Method for the synthesis of monoprotected bifunctional prodrugs and antibody drug conjugates based thereon as well as a method for preparing antibody drug conjugates

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for the synthesis of compounds useful in the preparation of antibody drug conjugates (ADC), namely, monoprotected dimeric bifunctional prodrugs based on duocarmycin analogs. In a further aspect, compounds obtained by the method according to the present invention are provided. The monoprotected bifunctional prodrug is used for preparing antibody drug conjugates composed of an antibody moiety and the monoprotected bifunctional prodrug. The antibody compound conjugates thus obtained are provided. Further, a method of preparing an antibody drug conjugate composed of two identical or two different antibody moieties is provided as well as the antibody compound conjugate containing two different antibody moieties accordingly. These conjugates can be used in pharmaceutical compositions, in particular, for use in treatment of tumors, e.g. for use in ADC therapy.

Claims

1. A method for the synthesis of a compound of general formula I ##STR00014## wherein Hal is F, Cl, Br, or I; R is H or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl carboxy C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group, Hal, CN, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylsulfonyl group, an optionally substituted arylsulfonyl group, or an NR.sub.z group as defined below; R.sub.1 is H or a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy group; X.sub.1 is a protecting group; L is a connecting group for covalent linkage whereby L has the general structure Z—Y—Z′; Z and Z′ are independently from one another selected from C═O, OC═O, SO.sub.2, NRz, NR.sub.2C═O, C═ONR.sub.z, wherein each R.sub.z is independently from one another selected from H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group or optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 acyl; wherein Y is an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, or a group of structure VIII ##STR00015## wherein o and p are independently from one another selected from an integer of 1 to 20, whereby o and p may be the same integer or a different integer, X.sub.3 is i) N, S or O, or ii) an aryl group or a heteroarylgroup, wherein [C(R.sub.a).sub.2].sub.O and [C(R.sub.a).sub.2].sub.p are present in the metaposition of said aryl group or said heteroaryl group, each R.sub.A is independently from one another selected from H or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 acyl group; comprising: reacting a compound of formula II ##STR00016## wherein R, R.sub.1, and Hal are defined as above and X.sub.2 is a protecting group which may be identical or different to X.sub.1 above, with a deprotecting agent for deprotecting the X.sub.2 group from the compound of formula II; and subsequently, reacting the deprotected compound of formula II with a compound of formula III ##STR00017## wherein the substituents Hal, R.sub.1, X.sub.1 and R are defined as above and L is a connecting group as defined above, R.sub.3 is selected from Hal, and OH in the presence of a coupling agent and a base to obtain a compound of formula I.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the protecting group of X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 is independently from one another selected from the group consisting of a functional group selected from the group consisting of tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, tosyl, nosyl, trimethylsilyl, and dimethyltertbutylsilyl, a protected mono-, di- or trisaccharide selected from the group consisting of beta-D-galactoside, beta-D-glucuronic acid, beta-D-glucoside, and alpha-D-mannoside, fucose, a carbamate containing moiety, an acetal containing moiety, and an ether containing moiety cleavable by oxidation.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein Hal is Cl, and/or R.sub.1 is H, and/or R is H.

4. The method according to claim 1 wherein X.sub.2 is tert-butyloxycarbonyl and X.sub.1 is tetraacetyl-beta-D-galactoside.

5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, and pyridine.

6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the coupling agent is a phosphonium agent.

7. The method according to claim 1 wherein L has the general structure VI ##STR00018## wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of reacting the deprotected compound of formula II with a compound of formula III is preceded by a step of forming the compound of formula III by reacting a compound of formula IV ##STR00019## wherein X.sub.1 and X.sub.4 are each protecting groups and are different from each other, and R, R.sub.1 and Hal are defined as above, with a compound of general formula VII
R.sub.5-L-R.sub.6  VII with L being Z—Y—Z′ and wherein Z, Y and Z′ are defined as above and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are independently from one another selected from a halogen or an OH group, whereby in a first step the compound of formula IV is deprotected at the X.sub.4 group by reacting the same with a deprotecting agent and, subsequently, the deprotected compound of formula IV is reacted with the compound of formula VII in the presence of a base to obtain the compound of formula III.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

(1) The present inventors aim in providing a method for the synthesis of new intermediates and prodrugs for compounds suitable in cancer therapy.

(2) In a first aspect, a method is provided for the synthesis of a compound of general formula I

(3) ##STR00005## wherein Hal is F, Cl, Br, or I; R is H or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl carboxy C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group, Hal, CN, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkylsulfonyl group, an optionally substituted arylsulfonyl group, or an NR.sub.z group as defined below; R.sub.1 is H or a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy group; X.sub.1 is a protecting group; L is a connecting group for covalent linkage whereby L has the general structure Z—Y—Z′; Z and Z′ are independently from one another selected from C═O, OC═O, SO.sub.2, NRz, NR.sub.2C═O, C═ONR.sub.z, wherein each R.sub.z is independently from one another selected from H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group or optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 acyl; wherein Y is an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a group of structure (VIII)

(4) ##STR00006## wherein o and p are independently from one another selected from an integer of 1 to 20, whereby o and p may be the same integer or a different integer, X.sub.3 is i) N, S or O, or ii) an aryl group or a heteroarylgroup, wherein [C(R.sub.a).sub.2].sub.O and [C(R.sub.a).sub.2].sub.p are present in the metaposition of said aryl group or said heteroaryl group, each R.sub.A is independently from one another selected from H or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 acyl group; comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula II

(5) ##STR00007## wherein R, R.sub.1, and Hal are defined as above and X.sub.2 is a protecting group which may be identical or different to X.sub.1 above, with a deprotecting agent for deprotecting the X.sub.2 group from the compound of formula II; subsequently, reacting the deprotected compound of formula II with a compound of formula III

(6) ##STR00008## wherein the substituents Hal, R.sub.1, X.sub.1 and R are defined as above and L is a connecting group as defined above, R.sub.3 is selected from Hal, in particular, Cl and Br, and OH in the presence of a coupling agent and a base to obtain a compound of formula I.

(7) The present invention now allows for independent and different modification of the two OH groups at the 5′ position of the benzoindol of the two subunits of bifunctional CBI based prodrugs. The cleavage of at least one of said two OH groups is required for the activation and transformation of said one subunit into an active drug.

(8) The ADC which can be prepared using the present invention, e.g. is composed of an antibody moiety and the compound of formula I according to the present invention or a compound being deprotected either wherein X.sub.1 is H or wherein the X.sub.1 residue is deprotected, e.g. when X.sub.1 is a tetraacetyl-beta-D-galactoside, the deprotected X.sub.1 is beta-D-galactoside.

(9) The attached antibody can be firstly cleaved off via pH-labile groups at low pH within the lysosomes and subsequently a first rearrangement to the toxic CBI unit takes place. In a second step, the rearrangement of the second toxic CBI unit can be triggered by enzymatic cleavage of the X.sub.1 unit, e.g. a galactose unit based on the β-galactosidase activity in the lysosomes but also in other cell components, such as the endoplasmatic reticulum, thereby provoking cytotoxicity. A two-step activation, namely, a first toxic phase followed by a second toxic phase, could be advantageous by providing a better or longer efficacy or with few or less side effects.

(10) The compound according to formula I allows to attach an antibody at only one phenolic OH group or at both groups. For example, if both OH groups are conjugated with an antibody, the present invention allows for conjugation of different antibodies at each side. This would have the advantage that two different tumors specifically epitopes could be used, which would further increase the specificity of the ADC therapy.

(11) The method according to the present invention is shown in scheme 1 outlining the steps accordingly. Namely, a compound (13) according to formula IV wherein X.sub.1 is a protected galactoside, namely protected by acetyl groups, X.sub.4 is Boc, R is H and R.sub.1 is H while Hal is Cl, is obtained by reacting compound 11 with compound 12, thus, resulting in the compound 13 of structure III with the two protecting groups X.sub.1 and X.sub.4. Compound 13 is reacted with compound 14 exemplifying structure VII wherein R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are Cl, Z and Z′ are C═O and Y is a propyl group.

(12) The obtained compound 15 is an example of formula III with R and R.sub.1 being H, Hal is Cl, and L with Z and Z′ being C═O and Y being (CH.sub.2).sub.3, R.sub.3 being OH and X.sub.1 is tetra-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside.

(13) Compound 15 corresponding to structure of formula III is then reacted with compound 11 corresponding to structure II with R and R.sub.1=H, X.sub.2=Boc and Hal=Cl, firstly by deprotecting 11 with BF.sub.3OEt.sub.2 in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and, thereafter, reacting the deprotected compound 11 with compound 15 in the presence of a base and a coupling agent, here DIPEA and PyBroP to arrive at a compound of general formula I with X.sub.1 being tetra-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside, R and R.sub.1 are H, Hal is Cl and L is Z and Z′ being C═O and Y is (CH.sub.2).sub.3.

(14) In particular, the present inventors recognized that it is possible to react compound 15 with compound 11 selectively to obtain compound 16 in high yields.

(15) In an embodiment of the present invention the protecting group of X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 is independently from one another selected from tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, tosyl, nosyl, trimethylsilyl, dimethyltertbutylsilyl, a carbohydrate unit, like, a furanose, a pyranose, a protected mono-, di- or trisaccharide including a galactoside, like beta-D-galactoside, beta-D-glucuronic acid, beta-D-glucoside, alpha-D-mannoside, fucose, a carbamate containing moiety, an acetal containing moiety, or an ether containing moiety cleavable by oxidation.

(16) As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to naturally occurring or recombinant antibodies and also to antibody fragments. In an embodiment of the present invention, the antibodies are humanized antibodies or antibody fragments. The skilled person is well aware of suitable antibodies and antibody fragments and the production thereof. If necessary, the antibody or antibody fragments are modified allowing binding but also cleavage of the same via/at the benzolindol OH group. Furthermore, the antibody or the antibody fragments may contain of suitable linker region allowing binding but also cleavage of the same via/at the benzoindol group. Examples thereof are known in the art, e.g. WO 2017/072295 A1.

(17) With the term “antibody compound conjugate”, the conjugate of the antibody with the compound according to the present invention is meant. The compound may be a prodrug or drug. Accordingly, an embodiment of the antibody compound conjugate according to the present invention is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC).

(18) The term “substituted” in particular with respect to alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, allylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxy and acyl as used herein refers to said groups being substituted with one or more substituents selected from OH, ═O, ═S, ═NR.sup.h, ═N—OR.sup.h, S.sup.h, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2, NO, N.sub.3, CF.sub.3, CN, OCN, SCN, NCO, NCS, C(O)NH.sub.2, C(O)H, C(O)OH, Halogen, R.sup.h, SR.sup.h, S(O)R.sup.h, S(O)OR.sup.h, S(O).sub.2R.sup.h, S(O).sub.2OR.sup.h, OS(O)R.sup.h, OS(O)OR.sup.h, OS(O).sub.2R.sup.h, OS(O).sub.2OR.sup.h, OP(O)(OR.sup.h)(OR.sup.i), P(O)(OR.sup.h)(OR.sup.i), OR.sup.h, NHR.sup.i, N(R.sup.h)R.sup.i, .sup.+N(R.sup.h)(R.sup.i)R.sup.i, Si(R.sup.h)(R.sup.i)R.sup.i, Si(R.sup.h)(R.sup.i)(R.sup.i), C(O)R.sup.h, C(O)OR.sup.h, C(O)N(R.sup.i)R.sup.h, OC(O)R.sup.h, OC(O)OR.sup.h, OC(O)N(R.sup.h)R.sup.i, N(R.sup.i)C(O)R.sup.h, N(R.sup.i)C(O)OR.sup.h, N(R.sup.i)C(O)N(R.sup.i)R.sup.h and thioderivatives of these substituents or a protonated or deprotonated form of these substituents whereby R.sup.h, R.sup.i, and R.sup.j are selected independently from one another from H and optionally substituted C.sub.1-15 alkyl, C.sub.1-15 heteroalkyl, C.sub.3-15 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-15 h heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.4-15 aryl, or C.sub.4-15 heteroaryl or a combination thereof whereby two or more of R.sup.h, R.sup.i and R.sup.j are optionally linked with each other, thus, forming a cylcoalkyl allyl or heterocyclus.

(19) The term “alkyl” as used herein unless otherwise identified refers to straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, preferably, the alkyl group comprises from 1 to 12, such as 1 to 10 carbon atoms, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, venyl, alyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenly, isobutenyl, pentinyl etc.

(20) The term “aryl” or “aromatic ring” refers to a monoradical of an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon. Preferably, the aryl group contains 3 to 14 (e.g. 5 to 10, such as 5, 6 or 10) carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms. These can be arranged in one ring, e.g. phenyl, or two or more condensed rings (e.g. naphthyl). Preferably aryl refers to a monocyclic ring containing 6 carbon atoms or an aromatic bicyclic ring system containing 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments the aryl is unsubstituted in some embodiments the aryl is substituted.

(21) The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic cycloalkyl comprising 1, 2 or more rings. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexonyl, etc.

(22) The term “heteroalkyl” as used herein refers to straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons wherein at least one of the carbon is substituted with a heteroatom. The heteroatoms are preferably selected from S, N, O, and P.

(23) The term “heteroaryl” refers to aromatic monoradicals composed of one or more fused aromatic ring systems. Therein at least one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include O, N, S or P.

(24) The term “acyl” as used herein refers to a functional group with the general formula R.sub.ac—CH═O— wherein R.sub.ac refers to an optionally substituted hydrocarbon radical, in particular, a hydrocarbon chain having C.sub.1-C.sub.8 carbon atoms.

(25) The term “alkylsulfonyl” or “arylsulfonyl” refer to alkyl or aryl groups containing a SO.sub.2 residue.

(26) As used herein and throughout the entire description, the term “halogen” or “halo” or “Hal” means fluoro, chluoro, bromo, or iodo.

(27) The protecting group may have a or being a functional group. The functional group of X.sub.1 may be a cleavable substrate, the cleavable substrate as used herein refers to a structure which is cleavable under appropriate conditions, namely, as identified below by way of enzymatic digestion or other physical or chemical cleavage. That is, in case that the substituent X.sub.1 is a functional group in form of a substrate, cleavage of said substrate may be in the cell in specific compartments, like the lysosomes or other cellular compartments converting the prodrug into the active drug accordingly. The functional group includes carbohydrate units, like furanose and pyranose or a fucose. Further, the functional group is a disaccharide or trisaccharide. In an embodiment of the present invention, the functional group is a galactoside cleavable by galactosidase.

(28) In an aspect of the present invention, the substituent Hal is Cl (chloro) and/or R.sub.1 is H and/or wherein each R is H.

(29) In another embodiment of the present invention, the protecting group X.sub.2 is tertbutyloxycarbonyl and X.sub.1 is tetra-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside. In addition, in an embodiment of the present invention, the protecting group X.sub.2 is tert-butyloxycarbonyl.

(30) The protecting group X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.4 as defined herein may be selected independently from one another from functional groups protected mono-, di- or trisaccharids or oligosaccharids, in particular, hexose, pentose or heptose optionally representing desoxyderivates or aminoderivates therefrom. These substituents may be further substituted with substituents of halogen, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 acyl, C.sub.1-8 heteroalkyl, C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-7 heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.4-12 aryl or C.sub.4-12 heteroaryl, amino or amido groups. Of course, other suitable substituents may be possible like labile substituents selected from semiacetal and acetal, benzyl groups and substituted benzyl groups.

(31) In a further embodiment, the method is a method wherein the base present for reacting compound of formula II with the compound of formula III is selected from diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), triethylamine or pyridine.

(32) Of course other suitable bases can be used according to the present invention, the skilled person is well aware of a suitable basis accordingly.

(33) Further, the coupling agent may be selected from known coupling agents including phosphonium agents. Suitable phosphonium agents include compounds known as PyCloP, PyBroP, PyBoP, PyAoP.

(34) In another embodiment, the method of the present invention the moiety L has a general structure VI wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10. In an embodiment, n is an integer from 1 to 5, like 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in particular 3.

(35) In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method according to the present invention wherein the compound of formula III is obtained by reacting a compound of IV

(36) ##STR00009## wherein X.sub.1, R, R.sub.1 and Hal are defined as above, X.sub.4 is a protecting group as defined for X.sub.1 and X.sub.1 and X.sub.4 are different from each other, with a compound of general formula VII
R.sub.5-L-R.sub.6  VII with L having the general structure Z—Y—Z′ wherein Z, Y and Z′ are defined as above and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are independently from one another selected from a halogen, like Cl; or Br, or an OH group, whereby in a first step the compound of formula IV is deprotected at the X.sub.4 group by reacting the same with a deprotecting agent and, subsequently, the deprotected compound of formula IV is reacted with the compound of formula VII in the presence of a base to obtain the compound of formula III.

(37) As discussed with respect to scheme 1 above, the compound according to general formula IV containing the protecting group X.sub.4, e.g. in form of Boc, is deprotected by known methods, e.g. by using a Lewis acid.

(38) That is, deprotection of compounds containing a protecting group may be achieved by using a Lewis acid or a Broenstedt acid. The skilled person is well aware of suitable acids. Alternatively, the protecting group, like a carboxybenzyl group (cbz-group) may be deprotected using H.sub.2 in the presence of a catalyst, like a Pd containing catalyst.

(39) The deprotected structure IV is then allowed to react with a compound of general formula VII.

(40) In general formula VII the definitions of Z and Z′ as well as Y are as identified above, e.g. the structure Z—Y—Z′ is L as defined with respect to general structure VI.

(41) R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are leaving groups, e.g. a halogen including Cl and Br or a hydroxyl group as part of a carboxyl group.

(42) The base may be a base as defined above, like diisopropylamine (DIPEA), triethylamine or pyridine. The skilled person is well aware of suitable bases useful for this reaction.

(43) In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a compound of formula I obtainable by a method according to the present invention.

(44) The compounds according to the present invention are characterized in having a free hydroxyl group at one benzoindol group of the bifunctional compound of general formula I while the corresponding substituent on the second moiety of the benzoindol group is protected via a protecting group.

(45) The compound of formula I according to the present invention encompasses compounds wherein X.sub.1 itself is in a protected or unprotected form, e.g. in case of mono- or di- or trisaccharides or oligosaccharides, the saccharides are protected or unprotected. For example in case of the protecting group tetra-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside, the tetra-acetyl substituents may be absent, thus, X.sub.1 is the free beta-D-galactoside accordingly.

(46) The compounds of formula I as described above are suitable for the preparation of e.g. antibody compound conjugates wherein at least one functional group including antibodies or a binding moiety in general, are present. Binding moiety as defined herein includes the antibody or antibody fragments allowing specific binding to a binding partner. In general, a binding moiety may include any ligand allowing binding to a binding partner resulting in a binding pair including binding pairs like ligand receptor, binding to a cancer-specific epitope, and binding to a senescent cell-specific epitope.

(47) Further, the protecting group may be a functional group in form of a substrate which may be released upon enzymatic digestion, e.g. proteolytic, oxidative or reductive cleavage by enzymes including plasmin, cathepsin, cathepsin B, beta-glucuronidase, galactosidase, mannosidase, glucosidase, neuramidase, saccharosidase, maltase, fructosidase, glycosilase, prostates specific antigen, urokinase type plasminogen activator (u-PA), metalloproteinase, cytochrome P450 or other enzymes used in enzyme product therapy like ADEPT.

(48) In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparing an antibody drug conjugate composed of an antibody moiety and a compound according to formula I in particular as defined herein, comprising the step of coupling the antibody moiety to the compound according to formula I via the free OH group at position 5 of the benzoindol group of formula I.

(49) The method includes the use of the compound of formula I as a starting material wherein at one of the two moieties a free OH group is present at position 5 of the benzoindol group of formula I while the other OH group at position 5 of the second benzoindol group of the second moiety is protected with a protecting group e.g. a functional group, while said protecting group itself may be protected or unprotected.

(50) In addition, the present invention relates to the antibody compound conjugate obtainable by the method according to the present invention. In one aspect, this antibody compound conjugate is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC).

(51) In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparing an ADC composed of two identical or two different antibody moieties and a compound according to formula I wherein X.sub.1 is either absent or present comprising the step of providing an antibody compound conjugate according to the present invention, optionally deprotecting the X.sub.1 group with a deprotecting agent as described herein and coupling a second antibody moiety to the antibody drug conjugate according to the present invention via the deprotected OH group at position 5 of the benzoindol group of formula I or if X.sub.1 is present via the deprotected X.sub.1 protecting group. For example in case of X.sub.1 being a galactoside, the second antibody moiety is bound via the deprotected galactoside.

(52) In one aspect, the antibody compound conjugate according to the present invention obtainable by the method according to the present invention contain two different antibody moieties.

(53) In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound containing at least one of the compounds according to the present invention.

(54) In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition for use as disclosed herein, further comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the compounds according to the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof may be included in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

(55) As used herein and throughout the entire description, the terms “carrier” and “excipient” are used interchangeably herein. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients include diluents (fillers, bulking agents, e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose), disintegrants (e.g. sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium), binders (e.g. PVP, HPMC), lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate), glidants (e.g. colloidal SiO.sub.2), solvents/co-solvents (e.g. aqueous vehicle, Propylene glycol, glycerol), buffering agents (e.g. citrate, gluconates, lactates), preservatives (e.g. Na benzoate, parabens (Me, Pr and Bu), BKC), anti-oxidants (e.g. BHT, BHA, Ascorbic acid), wetting agents (e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan esters), anti-foaming agents (e.g. Simethicone), thickening agents (e.g. methylcellulose or hydroxyethylcellulose), sweetening agents (e.g. sorbitol, saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame), flavoring agents (e.g. peppermint, lemon oils, butterscotch, etc), humectants (e.g. propylene, glycol, glycerol, sorbitol). The person skilled in the art will readily be able to choose suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, depending, e.g., on the formulation and administration route of the pharmaceutical composition.

(56) A non-exhaustive list of exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients includes (biodegradable) liposomes; microspheres made of the biodegradable polymer poly(D,L)-lactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA), albumin microspheres; synthetic polymers (soluble); nanofibers, protein-DNA complexes; protein conjugates; erythrocytes; or virosomes. Various carrier based dosage forms comprise solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), polymeric nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, hydrogel nanoparticles, copolymerized peptide nanoparticles, nanocrystals and nanosuspensions, nanocrystals, nanotubes and nanowires, functionalized nanocarriers, nanospheres, nanocapsules, liposomes, lipid emulsions, lipid microtubules/microcylinders, lipid microbubbles, lipospheres, lipopolyplexes, inverse lipid micelles, dendrimers, ethosomes, multicomposite ultrathin capsules, aquasomes, pharmacosomes, colloidosomes, niosomes, discomes, proniosomes, microspheres, microemulsions and polymeric micelles. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are inter alia described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15.sup.th Ed., Mack Publishing Co., New Jersey (1991) and Bauer et al., Pharmazeutische Technologie, 5.sup.th Ed., Govi-Verlag Frankfurt (1997).

(57) The pharmaceutical composition of the invention will generally be designed for specific routes and methods of administration, for specific dosages and frequencies of administration, for specific treatments of specific diseases, with ranges of bio-availability and persistence, among other things. The materials of the composition are preferably formulated in concentrations that are acceptable for the site of administration.

(58) Formulations and compositions thus may be designed in accordance with the invention for delivery by any suitable route of administration. In the context of the present invention, the routes of administration include: topical routes (such as epicutaneous, inhalational, nasal, opthalmic, auricular/aural, vaginal, mucosal) and aerosols; enteral routes (such as oral, gastrointestinal, sublingual, sublabial, buccal, rectal); and parenteral routes (such as intravenous, intraarterial, intraosseous, intramuscular, intracerebral, intracerebroventricular, epidural, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, extra-amniotic, intraarticular, intracardiac, intradermal, intralesional, intrauterine, intravesical, intravitreal, transdermal, intranasal, transmucosal, intrasynovial, intraluminal).
In some embodiments the administration may be a parenteral route, in particular intravenous or intramuscular.

(59) In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition, as disclosed herein, is administered to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to treat cancer. The subject is preferably a mammal.

(60) As used herein and throughout the entire description, the term “Subject” means eukaryotes, like animals, including warm blooded mammals such as humans and primates; avians; domestic household or farm animals such as cats, dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, horses and pigs; laboratory animals such as mice, rats and guinea pigs; fish; reptiles; zoo and wild animals; and the like. The subject is preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.

(61) As used herein and throughout the entire description, the term “amount effective” in the context of a composition or dosage form for administration to a subject refers to an amount of the composition or dosage form sufficient to provide a benefit in the treatment of cancer, to delay or minimize symptoms associated with cancer, or to cure or ameliorate cancer. In particular, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in viva Used in connection with an amount of a compound of the invention, the term preferably encompasses a non-toxic amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of disease, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of or synergies with another therapeutic agent.

(62) Amounts effective will depend, of course, on the particular subject being treated; the severity of a condition, disease or disorder; the individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size and weight; the duration of the treatment; the nature of concurrent therapy (if any); the specific route of administration and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the health practitioner. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is generally preferred that a maximum dose be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that a patient may insist upon a lower dose or tolerable dose for medical reasons, psychological reasons or for virtually any other reason.

(63) In a further aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the compound according to the present invention for the treatment of senescence associated disorders or disease.

(64) As used herein, senescence-associated disorders or diseases include disorders or diseases associated with, or caused by cellular senescence, including age-related diseases and disorders. A senescence-associated disease or disorder may also be called a senescent cell-associated disease or disorder. A prominent feature of aging is a gradual loss of function, or degeneration that occurs at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal levels. Age-related degeneration gives rise to well-recognized pathologies such as sarcopenia, atherosclerosis and heart failure, osteoporosis, pulmonary insufficiency, renal failure, neurodegeneration (including macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease), and many others.

(65) Senescence-associated diseases and disorders include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular diseases and disorders, inflammatory diseases and disorders, autoimmune diseases and disorders, pulmonary diseases and disorders, eye diseases and disorders, metabolic diseases and disorders, neurological diseases and disorders (e.g., neurodegenerative disease and disorders); age-related diseases and disorders induced by senescence; skin conditions; age-related diseases; dermatological diseases and disorders; and transplant related diseases and disorders.

(66) Preferably, the subject is a mammal, preferably a human.

(67) In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the senescence associated disease or disorder is a proliferative disorder, such as cancer or leukemia including lymphoma. In another preferred embodiment, the senescence associated disease or disorder is a cardiovascular disease. A further embodiment of the invention of the senescence associated disease or disorder is an inflammatory or autoimmune disease or disorder.

(68) Another embodiment relates to neurological disease or disorders as senescence associated disease or disorder. Further senescence associated disease or disorder include ophthalmic diseases and disorders as well as metabolic disease and pulmonary disease or disorder.

(69) Further senescence associated diseases or disorders refer to age-related disorders as well as dermatological diseases or disorders and lifespan and age-related diseases or conditions. Moreover, the present application, namely, the use of the compound according to the present invention wherein X.sub.1 is e.g. a galactoside refers to diseases or disorders which correlates or associated with elevated β-galactosidase activity.

(70) Moreover, the present invention relates to the use of the compound according to the present invention for treatment of tumors, in particular, in mammals, the use is particularly possible in ADEPT therapy.

(71) Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the compound according to formula I for the preparation of an antibody drug conjugate.

(72) The present invention will be described further by way of examples without limiting the same thereto.

EXAMPLES

(73) Experimental Procedures

(74) General Methods

(75) Unless stated otherwise, experiments were conducted under air. Reagents were obtained from commercial sources and used without purification. Anhydrous CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (Analytical grade, Fischer Scientific) and THF (AnaIR NORMAPUR, VWR) were obtained by the addition of vacuum oven (Vacutherm 6025 from Heraeus Instruments) dried 3 Å molecular sieves to an argon-flushed bottle. DMF (peptide synthesis grade, Fischer Scientific) was used throughout. NMR spectra were recorded on Mercury-300, Unity-300, Inova-500 and Inova-600 spectrometers from Varian and on an AMX-300 spectrometer from Bruker. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm) from high to low frequency using the residual solvent peak as the internal reference (DMSO=2.50 ppm).

(76) All .sup.1H resonances are reported to the nearest 0.01 ppm. The multiplicity of .sup.1H signals are indicated as: s=singlet; d=doublet; t=triplet; q=quartet; sept=septet; m=multiplet; br=broad; app=apparent; or combinations of thereof. Coupling constants (J) are quoted in Hz and reported to the nearest 0.1 Hz. Where appropriate, averages of the signals from peaks displaying multiplicity were used to calculate the value of the coupling constant. .sup.13C NMR spectra were recorded on the same spectrometer with the central resonance of the solvent peak as the internal reference (DMSO=39.52 ppm) .sup.13C resonances are reported to the nearest 0.01 ppm. DEPT, COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments were used to aid structural determination and spectral assignment. Fully characterized compounds were chromatographically homogeneous. Flash column chromatography was carried out on an automated system (Isolera One from Biotage) using Biotage SNAP Flash Cartridges KP-Sil (Silica 55 Å, 53 μm, 96.95% between 30-90 μm) or Interchim PF-15SIHP (High Performance Spherical Silica, 15 μm) as the stationary phase. Preparative TLC was performed using Silica Gel GF UV254 20×20 cm 2000 micron plates (Analtech) or RP-18W/UV.sub.254 5×20 cm 250 micron plates (Macherey-Nagel) and smaller quantities (<10 mg of crude material) were purified on analytical TLC Silica gel 60 F.sub.254 plates (Merck, Germany). TLC was visualized using both short and long waved ultraviolet light in combination with standard laboratory stains (acidic potassium permanganate, acidic ammonium molybdate and ninhydrin). ESI-MS and ESI-HRMS spectra were recorded on an Apex IV spectrometer from Bruker Daltronik. EI-MS and EI-HRMS spectra were recorded on a MAT 95 spectrometer from Finnigan. Melting points (Mp) were determined using an EZ-Melt Automated Melting Point Apparatus from Standford Research Systems and are not corrected. IR spectra were recorded on an FT/IR-4100 spectrometer from Jasco. All substances were applied neat on an ATR unit. UV spectra were recorded on a V-630 spectrometer from Jasco. Optical rotations were measured on a JASCO P-2000 polarimeter. Measurements were conducted using a sodium lamp (λ 589 nm, D-line); [α].sub.D.sup.20 values were reported in 10 deg cm.sup.2 g.sup.−1, concentration (c) in g per 100 ml. Preparative HPLC was performed with a Kromasil 100 C18 (7.5 μm particle size, 250×200 mm, Dr. Maisch GmbH) column on a Jasco HPLC system with binary pump and UV-detector. Analytical HPLC was performed with a Kromasil 100 C18 (5.0 μm particle size, 250×4 mm, Dr. Maisch GmbH) or a Chiralpak IA (5 μm Particle size, 250×4.6 mm, Daicel Corporation) column on a Jasco HPLC system with UV- and DAD-detector.

(77) Unless stated otherwise, hydrogenations were carried out at rt on a ThalesNano Nanotechnology H-Cube system (Pd/C 10 wt. % loading cell) in full hydrogen mode with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.

tert-butyl (S)-1-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indole-3-carboxylate (11)

(78) ##STR00010##

(79) To an argon filled flask containing the benzyl ether of CBI 11 (200 mg, 0.472 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt. % loading, 100 mg, 0.940 mmol) was added dry THF (20 mL). The argon was carefully replaced by hydrogen with a balloon and the reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. for 10 h. The mixture was filtered over celite and the residue washed with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash column chromatography (CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/EtOAc, 94:6) to afford the title compound (113 mg, 0.340 mmol) as a white solid in 72% yield.

(80) R.sub.f 0.45 (CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/EtOAc, 92:8) 0.39 for dechlorinated product

(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Acetoxymethyl)-6-(((S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1-(chloro-methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]indol-5- yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran- 3,4,5-triyl triacetate (13)

(81) ##STR00011##

(82) To a flask charged with naphthol 11 (138 mg, 0.413 mmol), tetraacetyl-β-D-galactosyl-trichloracetimidat 12 (265 mg, 0.537 mmol) and 3 Å molecular sieves was added dry CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (21 mL) under an argon atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 30 min and a solution of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (26 μL, 0.21 mmol) in dry CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2.0 mL) was added at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at −10° C. and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flash column chromatography (PET/EtOAc, 1:0 to 1:1) furnished the desired compound (223 mg, 0.336 mmol) as a white solid in 81% yield.

5-((S)-1-(chloromethyl)-5-(((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-triacetoxy-6-(acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-1,2- dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indol-3-yl)-5-oxo-pentanoic acid (15)

(83) ##STR00012##

(84) The CBI tetraacetyl-β-D-galactoside 13 (50 mg, 0.075 mmol) was taken up in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.0 mL) and two drops of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate were added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred for another 2 h. Upon completion, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and dissolved in peptide grade DMF (1 mL). The resulting solution was cooled to 0° C. and slowly added to a freshly prepared solution of glutaryl dichloride 14 (0.19 g, 1.1 mmol) in peptide grade DMF (1 mL) at 0° C. After dropwise addition of DIPEA (0.20 mL), the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash column chromatography (CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/MeOH, 100:0 to 96:4) yielded the title compound (41 mg, 0.061 mmol) as a pale brown solid in 80% yield.

(85) R.sub.f 0.74 (EtOAc)

(86) Mp 155° C.

(87) .sup.1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (app t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (app t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.45-5.38 (m, 3H), 4.55 (dd, J=7.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (app t, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.14 (m, 3H), 4.07 (dd, J=11.5, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dd, J=10.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=11.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.34 (app t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (m, 2H)

(88) .sup.13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): δ 174.39, 170.69, 170.38, 170.12, 169.76, 169.56, 153.04, 141.77, 129.61, 127.74, 124.11, 122.99, 122.03, 121.97, 117.92, 101.43, 98.83, 70.92, 69.83, 68.53, 67.54, 61.84, 52.62, 47.73, 40.66, 34.24, 32.97, 20.59, 20.47, 20.43, 20.43, 19.57

(89) HRMS (ESI) m/z calc for C.sub.32H.sub.35ClNO.sub.13 [M−H].sup.−: 676.1797, found 676.1797.

(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(((S)-1-(chloromethyl)-3-(5-(((S)-1-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indol-3-yl)-5-oxopentanoyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]indol-5-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate (16)

(90) ##STR00013##

(91) The CBI-tetraacetyl-β-D-galactoside-pentadioate monoamide 15 (12 mg, 0.035 mmol) was taken up in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 mL) and 3 drops of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate were added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and the deprotection was monitored by TLC. After 2 h the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude solid was kept under high-vacuum for 1 additional hour. Acid 5 (20 mg, 0.030 mmol), molecular sieves (3 Å) and DMF (0.30 mL) were added to the solution under an argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to −20° C. and PyBroP (16 mg, 0.035 mmol) and DIPEA (15 μL, 0.089 mmol) were added sequentially. The reaction mixture was kept at −20° C. overnight and allowed to warm up to 0° C. the next day. The reaction was stirred for another 8 h at that temperature and subsequently concentrated under reduced pressure The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (PET/EtOAc, 1:0 to 3:7) to give 16 as a pale brown solid (14 mg, 0.016 mmol) in 44% yield.

(92) R.sub.f 0.51 (EtOAc/PET, 2:1)

(93) Mp 155° C.

(94) Optical rotation [α].sub.D.sup.20=−41.5 (c 0.27, CHCl.sub.3)

(95) .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): δ 10.31 (s, 1H), 8.33 (br s, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (br s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 5.56 (m, 1H), 5.43-5.41 (m, 2H), 5.40 (m, 1H), 4.54 (dd, J=7.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (app t, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (app t, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.20-4.13 (m, 3H), 4.10 (dd, J=11.4, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=11.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=11.1, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J=11.1, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J=10.8, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.66-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.08 (br s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 2.01-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.97 (s, 3H)

(96) .sup.13C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): δ 170.62, 170.37, 169.94, 169.72, 169.35, 169.16, 154.03, 152.79, 141.81, 141.53, 129.77, 129.41, 127.44, 126.98, 123.82, 122.90, 122.71, 122.42, 122.30, 121.90, 121.78, 121.46, 117.75, 113.56, 101.50, 99.70, 98.78, 70.75, 69.75, 68.48, 67.38, 61.57, 52.58, 52.58 47.53, 47.53 40.74, 40.74, 34.39, 25.03, 20.48, 20.34, 20.34, 20.30, 19.15

(97) LRMS (ESI) m/z calc for C.sub.45H.sub.46Cl.sub.2N.sub.2NaO.sub.13 [M+Na].sup.+: 915.3, found 915.3 (100), C.sub.45H.sub.47Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.13 [M+H].sup.+: 893.3, found 893.2 (24).

(98) HRMS (ESI) m/z calc for C.sub.45H.sub.46Cl.sub.2N.sub.2NaO.sub.13 [M+Na].sup.+: 915.2269, found 915.2263.