NANOSTRUCTURED HYBRID SOL-GEL COATINGS FOR SURFACE PROTECTION

Abstract

The present invention provides highly densified hybrid sol-gel coatings with surfaces functionalised with highly adherent inorganic chemistries. The invention also provides methods for preparing the hybrid sol-gel coatings of the present invention. Advantageous embodiments of the hybrid sol-gel coating and of the method of preparation, respectively, are provided in the dependent claims Preferably, the present invention provides a highly densified hybrid sol-gel coating based on the interconnectivity of two hybrid networks formed from a methacrylate silane and a transition metal complex.

Claims

1. A hybrid sol-gel coating formulation comprising the following: (a) an organosilane or a mixture of organosilanes, comprising at least the organosilane precursor, MAPTMS 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MAPTMS); and (b) a metal complex, comprising Zirconium and a ligand.

2. A formulation, as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a catalyst.

3. A formulation, as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an additive, wherein the additive comprises any one or more selected from the following: bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine (BTSPA), benzotriazole (BTA), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), colloidal silica, or a combination thereof.

4. A formulation, as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a solvent, wherein the solvent comprises any one or more alcohol(s) selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alcohols.

5. A formulation, as claimed in claim 4, wherein the alcohol comprises ethanol (EtOH).

6. A formulation, as claimed in claim 5, wherein ethanol is in the range of 0-25% w/w.

7. A formulation, as claimed in claim 3, wherein colloidal silica is in the range of 0.25-1.25% w/w.

8. A formulation, as claimed in claim 3, wherein BTSPA is in the range of 0.5-10% w/w.

9. A formulation, as claimed in claim 3, wherein BTA is in the range of 0.2-1.5% w/w.

10. A formulation, as claimed in claim 8, wherein the BTSPA is catalysed by using 0.1M HNO.sub.3.

11. A formulation, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organosilane comprises one or more of organosilane precursors selected from the group comprising: phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTEOS), TEOS and MAPTMS.

12. A formulation, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal complex comprises Zirconium (Zr) and/or Titanium.

13. A formulation, as claimed in claim 12, wherein the metal complex comprises Zirconium (IV) propoxide and/or titanium isopropoxide.

14. A formulation, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal complex comprises a monodentate or a bidentate ligand.

15. A formulation, as claimed in claim 14, wherein the ligand comprises methacrylic acid (MAAH).

16. A formulation, as claimed in claim 14, wherein the ligand comprises (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES).

17. A formulation, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ingredients are included in the molar ratio of 75:5:10:10, MAPTMS:TEOS:Zr:MAAH.

18. A formulation, as claimed in claim 17, wherein the molar ratio of ingredients comprises a molar ratio of 80:20, silane precursor:metal complex.

19. A formulation, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of ingredients comprises a molar ratio of organosilane precursors:metal complex of 50:50 to 99:1, and preferably in the ratio of 80:20.

20. A method for preparing a hybrid sol-gel formulation, the method comprising the following steps: (a) Hydrolysing a silane precursor; (b) Chelating a metal to form a metal complex; (c) Combining the organosilane precursor and the metal complex to form an intermediate sol; and (d) Hydrolysing the intermediate sol to form a pre-final sola.

21. A method according to claim 20, wherein in step (a), the silane precursors are hydrolysed with an aqueous solution of HNO.sub.3, and wherein the HNO.sub.3 solution is added dropwise to the mixture.

22. A method according to claim 20, wherein in step (d), the intermediate sol is hydrolysed with deionised water.

23. A coating formed from the formulation as claimed in claim 1.

24. A coated substrate prepared by coating the formulation claimed in claim 1 onto a surface.

25. A coated substrate as claimed in claim 24, wherein the coated substrate comprises any one or more materials selected from a metal, a plastics material, a metal coated plastics material, a 3D printed and/or an additive manufactured product.

26. A formulation as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an additive and/or a solvent.

27. A formulation as claimed in claim 2, wherein the catalyst is nitric acid (HNO.sub.3).

28. A method according to claim 20, further comprising adding an additive and/or a solvent to form a final sol.

Description

[0082] In the drawings:

[0083] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the steps in the preparation method of the multifunctional hybrid sol-gel coating according to the first aspect of the present invention;

[0084] FIG. 2 is a Process Flow for Synthesis of a Sol-Gel according to a second aspect of the present invention;

[0085] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram outlining a preparation method an interlocked tridentate hybrid sol-gel material according to the second aspect of the invention;

[0086] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram outlining a method of preparation of a sol-gel coating according to the second aspect of the invention, in particular the F006 formulation;

[0087] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram outlining a method of preparation of a sol-gel coating according to the first and second aspects of the present invention;

[0088] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the coordination reaction between APTES and zirconium propoxide;

[0089] FIG. 7 is a diagram shows the reaction between the tridentate silane and the interlocked nanomaterial at a metal surface;

[0090] FIGS. 8 (a), (b), (c) and (d) show graphs of the Sol-gel viscosity of formulations F001-F004 of the following examples (FIG. 8 (a)—F001, FIG. 8 (b)—F002,

[0091] FIG. 8 (c)—F003, FIG. 8 (d)—F004) versus time at different dilutions with ethanol (EtOH);

[0092] FIGS. 9 (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) shows graphs of Sol-gel viscosity of formulation F005 versus time at different dilutions with ethanol (EtOH) and concentrations of BTSPA ((a) 0.0% wt. BTSPA, (b) 0.5% wt. BTSPA, (c) 1.0% wt. BTSPA, (d) 2.5% wt. BTSPA, (e) 5.0% wt. BTSPA);

[0093] FIGS. 10 (a), (b), (c) and (d) shows a Weight loss trace from TGA on four sol-gel formulations, respectively, ((a) F001, (b) F002, (c) F003, (d) F004);

[0094] FIGS. 11 (a), (b), (c) and (d) is a Heat flow trace from TGA on four sol-gel formulations, respectively ((a) F001, (b) F002, (c) F003, (d) F004);

[0095] FIG. 12 is a graph of the Time taken for pendulum to dampen from 6° to 3°. Higher values indicates a harder coatings. Substrate: R-ICF Q-panel;

[0096] FIG. 13 is a graph of the Water contact angle for formulations F001-F005. Substrate: R-ICF Q-panel;

[0097] FIG. 14 is R-ICF panels coated with F001 after 24 hrs in NSS. Each row is a different dip-speed. Each column represents number of sol-gel coatings;

[0098] FIG. 15 is R-ICF panels coated with F002 after 24 hrs in NSS. Each row is a different dip-speed. Each column represents number of sol-gel coatings;

[0099] FIG. 16 is R-ICF panels coated with F003 after 24 hrs in NSS. Each row is a different dip-speed. Each column represents number of sol-gel coatings;

[0100] FIG. 17 is R-ICF panels coated with F004 after 24 hrs in NSS. Each row is a different dip-speed. Each column represents number of sol-gel coatings;

[0101] FIGS. 18 (a), (b) and (c) shows Mild steel with 3.sup.rd party silane (3PS) coating pre-treatment after 336 hrs NSS (a) 3PS only (b) 3PS & Sol-Gel System ‘E’ (F001) (c) 3PS & Sol-Gel System ‘J’ (F005 & F001);

[0102] FIGS. 19 (a) and (b) shows Galvanised steel with 3rd party silane (3PS) pre-treatment after 336 hrs NSS (a) 3PS only (b) 3PS & Sol-Gel System ‘J’ (F005 & F001);

[0103] FIGS. 20 (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) shows Aluminium 6000-series alloy after 336 hrs NSS (a) Uncoated (b) Sol-Gel System ‘D’ (F001 ×2) (c) Sol-Gel System ‘F’ (F003 ×2) (d) Sol-Gel System ‘I’ (F005) (e) Sol-Gel System ‘J’ (F005 & F001);

[0104] FIGS. 21 (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) shows Aluminium 6000-series alloy with 3.sup.rd party silane (3PS) pre-treatment after 336 hrs NSS (a) 3PS only (b) 3PS Sol-Gel System ‘A’ (F001) (c) 3PS & Sol-Gel System ‘E’ (F003) (d) 3PS & Sol-Gel System ‘I’ (F005) (e) 3PS & Sol-Gel System ‘J’ (F005 & F001);

[0105] FIG. 22 is Aluminium 2024T3 with various anodised surface treatments and sol-gel seals after 500 hrs in an NSS;

[0106] FIGS. 23 (a), (b) and (c) is SEM images of uncoated 3D printed part (a), sol-gel coated part (b) and a 3D printed part that was first abraded and then etched in hydrofluoric acid (HF) prior to coating (c);

[0107] FIGS. 24 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f) is Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) of sol-gel coated 3D printed part. (a) corresponding SEM image (b) silicon (c) Zirconium top-right (d) Aluminium (e) Titanium bottom-middle (f) EDX spectrum.

[0108] Referring to the flow diagram of FIG. 1, a process according to the first aspect of the invention, will now be described:

[0109] (a) Organosilane Hydrolysis to Form the Silane Sol

[0110] A first organosilane hydrolysis was effected by hydrolysing the organosilane, MAPTMS with an aqueous HNO.sub.3 0.01M solution in a 1:0.75 volume ratio (below this ratio, precipitation of zirconium species occurred during the second hydrolysis). As MAPTMS and water are not miscible, the hydrolysis was performed heterogeneously. After 20 minutes of stirring, the production of methanol became sufficient to allow the miscibility of all species present in solution;

[0111] (b) Zirconium Chelation to Form the Zirconium Complex

[0112] MAAH was added dropwise to ZPO with a molar ratio of 1:1 MAAH reacted on ZPO agent to form a modified zirconium alkoxide Zr(OPr).sub.4-2 x(MAA).sub.x where MAA is the deprotonated form of MAAH;

[0113] (c) Organosilane Zirconium Combination to Form the Si/Zr Sol

[0114] After a pre-determined time has elapsed, preferably about 45 minutes, the partially hydrolysed MAPTMS was slowly added to the zirconate complex. This mixture is characterized by a temperature increase, demonstrating the formation of irreversible chemical bonds;

[0115] (d) Hydrolysis to Form the Pre-Final Sol

[0116] Following another pre-determined time has elapsed, preferably, about 2 minutes, water was then added to this mixture. This second hydrolysis leads to a stable and homogeneous sol after a pre-determined hydrolysis time, preferably, about 45 minutes; and

[0117] (e) Formation of the Final Sol

[0118] TEOS (0.33 g) was added to the Pre-final Sol to form the Final Sol.

EXAMPLE 1

[0119]

TABLE-US-00003 Precursors Weight Precursors Content (%) (grams) 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl 79.5 61.22 methacrylate (MAPTMS) Zirconium n-propoxide 20 28.25 (ZPO) Methacrylic acid (MAAH) 20 5.30 Tetraethyl orthosilicate 0.5 0.33 (TEOS) H.sub.2O/HNO.sub.3 — 3.20 H.sub.2O — 6.60

[0120] In all Examples, methacrylic acid (MAAH) was used as the chelating agent.

[0121] The following process was carried out:

[0122] (a) Organosilane Hydrolysis to Form the Silane Sol

[0123] Organosilane hydrolysis was effected by hydrolysing MAPTMS (61.22 g) with an aqueous HNO.sub.3 0.01M solution in a 1:0.75 volume ratio (below this ratio, precipitation of zirconium species occurred during the second hydrolysis). As MAPTMS and water were not miscible, the hydrolysis was performed in a heterogeneous way. After 20 minutes of stirring, the production of methanol became sufficient to allow the miscibility of all species present in solution.

[0124] (b) Zirconium Chelation to Form the Zirconium Complex

[0125] MAAH (5.30 g) was added dropwise to ZPO (28.25 g) with a molar ratio of 1:1 MAAH reacted on ZPO agent to form a modified zirconium alkoxide Zr(OPr).sub.4-2x(MAA).sub.x where MAA is the deprotonated form of MAAH.

[0126] (c) Organosilane Zirconium Combination to Form the Si/Zr Sol

[0127] After 45 minutes, the partially hydrolysed MAPTMS was slowly added to the zirconate complex. This mixture is characterized by a temperature increase, demonstrating the formation of irreversible chemical bonds.

[0128] (d) Hydrolysis to Form the Pre-Final Sol

[0129] Following another predetermined time, about 2 minutes, water was then added to this mixture. This second hydrolysis leads to a stable and homogeneous sol after a hydrolysis time of about 45 minutes.

[0130] (e) Formation of the Final Sol

[0131] TEOS (0.33 g) was added to the Pre-final Sol to form the final Sol with a final molar ratio of 75:5:20:20, MAPTMS:TEOS:Zr:MAAH or 80:20, Silanes:Zirconium.

EXAMPLE 2

[0132] The process steps were carried out as for Example 1 with the following amounts being used:

TABLE-US-00004 Precursors Weight Precursors content (%) (grams) 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl 70 60.00 methacrylate (MAPTMS) Zirconium n-propoxide (ZPO) 25 28.84 Methacrylic acid (MAAH) 25 7.56 Tetraethyl orthosilicate 5 3.72 (TEOS) H.sub.2O/HNO.sub.3 — 4.40 H.sub.2O — 4.80

EXAMPLE 3

[0133] The process steps were carried out as for Example 1 with the following amounts being used:

TABLE-US-00005 Precursors Weight Precursors content (%) (grams) 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl 78 60.00 methacrylate (MAPTMS) Zirconium n-propoxide 19.5 20.19 (ZPO) Methacrylic acid (MAAH) 19.5 10.71 Tetraethyl orthosilicate 2.5 1.68 (TEOS) H.sub.2O/HNO.sub.3 — 2.70 H.sub.2O — 8.13

[0134] The coatings of the present invention provide surprisingly effective metals coating protection and provide all of the above referenced requirements of a coating.

[0135] 6 Sol-gel formulations (F001-F006) were prepared according to a second aspect of the present invention as follows, and according to the flow diagram of FIG. 2 (and FIG. 4): [0136] The silane precursor(s) (A) are first mixed with a magnetic stirrer until homogenised. Next, 0.1M nitric acid in deionised water is added to the silane mixture to hydrolyse the alkoxide functional groups. At this stage, 25% of the alkoxide groups are hydrolysed. The 0.1M HNO.sub.3 catalyst is added dropwise to avoid shocking the silane mixture. [0137] In parallel, the transition metal (either ZPO and/or TIOP) is chelated with the methacrylic acid to form the metal complex (B) (this is not the case for F005, where APTES is used). The methacrylic acid chelates ×2 of the alkoxide functional groups in the ZPO. [0138] After 45 mins of stirring the silane precursors (A) and metal complex (B), the silane precursor is added to the metal complex and allowed to stir for an additional 2 mins. Initially, the silane is added dropwise to avoid any potential precipitation. [0139] When (A) and (B) are mixed, the second hydrolysis is performed. For this hydrolysis, deionised water is added to bring the total hydrolysis to 50% of the alkoxide groups in the sol-gel. [0140] If applicable, any additives (e.g. colloidal silica, BTSPA, BTA) and/or solvents (e.g. ethanol) are added at this stage. [0141] The final sol-gel mixture is allowed to stir for a further 45 mins.

[0142] Regarding the synthesis of formulation F005: [0143] It is important that the zirconium isopropoxide (ZPO) is added to the APTES (and not the other way around). It was noted that this prevented the APTES from precipitating out of the mixture. [0144] The BTSPA can be catalysed (or activated) with 0.1M Nitric Acid in deionised water prior to it being added to the sol-gel. A level of 10% hydrolysis was found to be quite stable over time. Higher levels would result in the BTSPA gelling within a few hours.

[0145] The activated BTSPA should only be added to the sol-gel just before a part is to be coated. This is especially important for high concentrations of BTSPA (e.g. 5.0% weight) as the sol-gel will gel rapidly (<2 hours) with constantly increasing viscosity.

[0146] Prior to dip coating, the sol-gel is filtered using a 1.0 micron PTFE syringe filter to remove any large agglomerates or contaminates. If needed, the sol-gel can be diluted down with a solvent (e.g. ethanol or isopropanol) to decrease viscosity and increase shelf-life.

[0147] Each formulation is briefly described in Table 1 with each formulation broken down into three main components; 1) the mixture of Silane Precursors, 2) the Metal Complex & 3) the Additives. The full chemical names of the abbreviated description used in Table 1 are shown in in the “Summary of Invention” Section.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 1 Sol-gel formulations investigated in present study. Formulation Silane Metal # Precursors Complex Additive Solvent F001 PhTEOS / TEOS / MAPTMS ZPO / MAAH Levasil N/A (Colloidal Silica) F002 PhTEOS / TEOS / MAPTMS ZPO / MAAH Levasil N/A (Colloidal Silica) F003 PhTEOS / TEOS / MAPTMS ZPO / TIOP / MAAH N/A N/A F004 MAPTMS / TEOS ZPO / MAAH N/A N/A F005 MAPTMS ZPO / APTES BTSPA Ethanol F006 MAPTMS ZPO / MAAH BTSPA, BTA Ethanol

[0148] Formulations F001-to-F003 were developed as hard, hydrophobic & scratch resistant coatings, and aesthetic surface finishes. F004 was developed as a corrosion resistance sealer for anodized aluminium alloys. Formulation F005 is intended as having adhesion promoting properties. Formulation 6 is intended to be both a corrosion resistance sealer and an adhesion promoter.

[0149] Sol-Gel Formulations F001-F006

[0150] A more detailed breakdown of each of the sol-gel formulations, F001-to-F006, are shown in Table 2 to Table 41. Each formulation contains of a mixture of Silane Precursors, a Metal Complex and, where applicable, an additive to impart additional functionality, and also where applicable, a solvent. The percentage of the additives are expressed in % w/w of the wet sol-gel to which they are added. The tables corresponding to the formulations used in testing the performance of the sol-gel formulations are labelled with an asterix (*):

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 2 Formulation for Sol-Gel F001 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis ADDITIVE Final 50 50 N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Levasil 200 Component 47.8 4.9 47.3 100 100 N/A N/A 0.25-1.5% Concentration of Sol-Gel [mol. %] Weight Indv. Weight 13.507 1.200 13.809 55.01 10.222 1.614 4.638 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 3 Formulation for Sol-Gel F001 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis ADDITIVE Final 70 30 N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Levasil 200 Component 47.8 4.9 47.3 100 100 N/A N/A 0.25-1.5% Concentration of Sol-Gel [mol. %] Weight Indv. Weight 22.143 1.967 22.639 38.651 7.182 2.646 4.771 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 4 Formulation for Sol-Gel F001 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis ADDITIVE Final 80 20 N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Levasil 200 Component 47.8 4.9 47.3 100 100 N/A N/A 0.25-1.5% Concentration of Sol-Gel [mol. %] Weight Indv. Weight 27.673 2.459 28.293 28.177 5.236 3.306 4.856 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 5 Formulation for Sol-Gel F001 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis ADDITIVE Final 87.55 12.45 N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Levasil 200 Component 47.8 4.9 47.3 100 100 N/A N/A 0.25-1.5% Concentration of Sol-Gel [mol. %] Weight Indv. Weight 32.586 2.895 33.315 18.873 3.507 3.893 4.931 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 6 Formulation for Sol-Gel F001* METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis ADDITIVE Final 91.25 8.75 N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Levasil 200 Component 47.8 4.9 47.3 100 100 N/A N/A 0.25-1.5% Concentration of Sol-Gel [mol. %] Weight Indv. Weight 35.276 3.134 36.066 13.777 2.56 4.215 4.972 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 7 Formulation for Sol-Gel F001 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis ADDITIVE Final 93.75 6.25 N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Levasil 200 Component 47.8 4.9 47.3 100 100 N/A N/A 0.25-1.5% Concentration of Sol-Gel [mol. %] Weight Indv. Weight 37.215 3.306 38.048 10.105 1.878 4.446 5.002 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 8 Formulation for Sol-Gel F002* METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis ADDITIVE Final 96.5 3.5 N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Levasil 200 Component 47.8 4.9 47.3 100 100 N/A N/A 0.25-1.5% Concentration of Sol-Gel [mol. %] Weight Indv. Weight 39.157 3.708 40.457 5.832 1.084 4.721 5.042 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 9 Formulation for Sol-Gel F002 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis ADDITIVE Final 98.5 1.5 N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Levasil 200 Component 47.8 4.9 47.3 100 100 N/A N/A 0.25-1.5% Concentration of Sol-Gel [mol. %] Weight Indv. Weight 41.200 3.661 42.123 2.555 0.475 4.923 5.063 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 10 Formulation for Sol-Gel F003 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Final 50 50 N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO TIOP MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Component 51.55 4.12 44.33 50 50 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 17.418 1.207 15.475 32.889 19.976 6.112 1.925 4.999 [g]

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 11 Formulation for Sol-Gel F003 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Final 70 30 N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO TIOP MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Component 51.55 4.12 44.33 50 50 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 26.986 1.869 23.977 21.839 13.264 4.058 2.982 5.023 [g]

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 12 Formulation for Sol-Gel F003 METAL 1st 2nd SILANE PRECURSORS COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Final 80 20 N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Chelate Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO TIOP MAAH HNO3 (0.1M) H2O Component 51.55 4.12 44.33 50 50 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 32.580 2.257 28.947 15.380 9.341 2.858 3.600 5.038 [g]

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 13 Formulation for Sol-Gel F003 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd METAL COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 13 Catalyst N/A 87 Metal Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO TIOP MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 51.55 4.12 44.33 50 50 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 36.885 2.555 32.772 10.407 6.321 1.934 4.076 5.049 [g]

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 14 Formulation for Sol-Gel F003 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd METAL COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 9 Catalyst N/A 91 Metal Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO TIOP MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 51.55 4.12 44.33 50 50 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 39.508 2.737 35.103 7.378 4.481 1.371 4.366 5.056 [g]

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 15 Formulation for Sol-Gel F003 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd METAL COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 6 Catalyst N/A 94 Metal Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO TIOP MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 51.55 4.12 44.33 50 50 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 41.560 2.879 36.926 5.009 3.042 0.931 4.593 5.061 [g]

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 16 Formulation for Sol-Gel F003* Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd METAL COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 3 Catalyst N/A 97 Metal Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO TIOP MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 51.55 4.12 44.33 50 50 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 43.688 3.026 38.816 2.551 1.550 0.474 4.828 5.066 [g]

TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 17 Formulation for Sol-Gel F003 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd METAL COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 1 Catalyst N/A 99 Metal Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical PhTEOS TEOS MAPTMS ZPO TIOP MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 51.55 4.12 44.33 50 50 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 45.152 3.128 40.117 0.861 0.523 0.160 4.990 5.070 [g]

TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 18 Formulation for Sol-Gel F004 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st METAL Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 50 Catalyst N/A 50 Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical MAPTMS TEOS ZPO MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 99.375 0.625 100 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 28.838 0.152 54.680 10.161 1.582 4.588 [g]

TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 19 Formulation for Sol-Gel F004 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st METAL Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 30 Catalyst N/A 70 Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical MAPTMS TEOS ZPO MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 99.375 0.625 100 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 47.097 0.248 38.272 7.112 2.583 4.687 [g]

TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 20 Formulation for Sol-Gel F004* Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st METAL Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 20 Catalyst N/A 80 Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical MAPTMS TEOS ZPO MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 99.375 0.625 100 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 58.715 0.310 27.833 5.172 3.220 4.750 [g]

TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 21 Formulation for Sol-Gel F004 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st METAL Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 15 Catalyst N/A 85 Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical MAPTMS TEOS ZPO MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 99.375 0.625 100 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 65.353 0.345 21.868 4.064 3.584 4.787 [g]

TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 22 Formulation for Sol-Gel F004 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st METAL Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 10 Catalyst N/A 90 Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical MAPTMS TEOS ZPO MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 99.375 0.625 100 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 72.654 0.383 15.307 2.844 3.985 4.826 [g]

TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 23 Formulation for Sol-Gel F004 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st 2.sup.nd METAL Hydrolysis Hydrolysis COMPLEX N/A SILANE PRECURSORS 6 Catalyst N/A 94 Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical MAPTMS TEOS ZPO MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 99.375 0.625 100 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 79.043 0.417 9.566 1.778 4.335 4.861 [g]

TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 24 Formulation for Sol-Gel F004 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st 2.sup.nd METAL Hydrolysis Hydrolysis COMPLEX N/A SILANE PRECURSORS 4 Catalyst N/A 96 Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical MAPTMS TEOS ZPO MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 99.375 0.625 100 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 82.441 0.435 6.513 1.210 4.521 4.880 [g]

TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 25 Formulation for Sol-Gel F004 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st METAL Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis SILANE PRECURSORS 2 Catalyst N/A 98 Metal Chelate HNO3 DI Water Chemical MAPTMS TEOS ZPO MAAH (0.1M) H2O Component 99.375 0.625 100 100 N/A N/A Concentration [mol. %] Indv. Weight 85.986 0.454 3.327 0.618 4.716 4.899 [g]

TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 26 Formulation for Sol-Gel F005 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st METAL Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd SILANE COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis PRECURSORS 50 Catalyst N/A SOLVENT ADDITIVE 50 Metal Metal HNO3 DI Water N/A N/A Chemical MAPTMS ZPO APTES (0.1M) H2O EtOH BTSPA Component 100 50 50 N/A N/A 0-25% 0.5-10% Concentration w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 37.671 35.491 16.789 2.049 8 11.111 5 [g]

TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 27 Formulation for Sol-Gel F005 Final Concentration [mol. %] 1.sup.st METAL Hydrolysis 2.sup.nd SILANE COMPLEX N/A Hydrolysis PRECURSORS 30 Catalyst N/A SOLVENT ADDITIVE 50 Metal Metal HNO3 DI Water N/A N/A Chemical MAPTMS ZPO APTES (0.1M) H2O EtOH BTSPA Component 100 50 50 N/A N/A 0-25% 0.5-10% Concentration w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 56.457 22.796 10.784 3.071 6.893 11.111 5 [g]

TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 28 Formulation for Sol-Gel F005* SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 80 20 N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO APTES HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA (0.1M) Component 100 50 50 N/A N/A 0-25% 0.5-10% Concentration w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 66.879 15.752 7.452 3.638 6.279 11.111 5 [g]

TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 29 Formulation for Sol-Gel F005 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 90 10 N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO APTES HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA (0.1M) Component 100 50 50 N/A N/A 0-25% 0.5-10% Concentration w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 78.092 8.175 3.867 4.247 5.618 11.111 5 [g]

TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 30 Formulation for Sol-Gel F005 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 92 8 N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO APTES HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA (0.1M) Component 100 50 50 N/A N/A 0-25% 0.5-10% Concentration w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 80.438 6.59 3.117 4.375 5.48 11.111 5 [g]

TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 31 Formulation for Sol-Gel F005 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 94 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO APTES HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA (0.1M) Component 100 50 50 N/A N/A 0-25% 0.5-10% Concentration w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 82.819 4.98 2.356 4.504 5.34 11.111 5 [g]

TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 32 Formulation for Sol-Gel F005 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 97 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO APTES HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA (0.1M) Component 100 50 50 N/A N/A 0-25% 0.5-10% Concentration w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 86.461 2.519 1.192 4.703 5.125 11.111 5 [g]

TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 33 Formulation for Sol-Gel F005 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 99 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO APTES HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA (0.1M) Component 100 50 50 N/A N/A 0-25% 0.5-10% Concentration w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 88.937 0.846 0.4 4.837 4.979 11.111 5 [g]

TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 34 Formulation for Sol-Gel F006 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 53 47 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA BTA (0.1M) Component 100 100 100 N/A N/A 5-25% 0.5-10% 0.2-1.5% Concentration w/w of w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 45.633 38.126 7.085 2.482 6.674 25 2.5 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 35 Formulation for Sol-Gel F006 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 61 39 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA BTA (0.1M) Component 100 100 100 N/A N/A 5-25% 0.5-10% 0.2-1.5% Concentration w/w of w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 52.930 31.882 5.925 2.879 6.385 25 2.5 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 36 Formulation for Sol-Gel F006* SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 67 33 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA BTA (0.1M) Component 100 100 100 N/A N/A 5-25% 0.5-10% 0.2-1.5% Concentration w/w of w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 58.477 27.135 5.043 3.181 6.164 25 2.5 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 37 Formulation for Sol-Gel F006 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 74 26 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA BTA (0.1M) Component 100 100 100 N/A N/A 5-25% 0.5-10% 0.2-1.5% Concentration w/w of w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 65.032 21.527 4 3.537 5.904 25 2.5 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 38 Formulation for Sol-Gel F006 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 80 20 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA BTA (0.1M) Component 100 100 100 N/A N/A 5-25% 0.5-10% 0.2-1.5% Concentration w/w of w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 70.722 16.657 3.095 3.847 5.678 25 2.5 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 39 Formulation for Sol-Gel F006 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 87 13 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA BTA (0.1M) Component 100 100 100 N/A N/A 5-25% 0.5-10% 0.2-1.5% Concentration w/w of w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 77.448 10.903 2.026 4.212 5.411 25 2.5 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00045 TABLE 40 Formulation for Sol-Gel F006 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 91 9 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA BTA (0.1M) Component 100 100 100 N/A N/A 5-25% 0.5-10% 0.2-1.5% Concentration w/w of w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 81.333 7.578 1.408 4.424 5.257 25 2.5 0.5 [g]

TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 41 Formulation for Sol-Gel F006 SILANE METAL 1st 2nd PRECURSOR COMPLEX Hydrolysis Hydrolysis SOLVENT ADDITIVE Final 97 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Concentration Metal Metal Catalyst DI Water [mol. %] Chemical MAPTMS ZPO MAAH HNO3 H2O EtOH BTSPA BTA (0.1M) Component 100 100 100 N/A N/A 5-25% 0.5-10% 0.2-1.5% Concentration w/w of w/w of w/w of [mol. %] Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Sol-Gel Indv. Weight 87.219 2.541 0.472 4.744 5.023 25 2.5 0.5 [g]

[0151] Testing of Formulations F001-F005 on Metal Substrates

[0152] Several metal substrates (mostly aluminium “A” and mild steel “R” and R-ICF” substrates) were used for the purposes of testing the sol-gel formulations F001-F005. They were procured from Q-Lab & Amari. Table 41 outlines the metal substrates type and surface finish from Q-Lab. The Q-panels prepared with an iron phosphate pre-treatment were used and dip-coated as-is. However, the bare aluminium, ‘A’, and mild steel, ‘R’, were degreased with a 0.5M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in deionised water and then rinsed with deionised water followed by isopropyl alcohol (IPA). The panels were then dried with hot air prior to dip coating.

[0153] Grade 2024T3 aluminium alloy panels (cut to size 6″×3″×1.5 mm thick) were procured from Amari. This substrate was used for anodising with sol-gel as a sealer. Prior to sol-gel coating, the panels were anodised in sulphuric acid. As part of the anodising process, the aluminium alloy was cleaned in an alkaline degreaser (Socomore A3432) as well as de-oxidized (Socomore A1859/A1806) before anodising. After anodising, the panels were soaked in IPA for a few minutes to drive off any water entrapped in the anodic layer. A final hot air blow dry then removed the IPA solvent. At this stage, the panels were dip-coated in the sol-gel. The anodised panels were allowed to dwell in the sol-gel for 2.5 min to allow the sol-gel to permeate into the anodic layer.

TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 42 Metal substrates procured from Q-Lab. Q-Lab Product Code Description A Bare Aluminium 3003H14 R 1008/1010 Grade Steel with dull matte mill finish R-ICF As per ‘R’ with an Iron Phosphate conversion coating

Experimental Methods and Sample Testing

[0154] The following experimental methods were used in the testing of formulations [F001]-[F005] and prepared samples. Where applicable, the test standard is referenced.

[0155] Viscosity

[0156] Viscosity of the sol-gel was measured using an AND SV-10 Viscometer. The system can be seen in FIG. 7. Samples of approximately 35-to-45 ml of sol-gel were placed in the containers. Once the system was started, it was allowed to run for approximately 20 s to reach a steady state. After this point, viscosity measurements were taken every 10 s until five readings were obtained. The viscosity values presented herein are the average of these five readings.

[0157] Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

[0158] TGA was used to give an insight into the cure behaviour of the different sol-gel formulations. Tests were performed on a Shimadzu DTG 60M TGA. Two different TGA heating profiles were used. The first was a dynamic scan from 25° C. to 250° C. at a rate of 5° C./min. This was performed on the liquid sol-gel as well as pre-cured samples. The second was a simulated cure cycle that replicated the cure profile of dip coated parts cured in a conventional oven. In this case, the sol-gel was heated at a rate of 10° C./min up to the cure temperature (typically between 100° C. and 160° C., depending on the formulation) and then held for 60 mins. In all cases, the liquid sol-gel sample was approximately 20-30 mg in weight.

[0159] Pendulum Damping Testing

[0160] The pendulum damping test was carried out in accordance with ISO 1522-2006. A König pendulum test was used to give an indication of the hardness of each of the sol-gel coatings. The softer the coating, the quicker the pendulums oscillation will dampen (i.e. lower number of swings).

[0161] Pencil Hardness Testing

[0162] Pencil hardness testing was conducted in accordance with ISO 15184-2012 (Determination of film hardness by pencil test). This particular test is a common industry method to rank the relative hardness of different coatings.

[0163] Water Contact Angle

[0164] The water contact angle (WCA) was determined using a First Ten Angstrom (FTA) system. Five drops of deionised water were used per coated sample. The WCA values presented in this report are the average of the five measurements. A lower contact angle (<90°) would be an indication of a hydrophilic coating that may be suitable for subsequent painting or adhesive bonding. A higher contact angle (>90°) would indicate a hydrophobic coating that may be suitable for self-cleaning solutions.

[0165] Dip-Coating

[0166] Samples were dip coated using a Bungard RDC 21-K system. Q-panel samples were held in place using alligator clamps and immersed into a bath containing the sol-gel at a constant speed. The panels were held in the sol-gel for up to 20 seconds (longer for anodised panels) and then withdrawn at a constant speed. The withdrawal speed was varied to control the final coating thickness and was typically in the range of 50 mm/min for thin coatings (<5 μm) to 500 mm/min for thicker coatings (10-to-20 μm).

[0167] Curing

[0168] After dip coating, the samples were cured in an air-circulated oven at the required temperature. The temperature varied depending on the sol-gel formulation. F001-to-F003 & F005 were typically cured at 140° C. for 1 hr while F004 was cured at 120° C. for 2 hrs.

[0169] Neutral Salt Spray

[0170] Accelerated corrosion tests were performed in a neutral salt spray (NSS). The NSS chamber was maintained in accordance with ISO 9227:2017. Dip-coated and cured samples were sealed on one face with packing tape. The back and edges were further sealed with electrical insulation tape. This was to ensure that only the front face of the samples were exposed to the corrosion environment. For this report, samples were monitored over time up to a maximum of 672 hrs (4 weeks).

[0171] Viscosity Results

[0172] The viscosity of the sol-gel can have a significant effect on the resulting coating thickness after dip coating. The study was split between formulations F001-to-F004 and then F005 separately. This was because the effect of BTSPA concentration was also considered as part of the dilution study.

[0173] Formulations F001-to-F004 were prepared at three different dilutions of ethanol (EtOH). These were 0%, 10% & 25% wt. EtOH. The addition of a solvent can help to decrease the viscosity as well as extend the shelve life of the sol-gel. The viscosity was monitored up to 84 days (12 weeks) after synthesis. Formulations F001-to-F004 exhibited a general increase in viscosity over time at each dilution. The formulations with the highest molar concentration of the metal complex (i.e. F001 & F004) appear to start with highest viscosity and also increase the fastest over time. When diluted with 25% wt. EtOH, all sol-gels remain relatively stable over time, maintaining a viscosity of approximately between 20 & 40 mPa.Math.s.

[0174] Formulation F005 was diluted with four different levels of ethanol. These were 0, 10, 25 & 50% wt. EtOH. The level of BTSPA was also considered at five different concentrations. These were 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 & 5.0% wt. BTSPA. The viscosity was monitored up to a period of 84 days (12 weeks) or until the viscosity reached approximately 100 mPa.Math.s. At this viscosity level, the sol-gel was deemed to have expired. FIG. 9 shows viscosity versus sol-gel age at the different levels of dilution with EtOH and concentration of BTSPA. As observed with F001-to-F004, the level of ethanol was found to decrease the viscosity of the sol-gel and increase the shelf life (i.e. prevent rapid increases in viscosity over time). A dilution of 25 or 50% EtOH produced a relatively stable sol-gel over time. The concentration of BTSPA had a significant on the viscosity of the sol-gel. At high concentrations of BTSPA and low levels of dilution with EtOH, the viscosity increased rapidly over time.

[0175] Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

[0176] TGA experiments were performed on liquid sol-gel samples to determine the cure behaviour at different cure temperatures ranging from 100° C. to 160° C. A simulated cure cycle (SCC) was programmed into the TGA that included a ramp of 10° C./min up to the cure temperature (i.e. 100, 120, 140 or 160° C.) followed by a hold (or dwell) at the cure temperature for 60 mins. For this series of tests, the sol-gels were un-diluted. FIG. 14 shows the weight loss traces for each of the four formulations at different cure temperatures. It is particularly noticeable that a cure cycle of 100° C. or 120° C. for 60 min is insufficient to achieve full cure of formulations F001, F002 & F003. This can be seen by the weight loss not reaching the same level as the sol-gels cured at 160° C. for 60 mins. If a longer cure time was employed, the same weight loss may have been achieved. However, this would likely require an excessively long cure time.

[0177] FIG. 11 shows the heat flow traces from the same TGA experiments presented in FIG. 10. All formulations and cure temperatures show a significant endothermic peak at the beginning of the simulated cure cycle (between 0 and 10 mins on the x-axis). This is related to the flashing off of the volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in the sol-gel formulation. Between 10 and 20 mins, several peaks are likely associated with the formation of the network and densification of the sol-gel. The intensity of these peaks are not as pronounced when the sol-gels are cured at lower temperatures. This indicates that even though a significant portions of the VOC's may have been removed the lower cure temperatures, the sol-gel network may not have fully cured or condensed.

[0178] The results presented in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 indicated that a cure cycle of 140° C. for 60 mins was sufficient for formulations F001, F002 & F003 while a cure cycle of 120° C. for 120 mins could be used for F004.

[0179] TGA experiments have not been performed on formulation F005. However, given the relatively similar silane chemistry of F004 (i.e. MAPTMS & ZPO), a cure cycle of 120° C. for 120 mins was used for F005 as well.

[0180] Pendulum Damping Test

[0181] The pendulum damping tests were performed on cured samples. The results presented used an R-ICF substrate from Q-Lab (mild steel with iron phosphate pre-treatment). The dip speed was set to 100 mm/min for all samples. The results are presented in FIG. 16. Formulations F001-to-F004 were all within the range of between 180 & 195 seconds for the oscillations to fall from 6° to 3°. Formulation F003 was the hardest with F004 next and F001 & F003 the softest of the four. F005 was noticeably softer that the other four formulations with a time of 165 seconds. This indicates that it is a softer coating possibly due to the use of APTES instead of MAAH during synthesis.

[0182] Pencil Hardness Testing

[0183] The results from the pencil hardness test for each of the four sol-gel formulations can be seen in Table 43. The sol-gel coatings were applied to aluminium ‘A’ spec Q-panels. The ‘Pencil Hardness’ is the specific pencil that does not mark the coating. The ‘Plastic Deformation’ is the pencil hardness that results in a mark on the coating. The ‘Cohesive Failure’ is the hardness that results in removal of the coating. Note that ‘Plastic Deformation’ and ‘Cohesive Failure’ can occur at the same pencil hardness value. The results show that the pencil hardness test has difficulty in distinguishing between the different coatings compared to the pendulum damping test. The only noticeable difference was that F004 results in ‘Cohesive Failure’ at a slight higher hardness (3H instead of 2H).

TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 43 Results from pencil hardness testing of different formulation. Pencil Plastic Cohesive Formulation Hardness Deformation Failure F001 H 2H 2H F002 H 2H 2H F003 H 2H 2H F004 H 2H 3H F005 TBC TBC TBC

[0184] Water Contact Angle (WCA)

[0185] The water contact angle results are presented in FIG. 13. All formulations gave contact angles less than 90° indicating that all surfaces are slightly hydrophilic. The three sol-gels containing PhTEOS (i.e. F001-to-F003) had the highest contact angle compared to either F004 or F005. Formulation F005 had the lowest contact angle of all sol-gels investigated. This is believed to be attributed to the use of APTES and BTSPA in the sol-gel formulation which are known to be highly reactive.

[0186] Neutral Salt Spray (NSS) Testing

[0187] Various studies were conducted on the performance of the sol-gel coatings in a neutral salt spray (NSS) environment. The individual studies are separated by substrate type and sol-gel formulation.

[0188] R-ICF Q-panels (Mild Steel with Iron Phosphate Pre-Treatment) & F001-to-F004

[0189] Examination of the corrosion protection performance was carried out as follows:

[0190] Sol-gel formulations (F001-F004) on substrates were evaluated, at different dip speeds (100, 250 & 500 mm/min) and different numbers of coatings (×1, ×2 & ×3). The goal was to determine if a thicker sol-gel coating or a multi-coat system would improve the level of corrosion protection in an NSS. For this study, R-ICF mild-steel pre-treated with iron phosphate Q-panels were used as-received with no additional surface treatment.

[0191] FIG. 14 to FIG. 17 shows the R-ICF panels after 24 hrs in an NSS for formulations F001-to-F004. The photographs show that all single coat (×1 dip) systems exhibited signs of pitting and corrosion after 24 hrs. Photographs highlighted with a red border show excessive signs of corrosion. Those in orange showed some initial signs of corrosion/pitting. Photographs in green showed no evidence of failure. It was only several of the multi-dip systems (×2 & ×3) that remained clear from any signs of corrosion. Over the course of approximately 336 hrs (2 weeks) all coated systems began to show signs of corrosion. For all four formulations, it was the ×3 coated systems at 500 mm/min that lasted the longest before they began to fail.

[0192] Mild Steel, Galvanised Steel and a 6000 Series Aluminium Alloy

[0193] The three substrates under investigation with the sol-gel formulations are mild steel, galvanised steel and a 6000 series aluminium alloy. Some of these substrates were also supplied pre-treated with a 3.sup.rd party silane (referred to as 3PS) to be used as a benchmark comparison.

[0194] A number of different sol-gel systems were investigated as part of this work. A total of 10 sol-gel systems were considered and are outlined in Table. Each system was given a unique identifying code ‘A’-to-‘J’. As can be seen, several combinations of F001, F003, F004 & F005 were considered. F002 was excluded from this study due to its similarity to F001. Several single coat and dual coat systems were investigated.

TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 44 Sol-gel systems investigated 1st Sol-Gel Coat 2nd Sol-Gel Coat Dip Dip Sol-Gel EtOH Speed EtOH Speed System Form. [%] Additive 1 Additive 2 [mm/min] Cure Cycle Form. [%] Additive 1 Additive 2 [mm/min] Cure Cycle A F001  0 Levasil BTA [1%] 500 140 C. for 60 min N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A B F001  0 Levasil BTA [1%] 500 140 C.for 60 min N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A C F001  0 Levasil BTA [1%] 500 140 C. for 60 min N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A D F001  0 Levasil BTA [1%] 500 140 C. for 60 min F001 0 Levasil BTA [1%] 500 140 C. for 60 min E F003  0 N/A BTA [1%] 500 140 C. for 60 min N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A F F003  0 N/A BTA [1%] 500 140 C. for 60 min F003 0 N/A BTA [1%] 500 140 C. for 60 min G F004  0 N/A BTA [1%] 500 120 C. for 120 min N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A H F004  0 N/A BTA [1%] 500 120 C. for 120 min F004 0 N/A BTA [1%] 500 120 C. for 120 min I F005 10 BTSPA BTA [1%] 500 120 C. for 120 min N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A [5.0%] J F005 10 BTSPA BTA [1%] 500 120 C. for 120 min F001 0 Levasil BTA [1%] 500 140 C. for 60 min [5.0%]

[0195] The coated panels were evaluated in a neutral salt spray for 336 hrs (2 weeks). FIG. 18 to FIG. 21 show photographs of the best performing panels after 336 hrs NSS from this study. For comparison, a panel without any sol-gel solutions of the present invention was included to highlight the benefit and additional level of protection obtained by using these systems.

[0196] FIG. 18 shows a series of mild steel panels that were all pre-treated with a 3.sup.rd party silane (3PS). FIG. 18 (a) shows that the 3rd party silane does not provide adequate protection on its own. FIG. 18 (b) & (c) show sol-gel systems ‘E’ & ‘J’ respectively applied on top of the 3PS. Both solutions remained in excellent condition after 336 hrs NSS exposure.

[0197] FIG. 19 shows galvanised steel panels that were all pre-treated with a 3.sup.rd party silane (3PS). FIG. 19 (a) shows that the 3rd party silane alone does not provide adequate protection on its own. FIG. 19 (b) shows sol-gel system ‘J’ applied on top of the 3PS. After 336 hrs NSS, the panel remained in good condition.

[0198] FIG. 20 shows substrate materials made from a 6000-series aluminium alloy. FIG. 20 (a) show a panel with no additional surface treatment. As can be seen, the sample exhibits excessive corrosion that were visible after less than 1 day. All four aluminium panels shown in FIGS. 20 (b), (c), (d) & (e) that were coated with a sol-gel remain in excellent condition after 336 hrs and show no signs of corrosion.

[0199] FIG. 21 shows 6000-series aluminium pre-treated with the 3rd party silane. As before, FIG. 21 (a) shows that the 3rd party silane alone does not provide adequate protection on its own. All four sol-gel coating systems provided excellent corrosion protection up to 336 hrs of NSS exposure.

[0200] Anodised Aluminium 2024T3 & F004

[0201] The effect of using a sol-gel as a sealer after an anodising process was investigated using aluminium alloy grade AA2024T3. Panels of aluminium were anodised in sulphuric acid for 10 or 30 mins and then coated as described above. FIG. 22 shows AA2024T3 with five different combinations of surface treatments after 500 hrs in an NSS. As can be seen, the uncoated panel (left hand side) exhibited excessive signs of corrosion that were evident after even a few hours. The next panel (2.sup.nd from left) was anodised for 30 mins and was not sealed at all. While it performed better than uncoated, there were noticeable signs of pitting. The middle panel in FIG. 22 was identical as the previous, however, it was subjected to a hot thermal seal (HTS) in deionised water at 90° C. for 20 mins. This resulted in significantly better corrosion protection with little to no evidence of pitting or corrosion. The panels 2.sup.nd from right and rightmost were anodised in sulphuric acid for 30 mins and 10 mins respectively and then sealed with formulation F004. Both samples also exhibited little to no signs of corrosion. This demonstrates that a sol-gel can impart the same levels of corrosion protection as a traditional HTS while also offering the potential for alternative surface finishes (e.g. glossy).

[0202] Sol-Gel Coatings on Additive Manufactured Parts

[0203] Additive manufacturing has opened up new opportunities for the production of extremely complex shapes that would otherwise be impossible via traditional manufacturing methods. However, this also presents new coating challenges. The printed parts, particularly metal ones, can have a very thick oxide layer. Line of sight coating methods may also have difficulty coating the entire part.

[0204] The 3D printing material being used is titanium grade 23 (G23/Ti-6Al-4V ELI). However, the coating systems will be applicable to any 3 D printed metal or selected plastics parts. The sol-gel was based on formulation F005. FIG. 23 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of an uncoated 3D printed part as well as two that were coated with the F005 sol-gel (one of these samples was pre-etched with a hydrofluoric acid). The uncoated part shows an area with what appear to be particles of the Ti G23 powder that are loosely sintered together. FIG. 23 (b) shows how the sol-gel appears to contour to the printed surface. FIG. 23 (c) shows a part that was first abraded and the HF etched prior to coating. The abrasion has had a noticeable effect in smoothing out the 3D printed surface.

[0205] FIG. 24 shows energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis of a coated 3D printed part. The elements Silicon (Si) & Zirconium (Zr) are associated with the sol-gel coating while Titanium (Ti) & Aluminium (Al) are associated with the substrate. The elemental maps show that the coating does produce a coating with uniform thickness. This is likely due to the relatively rough nature of the 3D printed surface and low viscosity of the sol-gel.

[0206] It will of course be understood that various modifications can be made and that the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.