ENERGY-RELEASING COMPOSITE MATERIAL AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME

Abstract

The invention relates to an energy-releasing composite material comprising at least one nanoporous material and at least one inorganic oxidant, characterised in that said nanoporous material is a nanoporous carbon material.

Claims

1. Composite energetic material comprising at least one nanoporous material and at least one inorganic oxidiser, characterised in that said nanoporous material is a nanoporous carbonaceous material, said composite energetic material has a decomposition initiation temperature on a thermogram obtained by differential scanning calorimetry of less than 5° C./minute in a closed crucible (DSC peak start temperature) preferably from 50° C. to 200° C., more preferably from 100° C. to 150° C., relative to the decomposition initiation temperature on the DSC thermogram of the inorganic oxidiser, and has at least 30%, preferably at least 50%, particularly preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80% of the porosity occupied by said inorganic oxidiser, and at most 90% of the porosity, preferably at most 95%, more particularly at most 97%, more preferably at most 98% of the porosity occupied by said inorganic oxidiser, said energetic material having an impact sensitivity of at least 2J.

2. Composite energetic material according to claim 1, having a bulk density greater than or equal to 1.0 g/cm.sup.3, preferably greater than or equal to 1.25 g/cm.sup.3, more preferably greater than 1.35 g/cm.sup.3 and even more preferably greater than 1.5 g/cm.sup.3.

3. Composite energetic material according to claim 1, having a micropore volume of pores with a diameter of less than 2 nm of between 0.01 cm.sup.3/g and 1.0 cm.sup.3/g, calculated by applying the Dubinin-Radushkevitch model applied to nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K.

4. Composite energetic material according to claim 1, comprising a mesopore volume of pores with a diameter of between 2 nm and 50 nm of between 0.05 cm.sup.3/g and 3.0 cm.sup.3/g, calculated based on the pore size distribution modelled by 2D-NLDFT-HS (2D non-linear DFT HS) or QSDFT (quench-state DFT) applied to nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K.

5. Composite energetic material according to claim 1, wherein said nanoporous carbonaceous material is granular with a D.sub.90 greater than or equal to 160 microns and a D.sub.10 greater than or equal to 900 microns.

6. Composite energetic material according to claim 1, wherein said carbonaceous material is in power form.

7. Composite energetic material according to claim 6, wherein the average particle size d.sub.50 is between 25 μm and 50 μm.

8. Composite energetic material according to claim 1, wherein said carbonaceous material is a monolith.

9. Composite energetic material according to claim 1, wherein said inorganic oxidiser is selected from the group of salts of the general formula X.sub.aZ.sub.bO.sub.c where a and b are integers between 0 and 5, and where c represents an integer between 1 and 8, with X representing a counter anion selected from Na, K, NH.sub.4, Li, H, Ca, Mg, Al or Fe, as well as combinations thereof, with Z representing Mn, Cl, N, S, I, P and O representing oxygen.

10. Energetic formulation comprising the composite energetic material according to claim 1.

11. Energetic formulation according to claim 10, further comprising at least one conventional additive.

12. Energetic formulation according to claim 11, being an explosive energetic formulation or a propellant energetic formulation.

13. Method of producing a composite energetic material according to claim 1 comprising the following steps: a) Immersing said at least nanoporous material in said at least one oxidiser present in a fluid; b) Impregnating said at least one nanoporous material with said at least one oxidiser present in a fluid; c) Obtaining a composite energetic material characterised in that said nanoporous material is a nanoporous carbonaceous material; and in that said impregnation step comprises an adsorption of said at least one oxidiser in the micropores, mesopores and macropores forming a core at a temperature of between 0 and 50° C., between 15 and 30° C., preferably between 18 and 28° C., more preferably between 20 and 26° C., said adsorption being followed by a filling of the free micropores, mesopores and macropores by said oxidiser.

14. Method according to claim 13, wherein said composite energetic material contains a ratio of the free oxygen atomic fraction of the oxidiser to the carbon contained in the nanoporous carbonaceous material of between 0.5 and 2.5, preferably between 1 and 2.2 and more preferably around 2.

15. Method according to claim 13, wherein a minimum carbon content of said nanoporous carbonaceous material included in the composite energetic material according to the present invention is greater than 70% by weight of carbon, preferably greater than 80% by weight of carbon, more preferably greater than 90% by weight of carbon relative to the total weight of said nanoporous carbonaceous material.

16. Method according to claim 13, wherein said fluid is a liquid phase comprising said inorganic oxidiser in a solvent.

17. Method according to claim 16, wherein said liquid phase is a saturated colloidal solution or suspension of said inorganic oxidiser.

18. Method according to claim 13, wherein the filling of the free micropores, mesopores and macropores is performed by evaporation, filtration, vaporisation, extraction, lyophilisation, cryodesiccation or a combination thereof.

19. Method according to claim 13, comprising, before obtaining the composite energetic material, a rinsing step with a rinsing solvent and a removal of the rinsing solvent, optionally loaded with excess inorganic oxidiser, by evaporation, filtration, vaporisation, extraction, lyophilisation, cryodesiccation, drying or a combination thereof.

20. Method according to claim 13, wherein the nanoporous carbonaceous material is immersed in said fluid under stirring.

21. Method according to claim 13, wherein said inorganic oxidiser is selected from the group of salts of the general formula X.sub.aZ.sub.bO.sub.c where a and b are integers between 0 and 5, and where c represents an integer between 1 and 8, with X representing a counter anion selected from Na, K, NH.sub.4, Li, H, Ca, Mg, Al or Fe as well as combinations thereof, with Z representing Mn, Cl, N, S, P, I and O representing oxygen.

22. Method according to claim 13, wherein said nanoporous carbonaceous particles have a micropore volume of pores with a diameter less than or equal to 2 nm of between 0.1 cm.sup.3/g and 1.0 cm.sup.3/g, calculated by applying the Dubinin-Radushkevitch model applied to a nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77.4K.

23. Method according to claim 13, wherein said nanoporous carbonaceous particles have a mesopore volume of pores with a diameter of between 2 nm and 50 nm of between 0.05 cm.sup.3/g and 3.0 cm.sup.3/g, calculated based on the pore size distribution modelled by NLDFT (non-linear DFT) or QSDFT (quench-state DFT) applied to a nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77.4K.

24. Method according to claim 13, wherein said nanoporous carbonaceous material is granular, with a D.sub.90 greater than or equal to 160 microns and a D.sub.10 greater than or equal to 900 microns.

25. Method according to claim 13, wherein said nanoporous carbonaceous material is in powder form.

26. Method according to claim 25, wherein particle size is between 25 μm and 50 μm.

27. Method according to claim 13, wherein said nanoporous carbonaceous material is in monolithic form.

28. Method according to claim 13, wherein said recovered composite energetic material has a bulk density greater than or equal to 1.0 g/cm.sup.3, preferably greater than or equal to 1.25 g/cm.sup.3, more preferably greater than 1.35 g/cm.sup.3 and even more preferably greater than 1.5 g/cm.sup.3.

29. Energetic formulation according to claim 11, wherein said additive is an energetic or non-energetic plasticiser, a shaping material, a stabiliser, an oxidiser, a flash suppressor or graphite.

Description

[0110] FIG. 2 is a graph showing the pore size distribution (micropore volume to pore width distribution) of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (GAC), available from Cabot Norit, calculated from high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K.

[0111] FIG. 3 is a table containing the BET surface area, micropore volume and mesopore volume of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (GAC), available from Cabot Norit, calculated from high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K.

[0112] FIG. 4 is a graph showing the nitrogen adsorption isotherms (adsorbed micropore volume to relative pressure) of the nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001 available from Blucher, calculated from high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K.

[0113] FIG. 5 is a graph showing the pore size distribution (micropore volume to pore width distribution) of the nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001, available from Blucher, calculated from high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K.

[0114] FIG. 6 is a table containing the BET surface area, micropore volume and mesopore volume of the nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001, available from Blucher, calculated from high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms.

[0115] FIG. 7 is a graph of the equilibrium adsorption capacity of different oxidisers (NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4, NH.sub.4NO.sub.3, KNO.sub.3, NaNO.sub.3, KClO.sub.4, NaClO.sub.4) on the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (GAC), available from Cabot Norit, and the nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001 available from Blucher.

[0116] FIG. 8 is a graph showing the DSC curves (heat flux to temperature) of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (GAC) available from Cabot Norit, the oxidiser NaClO.sub.4 and an energetic material according to the invention (nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (GAC) available from Cabot Norit loaded with the oxidiser NaClO.sub.4).

[0117] FIG. 9 is the result of an XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and the material F5001 (FC) as a reference, of the materials according to Examples 9, 10 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

[0118] FIG. 10 shows the nitrogen adsorption isotherms (adsorbed micropore volume to relative pressure) of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and the material F5001 (FC) as a reference, of the materials according to Examples 9, 10 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 calculated by the high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K.

[0119] FIG. 11 is a table containing the BET surface area, micropore volume and mesopore volume of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and the material F5001 (FC) as a reference, of the materials according to Examples 9, 10 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

[0120] FIG. 12 is a table containing the change in average pore size (W) evaluated from the pore size distributions obtained using the 2D-NLDFT-HS model of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and the material F5001 (FC) as a reference, of the materials according to Examples 9, 10 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

EXAMPLES

Example 1:Characterisation of the Pore Structure of the Nanoporous Carbonaceous Material C-Granular (GAC) Available from Cabot Norit, Hereafter Referred to as C-Granular

[0121] A commercial nanoporous carbonaceous material, C-Granular, which has a large volume of micropores and mesopores, was selected and studied. Firstly, C-Granular was crushed and then sieved to only recover particles with a particle size between 500 and 630 μm.

[0122] The pore structure was characterised by high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K for C-Granular. The nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular was previously degassed at 120° C. for 17 hours in vacuo at a pressure of 10.sup.−5-10.sup.−6 Torr. Firstly, as can be seen in FIG. 1, nitrogen adsorption was measured on the surface of C-Granular until an equilibrium was formed between the nitrogen pressure and the quantity of nitrogen absorbed by C-Granular.

[0123] The pore distribution was then measured. As shown in FIG. 2, pore distribution is between 0.5 and 35 with very few pores with a diameter larger than 20 nm.

[0124] The main textural and surface chemistry properties of C-Granular were measured and are shown in FIG. 3: the surface area (S.sub.BET) which is 1143 m.sup.2/g, the micropore volume (V.sub.DR) which is 0.38 cm.sup.3/g and the mesopore volume which is 0.54 cm.sup.3/g.

Example 2: Characterisation of the Pore Structure of the Nanoporous Carbonaceous Material F5001 Available from Blucher, Hereafter Referred to as F5001

[0125] A commercial nanoporous carbonaceous material, F5001, which has a large volume of micropores and mesopores, was selected and studied. F5001 was used directly as supplied.

[0126] The pore structure was characterised by high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K for F5001. The nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001 was previously degassed at 120° C. for 17 hours in vacuo at a pressure of 10.sup.−5-10.sup.−6 Torr. Firstly, as can be seen in FIG. 4, nitrogen adsorption was measured on the surface of the nanoporous carbonaceous material until an equilibrium was formed between the nitrogen pressure and the quantity of nitrogen absorbed by F5001.

[0127] The pore distribution was then measured. As shown in FIG. 5, pore distribution is between 0.5 and 0.35 with a presence of pores with a diameter greater than 20 nm.

[0128] The main textural and surface chemistry properties of F5001 were then measured and are shown in FIG. 6: the surface area (S.sub.BET) which is 2606 m.sup.2/g, the micropore volume (V.sub.DR) which is 0.85 cm.sup.3/g and the mesopore volume which is 1.83 cm.sup.3/g.

Example 3: Liquid Phase Equilibrium Adsorption Capacities of C-Granular or F5001 by NH.SUB.4.ClO.SUB.4

[0129] Firstly, two samples of C-Granular and F5001 were degassed at 120° C. for 17 hours in vacuo (10.sup.−2 Torr). Two aqueous solutions including NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 were then prepared. The first aqueous solution is a solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 at 20° C., the second solution is a 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 at 20° C. [0130] C-Granular

[0131] A first sample of 250±10 mg of C-Granular was immersed in 20±1 ml of said solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4, to allow stabilisation under stirring for 6 days at room temperature (20±1° C.). The same immersion method was performed with 250±10 mg of C-Granular a second time with said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4.

[0132] As shown in FIG. 7, the molality of said solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 is 1.79 mol/kg, the molality of said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 is 0.18 mol/kg.

[0133] Equilibrium adsorption capacities were measured by comparing the NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 concentration of the aqueous solution before and after contact with C-Granular. This experiment was performed in duplicate. The NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 concentrations of the aqueous solution before and after contact with C-Granular were measured gravimetrically, by collecting a sample of the solution, carefully evaporating the water in the sample to a constant mass and weighing the mass of residual salt. The mass fraction of salt in the collected sample was then calculated. [0134] F5001

[0135] A first sample of 250±10 mg of F5001 was immersed in 20±1 ml of said solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4, to allow stabilisation under stirring for 6 days at room temperature (20±1° C.). The same immersion method was performed with 250±10 mg of F5001 a second time with said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4.

[0136] As shown in FIG. 7, the molality of said solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 is 1.79 mol/kg, the molality of said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 is 0.18 mol/kg.

[0137] Equilibrium adsorption capacities were measured by comparing the NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 concentration of the aqueous solution before and after contact with F5001. This experiment was performed in duplicate. The NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 concentrations of the aqueous solution before and after contact with C-Granular were measured gravimetrically, by collecting a sample of the solution, carefully evaporating the water in the sample to a constant mass and weighing the mass of residual salt. The mass fraction of salt in the collected sample was then calculated.

[0138] The results for NH.sub.4ClO.sub.4 in FIG. 7 show that the two nanoporous carbonaceous materials C-Granular and F5001, which have different textural properties and surface chemistry, have different equilibrium adsorption capacities with significant adsorption for F5001 and are not dependent on textural properties and surface chemistry.

Example 4: Liquid Phase Equilibrium Adsorption Capacities of C-Granular or F5001 by NH.SUB.4.NO.SUB.3

[0139] Firstly, three samples of C-Granular and F5001 were degassed at 120° C. for 17 hours in vacuo (10.sup.−2 Torr). Three aqueous solutions comprising NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 were then prepared. The first aqueous solution is a solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 at 20° C., the second solution is a 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 at 20° C. and the third solution is a 1:100 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 at 20° C. [0140] C-Granular

[0141] A first sample of 250±10 mg of C-Granular was immersed in 20±1 ml of said solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3, to allow stabilisation under stirring for 6 days at room temperature (20±1° C.). The same immersion method was performed with 250±10 mg of C-Granular a second time with said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 and lastly a third time with said 1:100 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3.

[0142] As shown in FIG. 7, the molality of said solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 is 21.73 mol/kg, the molality of said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 is 2.30 mol/kg and the molality of said 1:100 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 is 0.23 mol/kg.

[0143] Equilibrium adsorption capacities were measured by comparing the NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 concentration of the aqueous solution before and after contact with C-Granular. This experiment was performed in duplicate. The NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 concentrations of the aqueous solution before and after contact with C-Granular were measured gravimetrically, by collecting a sample of the solution, carefully evaporating the water in the sample to a constant mass and weighing the mass of residual salt. The mass fraction of salt in the collected sample was then calculated. [0144] F5001

[0145] A first sample of 250±10 mg of F5001 was immersed in 20±1 ml of said solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3, to allow stabilisation under stirring for 6 days at room temperature (20±1° C.). The same immersion method was performed with 250±10 mg of F5001 a second time with said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 and lastly a third time with said 1:100 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3.

[0146] As shown in FIG. 7, the molality of said solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 is 21.73 mol/kg, the molality of said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 is 2.30 mol/kg and the molality of said 1:100 dilution of the solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 is 0.23 mol/kg.

[0147] Equilibrium adsorption capacities were measured by comparing the NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 concentration of the aqueous solution before and after contact with F5001. This experiment was performed in duplicate. The NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 concentrations of the aqueous solution before and after contact with C-Granular were measured gravimetrically, by collecting a sample of the solution, carefully evaporating the water in the sample to a constant mass and weighing the mass of residual salt. The mass fraction of salt in the collected sample was then calculated.

[0148] The results for NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 in FIG. 7 show that the two nanoporous carbonaceous materials C-Granular and F5001, which have different textural properties and surface chemistry, have similar equilibrium adsorption capacities with significant adsorption when the aqueous solution is saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 and when the aqueous solution saturated with NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 is diluted to 1:10. The results show that the equilibrium adsorption capacities are not dependant on textural properties and surface chemistry.

Example 5: Liquid Phase Equilibrium Adsorption Capacities of C-Granular or F5001 by KNO.SUB.3

[0149] Example 3 was reproduced, replacing the oxidiser with KNO.sub.3.

[0150] As shown in FIG. 7, the molality of said solution saturated with KNO.sub.3 is 2.90 mol/kg, the molality of said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with KNO.sub.3 is 0.30 mol/kg.

[0151] The results for KNO.sub.3 in FIG. 7 show that, although the two nanoporous carbonaceous materials C-Granular and F5001 have different textural properties and surface chemistry, their equilibrium adsorption capacities have very similar values and are not dependant on textural properties and surface chemistry. The results also show that there is significant adsorption of KNO.sub.3 by C-Granular and F5001 when the aqueous solution is saturated with KNO.sub.3.

Example 6: Liquid Phase Equilibrium Adsorption Capacities of C-Granular or F5001 by NaNO.SUB.3

[0152] Example 4 was reproduced, replacing the oxidiser with NaNO.sub.3.

[0153] As shown in FIG. 7, the molality of said solution saturated with NaNO.sub.3 is 10.37 mol/kg, the molality of said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NaNO.sub.3 is 1.04 mol/kg and the molality of said 1:100 dilution of the solution saturated with NaNO.sub.3 is 0.11 mol/kg.

[0154] The results for NaNO.sub.3 in FIG. 7 show that, although the two nanoporous carbonaceous materials C-Granular and F5001 have different textural properties and surface chemistry, their equilibrium adsorption capacities have very similar values and are not dependant on textural properties and surface chemistry. The results also show that there is significant adsorption of NaNO.sub.3 by C-Granular and F5001 when the aqueous solution is saturated with NaNO.sub.3.

Example 7: Liquid Phase Equilibrium Adsorption Capacities of C-Granular or F5001 by Sodium Perchlorate (NaClO.SUB.4.)

[0155] Example 4 was reproduced, replacing the oxidiser with NaClO.sub.4.

[0156] As shown in FIG. 7, the molality of said solution saturated with NaClO.sub.4 is 16.50 mol/kg, the molality of said 1:10 dilution of the solution saturated with NaClO.sub.4 is 1.48 mol/kg and the molality of said 1:100 dilution of the solution saturated with NaClO.sub.4 is 0.17 mol/kg.

[0157] The results for NaClO.sub.4 in FIG. 7 show that, although the two nanoporous carbonaceous materials C-Granular and F5001 have different textural properties and surface chemistry, their equilibrium adsorption capacities have very similar values and are not dependant on textural properties and surface chemistry. The results also show that there is significant adsorption of NaClO.sub.4 by C-Granular and F5001 when the aqueous solution is saturated with NaClO.sub.4.

[0158] These experiments show that NaClO.sub.4 is a good oxidiser candidate thanks to its high adsorption capacity on C-Granular and on F5001, its high density and its high oxygen balance (not shown in the figures).

Example 8: Thermal Properties of the Composite Energetic Material NaClO.SUB.4.-C-Granular

[0159] The thermal properties of NaClO.sub.4, C-Granular and the composite energetic material (NaClO.sub.4-C-Granular) were measured by DSC experiments on a Q20 instrument (Instruments TA). The instrument was calibrated using the indium melting peak. The experiments were performed at high pressure in stainless steel crucibles sealed with a gold-plated membrane at a temperature increase of 5° C. per minute.

[0160] FIG. 8 shows a significant difference between the decomposition initiation temperature of the composite energetic material, which is approximately 320° C., and the decomposition initiation temperature of NaClO.sub.4, which is 470° C., which is 150° C. lower than the decomposition initiation temperature of NaClO.sub.4 alone.

Example 9

[0161] The protocol of the previous examples was reproduced using sodium perchlorate as the inorganic oxidiser on C-Granular and F5001 as the nanoporous carbonaceous material.

[0162] Firstly, two samples of C-Granular and F5001 were degassed at 120° C. for 17 hours in vacuo (10.sup.−2 Torr). Two aqueous solutions comprising NaClO.sub.4 were then prepared. The first aqueous solution is a solution saturated with NaClO.sub.4 at 20° C., the second solution is a solution supersaturated with NaClO.sub.4 at 20° C. obtained by evaporating the solvent. [0163] C-Granular (CC)

[0164] A first sample of 250±10 mg of C-Granular was immersed in 20±1 ml of said solution saturated with NaClO.sub.4 (66% by weight), to allow stabilisation under stirring for 6 days at room temperature (20±1° C.). The same immersion method was performed with 250±10 mg of C-Granular a second time with said solution supersaturated with NaClO.sub.4. [0165] F5001 (FC)

[0166] A first sample of 250±10 mg of F5001 was immersed in 20±1 ml of said solution saturated with NaClO.sub.4 (66% by weight), to allow stabilisation under stirring for 6 days at room temperature (20±1° C.). The same immersion method was performed with 250±10 mg of F5001 a second time with said solution supersaturated with NaClO.sub.4.

[0167] A ratio of inorganic oxidiser of 2.2 g/g carbon was obtained for the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular and 3.2 g/g carbon was obtained for the nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001.

[0168] Samples of nanoporous carbonaceous material (C-Granular CC and F5001 (FC) without oxidiser were compared by XRD with the energetic material of the example. The results are shown in FIG. 9.

[0169] The nitrogen adsorption isotherms (adsorbed micropore volume to relative pressure) of the energetic material of the example and the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and F5001 (FC) were also measured, calculated by the high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K. The results are shown in FIG. 10.

[0170] The results of the measurements of the BET surface area, micropore volume and mesopore volume of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and F5001 (FC) and materials according to the example are given in FIG. 11.

[0171] The change in average pore size (W) evaluated from the pore size distributions obtained using the 2D-NLDFT-HS model of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and F5001 (FC) and the materials according to the example is given in the table of FIG. 12.

Comparative Example 1

[0172] A physical mixture was made in which 2.2 g of sodium perchlorate was added per g of nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC).

[0173] Samples of nanoporous carbonaceous material (C-Granular CC) without oxidiser were compared by XRD with the material of Comparative Example 1. The results are shown in FIG. 9.

[0174] The nitrogen adsorption isotherms (adsorbed micropore volume to relative pressure) of the energetic material of Comparative Example 1 and the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) were also measured, calculated by the high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K. The results are shown in FIG. 10.

[0175] The results of measurements of the BET surface area, micropore volume and mesopore volume of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and the material according to the comparative example are given in FIG. 11.

[0176] The change in average pore size (W) evaluated from the pore size distributions obtained using the 2D-NLDFT-HS model of the nanoporous carbonaceous material C-Granular (CC) and the material according to the comparative example is given in the table of FIG. 12.

Comparative Example 2

[0177] A physical mixture was made in which 3.2 g of sodium perchlorate was added per g of nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001 (FC).

[0178] Samples of nanoporous carbonaceous material (F5001-FC) without oxidiser were compared by XRD with the material of Comparative Example 2. The results are shown in FIG. 9.

[0179] The nitrogen adsorption isotherms (adsorbed micropore volume to relative pressure) of the energetic material of Comparative Example 2 and the nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001 (FC) were also measured, calculated by the high-resolution nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77.4K. The results are shown in FIG. 10.

[0180] The results of measurements of the BET surface area, micropore volume and mesopore volume of the nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001 (FC) and the material according to the comparative example are given in FIG. 11.

[0181] The change in average pore size (W) evaluated from the pore size distributions obtained using the 2D-NLDFT-HS model of the nanoporous carbonaceous material F5001 (FC) (FC) and the material according to the comparative example is given in the table of FIG. 12.

[0182] It is understood that the present invention is in no way limited to the embodiments described above and that many modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims.