Somatostatin Receptor

Abstract

An object of the present invention is to demonstrate the existence of a heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 (SSTR1) and somatostatin receptor subtype 4 (SSTR4) and also to provide a method for screening a factor that binds to such a heterodimer and the heterodimer that can be used in the screening method. A transformant expressing a heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4, into which DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4 have been introduced. A method for screening a compound that interacts with a heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4, comprising selecting the compound that interacts with the heterodimer from test compounds.

Claims

1-5. (canceled)

6. A method for screening a compound that interacts with a heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4, comprising selecting the compound that interacts with the heterodimer from test compounds, wherein the method for screening a compound is a method for screening a compound for treating and/or preventing a disease caused by accumulation of amyloid β protein; or a method for screening a compound that improves the activity of neprilysin; wherein the compound is an agonist or allosteric modulator of the heterodimer; and wherein the screening is performed by using a transformant expressing a heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4, into which a DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and a DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4 have been introduced, or a heterodimer isolated from the transformant.

7. The method according to claim 6, comprising the following steps (a), (b), and (c): (a) a step of bringing a test compound into contact with a heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4; (b) a step of measuring interaction of the heterodimer with the test compound; and (c) a step of selecting a compound that interacts with the heterodimer based on the measurement results in (b) above.

8. The method according to claim 7, comprising the following steps (d), (e), and (f) after step (c): (d) a step of bringing the test compound selected in (c) into contact with a homodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and/or a homodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 4; (e) a step of measuring interaction of the test compound with the homodimer; and (f) a step of selecting a compound having a weaker interaction than the interaction measured in (b) based on the measurement results in (e) above.

9-14. (canceled)

15. The method according to claim 6, wherein expression of the heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4 is confirmed by expressing somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4 which have been each differently labeled in the transformant, and determining a proximity between the different labels by a proximity ligation assay method.

16. The method according to claim 7, wherein expression of the heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4 is confirmed by expressing somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4 which have been each differently labeled in the transformant, and determining a proximity between the different labels by a proximity ligation assay method.

17. The method according to claim 8, wherein expression of the heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4 is confirmed by expressing somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4 which have been each differently labeled in the transformant, and determining a proximity between the different labels by a proximity ligation assay method.

18. The method according to claim 6, wherein the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4 have been co-introduced as a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4.

19. The method according to claim 7, wherein the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4 have been co-introduced as a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4.

20. The method according to claim 8, wherein the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4 have been co-introduced as a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4.

21. The method according to claim 15, wherein the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4 have been co-introduced as a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4.

22. The method according to claim 16, wherein the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4 have been co-introduced as a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4.

23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4 have been co-introduced as a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and a vector comprising the DNA encoding somatostatin receptor subtype 4.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0023] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating experimental procedures in the following Examples.

[0024] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating results of investigation by immunostaining into the expression of SSTR1 protein and SSTR4 protein in CHO cells into which an SSTR1 gene and an SSTR4 gene have been introduced.

[0025] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating results of investigation by proximity ligation assay into interaction of SSTR1 protein with SSTR4 protein in CHO cells into which an SSTR1 gene and an SSTR4 gene have been introduced.

MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0026] The transformant of the present invention is not particularly restricted as long as it is a transformant expressing a heterodimer of SSTR1 protein and SSTR 4 protein into which a DNA encoding the SSTR1 protein and a DNA encoding the SSTR4 protein are introduced (hereinafter, “DNA encoding the SSTR1 protein” and “DNA encoding the SSTR4 protein” may be respectively referred to as an “SSTR1 gene” and an “SSTR4 gene,” and these two DNAs may be collectively referred to as an “SSTR1/4 gene.” Hereinafter, the “heterodimer of the SSTR1 protein and the SSTR4 protein” may also be referred to as an “SSTR1/4 heterodimer”). In the present invention, the “SSTR1 protein” and the “SSTR4 protein” each mean a known G protein-coupled receptor described in Olias et al. (Journal of Neurochemistry, 2004, 89, 1057-1091), Moller et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2003, 1616, 1-84), and the like, while in the present invention, the “SSTR1/4 heterodimer” means a dimer formed by association of these two different subtypes of receptor proteins. The transformant of the present invention is also characterized in that the SSTR1 protein and the SSTR4 protein derived from a foreign SSTR1/4 gene introduced are expressed, and the SSTR1/4 heterodimer containing them is expressed in the cell or on the cell surface.

[0027] The “SSTR1 gene” may be any DNA as long as it contains a nucleotide sequence encoding the SSTR1 protein, and the “SSTR4 gene” may be any DNA as long as it contains a nucleotide sequence encoding the SSTR4 protein, but both of these genes are preferably derived from mammals such as humans, mice, rats, rabbits, cattle, and pigs and further preferably derived from humans. Specific examples of the “SSTR1 gene” and the “SSTR4 gene” suitably include a nucleotide sequence shown in positions 1 to 1173 of SEQ ID No: 1 and a nucleotide sequence shown in positions 1 to 1164 of SEQ ID No: 2, respectively. In addition, the SSTR1/4 gene may further contain a nucleotide sequence encoding a marker protein and/or a peptide tag for purification, detection, and quantification of the protein. The “marker protein” is not particularly limited, and examples thereof suitably include a conventionally known marker protein such as alkaline phosphatase, a Fc region of an antibody, HRP, and GFP, while examples of the “peptide tag” suitably include a conventionally known peptide tag such as Myc tag, a FLAG tag, His tag, and GST tag.

[0028] The transformant of the present invention can be prepared by introducing the SSTR1/4 gene into a host cell. The SSTR1/4 gene may be integrated into a vector that can be expressed in the host cell, both genes may be integrated into one vector, and each may be integrated into a separate vector. Examples of such a “vector” suitably include an expression system derived from chromosomes, episomes, and viruses, such as a vector derived from bacterial plasmid; a vector derived from yeast plasmid; a vector derived from a papovavirus like SV40, vaccinia virus, adenovirus, fowlpox virus, pseudorabies virus, and retrovirus; a vector derived from bacteriophage or transposon; and a vector derived from a combination thereof, such as a vector derived from genetic factors of plasmid and bacteriophage like cosmid and phagemid. These vectors may also contain a control sequence that not only causes expression but also regulates expression. Specific examples thereof suitably include a known plasmid such as pcDNA3.1, pcDNA6.2, pUC18, p3XFLAG-CMV10, and AcNPV.

[0029] The “host cell” may be any cell as long as it can express the SSTR1/4 heterodimer, and examples thereof suitably include a bacterial prokaryotic cell such as E. coli, Streptomyces, Bacillus Subtilis, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus; a fungal cell such as yeast and Aspergillus; a cell line derived from insects such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9; and a cell line derived from mammals such as CHO cell, N1E-115 cell, SH-SY5Y cell, HeLa cell, L cell, COS cell, C127 cell, BHK21 cell, HEK293 cell, and Bowes melanoma cell, and among them, a CHO cell is preferred. The “host cell” may also be a primary cultured nerve cell collected from an insect or a mammal. Such a “primary cultured nerve cell” can be collected from any of brain regions (for example, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamic nucleus, cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, putamen, caudate nucleus, corpus callosum, substantia nigra, olfactory bulb, amygdaloid nucleus, and basal ganglia) using a known method (such as a method described in Culturing Nerve Cells (The MIT press, 1991)) and the like), and among them, a primary cultured nerve cell collected from the hippocampus or cerebral cortex is preferred.

[0030] Introduction of the gene into the host cell can be performed through methods described in many standard laboratory manuals such as Davis et al. (BASIC METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 1986) and Sambrook et al. (MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), for example, lipofection, calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, transvection, microinjection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, scrape loading, ballistic introduction, and infection.

[0031] In addition, a method for confirming the expression of SSTR1 protein and SSTR4 protein in the host cell after the introduction of the gene is not particularly restricted as long as it is a known protein engineering method, and examples thereof include Immunostaining, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and ELISA using an antibody that specifically recognizes the SSTR1 protein and/or the SSTR4 protein or an antibody that specifically recognizes a marker protein or a peptide tag contained in the SSTR1/4 gene. Also, a method for confirming the formation of an SSTR1/4 heterodimer on the cell surface or in the cell of the transformant of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a known protein engineering method, and specific examples thereof suitably include proximity ligation assay method, fluorescence resonance energy transfer method (FRET), immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), affinity chromatography, biomolecular fluorescence complementation, and scintillation proximity assay (SPA), but among them, particularly suitably include a confirmation method of expressing SSTR1 protein and SSTR4 protein which have been each differently labeled in the transformant of the present invention, and determining the proximity between the different labels by a proximity ligation assay method. The proximity ligation assay method can be performed using a commercially available product such as Duolink (R) (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich), and a signal obtained through the proximity ligation assay method can be detected and analyzed using standard fluorescence microscopy and image analysis software programs.

[0032] The transformant of the present invention can be used to elucidate a signal transduction system involving the SSTR1/4 heterodimer. The “signal transduction system” may be any intracellular signal transduction system as long as the system is specifically activated via the SSTR1/4 heterodimer, but preferably it is an intracellular signal transduction system involved in the activation of neprilysin. The “neprilysin” is one type of known neutral endopeptidase described in Saido (Aβ METABOLISM AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, 2003, ISBN: 1-58706-230-5) and the like, which is present in various tissues of animals and is known to have Aβ-degrading activity. In other words, the transformant of the present invention may be limited to the transformant for use in application of “elucidation of the signal transduction system involved in the activity of neprilysin via the SSTR1/4 heterodimer.” The transformant of the present invention for use in such application may also be one into which a DNA encoding neprilysin is further introduced in addition to the SSTR1/4 gene. The “DNA encoding neprilysin” may be any DNA as long as it contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a neprilysin protein, but is preferably derived from mammals such as humans, mice, rats, rabbits, cattle, and pigs (hereinafter, the “DNA encoding neprilysin” is referred to as the “neprilysin gene”). The introduction of the neprilysin gene can be performed in the same manner as the method for introducing the SSTR1/4 gene into a host cell.

[0033] Examples of a method for “elucidating the signal transduction system involved in the activity of neprilysin via the SSTR1/4 heterodimer” using the transformant of the present invention include a method for measuring the activity of neprilysin according to known methods described in Japanese unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-34596, Japanese unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-151079, and the like, comprising incubating a compound that can interact with the SSTR1/4 heterodimer (such as somatostatin, a known somatostatin analog, and any test compound) with the transformant of the present invention and then either fixing such a transformant or preparing a cell extract or a neprilysin extract from such a transformant.

[0034] Specifically, the “activity of neprilysin” can be calculated by using a substrate for neprilysin to measure the amount of the substrate degraded. The “substrate for neprilysin” is not particularly limited, and examples thereof suitably include a synthetic compound such as benzyloxycarbonyl-alanyl-alanyl-leucyl-paranitroanilide, benzyloxycarbonyl-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanyl-paranitroanilide, benzyloxycarbonyl-glycyl-glycyl-leucyl-paranitroanilide, benzyloxycarbonyl-glycyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-paranitroanilide, glutaryl-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, glutaryl-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanyl-2-naphthylamide, and succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanine-4-methylcoumarin-7-amide; and a peptide such as an enkephalin, substance P, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and endothelin. In addition, conditions of the “incubation” can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art depending on the substrate to be used. For example, the concentration of the substrate varies depending on the substrate used, but a reaction may be carried out at 0.1 to 1000 .Math.g/ml. The concentration of the substrate is preferably 1 to 100 .Math.g/ml and further preferably 3 to 30 .Math.g/ml in the reaction system. The reaction temperature is preferably 20° C. to 45° C. and further preferably 20° C. to 40° C. The reaction time varies depending on conditions of a reaction system such as a substrate to be used and its concentration, but for example, it may be appropriately selected from 5 minutes to 24 hours. In terms of rapidity, it is preferable to set the reaction system such that measurements can be made in a short time of 5 to 60 minutes. The reaction is preferably carried out at a neutral pH, that is, pH 6 to 9, and more preferably at pH 7 to 8.

[0035] Furthermore, the “amount of degraded neprilysin substrate” can be calculated by measuring concentration of a compound generated by degradation (hereinafter may be referred to as a “degradation product”). Specifically, for example, if the degradation product emits fluorescence or if the degradation product reacts with a reagent to emit fluorescence, the amount of the degraded neprilysin substrate can be measured by measuring its fluorescence intensity. As another aspect, an amount of the degradation product and/or neprilysin substrate can also be analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, HPLC, or the like. At this point, the amount of degradation may be corrected with a value measured by adding an inhibitor (for example, thiorphan). The activity of neprilysin may also be taken as the amount of substrate degraded per unit cell mass. The “activity of neprilysin” data thus obtained can be used to elucidate an intracellular signal transduction system that activates neprilysin via the SSTR1/4 heterodimer.

[0036] Furthermore, the transformant of the present invention can also be used to prepare the “isolated SSTR1/4 heterodimer” of the present invention. For example, an SSTR1/4 heterodimer can be recovered and purified from a culture in which the transformant of the present invention is cultured, using known methods such as ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography to obtain the “isolated SSTR1/4 heterodimer.” In addition, as columns used for the affinity chromatography, it is possible to use, for example, a column to which an anti-SSTR1 monoclonal antibody or an anti-SSTR4 monoclonal antibody is bound, and a column to which substances having affinity to a marker protein or a peptide tag attached to the SSTR1/4 heterodimer are bound.

[0037] The screening method of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it comprises steps (a), (b), and (c): (a) a step of bringing a test compound into contact with an SSTR1/4 heterodimer; (b) a step of measuring interaction of the heterodimer with the test compound; and (c) a step of selecting a compound that interacts with the heterodimer based on the measurement results in (b) above (hereinafter, the above steps (a) to (c) may be referred to as the “first step”). The screening method of the present invention may further comprise steps (d′), (e), and (f): (d′) a step of bringing the test compound into contact with a homodimer of SSTR1 and/or a homodimer of SSTR4; (e) a step of measuring the interaction of the test compound with the homodimer; and (f) a step of selecting a compound having a weaker interaction than the interaction measured in (b) above based on the measurement results in (e) above (hereinafter, the above steps (d′) to (f) may be referred to as the “second step”). The first step and the second step may be carried out in the order of the first step followed by the second step, or may be carried out in the order of the second step followed by the first step, or may be carried out simultaneously, but it is preferable to carry out in the order of the first step followed by the second step. In other words, it is more preferable for the screening method of the present invention to comprise the first step followed by steps (d), (e), and (f): (d) a step of bringing the test compound selected in (c) above into contact with a homodimer of SSTR1 and/or a homodimer of SSTR4; (e) a step of measuring the interaction of the test compound with the homodimer; and (f) a step of selecting a compound having a weaker interaction than the interaction measured in (b) of the first step based on the measurement results in (e) above.

[0038] The “SSTR1/4 heterodimer” used in the step (a) of the screening method of the present invention may be an SSTR1/4 heterodimer expressed on a cell surface or an isolated one. For example, in the above step (a), as the “SSTR1/4 heterodimer,” the transformant of the present invention may be used as it is, or a cell extract or a membrane fraction containing the “SSTR1/4 heterodimer” derived from such a transformant may be used, and the isolated SSTR1/4 heterodimer of the present invention may be used. Similarly, the “homodimer of SSTR1” and the “homodimer of SSTR4” used in the above step (d′) or (d) may be a homodimer of SSTR1 or SSTR4 expressed on the cell surface or an isolated one. For example, a transformant into which each of the SSTR1 gene and the SSTR4 gene has been introduced independently may be prepared by the same method as for preparing the transformant of the present invention, and as the “homodimer of SSTR1” or the “homodimer of SSTR4,” such a transformant may be used as it is, or a cell extract or a membrane fraction containing a homodimer of SSTR1 or SSTR4 derived from such a transformant may be used. Furthermore, the “isolated SSTR1 homodimer or SSTR4 homodimer” can be prepared by the same method as for preparing the isolated SSTR1/4 heterodimer of the present invention and used as the “homodimer of SSTR1” or the “homodimer of SSTR4.”

[0039] The “test compound” in the screening method is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can bind to the SSTR1/4 heterodimer, and may be a known compound or a novel compound. Examples of the “test compound” include a protein (including an antibody), a peptide, a non-peptide compound (such as nucleotide, amine, sugar, and lipid), an organic low-molecular-weight compound, an inorganic low-molecular-weight compound, a fermentation product, a cell extract, a plant extract, and an animal tissue extract, and also suitably include a known compound library and peptide library such as a natural compound library, an allosteric compound library, a peptide library, an antibody fragment library, a synthetic compound library, a fragment-based library, and a phage display library. The “test compound” may also be a known peptide analog of somatostatin (for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,101 and 5,409,894; or International Publication No. WO 97/47317) and a known non-peptide SSTR agonist (International Publication No. WO 97/03054; U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,870; or U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,329,389 and 6,352,982). The form of the test compound is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a solid, liquid, mixture with a base agent, a suspension, or a solution. In the case of a suspension or a solution, water, pH buffer, methylcellulose solution, a saline solution, an aqueous organic solvent, or the like can be used.

[0040] In the above steps (a), (d′), and (d), the SSTR1/4 heterodimer can be brought into contact with the test compound by a usual method. The amount, concentration, number of contacts, and contact time of the test compound used in such steps can be selected appropriately by those skilled in the art within a range that does not seriously affect the structure of the SSTR1/4 heterodimer. For example, if the transformant is used as it is in the above step (a), (d′), or (d), the test compound is added to a culture solution and agar culture medium containing such a transformant or the like at a concentration of about 0.001 to 100 .Math.M, thereby bringing the SSTR1/4 heterodimer into contact with the test compound.

[0041] In the above steps (b) and (e), methods common in the art such as ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, and phage display can be used as methods for measuring the interaction of test compound with the heterodimer or the homodimer (for example, Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Third Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2001)). The presence or absence of the interaction or the intensity of the interaction of the test compound with the heterodimer or the homodimer are each measured by these methods, and based on the results, the test compound which is found to interact with the heterodimer can be selected as a “compound that interacts with the SSTR1/4 heterodimer” in the above step (c). In the above step (f), the test compound having a weaker intensity of interaction with the homodimer than that of interaction with the heterodimer can be selected as a “compound that interacts with the SSTR1/4 heterodimer” by comparing the measurement results in step (b) above with those in step (e) above. In other words, a compound that specifically binds to the SSTR1/4 heterodimer but not to (or only exhibits a low affinity to) the homodimer of SSTR1 or the homodimer of SSTR4 can be selected through the above step (f).

[0042] In addition, the screening method of the present invention may further comprise (a′) a step of selecting a test compound that has the possibility to interact with the SSTR1/4 heterodimer by in silico screening. Here, it is preferable to carry out step (a′) before step (a) from the viewpoint of efficiency. The in silico screening can be performed by any method known to those in the art using known docking software such as DOCK, FlexX, AutoDock, GOLD, Glide, and Ph4Dock based on the three-dimensional structure information of the SSTR1/4 heterodimer obtained by X-ray structural analysis, cryomicroscopic analysis, or the like. The above step (a′) may also be a step of selecting a test compound using a known compound database such as ChEMBL (http//www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/), DrugBank (http//www.drugbank.ca/), CTD (http://ctd.mdibl.org/), and PubChem BioAssay (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pcassay).

[0043] The “compound” selected by the screening method of the present invention is preferably an agonist or allosteric modulator of the SSTR1/4 heterodimer. Here, the “agonist” means a ligand that binds to an orthosteric site of a receptor and increases the signal transduction activity of the receptor and includes a full agonist capable of maximum receptor stimulation and a partial agonist unable to elicit full activity even at saturating concentrations. The “compound” in the present invention may be either a full agonist or a partial agonist but is preferably a partial agonist. In addition, the “allosteric modulator” means a substance that binds to an allosteric site of a G protein-coupled receptor (in other words, a regulatory site physically distinct from an active site of the protein) and regulates signal transduction activity of the receptor. In contrast to an orthosteric ligand, an allosteric modulator, even if an endogenous ligand is also bound, is known to modify receptor function by binding to the receptor at a different site and altering the affinity of such an endogenous ligand for the receptor, thereby controlling the strength of activation or deactivation of the receptor. Although allosteric modulators are known to include a positive allosteric modulator that increases the activity of a receptor and a negative allosteric modulator that suppresses the activity of a receptor, the “compound” in the present invention is preferably a positive allosteric modulator.

[0044] The “compound” can be used to identify an organ, tissue, or cell expressing an SSTR1/4 heterodimer. For example, the compound may be labeled with a radioisotope such as .sup.67Ga, .sup.68Ga, .sup.99mTc (Tc-.sup.99m), .sup.111In, .sup.123I, and .sup.125I and administered to humans or non-human animals followed by scintigraphy, thereby identifying tissues and cells expressing the SSTR1/4 heterodimer in vivo. In addition, when the “compound” is an antibody, a labeled antibody is prepared with a fluorescent substance such as FITC (fluorescein isocyanate) or tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, a radioisotope such as .sup.125I, .sup.32P, .sup.14C.sub., .sup.35S, and .sup.3H, and an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, β-galactosidase, or phycoerythrin, and the expression of the SSTR1/4 heterodimer in tissues and cells collected from living organisms can be identified by methods such as RIA, ELISA, a fluorescent antibody method, a plaque method, a spot method, a hemagglutination method, and an Ouchterlony method.

[0045] The “compound” selected by the screening method of the present invention has the possibility to activate neprilysin via an SSTR1/4 heterodimer and accelerate degradation of Aβ levels. Accordingly, the screening method of the present invention can be employed as the method for screening a compound that improves the activity of neprilysin, and the screening method of the present invention can also be employed as the method for screening a compound for treating and/or preventing a disease caused by the accumulation of Aβ protein. Specifically, (1) after identifying an agonist or allosteric agonist specific to the SSTR1/4 heterodimer by the screening method of the present invention, (2) such an agonist or allosteric agonist was chemically modified to improve specificity and permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and (3) Aβ accumulation suppressing effect and safety were confirmed using a next-generation mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (Saito et al., Nat Neurosci 17(5): 661-663, 2014. Doi: 10.1038/nn.3697.), thereby enabling (4) a search for therapeutic and/or preventive agent for a disease caused by the accumulation of Aβ protein, which can be applied in clinical trials. In the present invention, the “disease caused by the accumulation of Aβ protein” means a disease or condition in which a causal relationship between Aβ levels and the disease is suggested in vivo and includes Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy, cerebrovascular dementia, other dementia, cerebral infarction, and the like, in which accumulation of Aβ in a brain parenchyma region (called senile plaques) or the accumulation in the cerebral blood vessels is observed. The compound is expected to have a preventive effect on patients before the onset of the “disease caused by the accumulation of Aβ protein” (effect of suppressing an increase in Aβ protein levels) and a therapeutic effect on patients who are diagnosed to have the “disease caused by the accumulation of Aβ protein” (effect of improving symptoms and delaying progression by degradation of already accumulated Aβ protein). The transformant of the present invention can be used for the application of the method for screening a compound that improves the activity of neprilysin and also used for the application of the method for screening a compound for treating and/or preventing a disease caused by accumulation of Aβ protein.

EXAMPLES

[0046] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by referring to the Examples, while the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to these exemplifications.

Example 1

Preparation of SSTR1- and SSTR4-Expressing CHO Cells

1) Culture of CHO Cells

[0047] A 24-well plate for cell culture (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) with a coverslip (manufactured by Matsunami Glass Ind., Ltd) placed therein was coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL; manufactured by Sigma) to prepare a culture plate. Next, CHO cells were suspended in a culture solution (DMEM containing 10% FBS (manufactured by Nichirei Bioscience), penicillin, and streptomycin (manufactured by NACALAI TESQUE, INC.); manufactured by Gibco) and seeded at 2.7 × 10.sup.4/500 .Math.L/well in two of the culture plates. The two plates were provided each for immunostaining and proximity ligation assay.

2) Preparation of Mixed Solution for Transfection

[0048] The following DNA sequence encoding human SSTR1 (SEQ ID No: 1) or DNA sequence encoding human SSTR4 (SEQ ID No: 2) was inserted into pcDNA (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) to prepare expression vectors for human SSTR1 and human SSTR4 (hereinafter, such expression vectors are each described as “pcDNA-SSTR1” and “pcDNA-SSTR4”).

[0049] Human SSTR1 (wherein the underlined part indicates the Flag-tag sequence):

TABLE-US-00001 ATGTTCCCCAATGGCACCGCCTCCTCTCCTTCCTCCTCTCCTAGCCCCAG CCCGGGCAGCTGCGGCGAAGGCGGCGGCAGCAGGGGCCCCGGGGCCGGCG CTGCGGACGGCATGGAGGAGCCAGGGCGAAATGCGTCCCAGAACGGGACC TTGAGCGAGGGCCAGGGCAGCGCCATCCTGATCTCTTTCATCTACTCCGT GGTGTGCCTGGTGGGGCTGTGTGGGAACTCTATGGTCATCTACGTGATCC TGCGCTATGCCAAGATGAAGACGGCCACCAACATCTACATCCTAAATCTG GCCATTGCTGATGAGCTGCTCATGCTCAGCGTGCCCTTCCTAGTCACCTC CACGTTGTTGCGCCACTGGCCCTTCGGTGCGCTGCTCTGCCGCCTCGTGC TCAGCGTGGACGCGGTCAACATGTTCACCAGCATCTACTGTCTGACTGTG CTCAGCGTGGACCGCTACGTGGCCGTGGTGCATCCCATCAAGGCGGCCCG CTACCGCCGGCCCACCGTGGCCAAGGTAGTAAACCTGGGCGTGTGGGTGC TATCGCTGCTCGTCATCCTGCCCATCGTGGTCTTCTCTCGCACCGCGGCC AACAGCGACGGCACGGTGGCTTGCAACATGCTCATGCCAGAGCCCGCTCA ACGCTGGCTGGTGGGCTTCGTGTTGTACACATTTCTCATGGGCTTCCTGC TGCCCGTGGGGGCTATCTGCCTGTGCTACGTGCTCATCATTGCTAAGATG CGCATGGTGGCCCTCAAGGCCGGCTGGCAGCAGCGCAAGCGCTCGGAGCG CAAGATCACCTTAATGGTGATGATGGTGGTGATGGTGTTTGTCATCTGCT GGATGCCTTTCTACGTGGTGCAGCTGGTCAACGTGTTTGCTGAGCAGGAC GACGCCACGGTGAGTCAGCTGTCGGTCATCCTCGGCTATGCCAACAGCTG CGCCAACCCCATCCTCTATGGCTTTCTCTCAGACAACTTCAAGCGCTCTT TCCAACGCATCCTATGCCTCAGCTGGATGGACAACGCCGCGGAGGAGCCG GTTGACTATTACGCCACCGCGCTCAAGAGCCGTGCCTACAGTGTGGAAGA CTTCCAACCTGAGAACCTGGAGTCCGGCGGCGTCTTCCGTAATGGCACCT GCACGTCCCGGATCACGACGCTCGATTACAAGGACGACGACGATAAGTGA .

[0050] Human SSTR4 (wherein the underlined part indicates the Myc-tag sequence):

TABLE-US-00002 ATGAGCGCCCCCTCGACGCTGCCCCCCGGGGGCGAGGAAGGGCTGGGGAC GGCCTGGCCCTCTGCAGCCAATGCCAGTAGCGCTCCGGCGGAGGCGGAGG AGGCGGTGGCGGGGCCCGGGGACGCGCGGGCGGCGGGCATGGTCGCTATC CAGTGCATCTACGCGCTGGTGTGCCTGGTGGGGCTGGTGGGCAACGCCCT GGTCATCTTCGTGATCCTTCGCTACGCCAAGATGAAGACGGCTACCAACA TCTACCTGCTCAACCTGGCCGTAGCCGACGAGCTCTTCATGCTGAGCGTG CCCTTCGTGGCCTCGTCGGCCGCCCTGCGCCACTGGCCCTTCGGCTCCGT GCTGTGCCGCGCGGTGCTCAGCGTCGACGGCCTCAACATGTTCACCAGCG TCTTCTGTCTCACCGTGCTCAGCGTGGACCGCTACGTGGCCGTGGTGCAC CCTCTGCGCGCGGCGACCTACCGGCGGCCCAGCGTGGCCAAGCTCATCAA CCTGGGCGTGTGGCTGGCATCCCTGTTGGTCACTCTCCCCATCGCCATCT TCGCAGACACCAGACCGGCTCGCGGCGGCCAGGCCGTGGCCTGCAACCTG CAGTGGCCACACCCGGCCTGGTCGGCAGTCTTCGTGGTCTACACTTTCCT GCTGGGCTTCCTGCTGCCCGTGCTGGCCATTGGCCTGTGCTACCTGCTCA TCGTGGGCAAGATGCGCGCCGTGGCCCTGCGCGCTGGCTGGCAGCAGCGC AGGCGCTCGGAGAAGAAAATCACCAGGCTGGTGCTGATGGTCGTGGTCGT CTTTGTGCTCTGCTGGATGCCTTTCTACGTGGTGCAGCTGCTGAACCTCT TCGTGACCAGCCTTGATGCCACCGTCAACCACGTGTCCCTTATCCTTAGC TATGCCAACAGCTGCGCCAACCCCATTCTCTATGGCTTCCTCTCCGACAA CTTCCGCCGATTCTTCCAGCGGGTTCTCTGCCTGCGCTGCTGCCTCCTGG AAGGTGCTGGAGGTGCTGAGGAGGAGCCCCTGGACTACTATGCCACTGCT CTCAAGAGCAAAGGTGGGGCAGGGTGCATGTGCCCCCCACTCCCCTGCCA GCAGGAAGCCCTGCAACCAGAACCCGGCCGCAAGCGCATCCCCCTCACCA GGACCACCACCTTCGAACAAAAACTAATATCAGAAGAAGACCTATGA.

[0051] Next, a plasmid mixture was prepared so that pcDNA-SSTR1 and pcDNA-SSTR4 each had a final concentration of 1 mg/ml. Then, Opti-MEM (manufactured by Gibco) and the plasmid mixture were added to a tube and stirred with a vortex mixer, and FuGENE-HD (manufactured by Promega) was further added and mixed by pipetting 15 times or vortex mixer to prepare a mixed solution for transfection. The amount of each solution used here is as follows: [0052] plasmid mixture: 17 .Math.L [0053] Opti-MEM: 1,034 .Math.L [0054] FuGENE-HD: 66 .Math.L.

3) Transfection Into CHO Cell

[0055] The mixed solution for transfection prepared in (1-2) above was incubated at room temperature for 5 to 10 minutes, then added to the two plates prepared in (1-1) above (25 .Math.L/well), mixed slowly, and cultured for another 24 hours. In each plate, 20 wells were transfection treated, while 4 wells were untreated to make control groups.

Example 2

Cell Fixation and Permeabilization

1) Cell Fixation

[0056] After removal of the culture solution from the cells obtained in (1-3) above, a phosphate buffer containing 3.7% paraformaldehyde (PFA-phosphate buffer) was added (300 .Math.L/well), and the cells were incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes for fixation. After incubation, the PFA-phosphate butter was removed, and then an operation of adding PBS and incubating for 10 minutes was repeated three times to wash the cells.

2) Cell Permeabilization

[0057] Next, PBS containing 0.1% or 0.5% TritonX100 (manufactured by NACALAI TESQUE, INC) (Triton-PBS) was added to the cells obtained in (2-1) above (25 .Math.L/well) and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes for permeabilization. After incubation, Triton-PBS was removed, and then an operation of adding PBS and incubating for 10 minutes was repeated three times to wash the cells. As illustrated in FIG. 1, these cells were subjected to immunostaining (Example 3) and proximity ligation assay (Example 4). In these experiments, four experimental groups were set up as shown in Table 1 below, in which different concentrations of TritonX100-PBS and combinations of the primary antibodies were used for each.

TABLE-US-00003 Experimental group A Experimental group B Experimental group C Experimental group D Triton (permeabilization) 0.1% 0.1% 0.5% 0.5% Anti-FLAG antibody (primary antibody) 1000-fold dilution 200-fold dilution 1000-fold dilution 200-fold dilution Anti-Myc antibody (primary antibody) 8000-fold dilution 1000-fold dilution 8000-fold dilution 1000-fold dilution

Example 3

Immunostaining

1) Blocking

[0058] PBS containing 10% normal goat serum (10% NGS-PBS) was added to the cells obtained in (2-2) above and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes for blocking treatment. After incubation, 10% NGS-PBS was removed, and then PBS was added and incubated for 5 minutes to wash the cells.

2) Primary Antibody

[0059] An anti-FLAG antibody (DYKDDDDK Tag (D6W5B) rabbit monoclonal antibody; CST #14793; manufactured by Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), and anti-Myc antibody (Myc-Tag (9B11) mouse monoclonal antibody; CST #2276; manufactured by Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) were diluted using PBS containing 5% normal goat serum (5% NGS-PBS) to prepare a primary antibody mixture for immunostaining. The dilution ratio of each antibody is as shown in Table 1. The primary antibody mixture for immunostaining was added to the cells obtained in (3-1) above and incubated at 4° C. overnight. After incubation, the primary antibody mixture for immunostaining was removed, and an operation of adding PBS and incubating for 5 minutes was repeated three times to wash the cells.

3) Secondary Antibody

[0060] An Alexa Fluor Plus 555-labeled anti-rabbit antibody (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) and an Alexa Fluor Plus 488-labeled anti-mouse antibody (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) were diluted 1000-fold with PBS to prepare a secondary antibody mixture for immunostaining. The secondary antibody mixture for immunostaining was added to the cells obtained in (3-2) above and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. After incubation, the secondary antibody mixture for immunostaining was removed, and then an operation of adding PBS and incubating for 10 minutes was repeated three times to wash the cells.

4) Embedding

[0061] The cells stained in (3-3) above were embedded into a Prolong Gold antifade reagent (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) and stored at 4° C. for 1 day until observation.

5) Observation

[0062] As illustrated in FIG. 2, as a result of observation with a confocal microscope (FLUOVIEW Fv10i; manufactured by Olympus Corporation), it was revealed that SSTR1 and SSTR4 proteins were co-expressed in the cells prepared in Example 1. In addition, the localization of the SSTR1 and SSTR4 proteins was consistent, suggesting that the SSTR1 and SSTR4 proteins may form a heterodimer on the cell membrane.

Example 4

Proximity Ligation Assay

1) Blocking

[0063] A proximity ligation assay was performed using a Duolink PLA kit (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich). First, a Duolink blocking solution was added to the cells obtained in (2-2) above and incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes for blocking treatment. After incubation, the Duolink blocking solution was removed, and then PBS was added and incubated for 5 minutes to wash the cells.

2) Primary Antibody

[0064] The anti-FLAG antibody and anti-Myc antibody were diluted with the Duolink antibody diluent as shown in Table 1 to prepare a primary antibody mixture for Duolink. The primary antibody mixture for Duolink was added to the cells obtained in (4-1) above and incubated at 4° C. overnight. After incubation, the primary antibody mixture for Duolink was removed, and then an operation of adding PBS and incubating for 5 minutes was repeated twice to wash the cells.

3) PLA Probe

[0065] For the preparation of 50 .Math.L of PLA probe solution, 10 .Math.L of PLA probe anti-rabbit (+), 10 .Math.L of PLA probe anti-mouse (-), and 30 .Math.L of PBS were mixed. The PLA probe solution was added to the cells obtained in (4-2) above and incubated in a constant humidity chamber at 37° C. for 1 hour. After incubation, the PLA probe solution was removed, and then an operation of adding a wash buffer A (0.01 M Tris, 0.15 M NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20) and incubating for 5 minutes was repeated twice to wash the cells.

4) Ligation

[0066] For the preparation of 50 .Math.L of ligase solution, 10 .Math.L of 5X Ligation Stock (manufactured by Sigma), 1.25 .Math.L of DNA Ligase (manufactured by Sigma), and 38.75 .Math.L of water were mixed. The ligase solution was added to the cells obtained in (4-3) above and incubated in a constant humidity chamber at 37° C. for 30 minutes. After incubation, the ligase solution was removed, and then an operation of adding the wash buffer A and incubating for 5 minutes was repeated twice to wash the cells.

5) Elongation

[0067] For the preparation of 50 .Math.L of amplification solution, 10 .Math.L of 5X Amplification Buffer (manufactured by Sigma), 0.625 .Math.L of DNA polymerase (manufactured by Sigma), and 39.4 .Math.L of water were mixed. The amplification solution was added to the cells obtained in (4-4) above and incubated in a constant humidity chamber at 37° C. for 100 minutes. After incubation, the amplification solution was removed, and then an operation of adding a wash buffer B (0.2 M Tris and 0.1 M NaCl) and incubating for 10 minutes was repeated twice to wash the cells.

6) Embedding

[0068] The cells obtained in (4-4) above were embedded into a Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) and stored at 4° C. for 1 day until detection.

7) Detection

[0069] As illustrated in FIG. 3, as a result of imaging with a confocal microscope (FLUOVIEW FV10i; manufactured by Olympus Corporation), a fluorescent spot of PLA signal was confirmed in the cell prepared in Example 1. This result supports the interaction of the SSTR1 protein with the SSTR4 protein. From the results of Examples 3 and 4 above, it was confirmed that the SSTR1 and SSTR4 proteins form a heterodimer on the cell membrane.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

[0070] According to the present invention, it is possible to demonstrate the existence of a heterodimer of SSTR1 and SSTR4, and also to provide a method for screening a factor that binds to such a heterodimer and the heterodimer that can be used in the screening method, thus enabling a search for a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for a disease caused by Aβ deposition such as Alzheimer’s disease. The transformant of the present invention can be used in the preparation of an isolated SSTR1/4 heterodimer, elucidation of a signal transduction system involving a heterodimer of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 and somatostatin receptor subtype 4, a method for screening a compound that improves the activity of neprilysin, a method for screening a compound for treating and/or preventing a disease caused by accumulation of Aβ protein, and the like. The screening method of the present invention can be employed as the method for screening a compound that improves the activity of neprilysin and also employed as the method for screening a compound for treating and/or preventing a disease caused by the accumulation of Aβ protein. It is also possible to screen a compound that can interact with a heterodimer of SSTR1 and SSTR4 to induce activation of neprilysin, and such a compound can be utilized as a therapeutic and/or preventive agent for a disease caused by the accumulation of Aβ because it is likely to accelerate degradation of Aβ through the activation of neprilysin.