METHOD FOR REDUCING POST-OPERATIVE SCAR FORMATION USING MATERIALS COMPRISING COPPER, ZINC AND/OR SILVER COMPOUNDS APPLIED UNDER PERIPHERAL PRESSURE

Abstract

A method for reducing post-operative scar formation on a skin of a patient comprises applying a composition or material comprising copper, zinc and/or silver compounds to a postoperative wound under continuous peripheral pressure to the surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue, in order to reduce the inflammatory response, improve wound healing, reduce wounds complications and improve scar formation.

Claims

1-33. (canceled)

34. A method for reducing post-operative scar formation on a skin of a patient, said method comprises applying a material to a postoperative wound under compression or under continuous peripheral pressure to a surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue, thereby reducing inflammatory response, improving wound healing, reducing wound complications, and thus improving scar formation, wherein said material is either: (1) impregnated or coated with about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc or silver containing particles, or composite particles thereof, or combinations thereof, or (2) comprises about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc or silver containing particles, or composite particles thereof, or combinations thereof, said particles are in a powdered form embedded inside said material, wherein a portion of said particles being exposed and protruding from the surface of the material.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein said material is a negative-pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum-assisted closure wound dressing, and said continuous pressure applied on the material is negative or sub-atmospheric pressure.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein said negative pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum assisted closure wound dressing is a sealed wound dressing connected to a vacuum pump via tubing.

37. The method of claim 34, wherein said material is a woven or non-woven fabric, a foam, a knit fabric, or any type of fabric that is used to make wound dressings, plasters, gauze, sutures, or the like.

38. The method of claim 34, wherein said water-insoluble copper, zinc or silver containing particles are selected from the particles comprised of cuprous iodide (CuI), cupric oxide (CuO), cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O), zinc oxide (ZnO), silver chloride (AgCl), silver oxide (Ag.sub.2O), the composite particles comprised of copper oxide with silver (CuO/Ag), zinc oxide with silver (ZnO/Ag), and combinations thereof.

39. The method of claim 34, wherein said material is in a form of a polymeric film, fibre, filament, or sheath, and said particles are in a powdered form embedded inside said film, fibre, filament, or sheath, wherein a portion of said particles being exposed and protruding from the surface of the film, fibre, filament, or sheath.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein said polymeric film comprises polymers selected from polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, Nylon 66, Nylon 6, polyamide, and polyurethane.

41. The method of claim 34, wherein said water-insoluble copper containing particles are selected from the particles composed of cuprous iodide (CuI), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), cupric oxide (CuO), and combinations thereof said water-insoluble zinc containing particles are selected from the particles composed of ZnO, composite zinc oxide with silver (ZnO/Ag), and combination thereof and said water-insoluble silver containing particles are AgCl or Ag2O, or composite copper oxide with silver (CuO/Ag), or combinations thereof.

42. The method of claim 34, wherein said material is a woven fabric impregnated or coated with approximately 1-3% w/w CuI or AgCl particles, or combination thereof.

43. The method of claim 34, wherein said material is a sterile wound dressing impregnated or coated with approximately 1-3% w/w said particles composed of Cu2O, CuO, Ag2O, ZnO, composite copper oxide with silver (CuO/Ag) or composite zinc oxide with silver (ZnO/Ag) particles, or combinations thereof.

44. A method for reducing post-operative scar formation on a skin of a patient or removing excess exudate and promoting healing in acute, or chronic wounds, or in second- or third-degree burns on a skin of a patient, comprising: (1) applying a composition comprising copper, zinc or silver containing compounds, or combinations thereof, to a surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue, or to said acute or chronic wound, or to said second- or third-degree burn and surrounding inflamed tissue, respectively, and (2) applying either a wound dressing under compression or under continuous peripheral pressure, or a negative-pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum-assisted closure wound dressing under negative or sub-atmospheric pressure, to said surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue, or to said acute or chronic wound, or to said second- or third-degree burn and surrounding inflamed tissue, respectively; wherein said composition comprises either an aqueous solution of water-soluble copper, zinc or silver containing compounds, or combinations thereof, or a suspension of water-insoluble copper, zinc or silver containing compounds, or combinations thereof, in water, in a solvent or in a mixture thereof.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein said negative-pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum-assisted closure wound dressing is a sealed wound dressing connected to a vacuum or suction pump via tubing.

46. The method of claim 44, wherein said composition is in a form of a liquid, spray, gel, ointment, or powder, or said composition comprises encapsulated copper, zinc or silver containing compounds, or combinations thereof.

47. The method of claim 44, wherein said water-soluble copper containing compounds are selected from cupric sulphate (CuSO.sub.4), cupric chloride (CuCl.sub.2), and combinations thereof; said water-soluble zinc containing compounds are selected from zinc acetate (ZnOAc.sub.2), zinc chloride (ZnCl.sub.2), and zinc sulphate (ZnSO.sub.4), and combinations thereof; and said water-soluble silver containing compounds are silver fluoride (AgF), or silver nitrate (AgNO.sub.3), or combinations thereof.

48. The method of claim 44, wherein said water-insoluble copper compounds are selected from cuprous iodide (CuI), cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O) and cupric oxide (CuO), and combinations thereof; said water-insoluble zinc compounds are ZnO, or composite zinc oxide with silver (ZnO/Ag), or combinations thereof; and said water-insoluble silver compounds are AgCl or Ag.sub.2O, or composite copper oxide with silver (CuO/Ag), or combinations thereof.

49. The method of claim 45, wherein said sealed wound dressing is impregnated or coated with about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc or silver containing particles, or composite particles thereof, or combinations thereof.

50. A sealed wound dressing for negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) or a vacuum assisted closure (VAC), wherein said sealed wound dressing is impregnated or coated with about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc or silver containing particles, or composite particles thereof, or combinations thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

[0017] Disclosed embodiments will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended figures. The drawings included and described herein are schematic and are not limiting the scope of the disclosure. It is also noted that in the drawings, the size of some elements may be exaggerated and, therefore, not drawn to scale for illustrative purposes. The dimensions and the relative dimensions do not necessarily correspond to actual reductions to practice of the disclosure.

[0018] FIGS. 1a and 1b show the reduction of TGF-β secretion by copper ions treated skin explants after wounding, and comparison between the TGF-β secretion by the untreated skin explants (naïve control) and the burn skin explants (burn control) following wounding.

[0019] FIG. 2 shows constant release of copper ions by copper-oxide impregnated dressing.

[0020] FIG. 3 shows the skin condition seven weeks after bunion surgery treated with application of the copper-oxide containing wound dressings together with external compression post operatively.

[0021] FIG. 4 shows an example of the post-operative reduction of swelling and scar visibility following the combination of peripheral pressure and application of the copper oxide impregnated wound dressing.

[0022] FIG. 5 shows and example of the reduced inflammatory response after surgery following the combination of peripheral pressure and application of the copper oxide impregnated wound dressing of the present inventors, as visualised by significant reduced swelling and skin wrinkles.

[0023] FIG. 6 shows and example of an enhanced closure of the gap formed in a scratch assay using 1 and 10 nM of copper ions eluted from the wound dressings of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] In the following description, various aspects of the present application will be described. For purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present application. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present application may be practiced without the specific details presented herein. Furthermore, well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the present application.

[0025] The term “comprising”, used in the claims, is “open ended” and means the elements recited, or their equivalent in structure or function, plus any other element or elements which are not recited. It should not be interpreted as being restricted to the means listed thereafter; it does not exclude other elements or steps. It needs to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps or components, or groups thereof. Thus, the scope of the expression “a material comprising x and z” should not be limited to materials consisting only of compounds x and z. Also, the scope of the expression “a method comprising the steps x and z” should not be limited to methods consisting only of these steps.

[0026] Unless specifically stated, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within two standard deviations of the mean. In one embodiment, the term “about” means within 10% of the reported numerical value of the number with which it is being used, preferably within 5% of the reported numerical value. For example, the term “about” can be immediately understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the term “about” can mean a higher tolerance of variation depending on for instance the experimental technique used. Said variations of a specified value are understood by the skilled person and are within the context of the present invention. As an illustration, a numerical range of “about 1 to about 5” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 1 to about 5, but also include individual values and sub-ranges within the indicated range. Thus, included in this numerical range are individual values such as 2, 3, and 4 and sub-ranges, for example from 1-3, from 2-4, and from 3-5, as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, individually. This same principle applies to ranges reciting only one numerical value as a minimum or a maximum. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term “about”. Other similar terms, such as “substantially”, “generally”, “up to” and the like are to be construed as modifying a term or value such that it is not an absolute. Such terms will be defined by the circumstances and the terms that they modify as those terms are understood by those of skilled in the art. This includes, at very least, the degree of expected experimental error, technical error and instrumental error for a given experiment, technique or an instrument used to measure a value.

[0027] As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity.

[0028] The present application provides a method for reducing post-operative scar formation on a skin of a patient, said method comprises applying a material to a postoperative wound under compression or under continuous peripheral pressure to a surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue, thereby reducing inflammatory response, improving wound healing, reducing wound complications, and thus improving scar formation, wherein said material is either: [0029] (1) impregnated or coated with about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc or silver containing particles, or composite particles thereof, or combinations thereof, or [0030] (2) comprises about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc or silver containing particles, or composite particles thereof, or combinations thereof, said particles are in a powdered form embedded inside said material, wherein a portion of said particles being exposed and protruding from the surface of the material.

[0031] In some embodiments, said material is a woven or non-woven fabric, a foam, a knit fabric, or any type of fabric that is used to make wound dressings, plasters, gauze or the like. In another embodiment, this material is a conventional wound dressing, to which a composition comprising water-soluble copper, zinc and/or silver compounds or suspension of water-insoluble copper, zinc and/or silver compounds in water, in a solvent or in a mixture thereof, is applied.

[0032] In some embodiments, the composition is in a form of a liquid, spray, gel, ointment or powder. In other embodiments, the composition comprises encapsulated copper, zinc and/or silver compounds applied to said conventional wound dressing.

[0033] In a further embodiment, said water-insoluble copper particles are specifically cuprous iodide (CuI), cupric oxide (CuO) or cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O) particles. The water-insoluble zinc particles are specifically zinc oxide (ZnO) particles. The water-insoluble silver particles are specifically silver chloride (AgCl) or silver oxide (Ag.sub.2O). The water-insoluble composite particles are, for example, copper oxide with silver (CuO/Ag) or zinc oxide with silver (ZnO/Ag).

[0034] In still further embodiment, said composition is in a form of a liquid spray or ointment containing water-soluble copper, zinc and/or silver compounds. The exemplary water-soluble copper compounds of the embodiments are cupric sulphate (CuSO.sub.4) and cupric chloride (CuCl.sub.2). The exemplary water-soluble zinc compounds are zinc acetate (ZnOAc.sub.2), zinc chloride (ZnCl.sub.2) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO.sub.4). The exemplary water-soluble silver compounds are silver fluoride (AgF) and silver nitrate (AgNO.sub.3).

[0035] A non-limiting example of the material used in the present invention is a woven fabric impregnated or coated with approximately 0.1-10% w/w cuprous iodide (CuI) particles or a sterile wound dressing impregnated or coated with approximately 0.1-10% w/w Cu.sub.2O particles. Another exemplary material of the present invention is a woven fabric which is impregnated or coated with about 0.1-10% w/w CuO/Ag nanocomposite particles or a sterile wound dressing impregnated or coated with approximately 0.1-10% w/w ZnO/Ag particles.

[0036] In another embodiment, said material is in a form of a polymeric film, fibre, filament or sheath. The exemplary polymeric film of the embodiments comprise polymers selected from the group of polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, Nylon 66, Nylon 6, polyamide and polyurethane. The polymeric material of the present embodiment comprises water-insoluble particles of copper, zinc and/or silver compounds in a powdered form, embedded directly inside said film, fibre, filament or sheath. The material being embedded or coated with the copper, zinc and/or silver compounds is capable of releasing Cu(I), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) ions, or combination thereof upon contact with the damaged skin.

[0037] As mentioned in the Background section of the present invention, in hypertrophic scars, the expression of TGF-β persists compared to normal wound healing where receptor expression decreases during the remodeling phase. In ex-vivo skin explants studies, the present inventors have found that adding copper ions to the injured area immediately after burning drastically reduces the expression of TGF-β by the cells adjacent to the injured area indicating the potential reduction of scar formation in vivo following wounding by copper ions.

[0038] Reference is now made to FIGS. 1a and 1b showing the reduction of TGF-β secretion by copper ions treated skin explants after wounding, and also comparison between the TGF-β secretion by the untreated skin explants (naïve control) and the burn skin explants (burn control) following wounding. In FIG. 1a, following burning, there is an approximately three-fold increase in the secretion of TGF-β as compared to the non-burned controls. In FIG. 1b, adding 0.02 μM copper ions to the burned area prevented the TGF-β increased secretion by the tissue. In this figure, the star sign “*” indicates the statistically significant difference as compared to the naïve control.

[0039] Wound dressings of the present inventors, containing copper, zinc and/or silver particles, serve as a reservoir of copper, zinc and/or silver slowly released in the presence of the skin humidity. Reference is now made to FIG. 2 showing the constant secretion of copper ions by the copper oxide impregnated dressing of the present invention. This copper-oxide impregnated wound dressing that contains copper oxide microparticles serves as a reservoir of copper ions, small amounts (ppm) of which are slowly and constantly released in the presence of skin humidity and moisture in or around a postoperative wound exudate. FIG. 2 demonstrates that 10 ppm copper ions are slowly and constantly released from the copper-oxide impregnated wound dressing in the presence of saline. In this experiment, 1-gram swatches of the copper-oxide impregnated wound dressings were incubated with saline at 37° C. between 5 minutes to 30 hours. The amount of copper ions eluting to the saline solution was determined by colorimetric assay using bicinchoninic acid (see A. J. Brenner and E. D. Harris in “A quantitative test for copper using bicinchoninic acid”, Analytical Biochemistry 1995, Vol. 226(1), pp. 80-84).

[0040] Following surgery, a common post-operative condition is swelling (inflammation) of the operated area, especially around the opened skin and near a healing bone area, where surgical incision was made, and surrounding inflamed tissue. The swelling of the operated area stretches the skin and makes it harder for the smooth closure of the skin with new skin tissues, thus contributing to reduced healing capacity, which in turn may culminate in more noticeable scar and wound dehiscence.

[0041] Part of the inflammatory response that occurs after surgery is due to the penetration of microorganisms through the breach skin into the internal tissues. The presence of microorganisms in the wound stimulate the inflow of inflammatory cells into the wound, thereby enhancing the swelling of the operated area. The presence of microorganisms in the wound also results in increased exudates formation in the wound.

[0042] The presence of copper, zinc and/or silver in the vicinity of the post-operative surgical incision reduces the risk of dressing and wound microbial contamination. Reduction of microbial contamination of the wound reduces the inflammatory response and the influence of such responses on the scar formation.

[0043] Combining wound absorbent dressing impregnated or coated with copper, zinc and/or silver, with applying continuous pressure onto the surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue, significantly improve healing, reduce wounds complications and post-operative scar formation. Surgical wound blood and serous exudate are absorbed by such absorbent dressing. Reducing the presence of wound exudate reduces the substrate used by the bacteria for proliferating, and together with the potent biocidal effect of the copper, zinc and/or silver in the dressing, reduce the risk of surgical incision and wound site infection and dehiscence.

[0044] Applying compression (continuous pressure), which is also called “peripheral pressure”, to the affected post-operative skin area is a practice commonly performed by medical practitioners and comprises applying elastic bandages on the affected skin area. While this is a simple and straightforward method to apply pressure to the whole circumference of the limb, it frequently obliterates lymphatic and venous return, causing distal swelling. Local pain from the elastic bandage may also occur.

[0045] Combining the desired effects of compression, absorbent and antimicrobial dressing into a single wound dressing can improve healing and reduce scar formation. This would also ease the surgeons' and nursing teams' task of applying and changing dressings, reduce dressing errors and improve overall healing. The wound dressing of the present invention therefore achieves three effects simultaneously: absorb the wound exudates, eliminate bacteria in the dressing and in the wound, and exert localised compression. In addition, due to the angiogenetic effect of copper, zinc and/or silver containing dressings, it will improve the blood circulation to the surgical incision, allowing reduction of local ischemic zones in the surgical incision site. The reduction of inflammatory cytokines will improve healing and the final stages of wound healing, i.e. reduce the scar formation.

[0046] Indeed, as can be clearly seen in FIG. 3, very significant reduction in the scar visibility was observed following the use of the copper oxide containing wound dressings and external compression post operatively. FIG. 3 shows the skin condition seven weeks after bunion surgery treated with application of the copper-oxide containing wound dressing together with external compression post operatively. As can be seen, roughly 75-80% of the surgical incision has been healed completely and the scar is almost invisible. The rest of the incision demonstrates very delicate cicatrisation.

[0047] Reference is now made to FIG. 4 showing an example of the post-operative reduction of swelling and scar visibility following the combination of peripheral pressure and application of the copper oxide impregnated wound dressing.

[0048] In addition, FIG. 5 clearly demonstrates that no inflammation was observed post full knee surgery when using the wound dressing of the present inventors. The reduced inflammatory response following surgery, as visualised by significant reduced swelling and skin wrinkles, allows for faster wound healing and better scar formation.

[0049] “Postoperative wounds” are defined as wounds acquired during surgical procedures. Postoperative wound healing occurs after surgery and normally follows distinct bodily reactions: the inflammatory response, the proliferation of cellular and tissues that initiate healing, and the final remodelling. Postoperative wounds are different from other wounds in that they are anticipated and treatment is usually standardized depending on the type of surgery performed. Since the wounds are ‘predicted’, actions can be taken immediately after surgery that can reduce inflammations and promote healing. The body responds to postoperative wounds in the same manner as it does to tissue damage acquired in other circumstances. Inflammatory response is designed to create homeostasis, where the first stage is the inflammatory stage. The next stage of wound healing is the infiltration of leukocytes and release of cytokines into the tissue. Inflammatory response and the infiltration of leukocytes occur simultaneously. The final stage of postoperative wound healing is remodelling. Remodelling restores the structure of the tissue and that tissues ability to regain its function.

[0050] Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) or a vacuum assisted closure (VAC) is a well-known therapeutic technique used for prophylaxis and preventing surgical site infections in wounds healing through primary closure. See, for example, Gill Norman (2020) et al. in “Negative pressure wound therapy for surgical wounds healing by primary closure”, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020, 6(6), CD009261, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009261.pub6. In some embodiments, the material applied in the method for reducing post-operative scar formation of the present invention is a negative pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum assisted closure wound dressing. It can be optionally used in combination with a suction pump and tubing to remove excess exudate and promote healing in acute or chronic wounds and second- and third-degree burns. In this case, instead of continuous pressure applied on the material of the present invention over a postoperative wound, the therapy involves the controlled application of sub-atmospheric pressure to the local wound environment using a sealed wound dressing connected to a vacuum pump. In one embodiment, this sealed wound dressing is impregnated with about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc and/or silver particles or coated with about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc and/or silver particles or their composite particles. In another embodiment, a composition comprising water-soluble copper, zinc and/or silver compounds or suspension of water-insoluble copper, zinc and/or silver compounds in water, in a solvent or in a mixture thereof, is applied to this sealed dressing upon applying the negative pressure to a surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue.

[0051] In another aspect, a method for reducing post-operative scar formation comprises: (1) applying a composition comprising copper, zinc and/or silver compounds to a surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue thereof, and (2) applying a negative-pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum-assisted closure wound dressing under negative or sub-atmospheric pressure to said surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue thereof. This results in reducing inflammatory response, improving wound healing, reducing wound complications, and thus, improving scar formation.

[0052] In some embodiments, steps (1) and (2) of the aforesaid method can be switched in order, so the first step would be applying the wound dressing, and the second step would be applying the composition. Also, in the aforesaid method, the negative-pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum-assisted closure wound dressing can be replaced with a conventional wound dressing readily available in any medical environment or in any medical or emergency kit, and that conventional wound dressing is applied under compression or under continuous peripheral pressure to a surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue, as described in the present invention.

[0053] In still other aspect, a method for removing excess exudate and promoting healing in acute or chronic wounds, or in second- or third-degree burns on a skin of a patient, comprises: (1) applying a composition comprising copper, zinc and/or silver compounds to an acute or chronic wound, or to a second- or third-degree burn, and surrounding inflamed tissue thereof, and (2) applying a negative-pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum-assisted closure wound dressing under negative or sub-atmospheric pressure to said acute or chronic wound, or to said second- or third-degree burn, and surrounding inflamed tissue thereof. In some embodiments of this method, steps (1) and (2) can be switched in order, so the first step would be applying the wound dressing, and the second step would be applying the composition. Also in this method, the negative-pressure surgical wound dressing or a vacuum-assisted closure wound dressing can be replaced with a conventional wound dressing readily available in any medical environment or in any medical or emergency kit, and that conventional wound dressing is applied under compression or under continuous peripheral pressure to a surgical incision and surrounding inflamed tissue, as described in the present invention.

[0054] Additional aspect of the present invention is a sealed wound dressing for use in negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) or a vacuum assisted closure (VAC), wherein said sealed wound dressing is impregnated with about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc and/or silver particles or coated with about 0.1-10% w/w water-insoluble copper, zinc and/or silver particles or their composite particles.

Fast Closure of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (but not of Human Fibroblasts) by Copper Ions

[0055] Hypertrophic scars occur when the body overproduces collagen as part of the extracellular matrix of the newly formed skin of a closing wound, which causes the scar to be raised above the surrounding skin. The cells responsible for the production of collagen are the dermal fibroblasts. At the end of the production of the extracellular layer, this layer is covered by the epidermal layer. When culturing human diploid fibroblasts or human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro, they form a confluent monolayer of cells.

[0056] Using the monolayers formed by those cell lines, a scratch assay can be performed in order to study the effect of different factors on the cell migration, mimicking cell migration during wound healing in vivo (see Chun-Chi Liang et al., “In vitro scratch assay: a convenient and inexpensive method for analysis of cell migration in vitro”, Nature Protocols 2007, Vol. 2, pp. 329-333). The basic assay involves creating a “scratch” in a cell monolayer, capturing the images at the beginning and at regular intervals during cell migration to close the scratch. Following a scratch of the monolayer of human diploid fibroblasts (HDF cell line) and exposing them to different concentrations of ions secreted from the wound dressings of the present invention, no faster closure of the gap formed by the scratch was found.

[0057] Surprisingly, as can be seen in FIG. 6, when conducting a scratch assay using the human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) and exposing them to 1 nM or 10 nM of copper ions eluted from the wound dressings of the present invention, the extent of the closure of the cell gap was similar to that induced by the positive known control factor (Endothelial Growth Factor (EGF)).

[0058] The reduced scars and healed scars seen in FIGS. 3-5, in addition to the reduction in inflammation, can be also due to faster wound closure of the epidermal layer induced by the exposure of the wounds to the copper ions, without causing proliferation of the dermal fibroblasts, which cause the over-production of the collagen fibers responsible for the hypertrophic scars.