0040] FIG. 2 is a graphic plot of simulated distillation data obtained from gas chromatography carried out on three types of crude oil including an oil sample under investigation in the example herein.

[0041] FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram of steps used in an example herein to provide a virtual assay of a crude oil sample based on simulated distillation.

[0042] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a component of a system for implementing the invention, according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] Systems and methods are disclosed for providing virtual assays of an oil sample such as crude oil based on simulated distillation (SD) carried out on the oil sample, and the density of the oil sample. The virtual assay provides a full range of information about fractions of the oil sample including naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil, vacuum residue, and other information about the properties of the oil sample. Using the system and method herein, the virtual assay data pertaining to these several fractions of the oil sample and the oil sample itself is obtained without fractionation of the oil sample into the several components.

[0044] Concerning the naphtha fraction, assigned assay values for the virtual assay include: elemental composition values included in the virtual assay comprise one or more of hydrogen content, aromatic content, paraffin content and sulfur content; and an indicative property included in the virtual assay comprises an octane number. Concerning the gas oil fraction, assigned assay values for the virtual assay include: elemental composition values included in the virtual assay comprise one or more of sulfur content and nitrogen content; physical properties included in the virtual assay comprises viscosity and pour point; and indicative properties included in the virtual assay comprise one or more of aniline point, cetane number and cloud point. Concerning the vacuum gas oil fraction, assigned assay values for the virtual assay include: elemental composition values included in the virtual assay comprise one or more of sulfur content, nitrogen content and micro carbon residue content. Concerning the vacuum residue, assigned assay values for the virtual assay include: elemental composition values included in the virtual assay comprise one or more of sulfur content and micro carbon residue content. Concerning the full range of the oil sample, assigned assay values for the virtual assay include: elemental composition values included in the virtual assay comprise one or more of asphaltene content, sulfur content, nitrogen content and total acids content (total acid number, mg KOH/100 g); and physical properties included in the virtual assay comprises viscosity and pour point.

[0045] In certain embodiments of the virtual assay provided herein, the “naphtha fraction” refers to a straight run fractions from atmospheric distillation containing hydrocarbons having a nominal boiling range of about 20-205, 20-193, 20-190, 20-180, 20-170, 32-205, 32-193, 32-190, 32-180, 32-170, 36-205, 36-193, 36-190, 36-180 or 36-170° C.; the “gas oil fraction” refers to a straight run fractions from atmospheric distillation containing hydrocarbons having a nominal boiling range of about 170-400, 170-380, 170-370, 170-360, 180-400, 180-380, 180-370, 180-360, 190-400, 190-380, 190-370, 190-360, 193-400, 193-380, 193-370 or 193-360° C.; the “vacuum gas oil fraction” refers to a straight run fractions from vacuum distillation containing hydrocarbons having a nominal boiling range of about 360-565, 360-550, 360-540, 360-530, 360-520, 360-510, 370-565, 370-550, 370-540, 370-530, 370-520, 370-510, 380-565, 380-550, 380-540, 380-530, 380-520, 380-510, 400-565, 400-550, 400-540, 400-530, 400-520 or 400-510° C.; and “vacuum residue” refers to the bottom hydrocarbons from vacuum distillation having an initial boiling point corresponding to the end point of the VGO range hydrocarbons, for example about 510, 520, 530, 540, 550 or 565° C., and having an end point based on the characteristics of the crude oil feed.

[0046] The system and method is applicable for naturally occurring hydrocarbons derived from crude oils, bitumens or shale oils, and heavy oils from refinery process units including hydrotreating, hydroprocessing, fluid catalytic cracking, coking, and visbreaking or coal liquefaction. Samples can be obtained from various sources, including an oil well, core cuttings, oil well drilling cuttings, stabilizer, extractor, or distillation tower. In certain embodiments system and method is applicable for crude oil, whereby a virtual assay is obtained using the systems and methods herein without the extensive laboratory work required for distillation and analysis of each of the individual fractions.

[0047] Referring to FIG. 1, a process flow diagram of steps carried out to obtain a virtual assay 195 is provided. Prior to carrying out the steps outlined in FIG. 1, a set of constants is obtained for each of the elemental composition values/physical properties/indicative properties to be calculated using the process and system disclosed herein to obtain a virtual assay, represented as dataset 105. The set of constants can be developed, for instance by linear regression techniques, based on empirical data of a plurality of crude oil assays and analyses using conventional techniques including distillation and industry-established testing methods to obtain the crude oil assay data. Examples of sets of constants used for calculating assigned assay values to produce the virtual assay 195 based on various analytic characterization techniques are provided herein.

[0048] At step 110, the density if the oil sample is provided (steps for obtaining this density are not shown and can be carried out as is known, in certain embodiments a 15° C./4° C. density in units of kilograms per liter using the method described in ASTM D4052); this density value can be stored in memory with other data pertaining to the oil sample, or conveyed directly to the one or more steps as part of the functions thereof. In step 115, if necessary, the oil sample is prepared for a particular analytic characterization technique (shown in dashed lines as optional). In step 120, analytic characterization of the oil sample, or the oil sample prepared as in step 115, without fractionation, is carried out. As a result, analytic characterization data 125 is obtained.

[0049] In step 130, the analytic characterization data 125 is used to calculate one or more analytical values 135, which are one common analytical value or a common set of analytical values used in subsequent steps to calculate a plurality of different elemental composition values/physical properties/indicative properties that make up the virtual assay. In the embodiments herein the one common analytical value or common set of analytical values comprise a mid boiling point, average boiling point (for instance weighted average boiling point, WABP) or set of boiling points and different distillation points. For example a gas chromatogram is used, including a graph of distillation temperature versus weight percent distilled, to obtain i) the mid boiling point (50 weight % distillation) of the oil sample derived from SD data or curve, ii) average boiling point (for instance a weighted average boiling point) of the oil sample derived from SD data or curve, or iii) n boiling points at n different distillation points of the oil sample.

[0050] Steps 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180 are used to calculate and assign a plurality of different elemental composition values/physical properties/indicative properties that make up the virtual assay 195, for each of a total oil sample, a naphtha fraction, a gas oil fraction, a vacuum gas oil fraction and a vacuum residue fraction, respectively. Each of the steps produces corresponding assigned assay values for the virtual assay 195, include including assigned assay values 145 pertaining to the total oil sample, assigned assay values 155 pertaining to a naphtha fraction, assigned assay values 165 pertaining to a gas oil fraction, assigned assay values 175 pertaining to a vacuum gas oil fraction and assigned assay values 185 pertaining to a vacuum residue fraction.

[0051] In certain embodiments, the steps are carried out in any predetermined sequence, or in no particular sequence, depending on the procedures in the calculation modules. In certain embodiments, the steps are carried out in parallel. The process herein uses a common analytical value, or set of analytical values, in conjunction with the set of constants and the density of the oil sample, for each of the assigned assay values (elemental composition values/physical properties/indicative properties) in the given virtual oil sample assay 195 produced at step 190. For instance, each of the steps 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180 are carried in any sequence and/or in parallel out as show using the equations herein for various analytical values or sets of analytical values.

[0052] The assigned assay values from each of the fractions and the total oil sample are compiled and presented as a virtual assay 195, which can be, for instance, printed or rendered on a display visible to, or otherwise communicated to, a user to understand the composition and properties of the crude. With the virtual assay 195, users such as customers, producers, refiners, and marketers can benchmark the oil quality. The virtual assay 195 can be used to guide decisions related to an appropriate refinery or refining unit, for processing the oil from which the oil sample is obtained, and/or for processing one or more of the fractions thereof. In addition the assigned assay values including the indicative properties are used to determine the engine/fuel performance or usability or flow characteristic or composition. This can be accomplished using the method and system herein without performing the customary extensive and time-consuming crude oil assays.

[0053] The assigned assay values for the virtual assay herein are calculated as a function of one or more analytical values, and the density of the oil sample, as denoted at (1).

AD=f(ρ,AV)  (1)

[0054] where: [0055] AD is the assigned assay value (for example a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property); [0056] AV is an analytical value of the oil sample, wherein AV can be a single analytical value, or wherein AV can be AV(1) . . . AV(n) as plural analytical values of the oil sample, wherein n is an integer of 2 or more, in certain embodiments 2, 3 or 4; and [0057] ρ is the density of the oil sample, in certain embodiments a 15° C./4° C. density in units of kilograms per liter using the method described in ASTM D4052.

[0058] According to an embodiment of the system and method described herein, an analytical value AV is derived from simulated distillation curves of the oil sample, for instance obtained by gas chromatography carried out on the oil sample. An analytical value can include a single AV as a mid boiling point (50 weight % distillation) or as an average boiling point (for instance a weighted average boiling point) of the oil sample. In certain embodiments, plural analytical values AV(1) . . . AV(n) are derived from simulated distillation curves of the oil sample, for instance boiling points at n different distillation points of the oil sample. Advantageously, the method and system herein deploy analytical characterization by simulated distillation to carry out analysis of the oil sample without fractionating, obtain an analytical value or set of analytical values based on the simulated distillation data, for instance obtained by gas chromatography analysis of the oil sample, and use the analytical value or set of analytical values, and the density of the oil sample, to obtain a plurality of assigned assay values (for example a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property) to produce a virtual assay of the oil sample.

[0059] In one embodiment, an assigned assay value is calculated used a third degree multi variable polynomial equation including the analytical value, the density of the oil sample, and a plurality of constants, for example predetermined by linear regression, as denoted in equation (2a).

AD=K.sub.AD+X1.sub.AD*AV+X2.sub.AD*AV.sup.2+X3.sub.AD*AV.sup.3+X4.sub.AD*ρ*AV  (2a)

[0060] where: [0061] AD is the assigned assay value (for example a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property); [0062] AV is an analytical value of the oil sample; [0063] ρ is the density of the oil sample, in certain embodiments a 15° C./4° C. density in units of kilograms per liter using the method described in ASTM D4052; and [0064] K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, and X4.sub.AD are constants, for instance, developed using linear regression techniques (note that in certain embodiments and for certain assigned assay values, one or more of K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD and X4.sub.AD is/are not used, or is/are zero).

[0065] In another embodiment, an assigned assay value is calculated used a third degree multi variable polynomial equation including the analytical value, the density of the oil sample, and a plurality of constants, for example predetermined by linear regression, as denoted in equation (2b).

AD=K.sub.AD+X1.sub.AD*ρ+X2.sub.AD*ρ.sup.2+X3.sub.AD*ρ.sup.3+X4.sub.AD*AV+X5.sub.AD*AV.sup.2+X6.sub.AD*AV.sup.3+X7.sub.AD*ρ*AV  (2b)

[0066] where: [0067] AD is the assigned assay value (for example a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property); [0068] AV is an analytical value of the oil sample; [0069] ρ is the density of the oil sample, in certain embodiments a 15° C./4° C. density in units of kilograms per liter using the method described in ASTM D4052; and [0070] K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD and X7.sub.AD are constants, for instance, developed using linear regression techniques (note that in certain embodiments and for certain assigned assay values, one or more of K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD and X7.sub.AD is/are not used, or is/are zero).

[0071] Assigned assay values that can be determined and included for display or presentation to the user in the virtual assay produced using the systems and methods herein include one or more of: [0072] elemental composition of the oil sample and its fractions including the sulfur and nitrogen compositions; [0073] TAN (total acid number) of the oil sample; [0074] composition of certain desirable and undesirable compounds or types of compounds present in the oil sample and/or its fractions, including one or more of, micro carbon residue, C5-asphaltenes (the yield of asphaltenes using separation based on C5 paraffins as deasphalting solvent), paraffins, aromatics, and naphthenes; [0075] physical properties of the oil sample and/or its fractions including viscosity such as kinematic viscosity; [0076] indicative properties of the oil sample and/or its fractions, including one or more of cloud point, pour point, research octane number, cetane number and aniline point.
In certain embodiments, the assigned assay values can include yields of fractions from the oil sample, for example as mass fractions of boiling point ranges, including one or more of naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue. In certain embodiments, the assigned assay values can include composition information of hydrogen sulfide and/or mercaptans in the oil sample and/or its fractions. In certain embodiments, the assigned assay values can include elemental compositions of one or more of carbon, hydrogen, nickel, and vanadium. In certain embodiments, the assigned assay values can include physical properties of the oil sample and/or its fractions including one or more of API gravity and refractive index. In certain embodiments, the assigned assay values can include indicative properties of the oil sample and/or its fractions including one or more of flash point, freezing point and smoke point.

[0077] In certain embodiments, a method for producing a virtual assay of an uncharacterized oil sample is provided. The uncharacterized oil sample is characterized by a density, selected from the group consisting of crude oil, bitumen and shale oil, and characterized by naphtha, gas oil, vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue fractions. The virtual assay comprises a plurality of assigned data values. The uncharacterized oil sample is obtained, for instance the sample being between one to two milliliters in volume and not subject to any fractionation. A plurality of known data values (corresponding to the assigned data values used in the virtual assay) for known oil samples with known densities (which known oil samples exclude the uncharacterized oil sample) are obtained. This data is obtained from empirical data of a plurality of existing crude oil assays and/or analyses using conventional techniques including distillation and industry-established testing methods. One or more selected analytical techniques are carried out on the each of the known oil samples, and one or more analytical values are calculated for each of the known oil samples. The one or more selected analytical techniques are carried out on the uncharacterized oil sample, and one or more analytical values are calculated for the uncharacterized oil sample. Constants of a polynomial equation are obtained, and the polynomial equation is used to determine a plurality of assigned data values that make up the virtual assay of the uncharacterized oil sample. The polynomial equation is a function of density and the one or more analytical values of the uncharacterized oil sample. The constants of the polynomial equation are determined using a fitting method to fit the plurality of known data values of the plurality of known oil samples to the plurality of values of the density of the plurality of known oil samples and the plurality of the one or more analytical values for the plurality of known oil samples.

[0078] Rather than relying on conventional techniques including distillation and laborious, costly and time-consuming analytical methods to measure/identify data regarding the crude oil and/or its fractions including elemental composition, physical properties and indicative properties, as little as 1 gram of oil can be analyzed. From the analysis of a relatively small quantity of the oil sample, the assigned assay values are determined by direct calculation, without requiring distillation/fractionization.

[0079] Simulated distillation (SD) data is obtained by using an analytic characterization system, such as a gas chromatography, true boiling point distillation, supercritical fluid chromatography, equilibrium flash, or high temperature simulated distillation system, that is employed on a relatively small quality of an oil sample, such as crude oil. The analytic characterization system and corresponding technique is carried out using the full range of the oil sample, without fractionating. An analytical value or set of analytical values comprises or consists of i) the mid boiling point (50 weight % distillation) of the oil sample derived from SD data or curve, ii) average boiling point (for instance a weighted average boiling point) of the oil sample derived from SD data or curve, or iii) plural analytical values AV(1) . . . AV(n) derived from SD data or curve of the oil sample, for instance boiling points at n different distillation points of the oil sample. The analytical value or set of analytical values are obtained from said analytical characterization technique and is/are used to calculate and assign physical and indicative properties that are the requisite data for the virtual oil sample assay. The method and system provide insight into the properties of oil sample, the naphtha fraction, the gas oil fraction, the vacuum gas oil fraction, and the vacuum residue fraction, without fractionation/distillation (conventional crude oil assays). The virtual oil sample assay will help producers, refiners, and marketers benchmark the oil quality and, as a result, evaluate (qualitatively and economically) the oils without going thru costly and time consuming crude oil assays. Whereas a conventional crude oil assay method could take up to two months, the method and system herein can provide a virtual assay in less than one day and in certain embodiments less than 1-2 hours. In addition, the method and system herein carried out at 1% or less of the cost of a traditional assay requiring distillation/fractionization follows by individual testing for each type of property and for each fraction.

[0080] The systems and methods herein are implemented using the i) the mid boiling point (50 weight % distillation) of the oil sample derived from SD data or curve, ii) average boiling point (for instance a weighted average boiling point) of the oil sample derived from SD data or curve, or iii) plural analytical values AV(1) . . . AV(n) derived from SD data or curve of the oil sample, for instance boiling points at n different distillation points of the oil sample, as the analytical value(s) in equations (1), and (2a) or (2b), above. Embodiments of such methods are described in the context of assigning an indicative property to a fraction of an oil sample in commonly owned U.S. Ser. No. 11/022,588B2, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In the systems and methods herein, and with reference to FIG. 1, a virtual assay 195 of an oil sample is obtained at step 190, wherein each assigned data value of the virtual assay is a function of the density of the oil sample and the SD data based on analysis of the oil sample. The virtual assay provides information about the oil sample and individual fractions thereof to help producers, refiners, and marketers benchmark the oil quality and, as a result, evaluate the oils without performing the customary extensive and time-consuming crude oil assays involving fractionation/distillation and several individual and discrete tests.

[0081] The oil sample is optionally prepared, step 115, by dissolving the oil sample in a suitable solvent for the selected analytic characterization technique, such as gas chromatography, true boiling point distillation, supercritical fluid chromatography, equilibrium flash, or high temperature simulated distillation, in order to obtain SD data or curve. In certain embodiments, the oil sample can be directly analyzed, and step 115 is avoided, and accordingly step 115 is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 1. In certain embodiments, gas chromatography according to the ASTM Method D2887 and/or its derivation for high temperature can be used with direct injection of the oil sample. In other embodiments, a solution can be formed of the oil sample and a suitable gas chromatography solvent, such as toluene, pentane or other suitable solvent, in which case the gas chromatography data is known, and thus can be subtracted from the gas chromatogram to yield accurate gas chromatography data pertaining to the oil sample.

[0082] The solution or oil sample is analyzed, step 120, and SD data or curve is obtained. Step 120 is carried out and the analytic characterization data, the SD data or curve, is entered into the computer system 400 described herein with respect to FIG. 4, for example stored into non-volatile memory of the via data storage memory 480, represented as the analytic characterization data 125. This can be carried out by a raw data receiving module stored in the program storage memory 470.

[0083] Analytical values are obtained, step 130, from the SD data or curve. The analytical values obtained from the SD data derived from any of the described analytical techniques, for example gas chromatography, include mid boiling point, average boiling point (for instance weighted average boiling point, WABP), or plural boiling points derived from SD data or curve of the oil sample. Step 130 is carried out, for example, by execution by the processor 420 of one or more modules stored in the program storage memory 470, and the analytical values 135, the index, is stored in the program storage memory 470 or the data storage memory 480, for use in the modules determining the assigned data values. In certain embodiments, the density of the oil sample, provided at step 110, is stored in the program storage memory 470 or the data storage memory 480, for use in the modules determining the assigned data values; this can be carried out by a raw data receiving module stored in the program storage memory 470.

[0084] The assigned data values including virtual assay data 145 pertaining to the total oil sample, virtual assay data 155 pertaining to a naphtha fraction, virtual assay data 165 pertaining to a gas oil fraction, virtual assay data 175 pertaining to a vacuum gas oil fraction, virtual assay data 185 pertaining to a vacuum residue fraction, are obtained according to the functions described herein, for example, in the corresponding steps 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180. The constants used for determining the assigned data values, are provided at step 105 and are stored in the program storage memory 470 or the data storage memory 480, for use in the modules determining the assigned data values. The steps for obtaining the assigned data values are carried out, for example, by execution by the processor 420 of one or more modules stored in the program storage memory 470, and the several assigned data values are calculated and stored in the data storage memory 480, presented on the display 410 and/or presented to the user by some other output device such as a printer.

[0085] SD is a technique which separates individual hydrocarbon components in the order of their boiling points, and is used to simulate time-consuming laboratory-scale physical distillation procedures. The resulting data is indicative of weight percent amount distilled across a range of boiling points of the oil sample. In one embodiment gas chromatography is used to obtain SD data pertaining to the oil sample. The separation is usually accomplished with a gas chromatograph equipped with a chromatography column coated with a nonpolar (hydrocarbon-like) stationary phase, an oven and injector which can be temperature programmed. A flame ionization detector (FID) is used for detection and measurement of the hydrocarbon analytes. The SD analysis result provides a quantitative percent mass yield as a function of boiling point of the hydrocarbon components of the sample being analyzed. The chromatographic elution times of the hydrocarbon components are calibrated to the atmospheric equivalent boiling point (AEBP) of the individual n-alkane as described in a method from the ASTM by using n-alkane (n-paraffin) reference material. In the SD method ASTM D2887, the n-alkane calibration reference covers the boiling range 55-538° C. (100-1000° F.) which covers the n-alkanes with a chain length of about C5-C44.

[0086] Alternative methods may be used, including ASTM D5236, ASTM D86, ASTM D5399, ASTM D6352-04, ASTM D7213-05, ASTM D7398-07, ASTM D7169-05, ASTM D7096-10, ASTM D7500-10, ASTM D5307-97, ASTM D1160, ASTM D2892, or any other methods based upon gas chromatography, true boiling point distillation, supercritical fluid chromatography, and equilibrium flash. There are well-known correlations to convert distillation numbers: for example, if the true boiling point distillation (ASTM D2892) is known, the SD data (ASTM D2887) can be estimated. While there are not yet ASTM methods using supercritical fluid chromatography, non-standardized lab methods are known.

[0087] In a high temperature simulated distillation method (HTSD), the n-alkane calibration reference (a hydrogenated polyolefin wax, polywax 655) covers the boiling range 36-750° C. (97-1382° F.) which covers the n-alkanes with a chain length of about C5-C120. A key difference between ASTM D2887 and HTSD is the ability of HTSD to handle residue-containing samples (i.e. material boiling >538° C. or 1000° F.). SD and laboratory-scale physical distillation methods are routinely used for determining boiling ranges of petroleum crude oils and refined products. The boiling points with yield profile data of these materials are used by refinery engineers to make operational decisions to improve product yields and product quality. SD is valuable for, and can improve results from, computer modeling of refining processes for improvements in design and process optimization. Precise yield correlations between HTSD and crude assay distillation (a procedure which uses methods ASTM D2892 and D5236) have allowed HTSD to be successfully used in place of the physical distillation procedures.

[0088] The determination of the assigned data is carried out using variables comprising or consisting of the simulated distillation mid boiling point or average boiling point of the oil sample, as determined by a simulated distillation data obtained by gas chromatography analysis of the oil sample, and the density of the oil sample.

AD=f(ρ,T.sub.MBP))  (3)

[0089] where: [0090] AD is the assigned data value (for example a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property); [0091] T.sub.MBP=mid boiling point of the oil sample as determined by simulated distillation, in Celsius; and [0092] ρ is the density of the oil sample, in certain embodiments a 15° C./4° C. density in units of kilograms per liter using the method described in ASTM D4052.

AD=f(ρ,T.sub.WABP))  (4)

[0093] where: [0094] AD is the assigned data value (for example a value and/or property representative of an elemental composition value, a physical property or an indicative property); [0095] T.sub.WABP=weighted average boiling point of the oil sample as determined by simulated distillation, in Celsius; and [0096] ρ is the density of the oil sample, in certain embodiments a 15° C./4° C. density in units of kilograms per liter using the method described in ASTM D4052.
For example, this relationship can be expressed as follows:

AD=K.sub.AD+X1.sub.AD*ρ+X2.sub.AD*ρ.sup.2+X3.sub.AD*ρ.sup.3+X4.sub.AD*(T.sub.MBP)+X5.sub.AD*(T.sub.MBP).sup.2+X6.sub.AD*(T.sub.MBP).sup.3+X7.sub.AD*ρ*(T.sub.MBP)  (5)

[0097] where AD, T.sub.MBP and ρ are as in equation (3), and where: [0098] K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD and X7.sub.AD are constants, for instance, developed using linear regression techniques, for each AD to be determined (note that in certain embodiments and for certain assigned assay values, one or more of K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD and X7.sub.AD is/are not used, or is/are zero).

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{AD}=K_{\mathrm{AD}}+X{1}_{\mathrm{AD}}*\rho +X{2}_{\mathrm{AD}}*{\rho }^2+X{3}_{\mathrm{AD}}*{\rho }^3+X{4}_{\mathrm{AD}}*\left(T_{\mathrm{WABP}}\right)+X{5}_{\mathrm{AD}}*{\left(T_{\mathrm{WABP}}\right)}^2+X{6}_{\mathrm{AD}}*{\left(T_{\mathrm{WABP}}\right)}^3+X{7}_{\mathrm{AD}}*\rho *\left(T_{\mathrm{WABP}}\right)& \left(6\right)\end{array}$

[0099] where AD, T.sub.WABP and ρ are as in equation (4), and where: [0100] K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD and X7.sub.AD are constants, for instance, developed using linear regression techniques, for each AD to be determined (note that in certain embodiments and for certain assigned assay values, one or more of K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD and X7.sub.AD is/are not used, or is/are zero).

[0101] Using the equations (5) and/or (6), one or more assigned data values AD are determined using the simulated distillation mid boiling point or average boiling point of the oil sample, for example obtained by gas chromatography analysis of the oil sample, and the density of the oil sample.

[0102] Table 3 lists assigned data for a virtual assay of an oil sample under investigation, with descriptions, abbreviations and units, for each assigned data property for the naphtha fraction, the gas oil fraction, the vacuum gas oil fraction, the vacuum residue fraction and the overall oil sample. Table 3 further provides exemplary constants, for instance, developed using linear regression techniques, for plural assigned data values to be determined based on the density of the oil sample and the mid boiling point of the oil sample as determined by simulated distillation of the oil sample. It is to be understood that although not shown, a set of constants can also be developed for embodiments in which the calculated assigned values are based on the density of the oil sample and the average boiling point of the oil sample as determined by simulated distillation of the oil sample. In certain embodiments the simulated distillation is a chromatogram obtained by a GC analysis of the oil sample, and these constants are used in the Example below with the calculated values provided in Table 5 compared to the actual values as determined by a conventional crude oil assay.

[0103] The constants, for example as in Table 3, are stored, as in step 105 in the process flow diagram of FIG. 1. These are used in one or more calculation modules to obtain the virtual assay 195 of an oil sample as in step 190, in conjunction with the analytical values obtained in step 130 based upon simulated distillation data obtained in step 120, the simulated distillation mid boiling point or average boiling point of the oil sample. In certain embodiments the simulated distillation data is obtained from the gas chromatography. In certain embodiments the constants are stored as in step 105, and the density is stored as in step 110; the constants are used in one or more calculation modules to obtain the virtual assay 195 of an oil sample as in step 190, in conjunction with density of the oil sample stored in step 110 and the analytical values obtained in step 130 based upon simulated distillation data obtained in step 120. As shown, modules are separated based on the fraction for which assigned data values are obtained, but is it understood that they can be arranged in any manner so as to provide all of the assigned data values required for the virtual assay of the oil sample.

[0104] In certain embodiments, the assigned data values including virtual assay data 145 pertaining to the total oil sample, virtual assay data 155 pertaining to a naphtha fraction, virtual assay data 165 pertaining to a gas oil fraction, virtual assay data 175 pertaining to a vacuum gas oil fraction and virtual assay data 185 pertaining to a vacuum residue fraction. This data is obtained according to the functions (3) and/or (4) described above (for example expressed as in equations (5) and/or (6) described above, for example, with the corresponding modules/steps 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180.

[0105] In step 130, the mid boiling point temperature or the average boiling point (which can be a weighted average boiling point) is determined. The mid boiling point temperature is obtained as the 50 W % point of the simulated distillation data.

[0106] In other embodiments, the average of boiling points can be taken, for example as a weighted average boiling point (WABP), as shown in equation (7) below:

[00002]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{WABP}=\frac{\left(T_{10}*10\right)+\left(T_{30}*30\right)+\left(T_{50}*50\right)+\left(T_{70}*70\right)+T_{90}*90)}{10+30+50+70+90}& \left(7\right)\end{array}$

where T10 is the boiling temperature of oil determined when 10 W % or V % of the fraction is recovered during the distillation, and where T30, T50, T70 and T90 are determined accordingly.

[0107] An example calculation of WABP is presented. An example set of simulated distillation data is: 10 W %/149° C.; 30 W %/230° C.; 50 W %/282° C.; 70 W %/325° C.; 90 W %/371° C. For instance, when the sample is distilled, the boiling point of the sample is determined to be 149° C. when 10 W % of the sample is recovered. Thus, T10 is 149° C., and the other figures are determined similarly, and WABT=[149*10+230*30+282*50+325*70+371*90]/[10+30+50+70+90]=314.5° C. (315° C. with consistent significant digits for the temperature values).

Example

[0108] Crude oil samples, including a crude oil sample as the oil sample under investigation, were prepared and analyzed by gas chromatography according to the methods described herein. FIG. 2 shows a simulated distillation chart obtained from a gas chromatogram of the oil sample. FIG. 3 shows a process flow chart of steps for a method of obtaining a virtual oil sample assay based on simulated distillation. In step 305, constants are obtained, for example corresponding to the data in Table 4. In step 310, the density of the oil sample is obtained. In the Example, the oil sample is Arabian medium crude with a 15° C./4° C. density of 0.8828 Kg/L, determined using the method described in ASTM D4052. In step 320, analytic characterization of the oil sample, without fractionation, is carried out to obtain simulated distillation data. Simulated distillation of crude oil samples as the oil samples for analysis was obtained by the analytic characterization technique, gas chromatography according to the ASTM Method D2887 and/or its derivation for high temperature. A typical simulated distillation chart obtained from a gas chromatogram of the oil sample (crude oil) is shown in FIG. 2, where the W % of distilled fractions is plotted against the boiling temperature; the data pertaining to this simulated distillation chart is obtained and stored as the analytic characterization data in step 325. The assigned data values can be determined from the density (at 15° C./4° C.) and the mid boiling point of the oil sample (T.sub.MBP) or an average boiling point (which can be a weighted average boiling point), measured in Celsius. The oil sample was analyzed by gas chromatography using the ASTM D2887 method. The simulated distillation data is shown in Table 4.

[0109] In step 330, analytical values are determined, based on the simulated distillation data stored at step 325. The mid boiling point (T.sub.MBP) of the oil sample is taken from the data at the 50 W % point, which is 383.6° C. (657 K). Alternatively, the average boiling point (T.sub.ABP) (which can be a weighted average boiling point (T.sub.WABP)), can be determined as the analytical value, as described herein.

[0110] The T.sub.MBP (alternatively T.sub.ABP or T.sub.WABP), stored at step 335, is applied to step 390. At step 390, Equation (5) and the constants from Table 3 are applied for each of the listed ADs, using the variable T.sub.MBP (alternatively T.sub.ABP or T.sub.WABP), stored at step 335, the constants stored at step 305, and the density of the oil sample stored at step 310. Each of the determined ADs can be added to a virtual assay 395 of the oil sample. For example, this can be carried out as one step, or as plural steps, for instance, similar to steps 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180 described herein in conjunction with FIG. 1 to calculate a plurality of different elemental composition values/physical properties/indicative properties that make up the virtual assay, for each of a total oil sample, a naphtha fraction, a gas oil fraction, a vacuum gas oil fraction and a vacuum residue fraction, respectively, and to produce the virtual oil sample assay 195 at step 190.

[0111] In one example, Equation (5) is applied to each of the ADs that make up the virtual assay including those identified in Table 3, using the corresponding units. In addition, the constants denoted in Table 3 are used as the constants K.sub.AD, X1.sub.AD, X2.sub.AD, X3.sub.AD, X4.sub.AD, X5.sub.AD, X6.sub.AD and X7.sub.AD) in equation (5); the T.sub.MBP based on the data in Table 4 and the chromatogram of FIG. 2, determined to be 383.6° C., is used in equation (5); and the density p used in equation (5) for the of the oil sample under investigation is the 15° C./4° C. density in units of kilograms per liter using the method described in ASTM D4052, which is 0.8828 Kg/L. The calculated AD values are provided for the oil sample under investigation in Table 5, compared to the actual values obtained using a conventional crude oil assay.

[0112] FIG. 4 shows an exemplary block diagram of a computer system 400 in which one embodiment of the present invention can be implemented. Computer system 400 includes a processor 420, such as a central processing unit, an input/output interface 430 and support circuitry 440. In certain embodiments, where the computer system 400 requires a direct human interface, a display 410 and an input device 450 such as a keyboard, mouse, pointer, motion sensor, microphone and/or camera are also provided. The display 410, input device 450, processor 420, and support circuitry 440 are shown connected to a bus 490 which also connects to a memory 460. Memory 460 includes program storage memory 470 and data storage memory 480. Note that while computer system 400 is depicted with direct human interface components display 410 and input device 450, programming of modules and exportation of data can alternatively be accomplished over the input/output interface 430, for instance, where the computer system 400 is connected to a network and the programming and display operations occur on another associated computer, or via a detachable input device as is known with respect to interfacing programmable logic controllers.

[0113] Program storage memory 470 and data storage memory 480 can each comprise volatile (RAM) and non-volatile (ROM) memory units and can also comprise hard disk and backup storage capacity, and both program storage memory 470 and data storage memory 480 can be embodied in a single memory device or separated in plural memory devices. Program storage memory 470 stores software program modules and associated data and stores one or more of: a raw data receiving module 471, having one or more software programs adapted to receive the analytic characterization data 125, for instance obtained at step 120 in the process flow diagram of FIG. 1; an analytical value calculation module 472, having one or more software programs adapted to determine one or more analytical values 135 based on the type of analytic characterization data 125 received by module 471, for instance calculated at step 130 in the process flow diagram of FIG. 1 using SD data derived from any of the described analytical techniques, for example gas chromatography, where the one or more analytical values 135 include mid boiling point, average boiling point (for instance weighted average boiling point, WABP), or plural boiling points derived from SD data or curve of the oil sample; one or more assigned assay value calculation modules 473, having one or more software programs adapted to determine a plurality of assigned assay values to produce a virtual assay 195 of an oil sample, for instance using the one or more analytical values 135 calculated by module 472 and the set of constants 105 (and in certain embodiments the density 110), for instance as in step 190 in the process flow diagram of FIG. 1 (in certain embodiments using steps 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180 to calculate and assign a plurality of different elemental composition values/physical properties/indicative properties that make up the virtual assay, for each of a total oil sample, a naphtha fraction, a gas oil fraction, a vacuum gas oil fraction and a vacuum residue fraction, respectively, to produce corresponding assigned assay values for the virtual assay 195, include including assigned assay values 145 pertaining to the total oil sample, assigned assay values 155 pertaining to a naphtha fraction, assigned assay values 165 pertaining to a gas oil fraction, assigned assay values 175 pertaining to a vacuum gas oil fraction and assigned assay values 185 pertaining to a vacuum residue fraction); and optionally a density receiving module 474 (in embodiments in which density is used to determine assigned assay values for the virtual assay), shown in dashed lines, having one or more software programs adapted to receive the density data 110, which in certain embodiments can be integrated in the raw data receiving module 471 or the assigned assay value calculation modules 473 (shown by overlapping dashed lines). Data storage memory 480 stores results and other data generated by the one or more program modules of the present invention, including the constants 105, the density 110, the analytic characterization data 125, the one or more analytical values 135, and the assigned assay values (which can be a single set of assigned data values to produce the virtual assay 195, or alternatively delineated by type including the assigned assay values 145, 155, 165, 175 and 185 described herein).

[0114] It is to be appreciated that the computer system 400 can be any computer such as a personal computer, minicomputer, workstation, mainframe, a dedicated controller such as a programmable logic controller, or a combination thereof. While the computer system 400 is shown, for illustration purposes, as a single computer unit, the system can comprise a group of computers which can be scaled depending on the processing load and database size.

[0115] Computer system 400 generally supports an operating system, for example stored in program storage memory 470 and executed by the processor 420 from volatile memory. According to an embodiment of the invention, the operating system contains instructions for interfacing computer system 400 to the Internet and/or to private networks.

[0116] Note that steps 110 and 120 can be carried out separate from or within the computer system 400. For example, step 110 can be carried out and the data entered into the computer system 400, for example via data storage memory 480, or as a single value incorporated in the program storage memory 470 for one or more of the modules. Step 120 can be carried out and the analytic characterization data entered into the computer system 400, for example via data storage memory 480, represented as the analytic characterization data 125.

[0117] In alternate embodiments, the present invention can be implemented as a computer program product for use with a computerized computing system. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that programs defining the functions of the present invention can be written in any appropriate programming language and delivered to a computer in any form, including but not limited to: (a) information permanently stored on non-writeable storage media (e.g., read-only memory devices such as ROMs or CD-ROM disks); (b) information alterably stored on writeable storage media (e.g., floppy disks and hard drives); and/or (c) information conveyed to a computer through communication media, such as a local area network, a telephone network, or a public network such as the Internet. When carrying computer readable instructions that implement the present invention methods, such computer readable media represent alternate embodiments of the present invention.

[0118] As generally illustrated herein, the system embodiments can incorporate a variety of computer readable media that comprise a computer usable medium having computer readable code means embodied therein. One skilled in the art will recognize that the software associated with the various processes described can be embodied in a wide variety of computer accessible media from which the software is loaded and activated. Pursuant to In re Beauregard, 35 U.S.P.Q.2d 1383 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,578), the present invention contemplates and includes this type of computer readable media within the scope of the invention. In certain embodiments, pursuant to In re Nuuten, 500 F.3d 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/211,928), the scope of the present claims is limited to computer readable media, wherein the media is both tangible and non-transitory.

[0119] It is to be understood that like numerals in the drawings represent like elements through the several figures, and that not all components and/or steps described and illustrated with reference to the figures are required for all embodiments or arrangements. Further, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms ““including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0120] It should be noted that use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.

[0121] Notably, the figures and examples above are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to a single implementation, as other implementations are possible by way of interchange of some or all the described or illustrated elements. Moreover, where certain elements of the present disclosure can be partially or fully implemented using known components, only those portions of such known components that are necessary for an understanding of the present disclosure are described, and detailed descriptions of other portions of such known components are omitted so as not to obscure the disclosure. In the present specification, an implementation showing a singular component should not necessarily be limited to other implementations including a plurality of the same component, and vice-versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. Moreover, applicants do not intend for any term in the specification or claims to be ascribed an uncommon or special meaning unless explicitly set forth as such. Further, the present disclosure encompasses present and future known equivalents to the known components referred to herein by way of illustration.

[0122] The foregoing description of the specific implementations will so fully reveal the general nature of the disclosure that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the relevant art(s), readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific implementations, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present disclosure. Such adaptations and modifications are therefore intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed implementations, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance presented herein, in combination with the knowledge of one skilled in the relevant art(s). It is to be understood that dimensions discussed or shown are drawings are shown accordingly to one example and other dimensions can be used without departing from the disclosure.

[0123] The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. Various modifications and changes can be made to the subject matter described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention encompassed by the present disclosure, which is defined by the set of recitations in the following claims and by structures and functions or steps which are equivalent to these recitations.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Fraction Boiling Point, ° C. Methane −161.5 Ethane −88.6 Propane −42.1 Butanes −6.0 Light Naphtha 36-90 Mid Naphtha  90-160 Heavy Naphtha 160-205 Light gas Oil 205-260 Mid Gas Oil 260-315 Heavy gas Oil 315-370 Light Vacuum Gas Oil 370-430 Mid Vacuum Gas Oil 430-480 Heavy vacuum gas oil 480-565 Vacuum Residue 565+

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Property Property Unit Type Fraction Yield W % or Yield All V % API Gravity ° Physical All Kinematic cSt Physical Fraction boiling > 250° C. Viscosity @ 38° C. Refractive Unitless Physical Fraction boiling < 400° C. Index @ 20° C. Sulfur W % or Composition All ppmw Mercaptan Sulfur W % Composition Fraction boiling < 250° C. Nickel ppmw Composition Fraction boiling > 400° C. Vanadium ppmw Composition Fraction boiling > 400° C. Nitrogen ppmw Composition All Flash Point ° C. Indicative All Cloud Point ° C. Indicative Fraction boiling > 250° C. Pour Point ° C. Indicative Fraction boiling > 250° C. Freezing Point ° C. Indicative Fraction boiling > 250° C. Micro Carbon W % Indicative Fraction boiling > 300° C. Residue Smoke Point mm Indicative Fraction boiling between 150-250° C. Octane Number Unitless Indicative Fraction boiling < 250° C. Cetane Index Unitless Indicative Fraction boiling between 150-400° C. Aniline Point ° C. Indicative Fraction boiling < 520° C.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Fraction property Units K.sub.AD X1.sub.AD Naphtha Aromatics W %  2.807196E+05 −9.605294E+05 (Aro) Hydrogen (H) W % −1.530279E+06  5.307092E+06 Paraffins (P) W % −5.385936E+07  1.868427E+08 Sulfur (S) ppmw  3.722166E+05  0.000000E+00 Octane Number Unitless  2.013460E+07 −6.989165E+07 (ON) Gas Oil Aniline ° C.  1.709436E+04 −4.924541E+04 (GO) Point (AP) Cetane Number Unitless  5.721125E+05 −1.940680E+06 (CN) Cloud ° C.  4.209016E+05 −1.436436E+06 Point (CP) Nitrogen (N) ppmw −1.437149E+07  4.924543E+07 Sulfur (S) ppmw  2.176955E+07 −6.699402E+07 Kinematic cSt  8.753245E+03 −3.047368E+04 Viscosity @40° C. Pour Point (PP) ° C.  1.443832E+06 −4.931249E+06 Vacuum Nitrogen (N) ppmw −1.977199E+04  0.000000E+00 Gas Oil Sulfur (S) ppmw −6.085692E+04  0.000000E+00 (VGO) Vacuum Micro Carbon W % −1.288315E+03  0.000000E+00 Residue Residue (MCR) (VR) Sulfur (S) ppmw  4.314172E+06  0.000000E+00 Oil C5-Asphaltenes W % −6.272431E+04  2.144105E+05 Sample (C5A) Micro W % −1.776513E+05  6.121377E+05 Carbon Resid (MCR) Pour Point (PP) ° C.  4.154979E+06 −1.421452E+07 Kinematic cSt −2.901422E+05  1.000259E+06 Viscosity @ 100° C. Kinematic cSt −8.492515E+05  2.938665E+06 Viscosity @ 70° C. Nitrogen (N) ppmw −1.243866E+07  4.212225E+07 Sulfur (S) ppmw −4.352104E+07  1.692439E+08 Total Acid mg KOH/ −6.156643E+04  2.105905E+05 Number 100 g (TAN) Aromatics W % −3.354590E+05  1.175929E+06 (Aro) Fraction property Units X2.sub.AD X3.sub.AD Naphtha Aromatics W %  1.095672E+06 −4.153758E+05 (Aro) Hydrogen (H) W % −6.081704E+06  2.320350E+06 Paraffins (P) W % −2.141706E+08  8.173951E+07 Sulfur (S) ppmw  0.000000E+00  2.513249E+04 Octane Number Unitless  8.020254E+07 −3.065151E+07 (ON) Gas Oil Aniline ° C.  5.245527E+04 −1.861631E+04 (GO) Point (AP) Cetane Number Unitless  2.161099E+06 −7.964407E+05 CN) Cloud ° C.  1.604628E+06 −5.929681E+05 Point (CP) Nitrogen (N) ppmw −5.510594E+07  2.040662E+07 Sulfur (S) ppmw  7.140892E+07 −2.500793E+07 Kinematic cSt  3.388372E+04 −1.241605E+04 Viscosity @ 40° C. Pour Point (PP) ° C.  5.503008E+06 −2.031120E+06 Vacuum Nitrogen (N) ppmw  0.000000E+00  5.876995E+04 Gas Oil Sulfur (S) ppmw  0.000000E+00 −1.121434E+06 (VGO) Vacuum Micro Carbon W %  0.000000E+00  1.485191E+03 Residue Residue (MCR) (VR) Sulfur (S) ppmw  0.000000E+00 −1.416907E+06 Oil C5-Asphaltenes W % −2.382957E+05  8.740077E+04 Sample C5A) Micro W % −6.835810E+05  2.522109E+05 Carbon Resid (MCR) Pour Point (PP) ° C.  1.585296E+07 −5.845638E+06 Kinematic cSt −1.142030E+06  4.328965E+05 Viscosity @ 100° C. Kinematic cSt −3.370501E+06  1.285635E+06 Viscosity @ 70° C. Nitrogen (N) ppmw −4.790603E+07  1.810758E+07 Sulfur (S) ppmw  1.938116E+08  7.336373E+07 Total Acid mg KOH/ −2.352420E+05  8.692972E+04 Number 100 g (TAN) Aromatics W % −1.334166E+06  5.038914E+05 (Aro) Fraction property Units X4.sub.AD X5.sub.AD Naphtha Aromatics W % −7.396443E−01  1.749082E−02 (Aro) Hydrogen (H) W % −1.072483E+02  2.530978E−01 Paraffins (P) W % −3.793153E+03  9.031768E+00 Sulfur (S) ppmw −3.129156E+03  8.835058E+00 Octane Number Unitless  1.337854E+03 −3.271804E+00 (ON) Gas Oil Aniline ° C. −1.396621E+01  3.740689E−02 (GO) Point (AP) Cetane Number Unitless  6.607426E+01 −1.034168E−01 (CN) Cloud ° C.  5.994739E+01  1.023552E−01 Point (CP) Nitrogen (N) ppmw −2.346125E+03  4.409144E+00 Sulfur (S) ppmw −8.472619E+03  2.773389E+01 Kinematic cSt  3.067620E+00 −6.425223E−03 Viscosity @ 40° C. Pour Point (PP) ° C.  2.264017E+02 −4.039786E−01 Vacuum Nitrogen (N) ppmw  2.221691E+02  3.330219E−02 Gas Oil Sulfur (S) ppmw −1.397857E+03 −5.912571E+00 (VGO) Vacuum Micro Carbon W %  1.263572E+01 −1.329913E−02 Residue Residue (MCR) (VR) Sulfur (S) ppmw −3.844844E+04  9.212227E+01 Oil C5-Asphaltenes W % −1.238090E+01  2.207899E−02 Sample (C5A) Micro W % −4.055954E+01  8.006401E−02 Carbon Resid (MCR) Pour Point (PP) ° C.  7.324437E+02  1.355184E+00 Kinematic cSt −1.562106E+01  1.782929E−02 Viscosity @ 100° C. Kinematic cSt −3.922657E+01  6.448922E−02 Viscosity @ 70° C. Nitrogen (N) ppmw  8.018867E+02 −2.640558E+00 Sulfur (S) ppmw −4.864530E+04  1.244545E+02 Total Acid mg KOH/ −9.954956E+00  1.815603E−02 Number 100 g (TAN) Aromatics W % −8.111494E+01  2.082810E−01 (Aro) Fraction property Units X6.sub.AD X7.sub.AD Naphtha Aromatics W % −1.514059E−05 −6.814272E+00 (Aro) Hydrogen (H) W % −2.261803E−04  1.521352E+01 Paraffins (P) W % −8.069656E−03  5.033651E+02 Sulfur (S) ppmw −8.033409E−03 −1.030603E+02 Octane Number Unitless  2.921181E−03 −1.399492E+02 (ON) Gas Oil Aniline ° C. −3.388141E−05  4.087655E−01 (GO) Point (AP) Cetane Number Unitless  9.020982E−05 −3.045861E+01 (CN) Cloud ° C.  9.157033E−05 −2.513721E+01 Point (CP) Nitrogen (N) ppmw −3.969219E−03  8.246176E+02 Sulfur (S) ppmw −2.638148E−02 −1.187767E+03 Kinematic cSt  5.740796E−06 −7.915424E−01 Viscosity @ 40° C. Pour Point (PP) ° C.  3.611768E−04 −8.743623E+01 Vacuum Nitrogen (N) ppmw  1.152405E−04 −3.445347E+02 Gas Oil Sulfur (S) ppmw  8.176216E−04  6.559421E+03 (VGO) Vacuum Micro Carbon W %  1.473525E−05 −1.016691E+01 Residue Residue (MCR) (VR) Sulfur (S) ppmw −8.901292E−02  8.654965E+03 Oil C5-Asphaltenes W % −1.987221E−05  4.863958E+00 Sample (C5A) Micro W % −7.229113E−05  1.281254E+01 Carbon Resid (MCR) Pour Point (PP) ° C.  1.215946E−03 −2.645956E+02 Kinematic cSt −1.669396E−05  1.071696E+01 Viscosity @ 100° C. Kinematic cSt −5.865259E−05  1.809315E+01 Viscosity @ 70° C. Nitrogen (N) ppmw  2.282636E−03  2.451747E+02 Sulfur (S) ppmw −1.137821E−01  4.373693E+03 Total Acid mg KOH/ −1.623694E−05  3.679100E+00 Number 100 g (TAN) Aromatics W % −1.855790E−04  4.131544E+00 (Aro)

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Temp. W % ° C. 0 1 2 37 3 68 4 83 5 94 6 100 7 113 8 121 9 127 10 138 11 144 12 151 13 157 14 165 15 172 16 175 17 185 18 191 19 196 20 204 21 210 22 216 23 222 24 229 25 235 26 241 27 249 28 255 29 261 30 267 31 272 32 279 33 285 34 290 35 297 36 303 37 308 38 315 39 319 40 326 41 331 42 337 43 342 44 348 45 354 46 360 47 366 48 372 49 378 50 384 51 390 52 396 53 402 54 409 55 415 56 422 57 428 58 434 59 440 60 446 61 452 62 458 63 465 64 471 65 478 66 485 67 492 68 499 69 506 70 513 71 520 72 528 73 535 74 543 75 551 76 559 77 567 78 575 79 583 80 592 81 599 82 608

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Conventional Calculated AD Crude Oil Value AD Description Unit Assay Value (Equation (5) Naphtha, Aro W % 11.0 11.0 Naphtha, H W % 14.7 14.7 Naphtha, P W % 75.8 76.0 Naphtha, S ppmw 876 876 Naphtha, ON Unitless 52.5 52.3 GO, AP ° C. 66.0 65.7 GO, CN Unitless 59.5 59.2 GO, CP ° C. −10.0 −9.8 GO, N ppmw 71.2 77.8 GO, S ppmw 13,090 12,907 GO, Kinematic cSt 2.9 2.9 Viscosity @ 40° C. GO, PP ° C. −9.0 −9.1 VGO, N ppmw 617 617 VGO, S ppmw 28,800 28,800 VR, MCR W % 12.4 12.4 VR, S ppmw 52,700 52,700 Oil Sample, C5A W % 1.4 1.4 Oil Sample, MCR W % 6.2 6.2 Oil Sample, PP ° C. −15.0 −14.4 Oil Sample, Kinematic cSt 11.8 11.8 Viscosity @ 100° C. Oil Sample, Kinematic cSt 21.7 21.6 Viscosity @ 70° C. Oil Sample, N ppmw 829 861 Oil Sample, S ppmw 30,000 28,778 Oil Sample, TAN mg KOH/100 g 0.1 0.13 Oil Sample, Aro W % 20.2 20.2