MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT IMAGING RADAR SYSTEM

Abstract

The invention relates to a MIMO imaging radar system. The system comprises transmission channels (Ve1, VeM), reception channels (Vr1, VrN), and co-located radiating elements (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN) forming a two-dimensional antenna array. Each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN) has a predefined instantaneous field of coverage. Each radiating element is formed by a plurality of p radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp) distributed in at least one of the two dimensions of the antenna array. The radar comprises a plurality of electronic steering modules (MD.sub.e1, . . . , MD.sub.rN). Each electronic steering module is connected to one radiating element. Each steering module is configured to apply a steering command (Cmd) between all the radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp) of a given radiating element. The steering command (Cmd) is identical from one radiating element to the next, so as to move the field of coverage of each radiating element in the same direction.

Claims

1. Multiple-input multiple-output imaging radar system, comprising: a plurality of transmission channels (Ve1, VeM, Vei); a plurality of reception channels (Vr1, VrN, Vri); a plurality of co-located radiating elements (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) forming a two-dimensional antenna array, each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) being able to be fed by one of the transmission channels (Ve1, VeM, Vei) and/or being able to feed one of the reception channels (Vr1, VrN, Vri), each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER-N, ER1, ERi) having a predefined instantaneous field of coverage; characterized in that each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) is formed by a plurality of p radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp) distributed in at least one of the two dimensions of the antenna array, the radar comprising a plurality of electronic steering modules (MD.sub.e1, . . . , MD.sub.rN, MD.sub.ei, MD.sub.ri), each electronic steering module (MD.sub.e1, . . . , MD.sub.rN, MD.sub.ei, MD.sub.ri) being connected to one radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi), each steering module (MD.sub.e1, MD.sub.eM, MD.sub.r1, MD.sub.rN, MD.sub.ei, MD.sub.ri) being configured to apply a steering command (Cmd) between all the radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp) of a given radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi), the steering command (Cmd) being identical from one radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) to the next, so as to move the field of coverage of each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) in the same direction.

2. System according to claim 1, wherein each electronic steering module (MD.sub.e1, MD.sub.eM, MD.sub.r1, MD.sub.rN, MD.sub.ei, MD.sub.ri) comprises: a divider or a combiner, connected to the transmission channel (Ve1, VeM, Vei) or to the reception channel (Vr1, VrN, Vri), respectively, and a plurality of phase shifters (φ1, φp), each phase shifter (φ1, φp) being connected to one of the radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp) of the radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi).

3. System according to claim 1, wherein each electronic steering module comprises a plurality of amplifying means (PA1, PAp, LNA1, LNAp), each amplifying means (PA1, PAp, LNA1, LNAp) being connected to one radiating sub-element (SeElt1, SsEltp).

4. System according to claim 1, wherein the steering command (Cmd) comprises a phase gradient applied between the various radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp).

5. System according to claim 4, wherein the phase gradient corresponds to a constant angular difference, selected from the following values: 0; ±π/4, ±π/2, ±3π/4; ±π.

6. System according to claim 1, wherein the radiating elements (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) are placed on an antenna panel, the radiating elements (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) occupying an area of at least 50% of the antenna panel.

7. System according to claim 1, wherein the radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp) are placed in the azimuthal dimension and in the elevation dimension of the 2D array.

8. System according to claim 1, wherein p equals 2 or 4.

9. System according to claim 1, comprising a calibrating table (TAB), configured to compensate, for each steering command (Cmd), steering errors between the transmission channels (Ve1, VeM, Vei) and/or between the reception channels (Vr1, VrN, Vri), produced by the electronic steering modules (MD.sub.e1, MD.sub.eM, MD.sub.r1, MD.sub.rN, MD.sub.ei, MD.sub.ri).

10. System according to claim 1, configured to operate in the millimeter band.

11. Aircraft, comprising a system according to claim 1, wherein the system comprises a computer (CALC) configured to change the steering command depending on a difference between the heading and the route of the aircraft.

12. Aircraft according to claim 11, wherein the steering command is recomputed at a frequency comprised between 10 and 15 Hz.

13. Method for controlling a multiple-input multiple-output imaging radar system, the method comprising the following steps: transmitting a radar signal over a plurality of transmission channels (Ve1, VeM, Vei); receiving the radar signal over a plurality of reception channels (Vr1, VrN, Vri) following reflection or backscatter from a target; the transmission channels (Ve1, VeM, Vei) and reception channels (Vr1, VrN, Vri) feeding and/or being fed, respectively, by a co-located set of radiating elements (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) forming a two-dimensional antenna array, so as to obtain a predefined instantaneous field of coverage for each of the radiating elements (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi), characterized in that each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) is formed by a plurality of p radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp) distributed in at least one of the two dimensions of the antenna array, the method further comprising the following step: applying a steering command (Cmd) between all the radiating sub-elements (SeElt1, SsEltp) of a given radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN), the steering command (Cmd) being identical from one radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) to the next, so as to move the instantaneous field of coverage of each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) in the same direction.

14. Method according to claim 13, comprising a calibrating step, in which the following sub-steps are implemented: measuring phase and/or amplitude errors between the field of coverage of a radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi) for a given steering command (Cmd), with respect to the centre of the theoretical shifted scanning field of each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN, ER1, ERi); determining calibration coefficients depending on the measured phase and/or amplitude errors; storing the calibration coefficients in a table called the calibration table (TAB) specific to the steering command (Cmd).

15. Method according to claim 14, wherein the calibrating step is implemented for all the possible steering commands (Cmd) and for a plurality of ranges of values of operating temperatures.

Description

[0058] Other features, details and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the description, which is given with reference to the appended drawings, which are given by way of example and which show, respectively:

[0059] FIG. 1, which has already been described, shows a 2D antenna array used in a MIMO radar according to the prior art;

[0060] FIG. 2, which has already been described, shows the field of coverage of a radiating element, and the thin beam formed by the complete antenna, with a radar system according to the prior art;

[0061] FIG. 3 shows the architecture of the radar system according to the invention, in continuous-wave mode;

[0062] FIG. 4 shows the field of coverage of a radiating element, and the thin beam formed by the complete antenna, with a radar system according to the invention;

[0063] FIG. 5 shows a detailed view of the steering module according to the invention;

[0064] FIG. 6 shows the field of coverage of a radiating element as a function of the steering command;

[0065] FIG. 7A shows the field of view and the field of regard in the absence of crosswind;

[0066] FIG. 7B shows the field of view and the field of regard in the case of crosswind, with the system according to the invention implemented;

[0067] FIG. 8 shows the architecture of the radar system according to the invention, in pulsed mode;

[0068] FIG. 9 shows the field of coverage of a plurality of radiating elements following the calibrating step.

[0069] FIG. 3 illustrates the architecture of the radar system according to the invention in continuous-wave mode. It will be recalled that in continuous-wave mode, each of the radiating elements is exclusively associated either with one transmission channel, or with one reception channel.

[0070] The radar system according to the invention comprises a MIMO stage EtMIMO, comprising a plurality of transmission channels (Ve1, . . . , VeM) and a plurality of reception channels (Vr1, . . . , VrN).

[0071] The radar system according to the invention comprises a plurality of radiating elements (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN), each radiating element (ER.sub.e1, ER.sub.eM, ER.sub.r1, ER.sub.rN) being associated with one transmission channel (Ve1, . . . , VeM) or one reception channel (Vr1, . . . , VrN).

[0072] Each transmission channel has the feature of being able to apply an individual signature to the transmitted radar signal. There are a number of means for obtaining such a signature, for example Barker codes, DDMA coding (DDMA standing for Doppler Division Multiple Access), OFMD coding (OFMD standing for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) which allows orthogonal frequencies to be used in the form of multiple different sub-carriers, amplitude coding or even polarization coding.

[0073] In the context of the invention, phase coding allowing orthogonality to be obtained between the transmission channels, in a burst of pulses, will in particular possibly be used. This coding is carried out by the block DephMIMO.

[0074] The phase coding of the transmission channels is controlled by a component COD for controlling the phase coding of the transmission channels. The component COD may be placed in the computer CALC of the radar system.

[0075] The reception channels (Vr1, . . . , VrN) for their part have the feature of digitizing the signal received via the radiating element with which they are associated, by virtue of the block NUM present in each reception channel. A digital phase shift is applied. Next, a block FFC dedicated to computational beamforming allows the reception pattern to be formed following digital processing of the received signal.

[0076] In this way, the obtained array is a MIMO array that makes it possible to reconstruct a radar image benefiting from the angular resolution associated with the dimensions of the antenna array (λ/L.sub.A or λ/L.sub.E along the azimuthal or elevation axis), and from an instantaneous field of coverage given by the pattern of one radiating element (λ/D.sub.A or λ/D.sub.E along the azimuthal or elevation axis).

[0077] Each radiating element is subdivided into p smaller sub-elements. An electronic steering module (MD.sub.e1, MD.sub.eM, MD.sub.r1, MD.sub.rN) is inserted between each channel and the radiating element.

[0078] This module allows the signal to be divided into p paths that each undergo a controlled phase shift, and optionally a power amplification. Each of these signals then feeds one sub-element (SeElt1, SsEltp).

[0079] As may be seen in FIG. 4, the subdivision of the radiating elements into phase shiftable sub-elements therefore allows the instantaneous field of MIMO coverage to be adjusted depending on the region to be observed, without increasing the number of MIMO channels and the associated computational complexity.

[0080] The size of the accessible overall field is given by the inverse of the dimension of one radiating sub-element.

[0081] FIG. 5 illustrates in detail the connection between an electronic steering module and the corresponding radiating element. To simplify the representation, the radiating element has been subdivided in one dimension only.

[0082] With a subdivision of the radiating element into p sub-elements, the accessible total field is p times larger than the instantaneous field of MIMO coverage.

[0083] In the example of FIG. 5, the radiating element is subdivided into four sub-elements in the azimuth dimension (SsElt1, SsElt2, SsElt3, SsElt4). Thus, the accessible total field is four times larger than the instantaneous field of MIMO coverage.

[0084] In order for all the radiating elements of the antenna array to move their field of coverage in the same direction at the same time, it is necessary for each steering module (MD.sub.e1, MD.sub.eM, MD.sub.r1, MD.sub.rN) to apply one steering command Cmd between all the radiating sub-elements of a given radiating element, the steering command Cmd being identical from one radiating element to the next. The steering command Cmd may be transmitted over a data bus joining the steering-control block BLC to the various phase shifters.

[0085] The steering command Cmd is generated by the computer CALC of the radar system (see FIG. 3). The steering command Cmd is addressed to each steering module (for example MD.sub.e1 in FIG. 5).

[0086] The steering module MD.sub.e1 comprises as many phase shifters (φ1, φ2, φ3, φ4) as there are sub-elements (SsElt1, SsElt2, SsElt3, SsElt4).

[0087] Each steering module coupled to a transmission channel comprises a divider, and each steering module coupled to a reception channel comprises a combiner, in order to divide/combine the signal into p paths. These components are easily integratable into the MMIC chips targeted in the context of the invention (MMIC standing for Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit).

[0088] It is not necessary for the phase shifters (φ1, φ2, φ3, φ4) to have a high resolution, contrary to active phased-array antennas of AESA type, which require a very fine adjustment, phase shifter by phase shifter, with a resolution rather of about six to eight bits per phase shifter. In our example, a resolution on three bits may for example be sufficient, with a step of +/−π/4 or more (+/−π/2, or +/−π depending on the command).

[0089] It is possible to move the unitary radiation pattern in eight different directions contained in the aperture of the radiating sub-element, by applying the commands of the table below. These commands make use of a very simple logic and a very low number of phase states, this making this solution easy to integrate.

[0090] Advantageously, a phase gradient is applied between the various constituent radiating sub-elements of each radiating element.

[0091] The value of the phase shift of the phase shifter φi (i comprised between 1 and 4) is denoted Δψi:

TABLE-US-00001 Command Δψ1 Δψ2 Δψ3 Δψ4 1 0 0 0 0 2 0  π/4  π/2 3π/4 3 0  π/2 π 3π/2 4 0 3π/4 −π/2  π/4 5 0 π 0 π 6 0 −3π/4   π/2 −π/4 7 0 −π/2 −π  −3π/2  8 0 −π/4 −π/2 −3π/4 

[0092] This table corresponds to the scheme using four phase shifters. A person skilled in the art will, without difficulty, be able to adapt this schema to a different number of phase shifters.

[0093] FIG. 6 shows the steering of the radiation pattern of a radiating element as a function of the applied command. The field of coverage of the antenna is shown in cross section as a function of the sine of the azimuthal angle θ.

[0094] The lobe corresponding to command No. 5 has not been shown. In the phase-shifter configuration given by way of example, this command produces a half-lobe “to the right” of the lobe of command No. 4, and a half-lobe “to the left” of the lobe of command No. 6, thus forming the bridge between two patterns.

[0095] The invention thus allows the field of view of a millimetre-wave MIMO radar system to be steered, at any given time.

[0096] The invention allows the field of regard (FoR) of the radar system to be broadened, as illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B, which illustrate a situation in absence of crosswind, and a situation in which a crosswind is present, respectively.

[0097] In FIG. 7A, in the absence of wind, the velocity vector {right arrow over (V.sub.plane)} of the aeroplane is correctly positioned in the field of view (FoV) of the radar. The field of regard (FoR), which corresponds to the total area that may be acquired by the sensor, is broadened by virtue of the electronic steering.

[0098] In FIG. 7B, a crosswind causes crabbing, namely causes the plane to approach the runway like a crab (i.e. sideways). With an FoV centred on the axis of the aeroplane, the radar system can no longer cover the runway.

[0099] The radar system according to the invention in contrast allows the FoV to be moved with respect to the axis of the fuselage of the aeroplane (its heading), in order to make it coincide with the velocity vector {right arrow over (V.sub.plane)} of the aeroplane (its route) despite the crosswind.

[0100] In order to compensate for the crabbing of the aeroplane, a refresh of the steering command at a frequency comprised between 10 and 15 Hz may be envisaged.

[0101] This frequency allows a video stream that the pilot perceives to be of good quality, on account of persistence of vision, to be obtained without however degrading the real-time performance of the radar system.

[0102] Advantageously, it is also possible to make the steering command vary cyclically, at a predetermined frequency—it is therefore possible to widen the FoR of the radar system.

[0103] The use of two or four sub-elements per radiating element (in one of the two dimensions) is particularly advantageous.

[0104] Specifically, it will be recalled that the field of coverage, namely the aperture of the lobe, of a radiating element, is given by λ/D, with D the extent of the radiating element in the dimension in question. In the millimeter band, and on account of the space usually available on the antenna panel, the aperture of the lobe, namely the field of view, is conventionally comprised between about ten and about twenty degrees for a MIMO radar.

[0105] By multiplying this value by two or by four, a field of regard (FoR) that is large enough for an EFVS application to be envisaged is thus obtained.

[0106] It will be noted that, starting with the example illustrated in FIG. 6, it is possible to add a row of radiating sub-elements, associated with phase shifters, to obtain steering in elevation. It is then possible to carry out the various steering operations along two axes, while preserving the same resolution for the phase shifters.

[0107] The elevation command then results in an additional phase shift between the rows, this again producing commands accessible with the resolution of the phase shifters.

[0108] In FIG. 3 in particular, the sub-elements from which each radiating element is composed have been shown in a 2D array, in a row and column arrangement in which the rows and columns are coincident with the azimuthal and elevation axes.

[0109] The fact of placing the radiating sub-elements in the azimuthal dimension and in the elevation dimension of the 2D array thus allows the field of coverage of each radiating element to be moved in both the azimuthal direction and the elevation direction.

[0110] However, the steering command Cmd is identical to the case where the radiating sub-elements are arranged in one direction only. The low-resolution feature of the phase shifters (for example three bits for eight phase states) is therefore preserved.

[0111] Limiting each radiating element to four sub-elements in azimuth, and four sub-elements in elevation, moreover results in an implementational constraint, in addition to the fact that the field of regard must be large enough with p=2 or p=4. Specifically, in the chips used for the millimeter band, the design of dividers or of combiners having at most 16 paths (4×4 array of sub-elements) is envisageable on account of the etchable feature thickness and of the size of the chips. Beyond, problems arise with routing the signal.

[0112] It is advantageously possible to provide amplifying means (PA1, PA2, PA3, PA4) in each electronic steering module MD.sub.e1. Each amplifying means (PA1, PA2, PA3, PA4) is associated with one radiating sub-element (SeElt1, SsElt2, SeElt3, SsElt4).

[0113] The electronic steering module associated with a transmission channel comprises amplifying means that consist of power amplifiers (PA1, PAp), whereas the electronic steering module associated with a reception channel comprises amplifying means that consist of low-noise amplifiers (LNA1, LNAp).

[0114] Given that the number of amplifying means used in the radar system is multiplied by p, it is possible to integrate the amplifying means directly into the chip of the steering modules, in a distributed manner, without experiencing the heat-dissipation problems that would occur if a single centralized amplifying means per radiating element were integrated into the chip.

[0115] The chips conventionally used in millimeter-band amplifying means typically comprise a substrate and active elements made of silicon-germanium. Because of physical limits related to current density, these substrates are unable to withstand the heat dissipated by an integrated amplifier dimensioned so that the radar has a range of about one kilometre or more. Technologies based on gallium arsenide or even on gallium nitride could tolerate the required power, but they are expensive and incorporation of digitally controlled phase shifters is more difficult in such technologies.

[0116] This is one of the reasons why prior-art MIMO radar systems have a range of about one-hundred metres.

[0117] By virtue of the multiplication of the amplifying means, the power of the amplifying means combines in the electromagnetic field, and not on the chip. A longer range may therefore be obtained.

[0118] The on-chip integration of the amplifying means moreover allows drawbacks related to the bulk and to the high electrical power consumption of non-integrated technologies, resonant cavities for example, to be avoided.

[0119] It will be noted that reception-end, the effect is similar, and that the combination of a plurality of low-noise amplifiers (LNA) in the immediate vicinity of radiating sub-elements of small size allows upstream losses to be minimized and thus the noise factor to be decreased, this having the effect of improving the sensitivity of the radar.

[0120] The presence of the amplifying means is not essential to the obtainment of the effect used to steer the field of coverage in a given direction. This is for example the case for detection at short range.

[0121] In the context of the invention, the array of radiating elements has no need to be full or of regular pitch, but it will have the feature of being as full as possible. It is for example possible to make it so that the radiating elements occupying the antenna panel represent at least 50% of the area of the antenna panel. This constraint arises from the need to obtain a long radar range with a low bulk, especially in the airborne field.

[0122] The invention could also be implemented in pulsed-wave MIMO radar systems, in which the radiating sub-elements are connected to a transmission channel and to a reception channel, as illustrated in FIG. 8.

[0123] In FIG. 8, radiating elements ER1 to ERi have been shown. Each radiating element (ER1, ERi) may be fed by one of the transmission channels (Ve1, Vei) and may feed one of the reception channels (Vr1, Vri).

[0124] This connection of the sub-elements both to a transmission channel and to a reception channel may be achieved for example by a circulator, or by a device for protecting the reception channels when the transmission channels are active.

[0125] The invention also relates to a method for controlling the aforementioned MIMO imaging radar system.

[0126] The method advantageously comprises a step of calibrating the transmission channels and the reception channels. This step takes place prior to the operational imaging steps.

[0127] To choose phase-shift coefficients, the computer employs calibration tables TAB (illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 8) allowing the phases present on each of the transmission and reception channels to be shifted in order to correctly form the beams and to obtain a precise estimation of the absolute pointing direction of each of the beams formed.

[0128] Specifically, application of phase-shift coefficients in the electronic steering modules, which are intended to steer the field of MIMO coverage, may impair the calibration of the various channels. If these coefficients are not precise in each of the radiating sub-elements, a phase and/or amplitude error will result therefrom in each channel. The formation of the MIMO beams in the steered field is then disrupted.

[0129] In order to avoid this pitfall, the calibrating step implements the following sub-steps.

[0130] As illustrated in FIG. 9, in a first sub-step, for each steering command, for example one of the eight commands of the aforementioned table, the errors between each moved radiating-element pattern are measured. This measurement corresponds to the error with respect to the centre of the theoretical shifted scanning field of each radiating element

[0131] In a second sub-step, the patterns of the radiating elements are realigned with one another, by compensating for the phase and/or amplitude errors measured in the preceding sub-step, this allowing the calibration coefficients to be obtained.

[0132] These calibration coefficients are then stored in the calibration table TAB specific to the steering command Cmd in question. In FIGS. 3 and 8, a single table has been shown in the computer CALC, for the sake of simplification of figures.

[0133] This calibrating step must in particular be implemented in order to compensate for the fact that the phase shifters integrated into the chips do not comprise integrated correcting means.

[0134] The calibrating procedure is reiterated for all the possible steering commands and for a plurality of ranges of values of operating temperatures.

[0135] It is via the computer that the errors are compensated for to obtain a correctly focused antenna. From the point of view of the radiation pattern, this means that the envelope of the steered patterns of the radiating elements is able to tolerate small distortions and disparities. It is the phasing of the MIMO channels that allows the precise and re-focused formation of the fine beams to be obtained. It will be noted that, since the electronic steering modules are all identical and the phase-shift commands are also, at any given time, the expected errors are essentially common to all the modules.

[0136] The phasing of the MIMO channels occurs in any architecture of MIMO type; it is therefore not necessary to modify the computer.

[0137] The radar system according to the invention thus comprises calibration tables so as to correct the steering, in addition to temperature calibration tables, which are conventionally present in MIMO radar systems, in order to compensate for temperature drifts.

[0138] The radar system according to the invention may advantageously be located on-board an aircraft. It may be envisaged to use radar chips manufactured for motor-vehicle applications, at low cost, and to associate them with electronic steering modules produced using an ASIC in advanced integrated technology, the cost of which is also limited by the simplicity of the integrated functions (amplification, low-resolution phase shift).