Continuous blade impeller

Abstract

An impeller is usable in a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume. The impeller includes an impeller blade extending along an impeller blade axis between first and second axial ends and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge. Each of the leading and trailing edges defines a helix or spiral between the axial ends of the impeller blade. In certain arrangements, the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades joined together along an impeller shaft extending axially along the impeller blade axis mentioned, and the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

Claims

1. An impeller usable in a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume, the impeller comprising: an impeller blade having an edge extending along an impeller blade axis between first and second axial ends and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge; wherein the leading and trailing edges each define a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends of the impeller blade; wherein the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades that are each joined together along an axially extending impeller shaft; and wherein the at least two impeller blades are attached to the impeller shaft.

2. The impeller according to claim 1, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

3. The impeller according to claim 1, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch higher than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

4. The impeller according to claim 1, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch lower than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

5. An impeller usable in a bioreactor, the impeller comprising: an impeller blade having an edge extending along an impeller blade axis between first and second axial ends and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trialing edge, wherein the leading and trailing edges each define a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends of the impeller blade, wherein the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades that are each joined together along an axially extending impeller shaft; and wherein the at least two impeller blades are attached to the impeller shaft.

6. The impeller according to claim 5, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

7. The impeller according to claim 5, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch higher than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

8. The impeller according to claim 5, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch lower than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

9. A variable diameter bioreactor comprising: a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume; and an impeller having an impeller shaft and an impeller blade, the impeller blade having an edge extending along the impeller shaft between the first and second axial ends of the shaft and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge, wherein the leading and trailing edges each define a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends of the impeller blade, wherein the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades that are each joined together along an axially extending impeller shaft; and wherein the at least two impeller blades are attached to the impeller shaft.

10. The variable diameter bioreactor arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

11. The variable diameter bioreactor arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch higher than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

12. The variable diameter bioreactor arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch lower than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

13. A process for treating a microorganism culture comprising: placing a fluid containing the microorganism culture in a variable diameter bioreactor arrangement, including a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume and an impeller having an impeller shaft, an impeller blade having an edge extending along the impeller shaft between first and second axial ends of the shaft and including opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge, with the leading and trailing edges each defining a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends of the impeller blade; and rotating the impeller in the fluid containing the microorganism culture; wherein the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades that are each joined together along an axially extending impeller shaft; and wherein the at least two impeller blades are attached to the impeller shaft.

14. The process according to claim 13, wherein the impeller is rotated at a rate of 54-75 rpm.

15. The process according to claim 13, wherein the variable diameter reactor has a 20,000 liter fluid capacity.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1A-1D are schematic cross sectional illustrations of 20,000 liter bioreactor vessels, with FIG. 1A showing a conventional bioreactor, FIGS. 1B and 1C showing variable diameter bioreactors (VDBs) with conventional impellers, and FIG. 1D showing a VDB with a continuous agitator or impeller.

(2) FIGS. 2A-2D are schematic representations of fluid velocity vectors at similar values of P/V for 20,000 liter bioreactor vessels, with FIG. 2A showing vectors for a conventional bioreactor, FIGS. 2B and 2C showing vectors for variable diameter bioreactors (VDBs) with conventional impellers, and FIG. 2D showing vectors for a VDB with a continuous agitator or impeller.

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates an initial position of a tracer added to a conventional bioreactor and a VDB for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of mixing time.

(4) FIG. 4A supplies a comparison of calculated blend times from CFD simulations for certain configurations of the present invention, although the analysis had a geometrical issue that was fixed and adjusted in subsequent updates.

(5) FIG. 4B supplies a comparison that is roughly the same as that supplied by FIG. 4, but which includes an updated optimal design.

(6) FIG. 5 is a VDB modelling update, although, again, the analysis had a geometrical issue that was fixed and adjusted in subsequent updates.

(7) FIG. 6 supplies a comparison of a 20 kl conventional bioreactor and three VDB bioreactor designs designated V6, V7, and V8.

(8) FIG. 7 supplies a comparison of a fluid velocity vectors and fluid pathlines for the VDB bioreactor designs designated V6, V7, and V8 mentioned.

(9) FIG. 8 provides a preliminary graphical comparison of blend times of VDB designs relative to a conventional 20,000 kl bioreactor.

(10) FIG. 9 supplies an example of flow number calculation.

(11) FIG. 10 supplies a comparison of a 20 kl conventional bioreactor and five VDB bioreactor designs designated V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5.

(12) FIG. 11 supplies a comparison of fluid pathlines for the 20 kl conventional bioreactor and 20 kl VDB bioreactor designs designated V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 mentioned.

(13) FIG. 12 is an illustration of fluid velocity vectors for the 20 kl conventional bioreactor and the 20 kl VDB bioreactor designs designated V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 mentioned.

(14) FIG. 13 is another preliminary VDB modelling update similar to but more recent than that of FIG. 5.

(15) FIGS. 14A-14B provide schematic representations of axial distribution of mixing energy at an equal power to volume ratio for VDB bioreactor designs designated V9, V16, V17, and V18.

(16) FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of fluid velocity vectors at an equal pressure to volume ratio for VDB bioreactor designs designated V9, V16, V17, V18, V19, and V20.

(17) FIG. 16 supplies a comparison of fluid pathlines for the VDB bioreactor designs designated V9, V16, V17, V18, V19, and V20 mentioned.

(18) FIG. 17 illustrates a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V20.

(19) FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V19.

(20) FIG. 19 illustrates a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V18.

(21) FIGS. 20A-20B illustrate a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V17.

(22) FIGS. 21A-21B illustrate a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V16.

(23) FIG. 22 illustrates the configuration of a potential VDB prototype.

(24) FIG. 23 provides views of a conventional 20,000 liter bioreactor, including a geometric representation similar to FIG. 1A, a fluid velocity vector representation similar to FIG. 2A but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline representation similar to those of FIGS. 7, 11, and 16 but at with different rpm settings.

(25) FIG. 24 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V1 design included in FIG. 10, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V1 illustration included in FIG. 12, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V1 illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

(26) FIG. 25 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V2 design included in FIG. 10 but with different rpm settings, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V2 illustration included in FIG. 12 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V2 75 rpm illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

(27) FIG. 26 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V3 with impeller design included in FIG. 10, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V3 illustration included in FIG. 12 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V3 illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

(28) FIG. 27 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V4 with impeller design included in FIG. 10, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V4 46 rpm illustration included in FIG. 12, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V4 illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

(29) FIG. 28 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V5 with impeller design included in FIG. 10, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V5 illustration included in FIG. 12 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V5 illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

(30) FIG. 29 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V6 with impeller design included in FIG. 6, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V6 illustration included in FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V6 illustration also supplied by FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings.

(31) FIG. 30 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V7 with impeller design included in FIG. 6, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V7 illustration included in FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V7 illustration also supplied by FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings.

(32) FIG. 31 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V8 with impeller design included in FIG. 6, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V8 illustration included in FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V8 illustration also supplied by FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings.

(33) FIG. 32 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V9 design included in FIGS. 14A-14B but with different rpm settings, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V9 illustration included in FIG. 15 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V9 rpm illustration supplied by FIG. 16 but with different rpm settings.

(34) FIG. 33 provides a geometric representation of a further VDB bioreactor designs, designated VDB Design V10, a fluid velocity vector illustration for the VDB Design V10, and a fluid pathline illustration for the VDB Design V10.

(35) FIG. 34 provides a geometric representation of a further VDB bioreactor designs, designated VDB Design V11, a fluid velocity vector illustration for the VDB Design V11, and a fluid pathline illustration for the VDB Design V11.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(36) Key concepts of the invention, as well as the purpose and operation of the invention including technical characteristics, will now be identified. Using a conical bottomed tank with continuous agitation, an aspect ratio of greater than 1:1 (liquid height to vessel diameter at liquid level) can be maintained to support minimal inoculation volume with sufficient liquid head for oxygen transfer during bulk up to larger scale. The culture volume is then bulked up through addition of media to sustain logarithmic growth via the continuous agitation design concept.

(37) Initial VDB designs consisted of using multiple impellers of conventional design (i.e. the same types of impellers used in conventional bioreactors), but altering their size, number, and overall placement. CFD simulations of these designs indicated that an unacceptably large number of impellers (five or more) would be required in order to avoid separated fluid mixing zones and achieve adequate overall fluid mixing. Optimization of impeller type and size using four impellers resulted in blend times of approximately 200 to 400 seconds for a 20,000 liter fill VDB compared to approximately 60 seconds for a 20,000 liter conventional bioreactor. VDB designs were shifted to use largely a novel continuous agitator that runs nearly the entire vertical length of the reactor and provide more consistent agitation as a function of height. Numerous design changes of impeller pitch and blade number as well as baffle size resulted in blend times of approximately 68-100 seconds for a 20,000 liter fill VDB compared to approximately 60 seconds for a 20,000 liter conventional bioreactor.

(38) FIG. 1 shows schematically (A) a 20,000 liter conventional bioreactor, (B and C) a 20,000 liter VDB with multiple conventional impellers, and (D) a 20,000 liter VDB with a continuous agitator.

(39) The impellers for the VDB in FIG. 1B are sized and placed according to industry best practices. The impellers in FIG. 1C have been optimized to reduce mixing time at the same P/V value compared to FIG. 1B.

(40) FIGS. 2A-2D show fluid velocity vectors from computational dynamics (CFD) simulations for a vertical cross section for each of the bioreactors operated at a similar average power/volume. FIGS. 2A-2C show four conventional impellers in a VDB result in detached mixing zones rather than single, connected fluid flow seen in the conventional bioreactor. FIG. 2D shows that these detached mixing zones are greatly reduced with the continuous agitator design.

(41) CFD simulations of fluid mixing times were conducted. Mixing time is quantitatively defined as the time required for all points in the bioreactor to be within +/−5% of the final, mean value for an added tracer fluid. For these simulations, tracer fluid was added as a single bolus to the top of each bioreactor as shown in FIG. 3 and then the mixing of that bolus tracked as a function of time until uniformity was reached.

(42) Results of these simulations are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, with FIG. 4B including a currently optimal Design V20. Blend time (as defined previously) for a VDB with 4 conventional impellers (Design V1) range from 420 seconds (using impellers sized using industry best practices) to 264 seconds (for impellers optimized to maximize fluid mixing—Design V2). These results suggest that greater than four impellers are likely needed to achieve acceptable mixing relative to a conventional bioreactor. Blend time for a VDB with a continuous agitator (Design V20) shows a blend time of about 100 seconds, indicating a significant improvement in mixing relative to the same VDB bioreactor with conventional impellers.

(43) The particular illustrations supplied by FIGS. 14A-16 show what are presently considered to be optimal designs. Referring by way of example to FIGS. 14A-14B, each of the impeller configurations shown is suitable for use in multiple vessel section VDBs such as those disclosed by the Mietzner et al. '828 A1 publication referred to above. As shown in FIG. 14A, an impeller 100 is usable in a variable diameter bioreactor 102 having multiple vessel sections 104, 106, and 108 of successively increasing or decreasing volume. The impeller 100 illustrated includes an impeller blade 110 extending along an impeller blade axis 112 between first and second axial ends 114, 116 and having opposed impeller blade faces 118, 120, an impeller blade leading edge 122, and an impeller blade trailing edge 124. As illustrated, the leading and trailing edges 122 and 124 each define a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends 114, 116 of the impeller blade 110.

(44) In each arrangement shown in FIG. 14A-14B, the impeller blade 110 is one of at least two impeller blades 110, 126 joined together along an impeller shaft 118 extending axially along the impeller blade axis 112 mentioned. The helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends 114, 116; as illustrated in FIG. 14A, the pitch mentioned is one half of the length mentioned. Differences between the versions V9, V16, V17, and V18 shown in FIGS. 14A-14B reside primarily in the combined diameter of shaft 118 and widths of the blades 110 and 126, with the V9 combined diameter and widths being 0.35 m between the first and second axial ends 114, 116, the V16 combined diameter and widths tapering from 0.75 m at the first axial end 114 to 0.35 m at the second axial end 116, the V17 combined diameter and widths tapering from 0.45 m at the first axial end 114 to 0.35 m at the second axial end 116, and the V18 combined diameter and widths tapering from 0.50 m at the first axial end 114 to 0.35 m at the second axial end 116.

(45) Features considered of the invention considered different (i.e. novel) when compared to the state of the art include the use of a continuous impeller alone or in conjunction with another impeller (twin shaft design) within a typical cylindrical bioreactor or in a Variable Diameter Bioreactor.

(46) With respect to envisioned products, processes, or applications, the biggest benefit would be bioreactor systems for contract manufacturing. Ease of configuration for total production volume and minimized footprint are key attributes for this application (flexibility for low, mid, and high titer processes). Ease of modification of existing bioreactors with this agitator technology to eliminate seed train equipment (N-1 and possibly more).

(47) It is clear from the present disclosure that a scaled down version could be fabricated and used for any desired mixing, mass transfer, and cleaning in place attributes. A scaled down version could be used to replace seed train and feed a production bioreactor (traditional or VDB).

(48) The examples below are set out in the Mietzner et al. '828 A1 publication mentioned above, which is incorporated herein by reference, but these examples are explicitly included here as well for the sake of completeness.

Examples

(49) The relationship between the volume, diameter and properties for cell growth of the variable diameter bioreactors of the present invention requires the consideration of many factors. The below equation provides a useful guide when designing bioreactors of the present invention:

(50) $\mathrm{Sphere}:V=\frac{\pi }{3}{y}^2\left(1.5D-y\right)\mathrm{Cylinder}:V=\frac{{\mathrm{LD}}^2}{8}\left(\theta -\sin \left(\theta \right)\right)T=2\sqrt{y\left(D-y\right)}=D\sin \left(\frac{\theta }{2}\right)\mathrm{Cone}:V=\frac{\pi h}{12}\left(D_{\mathrm{bot}}^2+D_{\mathrm{bot}}{D}_{\mathrm{top}}+D_{\mathrm{top}}^2\right)z=\frac{1}{2h}\left(D_{\mathrm{top}}-D_{\mathrm{bot}}\right)$

(51) For example, when designing the bioreactor of the present invention to work with volumes up to 20,000 L, the variable diameter bioreactor would have the following proportions:

(52) Total Volume: 20,000 L

(53) Cone Volume: 15,000 L

(54) Diameter.sub.top: 7 ft

(55) Diameter.sub.bottom: 3 ft

(56) Total Height: 30.2 ft

(57) Cylinder Volume: 5,000 L

(58) Cone Height: 25.6 ft

(59) Cylinder Height: 4.6 ft

(60) As another example, when designing the bioreactor of the present invention to fit into a certain space in a manufacturing facility or the like, where the height is limited to twenty feet, the above equation would yield the following proportions:

(61) Total Volume: 16,458 L

(62) Cone Volume: 9,341 L

(63) Diameter.sub.top: 8 ft

(64) Diameter.sub.bottom: 2 ft

(65) Total Height: 20 ft

(66) Cylinder Volume: 7,117 L

(67) Cone Height: 15 ft

(68) Cylinder Height: 5 ft

(69) The above example can have four impellers.

(70) As another example, the design of the present invention allows variable diameter bioreactors to be built in excess of 20,000 L, which is new to the art. Specifically, a variable diameter bioreactor could be built with the following proportions:

(71) Total Volume: 25,000 L

(72) Cone Volume: 15.000 L

(73) Diameter.sub.top: 7.9 ft

(74) Diameter.sub.bottom: 2.5 ft

(75) Total Height: 30 ft

(76) Cylinder Volume: 10,000 L

(77) Cone Height: 22.8 ft

(78) Cylinder Height: 7.2 ft

(79) Unless described otherwise above, the above description may be further understood as follows. The devices, facilities and methods described herein are suitable for use in and with culturing any desired cell line including prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cell lines. Further, in embodiments, the devices, facilities and methods are suitable for culturing suspension cells or anchorage-dependent (adherent) cells and are suitable for production operations configured for production of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products—such as polypeptide products, nucleic acid products (for example DNA or RNA), or cells and/or viruses such as those used in cellular and/or viral therapies.

(80) In embodiments, the cells express or produce a product, such as a recombinant therapeutic or diagnostic product. As described in more detail below, examples of products produced by cells include, but are not limited to, antibody molecules (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies), antibody mimetics (polypeptide molecules that bind specifically to antigens but that are not structurally related to antibodies such as e.g. DARPins, affibodies, adnectins, or IgNARs), fusion proteins (e.g., Fc fusion proteins, chimeric cytokines), other recombinant proteins (e.g., glycosylated proteins, enzymes, hormones), viral therapeutics (e.g., anti-cancer oncolytic viruses, viral vectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy), cell therapeutics (e.g., pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and adult stem cells), vaccines or lipid-encapsulated particles (e.g., exosomes, virus-like particles), RNA (such as e.g. siRNA) or DNA (such as e.g. plasmid DNA), antibiotics or amino acids. In embodiments, the devices, facilities and methods can be used for producing biosimilars.

(81) As mentioned, in embodiments, devices, facilities and methods allow for the production of eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells or lower eukaryotic cells such as for example yeast cells or filamentous fungi cells, or prokaryotic cells such as Gram-positive or Gram-negative cells and/or products of the eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, e.g., proteins, peptides, antibiotics, amino acids, nucleic acids (such as DNA or RNA), synthesized by the eukaryotic cells in a large-scale manner. Unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods can include any desired volume or production capacity including but not limited to bench-scale, pilot-scale, and full production scale capacities.

(82) Moreover and unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods can include any suitable reactor(s) including but not limited to stirred tank, airlift, fiber, microfiber, hollow fiber, ceramic matrix, fluidized bed, fixed bed, and/or spouted bed bioreactors. As used herein, “reactor” can include a fermentor or fermentation unit, or any other reaction vessel and the term “reactor” is used interchangeably with “fermentor.” For example, in some aspects, an example bioreactor unit can perform one or more, or all, of the following: feeding of nutrients and/or carbon sources, injection of suitable gas (e.g., oxygen), inlet and outlet flow of fermentation or cell culture medium, separation of gas and liquid phases, maintenance of temperature, maintenance of oxygen and CO2 levels, maintenance of pH level, agitation (e.g., stirring), and/or cleaning/sterilizing. Example reactor units, such as a fermentation unit, may contain multiple reactors within the unit, for example the unit can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100, or more bioreactors in each unit and/or a facility may contain multiple units having a single or multiple reactors within the facility. In various embodiments, the bioreactor can be suitable for batch, semi fed-batch, fed-batch, perfusion, and/or a continuous fermentation processes. Any suitable reactor diameter can be used. In embodiments, the bioreactor can have a volume between about 100 mL and about 50,000 L. Non-limiting examples include a volume of 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 750 mL, 1 liter, 2 liters, 3 liters, 4 liters, 5 liters, 6 liters, 7 liters, 8 liters, 9 liters, 10 liters, 15 liters, 20 liters, 25 liters, 30 liters, 40 liters, 50 liters, 60 liters, 70 liters, 80 liters, 90 liters, 100 liters, 150 liters, 200 liters, 250 liters, 300 liters, 350 liters, 400 liters, 450 liters, 500 liters, 550 liters, 600 liters, 650 liters, 700 liters, 750 liters, 800 liters, 850 liters, 900 liters, 950 liters, 1000 liters, 1500 liters, 2000 liters, 2500 liters, 3000 liters, 3500 liters, 4000 liters, 4500 liters, 5000 liters, 6000 liters, 7000 liters, 8000 liters, 9000 liters, 10,000 liters, 15,000 liters, 20,000 liters, and/or 50,000 liters. Additionally, suitable reactors can be multi-use, single-use, disposable, or non-disposable and can be formed of any suitable material including metal alloys such as stainless steel (e.g., 316 L or any other suitable stainless steel) and Inconel, plastics, and/or glass.

(83) In embodiments and unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods described herein can also include any suitable unit operation and/or equipment not otherwise mentioned, such as operations and/or equipment for separation, purification, and isolation of such products. Any suitable facility and environment can be used, such as traditional stick-built facilities, modular, mobile and temporary facilities, or any other suitable construction, facility, and/or layout. For example, in some embodiments modular clean-rooms can be used. Additionally and unless otherwise stated, the devices, systems, and methods described herein can be housed and/or performed in a single location or facility or alternatively be housed and/or performed at separate or multiple locations and/or facilities.

(84) By way of non-limiting examples and without limitation, U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2012/0077429; and 2009/0305626; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,388,373, 8,771,635, 8,298,054; 7,629,167; and 5,656,491, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, describe example facilities, equipment, and/or systems that may be suitable.

(85) In embodiments, the cells are eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells. The mammalian cells can be for example human or rodent or bovine cell lines or cell strains. Examples of such cells, cell lines or cell strains are e.g. mouse myeloma (NSO)-cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-cell lines, HT1080, H9, HepG2, MCF7, MDBK Jurkat, NIH3T3, PC12, BHK (baby hamster kidney cell), VERO, SP2/0, YB2/0, Y0, C127, L cell, COS, e.g., COS1 and COS7, QC1-3, HEK-293, VERO, PER.C6, HeLA, EB1, EB2, EB3, oncolytic or hybridoma-cell lines. Preferably the mammalian cells are CHO-cell lines. In one embodiment, the cell is a CHO cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a CHO-K1 cell, a CHO-K1 SV cell, a DG44 CHO cell, a DUXB11 CHO cell, a CHOS, a CHO GS knock-out cell, a CHO FUT8 GS knock-out cell, a CHOZN, or a CHO-derived cell. The CHO GS knock-out cell (e.g., GSKO cell) is, for example, a CHO-K1 SV GS knockout cell. The CHO FUT8 knockout cell is, for example, the Potelligent® CHOK1 SV (Lonza Biologics, Inc.). Eukaryotic cells can also be avian cells, cell lines or cell strains, such as for example, EBx® cells, EB14, EB24, EB26, EB66, or EBv13.

(86) In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cells are stem cells. The stem cells can be, for example, pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), tissue specific stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

(87) In one embodiment, the cell is a differentiated form of any of the cells described herein. In one embodiment, the cell is a cell derived from any primary cell in culture.

(88) In embodiments, the cell is a hepatocyte such as a human hepatocyte, animal hepatocyte, or a non-parenchymal cell. For example, the cell can be a plateable metabolism qualified human hepatocyte, a plateable induction qualified human hepatocyte, plateable Qualyst Transporter Certified™ human hepatocyte, suspension qualified human hepatocyte (including 10-donor and 20-donor pooled hepatocytes), human hepatic kupffer cells, human hepatic stellate cells, dog hepatocytes (including single and pooled Beagle hepatocytes), mouse hepatocytes (including CD-1 and C57BI/6 hepatocytes), rat hepatocytes (including Sprague-Dawley, Wistar Han, and Wistar hepatocytes), monkey hepatocytes (including Cynomolgus or Rhesus monkey hepatocytes), cat hepatocytes (including Domestic Shorthair hepatocytes), and rabbit hepatocytes (including New Zealand White hepatocytes). Example hepatocytes are commercially available from Triangle Research Labs, LLC, 6 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, N.C., USA 27709.

(89) In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a lower eukaryotic cell such as e.g. a yeast cell (e.g., Pichia genus (e.g. Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, and Pichia angusta), Komagataella genus (e.g. Komagataella pastoris, Komagataella pseudopastoris or Komagataella phaffii), Saccharomyces genus (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisae, cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces uvarum), Kluyveromyces genus (e.g. Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus), the Candida genus (e.g. Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi, Candida boidinii), the Geotrichum genus (e.g. Geotrichum fermentans), Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, or Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Preferred is the species Pichia pastoris. Examples for Pichia pastoris strains are X33, GS115, KM71, KM71H; and CBS7435.

(90) In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a fungal cell (e.g. Aspergillus (such as A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. orzyae, A. nidula), Acremonium (such as A. thermophilum), Chaetomium (such as C. thermophilum), Chrysosporium (such as C. thermophile), Cordyceps (such as C. militaris), Corynascus, Ctenomyces, Fusarium (such as F. oxysporum), Glomerella (such as G. graminicola), Hypocrea (such as H. jecorina), Magnaporthe (such as M. orzyae), Myceliophthora (such as M. thermophile), Nectria (such as N. heamatococca), Neurospora (such as N. crassa), Penicillium, Sporotrichum (such as S. thermophile), Thielavia (such as T. terrestris, T. heterothallica), Trichoderma (such as T. reesei), or Verticillium (such as V. dahlia)).

(91) In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is an insect cell (e.g., Sf9, Mimic™ Sf9, Sf21, High Five™ (BT1-TN-5B1-4), or BT1-Ea88 cells), an algae cell (e.g., of the genus Amphora, Bacillariophyceae, Dunaliella, Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria), Nannochloropsis, Spirulina, or Ochromonas), or a plant cell (e.g., cells from monocotyledonous plants (e.g., maize, rice, wheat, or Setaria), or from a dicotyledonous plants (e.g., cassava, potato, soybean, tomato, tobacco, alfalfa, Physcomitrella patens or Arabidopsis).

(92) In one embodiment, the cell is a bacterial or prokaryotic cell.

(93) In embodiments, the prokaryotic cell is a Gram-positive cells such as Bacillus, Streptomyces Streptococcus, Staphylococcus or Lactobacillus. Bacillus that can be used is, e.g. the B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, B. natto, or B. megaterium. In embodiments, the cell is B. subtilis, such as B. subtilis 3NA and B. subtilis 168. Bacillus is obtainable from, e.g., the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, Biological Sciences 556, 484 West 12.sup.th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1214.

(94) In one embodiment, the prokaryotic cell is a Gram-negative cell, such as Salmonella spp. or Escherichia coli, such as e.g., TG1, TG2, W3110, DH1, DHB4, DH5a, HMS 174, HMS174 (DE3), NM533, C600, HB101, JM109, MC4100, XL1-Blue and Origami, as well as those derived from E. coli B-strains, such as for example BL-21 or BL21 (DE3), all of which are commercially available.

(95) Suitable host cells are commercially available, for example, from culture collections such as the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany) or the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

(96) In embodiments, the cultured cells are used to produce proteins e.g., antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies, and/or recombinant proteins, for therapeutic use. In embodiments, the cultured cells produce peptides, amino acids, fatty acids or other useful biochemical intermediates or metabolites. For example, in embodiments, molecules having a molecular weight of about 4000 daltons to greater than about 140,000 daltons can be produced. In embodiments, these molecules can have a range of complexity and can include posttranslational modifications including glycosylation.

(97) In embodiments, the protein is, e.g., BOTOX, Myobloc, Neurobloc, Dysport (or other serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins), alglucosidase alpha, daptomycin, YH-16, choriogonadotropin alpha, filgrastim, cetrorelix, interleukin-2, aldesleukin, teceleulin, denileukin diftitox, interferon alpha-n3 (injection), interferon alpha-n1, DL-8234, interferon, Suntory (gamma-1a), interferon gamma, thymosin alpha 1, tasonermin, DigiFab, ViperaTAb, EchiTAb, CroFab, nesiritide, abatacept, alefacept, Rebif, eptoterminalfa, teriparatide (osteoporosis), calcitonin injectable (bone disease), calcitonin (nasal, osteoporosis), etanercept, hemoglobin glutamer 250 (bovine), drotrecogin alpha, collagenase, carperitide, recombinant human epidermal growth factor (topical gel, wound healing), DWP401, darbepoetin alpha, epoetin omega, epoetin beta, epoetin alpha, desirudin, lepirudin, bivalirudin, nonacog alpha, Mononine, eptacog alpha (activated), recombinant Factor VIII+VWF, Recombinate, recombinant Factor VIII, Factor VIII (recombinant), Alphnmate, octocog alpha, Factor VIII, palifermin, Indikinase, tenecteplase, alteplase, pamiteplase, reteplase, nateplase, monteplase, follitropin alpha, rFSH, hpFSH, micafungin, pegfilgrastim, lenograstim, nartograstim, sermorelin, glucagon, exenatide, pramlintide, iniglucerase, galsulfase, Leucotropin, molgramostim, triptorelin acetate, histrelin (subcutaneous implant, Hydron), deslorelin, histrelin, nafarelin, leuprolide sustained release depot (ATRIGEL), leuprolide implant (DUROS), goserelin, Eutropin, KP-102 program, somatropin, mecasermin (growth failure), enlfavirtide, Org-33408, insulin glargine, insulin glulisine, insulin (inhaled), insulin lispro, insulin deternir, insulin (buccal, RapidMist), mecasermin rinfabate, anakinra, celmoleukin, 99 mTc-apcitide injection, myelopid, Betaseron, glatiramer acetate, Gepon, sargramostim, oprelvekin, human leukocyte-derived alpha interferons, Bilive, insulin (recombinant), recombinant human insulin, insulin aspart, mecasenin, Roferon-A, interferon-alpha 2, Alfaferone, interferon alfacon-1, interferon alpha, Avonex′ recombinant human luteinizing hormone, dornase alpha, trafermin, ziconotide, taltirelin, diboterminalfa, atosiban, becaplermin, eptifibatide, Zemaira, CTC-111, Shanvac-B, HPV vaccine (quadrivalent), octreotide, lanreotide, ancestirn, agalsidase beta, agalsidase alpha, laronidase, prezatide copper acetate (topical gel), rasburicase, ranibizumab, Actimmune, PEG-Intron, Tricomin, recombinant house dust mite allergy desensitization injection, recombinant human parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1-84 (sc, osteoporosis), epoetin delta, transgenic antithrombin III, Granditropin, Vitrase, recombinant insulin, interferon-alpha (oral lozenge), GEM-21S, vapreotide, idursulfase, omnapatrilat, recombinant serum albumin, certolizumab pegol, glucarpidase, human recombinant C1 esterase inhibitor (angioedema), lanoteplase, recombinant human growth hormone, enfuvirtide (needle-free injection, Biojector 2000), VGV-1, interferon (alpha), lucinactant, aviptadil (inhaled, pulmonary disease), icatibant, ecallantide, omiganan, Aurograb, pexigananacetate, ADI-PEG-20, LDI-200, degarelix, cintredelinbesudotox, Favld, MDX-1379, ISAtx-247, liraglutide, teriparatide (osteoporosis), tifacogin, AA4500, T4N5 liposome lotion, catumaxomab, DWP413, ART-123, Chrysalin, desmoteplase, amediplase, corifollitropinalpha, TH-9507, teduglutide, Diamyd, DWP-412, growth hormone (sustained release injection), recombinant G-CSF, insulin (inhaled, AIR), insulin (inhaled, Technosphere), insulin (inhaled, AERx), RGN-303, DiaPep277, interferon beta (hepatitis C viral infection (HCV)), interferon alpha-n3 (oral), belatacept, transdermal insulin patches, AMG-531, MBP-8298, Xerecept, opebacan, AIDSVAX, GV-1001, LymphoScan, ranpirnase, Lipoxysan, lusupultide, MP52 (beta-tricalciumphosphate carrier, bone regeneration), melanoma vaccine, sipuleucel-T, CTP-37, Insegia, vitespen, human thrombin (frozen, surgical bleeding), thrombin, TransMID, alfimeprase, Puricase, terlipressin (intravenous, hepatorenal syndrome), EUR-1008M, recombinant FGF-I (injectable, vascular disease), BDM-E, rotigaptide, ETC-216, P-113, MBI-594AN, duramycin (inhaled, cystic fibrosis), SCV-07, OPI-45, Endostatin, Angiostatin, ABT-510, Bowman Birk Inhibitor Concentrate, XMP-629, 99 mTc-Hynic-Annexin V, kahalalide F, CTCE-9908, teverelix (extended release), ozarelix, rornidepsin, BAY-504798, interleukin4, PRX-321, Pepscan, iboctadekin, rhlactoferrin, TRU-015, IL-21, ATN-161, cilengitide, Albuferon, Biphasix, IRX-2, omega interferon, PCK-3145, CAP-232, pasireotide, huN901-DMI, ovarian cancer immunotherapeutic vaccine, SB-249553, Oncovax-CL, OncoVax-P, BLP-25, CerVax-16, multi-epitope peptide melanoma vaccine (MART-1, gp100, tyrosinase), nemifitide, rAAT (inhaled), rAAT (dermatological), CGRP (inhaled, asthma), pegsunercept, thymosinbeta4, plitidepsin, GTP-200, ramoplanin, GRASPA, OBI-1, AC-100, salmon calcitonin (oral, eligen), calcitonin (oral, osteoporosis), examorelin, capromorelin, Cardeva, velafermin, 131I-TM-601, KK-220, T-10, ularitide, depelestat, hematide, Chrysalin (topical), rNAPc2, recombinant Factor V111 (PEGylated liposomal), bFGF, PEGylated recombinant staphylokinase variant, V-10153, SonoLysis Prolyse, NeuroVax, CZEN-002, islet cell neogenesis therapy, rGLP-1, BIM-51077, LY-548806, exenatide (controlled release, Medisorb), AVE-0010, GA-GCB, avorelin, ACM-9604, linaclotid eacetate, CETi-1, Hemospan, VAL (injectable), fast-acting insulin (injectable, Viadel), intranasal insulin, insulin (inhaled), insulin (oral, eligen), recombinant methionyl human leptin, pitrakinra subcutaneous injection, eczema), pitrakinra (inhaled dry powder, asthma), Multikine, RG-1068, MM-093, NBI-6024, AT-001, PI-0824, Org-39141, Cpn10 (autoimmune diseases/inflammation), talactoferrin (topical), rEV-131 (ophthalmic), rEV-131 (respiratory disease), oral recombinant human insulin (diabetes), RPI-78M, oprelvekin (oral), CYT-99007 CTLA4-Ig, DTY-001, valategrast, interferon alpha-n3 (topical), IRX-3, RDP-58, Tauferon, bile salt stimulated lipase, Merispase, alaline phosphatase, EP-2104R, Melanotan-II, bremelanotide, ATL-104, recombinant human microplasmin, AX-200, SEMAX, ACV-1, Xen-2174, CJC-1008, dynorphin A, SI-6603, LAB GHRH, AER-002, BGC-728, malaria vaccine (virosomes, PeviPRO), ALTU-135, parvovirus B19 vaccine, influenza vaccine (recombinant neuraminidase), malaria/HBV vaccine, anthrax vaccine, Vacc-5q, Vacc-4x, HIV vaccine (oral), HPV vaccine, Tat Toxoid, YSPSL, CHS-13340, PTH(1-34) liposomal cream (Novasome), Ostabolin-C, PTH analog (topical, psoriasis), MBRI-93.02, MTB72F vaccine (tuberculosis), MVA-Ag85A vaccine (tuberculosis), FARA04, BA-210, recombinant plague FIV vaccine, AG-702, OxSODrol, rBetV1, Der-p1/Der-p2/Der-p7 allergen-targeting vaccine (dust mite allergy), PR1 peptide antigen (leukemia), mutant ras vaccine, HPV-16 E7 lipopeptide vaccine, labyrinthin vaccine (adenocarcinoma), CIVIL vaccine, WT1-peptide vaccine (cancer), IDD-5, CDX-110, Pentrys, Norelin, CytoFab, P-9808, VT-111, icrocaptide, telbermin (dermatological, diabetic foot ulcer), rupintrivir, reticulose, rGRF, HA, alpha-galactosidase A, ACE-011, ALTU-140, CGX-1160, angiotensin therapeutic vaccine, D-4F, ETC-642, APP-018, rhMBL, SCV-07 (oral, tuberculosis), DRF-7295, ABT-828, ErbB2-specific immunotoxin (anticancer), DT3SSIL-3, TST-10088, PRO-1762, Combotox, cholecystokinin-B/gastrin-receptor binding peptides, 111In-hEGF, AE-37, trasnizumab-DM1, Antagonist G, IL-12 (recombinant), PM-02734, IMP-321, rhIGF-BP3, BLX-883, CUV-1647 (topical), L-19 based radioimmunotherapeutics (cancer), Re-188-P-2045, AMG-386, DC/1540/KLH vaccine (cancer), VX-001, AVE-9633, AC-9301, NY-ESO-1 vaccine (peptides), NA17.A2 peptides, melanoma vaccine (pulsed antigen therapeutic), prostate cancer vaccine, CBP-501, recombinant human lactoferrin (dry eye), FX-06, AP-214, WAP-8294A (injectable), ACP-HIP, SUN-11031, peptide YY [3-36] (obesity, intranasal), FGLL, atacicept, BR3-Fc, BN-003, BA-058, human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (nasal, osteoporosis), F-18-CCR1, AT-1100 (celiac disease/diabetes), JPD-003, PTH(7-34) liposomal cream (Novasome), duramycin (ophthalmic, dry eye), CAB-2, CTCE-0214, GlycoPEGylated erythropoietin, EPO-Fc, CNTO-528, AMG-114, JR-013, Factor XIII, aminocandin, PN-951, 716155, SUN-E7001, TH-0318, BAY-73-7977, teverelix (immediate release), EP-51216, hGH (controlled release, Biosphere), OGP-I, sifuvirtide, TV4710, ALG-889, Org-41259, rhCC10, F-991, thymopentin (pulmonary diseases), r(m)CRP, hepatoselective insulin, subalin, L19-IL-2 fusion protein, elafin, NMK-150, ALTU-139, EN-122004, rhTPO, thrombopoietin receptor agonist (thrombocytopenic disorders), AL-108, AL-208, nerve growth factor antagonists (pain), SLV-317, CGX-1007, INNO-105, oral teriparatide (eligen), GEM-OS1, AC-162352, PRX-302, LFn-p24 fusion vaccine (Therapore), EP-1043, S pneumoniae pediatric vaccine, malaria vaccine, Neisseria meningitidis Group B vaccine, neonatal group B streptococcal vaccine, anthrax vaccine, HCV vaccine (gpE1+gpE2+MF-59), otitis media therapy, HCV vaccine (core antigen+ISCOMATRIX), hPTH(1-34) (transdermal, ViaDerm), 768974, SYN-101, PGN-0052, aviscumnine, BIM-23190, tuberculosis vaccine, multi-epitope tyrosinase peptide, cancer vaccine, enkastim, APC-8024, GI-5005, ACC-001, TTS-CD3, vascular-targeted TNF (solid tumors), desmopressin (buccal controlled-release), onercept, and TP-9201.

(98) In some embodiments, the polypeptide is adalimumab (HUMIRA), infliximab (REMICADE™), rituximab (RITUXAN™/MAB THERA™) etanercept (ENBREL™) bevacizumab (AVASTIN™), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN™), pegrilgrastim (NEULASTA™), or any other suitable polypeptide including biosimilars and biobetters.

(99) Other suitable polypeptides are those listed below and in Table A of US 2016/0097074:

(100) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE A Protein Product Reference Listed Drug interferon gamma-1b Actimmune ® alteplase; tissue plasminogen activator Activase ®/Cathflo ® Recombinant antihemophilic factor Advate human albumin Albutein ® Laronidase Aldurazyme ® Interferon alfa-N3, human Alferon N ® leukocyte derived human antihemophilic factor Alphanate ® virus-filtered human coagulation factor IX AlphaNine ® SD Alefacept; recombinant, dimeric Amevive ® fusion protein LFA3-Ig Bivalirudin Angiomax ® darbepoetin alfa Aranesp ™ Bevacizumab Avastin ™ interferon beta-1a; recombinant Avonex ® coagulation factor IX BeneFix ™ Interferon beta-1b Betaseron ® Tositumomab BEXXAR  ® antihemophilic factor Bioclate ™ human growth hormone BioTropin ™ botulinum toxin type A BOTOX ® Alemtuzumab Campath ® acritumomab; technetium-99 labeled CEA-Scan ® alglucerase; modified form of Ceredase ® beta-glucocerebrosidase imiglucerase; recombinant form of beta- Cerezyme ® glucocerebrosidase crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab, ovine CroFab ™ digoxin immune fab [ovine] DigiFab ™ Rasburicase Elitek ® Etanercept ENBREL ® epoietin alfa Epogen ® Cetuximab Erbitux ™ algasidase beta Fabrazyme ® Urofollitropin Fertinex ™ follitropin beta Follistim ™ Teriparatide FORTEO ® human somatropin GenoTropin ® Glucagon GlucaGen ® follitropin alfa Gonal-F ® antihemophilic factor Helixate ® Antihemophilic Factor; Factor XIII HEMOFIL adefovir dipivoxil Hepsera ™ Trastuzumab Herceptin ® Insulin Humalog ® antihemophilic factor/von Willebrand Humate-P ® factor complex-human Somatotropin Humatrope ® Adalimumab HUMIRA ™ human insulin Humulin ® recombinant human hyaluronidase Hylenex ™ interferon alfacon-1 Infergen ® Eptifibatide Integrilin ™ alpha-interferon Intron A ® Palifermin Kepivance Anakinra Kineret ™ antihemophilic factor Kogenate ® FS insulin glargine Lantus ® granulocyte macrophage Leukine ®/ colony-stimulating factor Leukine ® Liquid lutropin alfa for injection Luveris OspA lipoprotein LYMErix ™ Ranibizumab LUCENTIS ® gemtuzumab ozogamicin Mylotarg ™ Galsulfase Naglazyme ™ Nesiritide Natrecor ® Pegfilgrastim Neulasta ™ Oprelvekin Neumega ® Filgrastim Neupogen ® Fanolesomab NeutroSpec ™ (formerly LeuTech ®) somatropin [rDNA] Norditropin ®/ Norditropin Nordiflex ® Mitoxantrone Novantrone ® insulin; zinc suspension; Novolin L ® insulin; isophane suspension Novolin N ® insulin, regular; Novolin R ® Insulin Novolin ® coagulation factor VIIa NovoSeven ® Somatropin Nutropin ® immunoglobulin intravenous Octagam ® PEG-L-asparaginase Oncaspar ® abatacept, fully human soluable Orencia ™ fusion protein muromomab-CD3 Orthoclone OKT3 ® high-molecular weight hyaluronan Orthovisc ® human chorionic gonadotropin Ovidrel ® live attenuated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Pacis ® peginterferon alfa-2a Pegasys ® pegylated version of interferon alfa-2b PEG-Intron ™ Abarelix (injectable suspension); Plenaxis ™ gonadotropin-releasing hormone Antagonist epoietin alfa Procrit ® Aldesleukin Proleukin, IL-2 ® Somatrem Protropin ® dornase alfa Pulmozyme ® Efalizumab; selective, reversible RAPTIVA ™ T-cell blocker combination of ribavirin and Rebetron ™ alpha interferon Interferon beta 1a Rebif ® antihemophilic factor Recombinate ® rAHF/ antihemophilic factor ReFacto ® Lepirudin Refludan ® Infliximab REMICADE ® Abciximab ReoPro ™ Reteplase Retavase ™ Rituxima Rituxan ™ interferon alfa-2.sup.a Roferon-A ® Somatropin Saizen ® synthetic porcine secretin SecreFlo ™ Basiliximab Simulect ® Eculizumab SOLIRIS (R) Pegvisomant SOMAVERT ® Palivizumab; recombinantly Synagis ™ produced, humanized mAb thyrotropin alfa Thyrogen ® Tenecteplase TNKase ™ Natalizumab TYSABRI ® human immune globulin intravenous Venoglobulin-S ® 5% and 10% solutions interferon alfa-n1, lymphoblastoid Wellferon ® drotrecogin alfa Xigris ™ Omalizumab; recombinant Xolair ® DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody targeting immunoglobulin-E Daclizumab Zenapax ® ibritumomab tiuxetan Zevalin ™ Somatotropin Zorbtive™ (Serostim ®)

(101) In embodiments, the polypeptide is a hormone, blood clotting/coagulation factor, cytokine/growth factor, antibody molecule, fusion protein, protein vaccine, or peptide as shown in Table B.

(102) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE B Exemplary Products Therapeutic Product type Product Trade Name Hormone Erythropoietin, Epoein-α Epogen, Procrit Darbepoetin-α Aranesp Growth hormone (GH), Genotropin , Humatrope, somatotropin Norditropin, NovIVitropin, Nutropin, Omnitrope, Protropin, Siazen, Serostim, Valtropin Human follicle-stimulating Gonal-F, Follistim hormone (FSH) Human chorionic Ovidrel gonadotropin Luveris Lutropin-α GlcaGen Glucagon Geref Growth hormone releasing ChiRhoStim (human hormone (GHRH) peptide), SecreFlo Secretin (porcine peptide) Thyroid stimulating Thyrogen hormone (TSH), thyrotropin Blood Factor VIIa NovoSeven Clotting/ Factor VIII Bioclate, Helixate, Coagulation Kogenate, Factors Recombinate, ReFacto Factor IX Antithrombin III (AT-III) Benefix Protein C concentrate Thrombate III Ceprotin Cytokine/Growth Type I alpha-interferon Infergen factor Interferon-αn3 (IFNαn3) Alferon N Interferon-β1a (rIFN-β) Avonex, Rebif Interferon-β1b (rIFN-β) Betaseron Interferon-γ1b (IFN γ) Actimmune Aldesleukin (interleukin Proleukin 2(IL2), epidermal theymocyte activating factor; ETAF Kepivance Palifermin (keratinocyte Regranex growth factor; KGF) Becaplemin (platelet- Anril, Kineret derived growth factor; PDGF) Anakinra (recombinant IL1 antagonist) Antibody Bevacizumab (VEGFA Avastin molecules mAb) Erbitux Cetuximab (EGFR mAb) Vectibix Panitumumab (EGFR Campath mAb) Rituxan Alemtuzumab (CD52 Herceptin mAb) Orencia Rituximab (CD20 Humira chimeric Ab) Enbrel Trastuzumab (HER2/Neu Remicade mAb) Amevive Abatacept (CTLA Ab/Fc Raptiva fusion) Tysabri Adalimumab (TNFα mAb) Soliris Etanercept (TNF Orthoclone, OKT3 receptor/Fc fusion) Infliximab (TNFα chimeric mAb) Alefacept (CD2 fusion protein) Efalizumab (CD11a mAb) Natalizumab (integrin α4 subunit mAb) Eculizumab (C5mAb) Muromonab-CD3 Other: Insulin Humulin, Novolin Fusion Hepatitis B surface antigen Engerix, Recombivax HB proteins/Protein (HBsAg) vaccines/Peptides HPV vaccine Gardasil OspA LYMErix Anti-Rhesus(Rh) Rhophylac immunoglobulin G Fuzeon Enfuvirtide Spider silk, e.g., fibrion QMONOS

(103) In embodiments, the protein is multispecific protein, e.g., a bispecific antibody as shown in Table C.

(104) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE C Bispecific Formats Name (other names, Proposed Diseases (or sponsoring BsAb mechanisms of Development healthy organizations) format Targets action stages volunteers) Catumaxomab BsIgG: CD3, Retargeting of T Approved in Malignant (Removab ®, Triomab EpCAM cells to tumor, Fc EU ascites in Fresenius mediated EpCAM positive Biotech, Trion effector tumors Pharma, functions Neopharm) Ertumaxomab BsIgG: CD3, HER2 Retargeting of T Phase I/II Advanced solid (Neovii Biotech, Triomab cells to tumor tumors Fresenius Biotech) Blinatumomab BiTE CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T Approved in Precursor B-cell (Blincyto ®, AMG cells to tumor USA ALL 103, MT 103, Phase II and ALL MEDI 538, III DLBCL Amgen) Phase II NHL Phase I REGN1979 BsAb CD3, CD20 (Regeneron) Solitomab (AMG BiTE CD3, Retargeting of T Phase I Solid tumors 110, MT110, EpCAM cells to tumor Amgen) MEDI 565 (AMG BiTE CD3, CEA Retargeting of T Phase I Gastrointestinal 211, cells to tumor adenocancinoma MedImmune, Amgen) RO6958688 BsAb CD3, CEA (Roche) BAY2010112 BiTE CD3, PSMA Retargeting of T Phase I Prostate cancer (AMG 212, cells to tumor Bayer; Amgen) MGD006 DART CD3, CD123 Retargeting of T Phase I AML (Macrogenics) cells to tumor MGD007 DART CD3, gpA33 Retargeting of T Phase I Colorectal (Macrogenics) cells to tumor cancer MGD011 DART CD19, CD3 (Macrogenics) SCORPION BsAb CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T (Emergent cells to tumor Biosolutions, Trubion) AFM11 (Affimed TandAb CD3, CD19 Retargeting of T Phase I NHL and ALL Therapeutics) cells to tumor AFM12 (Affimed TandAb CD19, CD16 Retargeting of Therapeutics) NK cells to tumor cells AFM13 (Affimed TandAb CD30, Retargeting of Phase II Hodgkin's Therapeutics) CD16A NK cells to Lymphoma tumor cells GD2 (Barbara T cells CD3, GD2 Retargeting of T Phase I/II Neuroblastoma Ann Karmanos preloaded cells to tumor and Cancer Institute) with BsAb osteosarcoma pGD2 (Barbara T cells CD3, Her2 Retargeting of T Phase II Metastatic breast Ann Karmanos preloaded cells to tumor cancer Cancer Institute) with BsAb EGFRBi-armed T cells CD3, EGFR Autologous Phase I Lung and other autologous preloaded activated T cells solid tumors activated T cells with BsAb to EGFR- (Roger Williams positive tumor Medical Center) Anti-EGFR- T-cells CD3, EGFR Autologous Phase I Colon and armed activated preloaded activated T cells pancreatic T cells (Barbara with BsAb to EGFR- cancers Ann Karmanos positive tumor Cancer Institute) rM28 (University Tandem CD28, Retargeting of T Phase II Metastatic Hospital scFv MAPG cells to tumor melanoma Tübingen) IMCgp100 ImmTAC CD3, peptide Retargeting of T Phase I/II Metastatic (Immunocore) MHC cells to tumor melanoma DT2219ARL 2 scFv CD19, CD22 Targeting of Phase I B cell leukemia (NCI, University linked to protein toxin to or lymphoma of Minnesota) diphtheria tumor toxin XmAb5871 BsAb CD19, (Xencor) CD32b NI-1701 BsAb CD47, CD19 (NovImmune) MM-111 BsAb ErbB2, (Merrimack) ErbB3 MM-141 BsAb IGF-1R, (Merrimack) ErbB3 NA (Merus) BsAb HER2, HER3 NA (Merus) BsAb CD3, CLEC12A NA (Merus) BsAb EGFR, HER3 NA (Merus) BsAb PD1, undisclosed NA (Merus) BsAb CD3, undisclosed Duligotuzumab DAF EGFR, Blockade of 2 Phase I and II Head and neck (MEHD7945A, HER3 receptors, ADCC Phase II cancer Genentech, Colorectal Roche) cancer LY3164530 (Eli Not EGFR, MET Blockade of 2 Phase I Advanced or Lily) disclosed receptors metastatic cancer MM-111 HSA body HER2, Blockade of 2 Phase II Gastric and (Merrimack HER3 receptors Phase I esophageal Pharmaceuticals) cancers Breast cancer MM-141, IgG-scFv IGF-1R, Blockade of 2 Phase I Advanced solid (Merrimack HER3 receptors tumors Pharmaceuticals) RG7221 CrossMab Ang2, VEGF Blockade of 2 Phase I Solid tumors (RO5520985, A proangiogenics Roche) RG7716 (Roche) CrossMab Ang2, VEGF Blockade of 2 Phase I Wet AMD A proangiogenics OMP-305B83 BsAb DLL4/VEGF (OncoMed) TF2 Dock and CEA, HSG Pretargeting Phase II Colorectal, (Immunomedics) lock tumor for PET or breast and lung radioimaging cancers ABT-981 DVD-Ig IL-1α, IL-1β Blockade of 2 Phase II Osteoarthritis (AbbVie) proinflammatory cytokines ABT-122 DVD-Ig TNF, IL- Blockade of 2 Phase II Rheumatoid (AbbVie) 17A proinflammatory arthritis cytokines COVA322 IgG- TNF, IL17A Blockade of 2 Phase I/II Plaque psoriasis fynomer proinflammatory cytokines SAR156597 Tetravalent IL-13, IL-4 Blockade of 2 Phase I Idiopathic (Sanofi) bispecific proinflammatory pulmonary tandem cytokines fibrosis IgG GSK2434735 Dual- IL-13, IL-4 Blockade of 2 Phase I (Healthy (GSK) targeting proinflammatory volunteers) domain cytokines Ozoralizumab Nanobody TNF, HSA Blockade of Phase II Rheumatoid (ATN103, proinflammatory arthritis Ablynx) cytokine, binds to HSA to increase half-life ALX-0761 Nanobody IL-7A/F, Blockade of 2 Phase I (Healthy (Merck Serono, HSA proinflammatory volunteers) Ablynx) cytokines, binds to HSA to increase half-life ALX-0061 Nanobody IL-6R, HSA Blockade of Phase I/II Rheumatoid (AbbVie, Ablynx; proinflammatory arthritis cytokine, binds increase HSA to increase half-life ALX-0141 Nanobody RANKL, Blockade of Phase I Postmenopausal (Ablynx, HSA bone resorption, bone loss Eddingpharm) binds to HSA to increase half-life RG6013/ACE910 ART-Ig Factor IXa, Plasma Phase II Hemophilia (Chugai, Roche) factor X coagulation

(105) The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.