ECTOPARASITICIDE VETERINARY COMPOSITION

Abstract

The present invention relates to an ectoparasiticide veterinary composition comprising a nutraceutical sourced from Allium sativum comprising at least one compound of the formula (I): wherein n is at least 4 and in which R.sup.1 is selected from the group comprising: hydrogen; halogens; substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-5 alkyl groups; substituted or unsubstituted phenyl groups; carboxy group; carboalkoxy groups; hydroxymethyl; and trimethylsilylmethyl.

##STR00001##

Claims

1. An ectoparasiticide composition comprising; an extract of Allium sativum comprising at least one compound of the formula (I): ##STR00003## wherein n is at least 8 and in which R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; halogens; substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-5 alkyl groups; substituted or unsubstituted phenyl groups; carboxy group; carboalkoxy groups; hydroxymethyl; and trimethylsilylmethyl.

2. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1, in which R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen; chloro; fluoro; methyl; C.sub.2-4 alkyl groups; phenyl; carboxy; carbomethoxy; carboethoxy; hydroxymethyl; and trimethylsilylmethyl.

3. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1, in which the composition comprises at least one compound of the formula (I) in which n is between 8 and 22.

4. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1, further comprising acetic acid.

5. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1, in which the pH of the composition is between 4 and 6.

6. The ectoparasiticide composition as claimed in claim 5, in which the pH of the composition is between 4.1 to 5.9.

7. The ectoparasiticide composition as claimed in claim 6, in which the pH of the composition is between 4.2 and 4.9.

8. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1, in which the composition is substantially free from allicil.

9. A The ectoparasiticide of claim 1, further comprising one or more of: allyl methyl disulphide, dimethyl trisulphide, allyl-1-propenyl disulphide, allyl-1-propenyl trisulphide, 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithine, methyl-2-propenyl thiosulphinate.

10. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more of: methiin, alliin, and/or propiin, and/or the thiosulphinates thereof.

11. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more of: sulphur-containing precursor compounds for allicin; and/or an extract of Seaweed; and/or methionine; or any combination thereof.

12. The ectoparasiticide composition as claimed in claim 11, in which the sulphur-containing precursor compounds for allicil comprise 2-propenesulphenic acid.

13. An animal feed composition comprising an ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1.

14. The animal feed composition as claimed in claim 13, in which the animal feed composition is a terrestrial and/or an aquatic animal feed composition.

15. The animal feed composition of claim 13, in which the composition is administered in the animal drinking water.

16. A method comprising: administering to an animal the Use of an ectoparasiticide composition of claim 1 in a treating, in a controlling or in a reducing a likelihood of ectoparasitic infestations effective amount.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the ectoparasiticide composition is part of an animal fee composition.

18. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 2, in which the composition comprises at least one compound of the formula (I) in which n is between 8 and 22.

19. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 2, further comprising acetic acid.

20. The ectoparasiticide composition of claim 2, in which the pH of the composition is between 4 and 6.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

[0159] FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention on the mortality of poultry over time;

[0160] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the improvement in mortality of poultry when treated with the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention compared to a control group of poultry;

[0161] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the effect of red mite infestations on the weight of poultry birds;

[0162] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention on the tick infestations on cattle;

[0163] FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention on tail swishing of calves during the loading and activity phases;

[0164] FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention on leg kicks of calves during the loading and activity phases;

[0165] FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention on head turns of calves during the activity phase during the activity phase compared to the untreated sample; and

[0166] FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention on tail swishing of calves during the activity phase during the activity phase compared to the untreated sample.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example 1—Ectoparasiticide Veterinary Composition

[0167] The composition comprises:

[0168] 54.25% diallyl sulphide (DASn) where n is equal to or greater than 4 (further comprising DASn where n is equal to or greater than 5, further comprising DASn where n is equal to or greater than 6)

[0169] 14% alliclove liquid

[0170] 8% Chelated zinc

[0171] 9% Methionine liquid

[0172] 6% Seaweed concentrate

[0173] 5.5% Brinex Botanical

[0174] 3% MSM

[0175] 0.75% Liquorice Powder/Crystal

[0176] 0.5% Processing aids

Example 2—Red Mite Infestation

[0177] Red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) is an ectoparasite commonly found in poultry houses. Red mite are nocturnal blood feeding ectoparasites and affect 72% of poultry in Turkey. The average contact between the red mite and the chicken normally occurs over a 1-2 hour period and due to their size the ectoparasites are barely visible.

[0178] The red mites reach adulthood within 7 days and will lay over 30 eggs on the host animal. Therefore the red mite infestation on the host animal can multiply rapidly. The lifespan of a mite is between 6 to 9 months and have a direct impact on the reduction in profitability of the host chicken (estimated to be between 7-10% reduction per chicken).

[0179] It has been found that a red mite infestation can result in: [0180] 10-15% decrease in egg production; [0181] up to 2.2% decrease in egg weight; [0182] decrease in egg quality due to bark thinning and staining [0183] up to 5.7% decrease in feed efficiency; [0184] decrease in live weight; [0185] stress, aggression and death in hens.

[0186] Red mites are blood feeding ectoparasites, and as such there may be associated losses due to the transmission of diseases via the blood system between chickens or from the ectoparasite to the chicken.

[0187] Chemical treatments have resulted in a rise in antimicrobial resistance of the red mites. As a result, many, once effective, chemical treatments have been found to have little impact on red mite infestations. Increased use of chemical treatments to treat ectoparasite infestations, such as red mites, has exacerbated the problem. In 2004, a study conducted in England found that more than 60% of poultry houses were found to have a resistance to conventional chemical treatments. There is also a risk that residues of the chemicals or drugs used in the treatments may remain in the meat or be transmitted to the eggs. In some cases, 91% of laying chickens were found to contain dangerous levels of drug residues.

[0188] The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 is water-soluble and is administered to chickens via the in-line water system.

[0189] Once administered, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 is absorbed through the gut wall and into the vascular system of the chicken. The synergy of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 allows the delivery of the compounds of Formula (I) and essential oils to the dermis and epidermis of the chicken where the Compound of Formula (I) stimulates an adverse reaction through the sensory receptors of the red mites and as such creates a repellent effect.

[0190] The animal feed comprising ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was trialled on two properties in Izmir, Turkey having known red mite infestations. Farm 1 housed 80000 layers and Farm 2 housed 30000 layers. The animal feed comprising the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was introduced on Day 1 and observations were made daily.

[0191] No impact or reduction was noted between day 1 and day 14. On day 15, it was noted that mites appeared to be less prevalent. Between day 16 and day 20 the reduction in infestation continued to be seen. By day 21, it was established that the use of the animal feed comprising ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 of the present invention through the water system had a significant impact on the reduction of red mite infestation within the poultry houses.

Example 3—Red Mite Infestation

[0192] Two broiler houses of poultry were used in the trial, a first “trial house” and a second “control house”. Mortality was recorded weekly to determine the red mite impact on the poultry. Death within poultry is typically a result of anaemia or disease caused by secondary infection.

[0193] In the trial house, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was administered to chickens via the in-line water system at a dose of 4 ml per 10 litres of clean water. The control house used the farm's standard medication program involving the administration of antibiotics (Fosfomycin and enrofloxacin). Flock performance monitoring (measuring the number of mortalities not including the standard cull numbers) was recorded weekly in each house over a 28 day period. The mortality results over the 28 day period are shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 shows the improvement (%) of mortality in the trial house compared to the control house each week over the 28 day period. It can be seen from FIG. 1 that the mortality % for the control house increased to 5% over the 28 day period. In contrast, the mortality % for the trial house was significantly lower (3.5%) over the 28 day period.

[0194] FIG. 2 shows that over the 28 day period, the trial house provided a 41% improvement (i.e. reduction) in mortality amongst the poultry compared to the control house.

Example 4—the Effect of Red Mite Infestation on Broiler Birds

[0195] Two poultry houses were used in the trial: a “trial house” and a “control house”. Each house contained 37000 broiler birds.

[0196] In the trial house, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was administered each afternoon continuously for 6 hours at a dosage of 1 ml per 1 litre of clean drinking water. The control house used the farm's standard medication program involving the administration of antibiotics (Fosfomycin and enrofloxacin).

[0197] Average live weight of the birds in each house was recorded weekly for a 28 day period. At the end of the trial a feed conversion ration was identified.

[0198] FIG. 3 shows the weekly average live weight in each of the houses. In the control house, the final average live weight (at 28 days) was recorded as 1370 g. In contrast, in the trial house, the final average live weight (at 28 days) was recorded as 1660 g. This shows that the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention achieved an average live weight gain which was 21.17% higher than the average live weight gain of broiler birds treated with antibiotics.

[0199] The feed conversion ratio had an improvement of 18% in the trial house.

Example 5—Buffalo Fly Infestation

[0200] The animal feed comprising ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 of the present invention was used to control the impact of Buffalo Fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) on cattle. The animal feed was introduced in liquid form to a freely available supplementary cattle feed consisting of molasses and rations of grains, Rumensin and trace elements. Mixing occurred mechanically using an engine driven paddle mixer to ensure all ingredients are thoroughly blended to an even consistency. The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was added to animal feed to be administered to the host animal at a target dose rate of 5 mg per head per day.

[0201] The trial involved 146 head of weaner cattle located in Northern Australia. Cattle have access to the supplementary feed at all times.

[0202] The trial commenced when Buffalo Fly numbers were low and starting to increase in line with the warmer weather and were clearly visible on cattle. As fly numbers were initially low, there were little to no visible animal impact signs on the cattle. At week four, fly numbers had increased significantly and were clearly visible on the cattle. Regular inspections were made and the presence of medium numbers of flies on most cattle was noted however only four animals within the herd showed any visible signs of impact (i.e. small lesions around the eyes).

[0203] The herd was compared to a herd on a neighbouring property which had not been administered with the animal feed of the present invention (i.e. a control herd). The control herd was found to have significant lesions evident around the eyes and neck of the cattle. The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was found to have reduced the impact of Buffalo flies to a low-medium level of infestations.

[0204] The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 of the present invention was therefore demonstrated to be effective in preventing the buffalo flies from biting and feeding on the cattle. The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 did not in this instance prevent the flies from landing on the cattle, however the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 did stop the flies from biting the animals and therefore substantially reduced irritation and subsequent development of skin lesions at the site of irritation. Furthermore, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 provided the additional advantage of preventing transmission of parasitic worms which can infest fly bites and result in the development of open sores which require additional treatment and can detrimentally effect the quality of the hide. The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was also found to not have any negative effect on the dung beetle population.

[0205] The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 of the present invention has the benefit of: [0206] an almost complete absence of Buffalo Fly bites and resultant lesions in cattle; [0207] maintenance of live weight gain; [0208] use of all natural ingredients; [0209] no costs and handling of chemicals to treat Buffalo Fly infestations; [0210] not having to muster and yard cattle to administer chemical treatments resulting in calmer, less stressed cattle environment and reduced handling time; [0211] not having to install and maintain back rubbers to control fly numbers; [0212] no risk of developing chemical resistance to chemical treatments; [0213] ease of delivery to cattle and incorporation into existing feeding program; [0214] not having to maintain withholding periods if animals are sold for slaughter due to risk of residual drugs or chemicals within or on cattle; [0215] not requiring a withdrawal period prior to slaughter.

[0216] A key benefit to the farm is not having to provide a withdrawal period prior to slaughter due to the natural agents present within the composition. It is known that the last couple of weeks, prior to slaughter, are essential in order to achieve good final slaughter weights, therefore it is advantageous to be able to protect the host animal during this time.

Example 6—Treatment of Flies, Ticks and Mosquitoes on Horses

[0217] The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was premixed onto a calcium silicate at 50% and then added to the horse feed Goldhorse at 0.2%. This was then fed a minimum of 2.5 kg of the Goldhorse a day equating to 2.5 g per day of the composition of Example 1.

[0218] The study extended to 200 horses over 9 stables.

[0219] After 2 days of administration, the ticks had disappeared from the horses. The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was found to have 100% success rate at keeping or repelling ticks away from the horses.

[0220] After 2 weeks of administration, the number of flies on the horses in a stable environment had reduced by 50-60%. The same administration process was carried out in a higher fly stress environment, i.e. on horses within a swamp-style environment. After 2 weeks of administration, the same 50-60% reduction in fly numbers was observed.

[0221] After 2 weeks of administration, mosquito nuisance and bites had disappeared from 199 of the 20 horses within the study.

[0222] It can be seen that the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 of the present invention successfully reduced and repelled the ectoparasites, including ticks, flies and mosquitos, from the host animal.

Example 7—Effect of Ectoparasiticide Veterinary Composition on Ticks on Calves

[0223] Two groups of calves (a trial group and a control group) were fed a standard diet which included a feed pellet. In the trial group, the feed pellet was pre-treated with the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 at a dosage of 4 g per head per day administered over two feeds.

[0224] Efficacy was determined by a forced tick infestation challenge. Ticks were placed inside a tick feeding patch which was created by gluing a stockinet to a short-clipped ring on the back of the calves. Inside the stockinet enclosure a 25 cm diameter ring of normal hair length was maintained and ticks were placed onto the hair during the infestation process. Patches were removed after 24 hours and ticks (attached and unattached) were counted.

[0225] A pre-trial challenge was carried out on Day 0 on all animals. No significant difference was determined between the two groups of calves.

[0226] The host animals were not challenged during the 21 day loading phase. Activity of the host animals began at day 22. At day 24, a second challenge was completed.

[0227] The results are shown in FIG. 4 where it can be seen that the trial group demonstrated a 43% reduction in tick attachment to the host animal compared to the control group.

Example 8—Effect of Ectoparasiticide Veterinary Composition on Egg Staining

[0228] A first group of poultry was fed with on water treated with the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1. A second group of poultry was fed on untreated water (control sample).

[0229] Ten eggs from each poultry group were hard-boiled in separate pans for 10 minutes in simmering hot water. After cooling and shelling, the eggs were processed in two blenders for 20 seconds on speed 2 until finely chopped. The egg samples were presented to a panel of 18 assessors at ambient temperature.

[0230] The samples were evaluated using the Triangle Test Procedure (TES-S-001). In the triangle test each assessor is presented with a set of three coded samples, two of which are the same, and one which is different. The sets of samples are presented equally often in each of the six possible orders. This experimental design minimises any possible order and carry over effects.

[0231] Eighteen trained assessors were used for each test, nine receiving “treated eggs” as the “different” sample and nine receiving “control eggs” as the “different sample”. After tasting the samples, in the designated order, each assessor is asked to select the different sample and to describe the difference perceived.

[0232] The test was carried out in a testing room which is positively pressurised to minimise the entrance of external odours. Orange colour lighting was used to mask the colour difference between the samples.

[0233] Out of 18 assessors, 10 correctly identified the differing sample.

[0234] There was a statistically significant difference detected between the two samples of eggs at 5% level of significance. It was however noted that no taint descriptors were used by the panel for either egg sample.

[0235] It is therefore concluded that the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 does not taint eggs produced by treated poultry.

Example 9—Stability of Ectoparasiticide Veterinary Composition

[0236] Garlic extracts such as garlic oil are volatile substances and the pharmacologic actions of these extracts are dependent on ratio of the elements present within.

[0237] The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention comprises the most efficient combination of polysulphide compositions and other components. The stability of the volatile substances is controlled and stabilised by the presence of acetic acid.

[0238] Stability of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 in a non-Newtonian liquid were tested under extreme short term conditions of 54% for 2 weeks and 7 days storage at OC. The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was found to be stable within these parameters with no separation of the liquid phase.

[0239] The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention were found to have good dispersibility and homogeneity and excellent suspensibility and did not appear to separate in short and medium term testing.

[0240] After a year at 20C the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 appeared to be completely stable with no evidence of separation or sedimentation or loss of activity.

Example 10—Comparison Doses for Treatment of Other Animals

[0241] The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention can be administered to a wide variety of animals. The dosage required depends on the type of animal to be treated for ectoparasitic infestations.

[0242] For example, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention may be administered to cattle and deer at a dosage of 5-6 grams of composition per head per day. In order to treat or reduce tick nuisance within sheep, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention may be administered at a dosage of 3 grams per head per day. ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention may be administered to equines at a dosage of 5 grams per head per day.

[0243] With regards to the treatment of ectoparasites on dogs, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention may be administered at different dosages depending on the size or breed of the dog. The ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention may be mixed into the dog food or the water. The dosages may be: for a large breed dog—1 gram of composition per head per day; for a medium breed dog—0.6 grams of composition per head per day; and for a small breed dog—0.3 grams of composition per head per day.

[0244] For the treatment of ectoparasites on cats, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention may be administered by mixing into the cat feed at a dosage of 0.2 grams of composition per head per day.

Example 11—Method of Preparation of Ectoparasticide Composition

[0245] The garlic cloves are placed in acetic acid (preferably cidar apple vinegar). The pH is maintained between 4.5 and 6.0. The solution is heated to an optimum temperature of 35° C. The garlic cloves are chopped whilst present within the acetic acid to provide the highly reactive precursor of allicin, 2-propenesulphenic acid. 2-propenesulphenic acid dimerizes to form allicin. After 24 hours, the solution comprises DASn where n is at least 4, preferably including DAS7-22, making this a unique source DASn where n is at least 4.

Example 12—Treatment of Sparicotyle chrysophrii on Fish

[0246] The effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention was investigated on four different breeds of fish: Sea Bass, Amber Jack, Sea Bream and Red Sea Bream.

[0247] A control sample of fish was fed fish food untreated with the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention.

[0248] Treated samples of fish were administered with the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention sprayed onto the fish feed.

[0249] For young fish (with a weight in the range of between 2 g and 200 g), the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention was sprayed onto the fish feed at a dosage of 1 litre of ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention per 1000 kg of fish feed. The young fish were pulse fed under a regime where the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention was administered over alternate 7 day periods.

[0250] For mature fish (with a weight in the range of between 200 g and 500 g), the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention was sprayed onto the fish feed at a dosage of 0.5 litre of ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention per 1000 kg of fish feed. The mature fish were fed under a regime where the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention was administered for 7 days at the start of each month.

[0251] The results showed that the treated fish samples had a reduced mortality rate compared to the control samples of fish. The mortality rate of treated fish was reduced by 32% compared to the mortality rate of control fish samples.

[0252] The results also showed that the oxygen levels within the gills of the treated fish samples were higher when compared to the control samples of fish.

[0253] The results also showed that the presence of the ectoparasite Sparicotyle chrysophrii had been eradicated within the treated fish samples (but was still present within the control fish samples).

[0254] Although this study investigated the treatment of the ectoparasite Sparicotyle chrysophrii it is to be understood that the effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention is not limited to this specific ectoparasite and can be used to treat and eradicate all ectoparasite infestations on a host animal.

[0255] The results showed that the treated fish samples had reduced levels of parasitic invasion compared to control fish samples.

[0256] The results also showed that the treated fish samples had a greater weight gain of 70 g to 80 g over 35 days compared to the weight gain of 30 g to 40 g over 35 days of the control fish sample. It was also found that the feed conversion ratio (i.e. the amount of food required to be digested in order to provide a predetermined weight gain within the host animal) was improved (i.e. less feed required in order to provide the predetermined weight gain) for feed treated with the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention. In particular, the control fish sample required 2.50 g of fish feed to provide a 1 g fish live weight. In contrast, the treated fish sample required 1.83 g of fish feed to provide 1 g fish live weight. As a result, it can be seen that the feed conversion of animal feed treated with the ectoparasiticide composition of the present invention was far more efficient compared to untreated animal feed. This demonstrates that the ectoparasiticide composition of the present invention achieves a 37% increase in feed efficiency which significantly reduces the associated feed costs.

[0257] The results also showed that the treated fish samples display higher levels of immunoglobulins compared to control fish samples.

Example 13—Effect of Ectoparasiticide Veterinary Composition on Animal Behaviour

[0258] The effect of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention was investigated on the animal behaviour of calves.

[0259] A first sample (a control sample) of calves was fed animal feed in the form of feed pellets untreated with the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition.

[0260] A second sample (a treated sample) of calves was fed animal feed in the form of feed pellets treated with the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition.

[0261] The treated feed pellets were fed to the calves at a dosage rate of providing 4 g per head per day of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention.

[0262] Efficacy of the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition was determined by monitoring recognised animal behavioural characteristics faced with an introduced fly challenge. These animal behavioural characteristics are: tail swishing, head turns, and leg kicks.

[0263] The control sample and the treated sample were monitored both during the loading phase (i.e. during the 21 days of feeding) and the activity phase (105 days; late June to early October) when the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition is considered to have reached peak effectiveness.

[0264] With reference to FIGS. 4 to 7, it can be seen that there was a significant behavioural difference observed in animals treated with ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention compared to untreated animals. It can be seen that distress and irritation caused by fly nuisance can be reduced by an average of 60% when fed the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention compared to untreated host animals. As a result, it can be concluded that the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of the present invention can be used to reduce negative and/or stressed behaviour associated with ectoparasite infestations.

Example 14—Effect of Ectoparasiticide Veterinary Composition on Bacteria

[0265] An ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 (labelled here as PST22) was tested in an in vitro experimental laboratory to test its efficacy against conventional antibiotics used to control harmful bacteria and fungus that cause untold harm in modern poultry producers. Leading world authorities including the World Health Organisation (WHO) have graded Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) as a serious global health issue that threatens the prevention and treatment of an increasing range of infections.

[0266] ESKAPE is an acronym that encompasses the scientific names of six bacterial pathogens commonly associated with AMR and of clinical significance to the medical and agricultural field. These pathogens are: Enterococcus faecium; Staphylococcus aureus; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Acinetobacter baumannii; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and Enterobacter spp. (ESBLs and Carbapenemases).

[0267] The results are shown in Tables 5 to 8.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 5 +++ = best (−) = worst Inhibitory Activity Average of 3× trials (stopping power Escherichia coli (ATCC25322) Reactivity Killing thoroughness and Sample/Control Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Power (mm) lasting effect) A PST22 18.28 16.16 17.41 17.28 +++ (Undiluted) (10 mm) B PST 22 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 +++ (Diluted by 1000 times) Positive Control 16.20 16.39 16.12 16.24 +++ Amikacin 30 ug (6 mm) Negative Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (−) Sample-free disc (10 mm)

[0268] Table 5 shows that the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 outperformed the current chosen antibiotic by 6.4% for killing E-Coli when undiluted. When diluted by 1000 times, the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 was still found to have very powerful inhibitory activity, similar to the antibiotic (positive control).

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 6 +++ = best (−) = worst Inhibitory Activity Average of 3× trials (stopping power Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P) Reactivity Killing thoroughness and Sample/Control Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Power (mm) lasting effect) A PST22 22.53 20.26 23.31 22.03 +++ (Undiluted) (10 mm) B PST22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (−) (Diluted by 1000 times) Positive Control 22.82 20.20 20.72 21.25 +++ Oxacillin 1 ug (6 mm) Negative Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (−) Sample-free disc (10 mm)

[0269] Table 6 shows that the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 outperformed the current chosen antibiotic by 3.7% for killing Staphylococcus aureus. This harmful bacteria is on the ESKAPE WHO list. Therefore the composition of the present invention may be used effectively to treat bacterial diseases without any risk of antibiotic resistance.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 7 +++ = best (−) = worst Inhibitory Activity Average of 3× trials (stopping power Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) Reactivity Killing thoroughness and Sample/Control Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Power (mm) lasting effect) A PST22 14.83 16.40 14.92 15.38 +++ (Undiluted) (10 mm) B PST22 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 +++ (Diluted by 1000 times) Positive Control 16.12 16.26 16.52 16.30 +++ Amikacin 30 ug (8 mm) Negative Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (−) Sample-free disc (10 mm)

[0270] Table 7 shows that the ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 performed with similar activity to the current chosen antibiotic. When diluted 1000 fold, the composition of Example 1 had 61% of the antibacterial activity of the chosen antibiotic with equal inhibitory activity.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 8 +++ = best (−) = worst Inhibitory Activity Average of 3× trials (stopping power Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Reactivity Killing thoroughness and Sample/Control Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Power (mm) lasting effect) A PST22 17.53 16.63 16.54 16.90 +++ (Undiluted) (10 mm) B PST22 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 +++ (Diluted by 1000 times) Positive Control 17.89 17.08 17.02 17.33 +++ Amikacin 30 ug (8 mm) Negative Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (−) Sample-free disc (10 mm)

[0271] Table 8 shows that the composition of Example 1 performed as well as the current chosen antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When diluted 1000-fold, the composition of Example 1 had 57% of PG-6T the activity of the antibiotic and equal inhibitory activity. Again, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is on the ESKAPE WHO list. The composition of the present invention may be used to effectively treat bacterial diseases without any risk of antibiotic resistance developing.

Example 15—Effect of Ectoarasiticide Veterinary Composition on Fungi

[0272] An ectoparasiticide veterinary composition of Example 1 (labelled here as PST22) was tested in an in vitro experimental laboratory to test its efficacy against conventional antibiotics used to control harmful bacteria and fungus that cause untold harm in modern poultry producers.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 9 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Average of +++ = best (ATCC 9763) 3× trials (−) = worst Total Mean Reactivity Inhibitory Activity Zone of Killing (stopping power Inhibition Power thoroughness and Sample/Control Trial 1 Trail 2 Trial 3 (mm) (mm) lasting effect) PST22 - B 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 (−) (1 ml/L) (10 mm) Positive Control Nystatin 21.28 21.30 22.17 21.58 4 +++ (10 mm) Negative Control Sample Free 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 (−) (10 mm) Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a live yeast that is commonly used in poultry diet for improving digestion.

[0273] Table 9 shows that the composition of Example 1 may be administered to host animals without adversely affecting live yeasts which are present for improved digestion. As such, the composition of Example 1 is compatible with all know pre and pro-biotics.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 10 Aspergillus niger (ITDI Ref. No. 3008) +++ = best (−) = worst Average of 3× trials Inhibitory Activity (larger the better) (stopping power Reactivity killing thoroughness and Sample/Control Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 power (mm) lasting effect) PST22 - A 27.76 26.04 25.20 26.33 +++ (pure) (10 mm) PST22 - B 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 +++ (1 ml/L) (10 mm) Positive Control 15.80 16.20 16.18 16.06 +++ Clotrimazole (10 mm) Negative Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (−) Sample Free (10 mm)

[0274] Table 10 shows that the composition of Example 1, is highly effective in controlling fungi, in particular Aspergillus niger, in the feed or in the environment which, if left unchanged, can cause respiratory, nervous and eye problems in host animals such as chickens. Table 10 shows that the composition of Example 1 outperforms Clotrimazole by 64% when undiluted. When diluted by 1000-fold, the composition of the present invention displays very powerful inhibitory activity equal to the antibiotic.