Thin-film Structures for Optical Applications Comprising Fluoride Mixtures

Abstract

An optical-thin-film structure comprises a low-index optical thin film consisting essentially of co-deposited Barium Fluoride and a secondary fluoride compound, and a high-index optical thin film.

Claims

1. An article comprising a first optical-thin-film structure for operation at wavelengths in mid-IR range, wherein the first optical-thin-film structure comprises alternating optical thin films of low-index material and high index material, the low-index material having a refractive index less than 1.7, and the high-index material having a refractive index of at least about 1.7, wherein at least one of the optical thin films of low-index material consists essentially of a mixture of: (a) Barium Fluoride in an amount between about 75 to about 99 weight percent; and (b) at least one fluoride compound other than Barium Fluoride, wherein the other fluoride compound: (i) is suitable for reducing an average crystal size of the optical thin film of low-index material relative to an average crystal size of a low-index optical thin film consisting of 100 percent by weight of Barium Fluoride; and (ii) possesses suitable optical properties and chemical stability for an intended use of the article.

2. The article of claim 1 wherein the at least one other fluoride compound is selected from the group consisting of CaF.sub.2, AlF.sub.3, YF.sub.3, and YbF.sub.3.

3. The article of claim 1 wherein the at least one other fluoride compound is selected from the group consisting of CaF.sub.2, AlF.sub.3, YF.sub.3, YbF.sub.3, CeF.sub.3, ThF.sub.4, NaF, LiF, KF, SrF.sub.2, and MgF.sub.2.

4. The article of claim 1 wherein at least one of the optical thin films of low-index material consists of Barium Fluoride in an amount within a range of about 85 to about 99 weight percent.

5. The article of claim 1 wherein at least one of the optical thin films of low-index material consists essentially of Barium Fluoride in an amount of 95 percent by weight and Aluminum Fluoride in an amount of 5 percent by weight.

6. The article of claim 1 wherein at least one of the optical thin films of low-index material consists essentially of Barium Fluoride in an amount of 99 percent by weight and Aluminum Fluoride in an amount of 1 percent by weight.

7. The article of claim 1 wherein at least one of optical thin films of low-index material consists essentially of Barium Fluoride in an amount in a range of about 85 to about 99 percent by weight, and Ytterbium Fluoride in an amount in a range of about 1 to about 15 percent by weight.

8. The article of claim 1 wherein at least one of the optical thin films of high-index material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Ge, Si, ZnS, and ZnSe.

9. The article of claim 1 wherein the article is operable in a range of wavelengths from 1.5 microns to 20 microns.

10. The article of claim 9 wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of an antireflection coating, a high-reflection coating, a long-wavelength-pass filter, a short-wavelength-pass filter, a wide-bandpass filter, and a narrow-bandpass filter.

11. The article of claim 1 wherein the alternating optical thin films of low-index material and high index material define two partially reflective mirrors, wherein the two partially reflective mirrors are spaced apart forming an optically resonant cavity in a region therebetween.

12. The article of claim 11 wherein the region contains a gas.

13. The article of claim 11 wherein the region is under partial vacuum.

14. The article of claim 11 wherein the region comprises a low-index material.

15. The article of claim 1 wherein an interfacial layer is disposed between at least some of the alternating optical thin films, the interfacial layer having a thickness in a range of about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers and comprising a material different than the low-index material and the high-index material.

16. The article of claim 15 wherein the interfacial layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of ZnS, ZnSe, HfO.sub.2, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, and Al.sub.2O.sub.3.

17. The article of claim 1 comprising a substrate, wherein the first optical-thin-film structure is disposed on a first surface of the substrate.

18. The article of claim 17 comprising a second optical-thin-film structure disposed on a second surface of the substrate.

19. An article comprising an optical-thin-film structure, wherein the optical-thin-film structure comprises an optical thin film consisting essentially of low-index material and an optical thin film consisting essentially of high-index material, one of the optical thin films disposed above the other optical thin film, wherein the low-index material has a refractive index less than about 1.7, and the high-index material having a refractive index of at least about 1.7, wherein the low-index material consists essentially of a mixture of: (a) Barium Fluoride in an amount within a range of about 85 to about 99 weight percent; and (b) at least one fluoride compound other than Barium Fluoride, wherein the other fluoride compound: (i) is suitable for reducing an average crystal size of the optical thin film of low-index material relative to an average crystal size of an optical thin film consisting of 100 percent by weight of Barium Fluoride; and (ii) possesses suitable optical properties and chemical stability for an intended use of the article.

20. The article of claim 19 wherein the at least one other fluoride compound is selected from the group consisting of CaF.sub.2, AlF.sub.3, YF.sub.3, and YbF.sub.3.

21. A method for forming an optical-thin-film structure, comprising: forming a low-index optical thin film by co-evaporating Barium fluoride and a secondary fluoride compound on to a first surface; and forming a high-index optical thin film on the low-index thin film.

22. The method of claim 21 comprising cooling, during the forming of the low-index optical thin film, the first surface and the low-index optical thin film being formed.

23. The method of claim 21 comprising bombarding with ions, prior to forming the high-index optical thin film, an upper surface of the low-index optical thin film.

24. The method of claim 21 comprising depositing, prior to forming the high-index optical thin film, an adhesion-assisting layer on an upper surface of the low-index optical thin film.

25. The method of claim 21 wherein the first surface is a surface of a high-index optical thin film.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] FIG. 1A depicts an embodiment of an optical-thin-film structure in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the invention.

[0022] FIG. 1B depicts an alternative embodiment of an optical-thin-film structure in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the invention.

[0023] FIG. 2A is a micrograph showing a conventional optical thin film of BaF.sub.2.

[0024] FIG. 2B is a micrograph showing an optical thin film in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical thin film consists of BaF.sub.2 and CaF.sub.2 (95/5 weight percent, respectively).

[0025] FIG. 2C is a micrograph showing an optical thin film in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical thin film consists of BaF.sub.2 and AlF.sub.3 (95/5 weight percent, respectively).

[0026] FIG. 2D is a micrograph showing an optical thin film in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical thin film consists of BaF.sub.2 and YF.sub.3 (95/5 weight percent, respectively) and a layer of Germanium.

[0027] FIG. 2E is a micrograph showing an optical thin film in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical thin film consists of BaF.sub.2 and YbF.sub.3 (95/5 weight percent, respectively).

[0028] FIG. 2F is a micrograph showing an optical thin film in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical thin film consists of BaF.sub.2 and YbF.sub.3 (85/15 weight percent, respectively).

[0029] FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of an optical-thin-film structure in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical-thin-film structure is a Bragg mirror.

[0030] FIG. 4A depicts an embodiment of an optical-thin-film structure in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical-thin-film structure is a first embodiment of an optical filter.

[0031] FIG. 4B depicts an embodiment of an optical-thin-film structure in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical-thin-film structure is a second embodiment of an optical filter.

[0032] FIG. 4C depicts an embodiment of an optical-thin-film structure in accordance with the present teachings, wherein the optical-thin-film structure is a third embodiment of an optical filter.

[0033] FIG. 5 depicts an embodiment of an optical-thin-film structure in accordance with the present teachings.

[0034] FIG. 6 depicts a flow diagram of a process for making an optical-thin-film structure in accordance with the present teachings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] FIG. 1A depicts optical-thin-film structure 100 in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. Structure 100 consists of layer 102 and layer 104.

[0036] Layer 102 is a low-index optical thin film consisting essentially of a mixture of Barium Fluoride and one or more other “secondary” fluoride compounds. Layer 104 is a high-index optical thin film, which typically consists of one of Ge, Si, ZnS, or ZnSe.

[0037] It is notable that the refractive index of Barium fluoride at 10 microns is about 1.41, and is 1.352 at 14 microns. Moreover, Barium fluoride exhibits low absorption losses over a wide spectral range up to 15 microns (extinction coefficient k=0.0004 at 10 um and k=0.001277 at 14 um). In addition, Barium fluoride is physically hard, and does not easily absorb moisture from the air compared to other fluoride compounds. These properties make Barium fluoride particularly attractive as a candidate for use as the low-index material in optical-thin-film structures for mid-IR applications.

[0038] Thin-film deposition of Barium fluoride can be accomplished, for example, by thermal evaporation, electron-beam (E-beam) evaporation, or by using a sputter deposition process in which ions are accelerated onto a Barium fluoride target. When thermal evaporation is used, fluoride deposition rates of over 2 nm/sec can be achieved, and the thin films of multi-layer mirrors can be deposited accurately if a quartz crystal oscillator monitor is used to measure the thickness of the films.

[0039] However, a problem arises when depositing Barium fluoride for use in an optical-thin-film structure. In particular, the surface of the deposited Barium fluoride film becomes increasingly rough with (increasing) film thickness, which results in light-scattering losses in the resulting optical structures. This is a consequence of the crystal structure of Barium fluoride, the growth of which generates this roughness.

[0040] The present inventors discovered that co-depositing (such as by co-evaporating) one or more secondary fluoride compounds with the Barium fluoride results in a smoother optical thin film. The co-deposition of the secondary fluoride compound reduces the average crystal size in the resulting optical thin film (relative to what it would have been had the optical thin film consisted of 100 percent Barium fluoride). Importantly, the co-deposition can be performed without substantially compromising the refractive index or adhesion properties of the resulting thin film.

[0041] In addition to reducing the average crystal size in the deposited thin-film, it is believed that co-deposition of Barium fluoride with other fluoride compounds reduces the grain size of the Barium fluoride. This is because during co-deposition, defects in the crystal structure of Barium fluoride arise due to a difference in crystal shape or a mismatch of lattice constants between Barium fluoride and the secondary fluoride.

[0042] As to crystal shape, YF.sub.3, for example, has an orthorhombic Pnma space group that is different from that of Barium fluoride. And regarding lattice mismatch, the BaF.sub.2 crystal has a lattice constant of 0.62 nm, whereas the CaF.sub.2 crystal has a lattice constant of 0.54 nm. In fact, since all other fluorides compounds have a different crystal structure and/or lattice constant than BaF.sub.2, they are all suitable for causing defects in the crystal structure of BaF.sub.2 and are expected to result in an optical thin film having a smoother surface than BaF.sub.2 alone. Expectations aside, surface smoothness is readily determined by simple experimentation.

[0043] As a consequence, the usefulness of such secondary fluoride compounds as co-deposition partners for Barium fluoride may ultimately be a function of suitability of the optical properties of such compounds for the optical application of interest (e.g., IR absorption losses in the wavelength region of interest, etc.) Additionally, the secondary fluorides must possess adequate chemical stability. And of course, even if a particular fluoride compound is otherwise suitable based on the aforementioned characteristics, its cost, availability, and/or difficulty of synthesis may remove it from consideration.

[0044] Optical thin films have been formed in which Barium fluoride was co-deposited via co-evaporation with (on an individual basis): YF.sub.3, YbF.sub.3, AlF.sub.3, CeF.sub.3, CaF.sub.2, and ThF.sub.4. The resulting optical thin films demonstrated significantly smoother interfaces than pure Barium fluoride films. The results of such experimentation are discussed below for CaF.sub.2, AlF.sub.3, YF.sub.3, and YbF.sub.3.

[0045] FIGS. 2B through 2F are micrographs of respective low-index optical thin films 102B through 102F consisting of Barium fluoride and another fluoride compound, co-deposited in accordance with the present teachings. A thin layer of germanium (identified as layer 104B through 104F in the figures) was deposited on the surface of the low-index thin film to image surface roughness more clearly. Germanium was deposited via sputtering, but any of a variety of techniques known to those skilled in the art may suitably be used.

[0046] Table I shows the composition of the low-index layer for FIGS. 2A through 2F.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Low-Index Optical-Thin-Film Composition Concentration of BaF.sub.2:Secondary Fluorides FIG. No. Composition <Wt Percent> 2A BaF.sub.2 100:0  2B BaF.sub.2:CaF.sub.2 95:5 2C BaF.sub.2:AlF.sub.3 95:5 2D BaF.sub.2:YF.sub.3 95:5 2E BaF.sub.2:YbF.sub.3 95:5 2F BaF.sub.2:YbF.sub.3  85:15
For FIG. 2A, low-index optical thin film 102A consists solely of Barium fluoride, and serves as a comparative example. Layer 104A is germanium. Comparing the upper surface of layer 104A to the upper surface of layers 104B through 104E (FIGS. 2B-2E) demonstrates that low-index optical thin films 102B through 102E, which include five percent of co-deposited fluoride compounds, exhibit relatively less surface roughness than optical thin film 102A of pure Barium fluoride.

[0047] FIGS. 2B through 2E demonstrate that the smoothness of the optical thin film is a function (among other parameters) of the particular fluoride compound that is co-deposited with Barium fluoride. In particular, co-deposited mixtures containing five weight percent of CaF.sub.2 (FIG. 2B) or YbF.sub.3 (FIG. 2E) result in a notable decrease in surface roughness. Co-deposited mixtures containing five weight percent of Yb.sub.3 (FIG. 2D) result in even less surface roughness than CaF.sub.2 or YbF.sub.3 mixtures. And AlF.sub.3 (FIG. 2C) results in a greatly diminished surface roughness, showing the best performance at five weight percent of the secondary fluorides tested.

[0048] The smoothness of the low-index optical thin film is also a function of the amount of the secondary fluoride compound(s) that is co-deposited with the Barium fluoride. This can be seen, for example, by comparing FIG. 2E (five weight percent YbF.sub.3) with FIG. 2F (fifteen weight percent YbF.sub.3), wherein the higher concentration of YbF.sub.3 results in a smoother optical thin film.

[0049] Temperature also plays a role in controlling the roughness of an optical thin film. Cooling of the deposited optical thin films (and the substrate upon which they are deposited) may reduce grain size, thereby improving the smoothness of the deposited optical thin films. Conversely, heating typically generates larger grains and more roughness. When depositing “thin” optical thin films (<0.5 microns) on to substrates at room temperature, it is typically not necessary to control temperature. However, depositing “thick” optical thin films (≥0.5 microns), such as for infrared mirrors and filters, increases the substrate temperature due to radiative heating from the hot evaporation source. This necessitates temperature control, either via active cooling of the substrate during deposition, or by pausing growth during the optical-thin-film deposition process, thereby enabling the materials to cool passively. The substrate temperature should be limited to no more than 100° C. Preferably, the substrate temperature is maintained at less than 50° C., and more preferably at 25° C. or less. Either form (active or passive) of temperature control is important reducing surface roughness as well as strain in an optical-thin-film structure.

[0050] To compensate for relatively higher temperatures during deposition, the concentration of the secondary fluoride can be increased. But because many of the secondary fluorides have higher IR absorption than Barium fluoride at wavelengths of interest, it is generally preferable to keep their concentration relatively low, such as 15 weight percent or less, notwithstanding the prospect of further improvements in the smoothness of the optical thin films at higher concentrations.

[0051] A further consideration when depositing fluoride optical thin films, particularly in relatively thick multi-layer structures having high-index optical thin films consisting of Germanium or Silicon, is poor adhesion of the (dissimilar) optical thin films to one another due to stress. This stress increases with increasing thickness of the optical thin film, often resulting from the differing coefficients of thermal expansion of the constituents of the multi-layer structure. To mitigate the stress build-up and poor interface adhesion, adhesion-assisting layers have traditionally been included between the high-index and low-index optical thin films. Such a layer is depicted in optical-thin-film optical structure 100′ of FIG. 1B as thin layer 106.

[0052] In summary, secondary fluoride compounds suitable for use in conjunction with embodiments of the invention include those that: (1) reduce the average crystal size of a low-index optical thin film (relative to that of a low-index optical thin film consisting solely of Barium Fluoride), (2) have suitable optical properties for the particular optical application, and (3) have suitable chemical stability. Fluoride compounds that satisfy requirements (1) through (3) above for a variety of optical applications include, without limitation: CaF.sub.2, AlF.sub.3, YF.sub.3, YbF.sub.3, CeF.sub.3, ThF.sub.4, NaF, LiF, KF, SrF.sub.2, and MgF.sub.2.

[0053] In accordance with the present teachings, stress mitigation and interface adhesion may be improved via the following techniques.

[0054] In some embodiments, a surface treatment, such as ion bombardment or the like is used to improve the adhesion between optical thin films of a multi-layer optical-thin-film structure. In particular, at each interface between hi-index and low-index optical thin films, the surface is cleaned with Argon via ion beam, DC glow discharge, or RF glow discharge. Such bombardment cleans the surface of a deposited optical thin film to: (a) remove any contamination that might accumulate during the transition from one deposition step to the next, and (b) promote covalent bonding between the high-index material (e.g., Ge, Si, etc.) and the low-index fluoride-containing thin films. Using this technique, the thickness of any adhesion-assisting layers may be reduced below 5 nanometers, or these layers may be completely eliminated. Ion bombardment has been shown to prevent delamination of the optical thin films and result in a more robust and durable optical-thin-film structure. In some embodiments, a different surface treatment (e.g., laser ablation, desorption, etc.) is used to improve the adhesion between at least two of the optical thin films of a multi-layer optical-thin-film structure.

[0055] Exemplary Optical-Thin-Film Structures. FIGS. 3, 4A-4C, and 5 depict illustrative embodiments of optical-thin-film structures in accordance with the present teachings. For these illustrative embodiments, the secondary fluoride is AlF.sub.3 in an amount of 5 weight percent in the low-index optical thin film (BaF.sub.2 at 95 weight percent), and the high-index optical-thin-films are Germanium. If present, the substrate is Silicon. In some alternative embodiments of these structures, one or more different secondary fluoride compounds may suitably be used, such as CaF.sub.2, YF.sub.3, YbF.sub.3, CeF.sub.3, ThF.sub.4, NaF, LiF, KF, SrF.sub.2, and MgF.sub.2, or any other fluoride compounds that satisfy the requirements previously discussed (i.e., reduce average crystal size of a Barium fluoride optical thin film, suitable optical properties, and chemical stability). The amount of such different secondary fluoride compounds in the low-index optical thin film may vary based on previously discussed considerations (e.g., absorption, etc.). And/or a different material may be used as the substrate, such as glass, Ge, sapphire, or any other material commonly used as a substrate for optical devices. And/or a different material may be used as the high-index optical thin film, such as Silicon, Zinc Sulfide, or Zinc Selenide, etc.

[0056] FIG. 3 depicts optical-thin-film structure 300 in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. Structure 300 is a partially reflective mirror (i.e., a Bragg mirror) for mid-IR applications. In this particular embodiment, the partially reflective mirror has four optical thin films: 102.sup.1, 104.sup.1, 102.sup.2, and 104.sup.2. Optical thin films 102.sup.1 and 102.sup.2 are low-index optical thin films consisting of Barium fluoride and AlF.sub.3. Optical thin films 104.sup.1 and 104.sup.2 are high-index optical thin films consisting of Germanium. The thickness of each optical thin film is λ/4n, where λ is the wavelength of the IR and n is the refractive index of each particular optical thin film (commonly called “quarter-wave” layers or films). It is notable that the thicknesses depicted for the optical thin films are not to scale; the differences shown are for the purpose of readily distinguishing low- and high-index optical thin films from one another.

[0057] Optical-thin-film structures 400A, 400B, and 400C in accordance with the present teachings, which are depicted in respective FIGS. 4A through 4C, function as mid-IR wavelength optical filters. These optical filters include two Bragg mirrors separated by an optically resonant cavity.

[0058] FIG. 4A depicts structure 400A, which is capable of filtering wavelengths in the mid-IR range and passing a single wavelength λ.sub.1.

[0059] Optical-thin-film structure 400A includes first Bragg mirror 408.sup.1.sub.A and second Bragg mirror 408.sup.2.sub.A separated by optically resonant cavity 410A. Bragg mirror 408.sup.1.sub.A includes five optical thin films: low-index optical thin films (102.sup.1, 102.sup.2, and 102.sup.3) and high-index optical thin films (104.sup.1 and 104.sup.2), alternating as previously disclosed. Bragg mirror 408.sup.2.sub.A includes four optical thin films: low-index optical thin films (102.sup.4 and 102.sup.5) and high-index optical thin films (104.sup.3 and 104.sup.4), alternating as previously disclosed. The low-index optical thin films consist of a co-deposited mixture of Barium Fluoride and AlF.sub.3. The high-index optical thin films are Germanium. Optically resonant cavity 410A can be comprise any one of a number of high-index materials, such as fused silica, germanium, silicon, zinc selenide, yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), etc. In some other embodiments, the optically resonant cavity can be other than a solid material, such as a liquid or gas, the latter of which may be under partial vacuum.

[0060] FIG. 4B depicts structure 400B, which is capable of filtering wavelengths in the mid-IR range and passing plural wavelengths λ.sub.2 to λ.sub.m.

[0061] Optical-thin-film structure 400B comprises first Bragg mirror 408.sup.1.sub.B and second Bragg mirror 408.sup.2.sub.B, which are separated by optically resonant cavity 410B. Bragg mirror 408.sup.1.sub.B includes four optical thin films: low-index optical thin films (102.sup.1 and 102.sup.2) and high-index optical thin films (104.sup.1 and 104.sup.2), alternating as previously disclosed. Bragg mirror 408.sup.2.sub.B includes four optical thin films: low-index optical thin films (102.sup.3 and 102.sup.4) and high-index optical thin films (104.sup.3 and 104.sup.4), alternating as previously disclosed. The low-index optical thin films consist of a co-deposited mixture of Barium Fluoride and AlF.sub.3. The high-index optical thin films are Germanium.

[0062] In structure 400B, the length of cavity 410B varies in a transverse direction, wherein, in FIG. 4B, cavity 410B has a minimum length CL.sub.min at the left side of optical filter 400B, and a maximum length CL.sub.max at the right side of the filter. As a consequence of this variation in cavity length, the wavelength of the light transmitted through filter 400B varies with transverse position. Optically resonant cavity 410B contains a gas, such as air, etc.

[0063] FIG. 4C depicts optical-thin-film structure 400C, which, like structure 400B, is capable of filtering wavelengths in the mid-IR range and passing plural wavelengths λ.sub.3 to λ.sub.n. In structure 400C, Bragg mirror 408.sup.1.sub.C includes five optical thin films similar to structure 400A: low-index optical thin films (102.sup.1, 102.sup.2, and 102.sup.3) and high-index optical thin films (104.sup.1 and 104.sup.2). And Bragg mirror 408.sup.2.sub.C includes four optical thin films similar to structure 400A: low-index optical thin films (102.sup.4 and 102.sup.5) and high-index optical thin films (104.sup.3 and 104.sup.4). The low-index optical thin films consist of a co-deposited mixture of Barium Fluoride and AlF.sub.3. The high-index optical thin films are Germanium.

[0064] As in optical-thin-film structure 400B, the length of cavity 410C varies in a transverse direction, wherein, in FIG. 4C, cavity 410B has a minimum length at the left side of optical filter and a maximum length at the right side of the filter. As a consequence of this variation in cavity length, the wavelength of the light transmitted through structure 400C varies with transverse position. Unlike optical-thin-film structure 400B, optically resonant cavity 410C of structure 400C comprises high-index material, such as the materials referenced for cavity 410A of FIG. 4A.

[0065] In the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4A-4C, respective optical-thin-film structures 300, 400A, 400B, and 400C do not include any adhesion-assisting layers at the interface between low- and high-index optical thin films. In some other embodiments (not depicted), such optical-thin-film structures include such adhesion-assisting layers (e.g., see FIG. 1B).

[0066] FIG. 5 depicts optical assembly 500, which includes first optical-thin-film structure 508.sup.1 deposited on first surface 514A of substrate 512, and second optical-thin-film structure 508.sup.2 deposited on second side 514B of the substrate.

[0067] First optical-thin-film structure 508.sup.1 has four optical thin films: low-index optical thin films (102.sup.1 and 102.sup.2) and high-index optical thin films (104.sup.1 and 104.sup.2), alternating as previously disclosed. Second optical thin film structure 508.sup.2 includes eight optical thin-films: low-index optical thin films (102.sup.3, 102.sup.4, 102.sup.5, and 102.sup.6) and high-index optical thin films (104.sup.3, 104.sup.4, 104.sup.5, and 104.sup.6), alternating as previously disclosed. In the illustrative embodiment, both first and second optical-thin-film structures 508.sup.1 and 508.sup.2 include at least some low-index optical thin films consisting essentially of Barium fluoride and AlF.sub.3. And the substrate is Silicon, and the high-index optical thin film is Germanium.

[0068] As mentioned in conjunction with the discussion of Bragg reflectors, the various high-index and low-index optical thin films are nominally quarter-wave layers, except that in optical assembly 500, the fifth optical thin film 104.sup.5 of structure 508.sup.2 is a half-wave layer (i.e., thickness=λ/2n). Optical assembly 500 functions as an optical filter of moderate quality factor Q and resolution.

[0069] FIG. 6 depicts a flow diagram of method 600 in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention. The details of the steps of the method have been described above. In step S601, Barium fluoride and a secondary fluoride compound are co-evaporated onto a surface (e.g., a substrate, an existing optical thin film, an adhesion-assisting layer, etc.). In optional step S602 (which, if conducted, is carried out during step S601), the substrate or optical thin film on to which the growing low-index optical thin film is being deposited is cooled, as is the growing optical thin film itself. In optional step S603, the surface of the deposited low-index optical thin film is surface treated, such as by ion bombardment. In optional step S604, an adhesion-assisting layer is deposited on the surface of the low-index optical thin film. In step S605, a high-index material is deposited on the surface of the low-index optical thin film (or on the adhesion-assisting layer, if present).

[0070] In step S606, query if more optical thin films are to be deposited. If “yes,” then optionally perform steps S607 (ion bombardment) and S608 (deposit adhesion-assisting layer), and then loop back to step S601 to co-deposit a low-index optical thin film on to the just-deposited high-index optical thin film (or adhesion-assisting layer). As appropriate, in some alternative embodiments, the process can begin by depositing a high-index optical thin film, followed by the deposition of a low-index optical thin film.

[0071] In summary, an optical-thin-film structure, as depicted and described, comprises at least one low-index optical thin film consisting essentially of Barium fluoride and at least one secondary fluoride compound that reduces the average crystal size of a low-index thin film (relative to that of a low-index optical thin film consisting solely of Barium Fluoride), and at least one high-index optical thin film. Embodiments of an optical-thin-film optical structure in accordance with the present invention may further comprise at least one of the following features, in any (non-conflicting) combination, among other features disclosed herein: [0072] Wherein the secondary fluoride compounds are selected from the group consisting of CaF.sub.2, AlF.sub.3, YF.sub.3, and YbF.sub.3. [0073] Wherein the secondary fluoride compounds are selected from the group consisting of CaF.sub.2, AlF.sub.3, YF.sub.3, YbF.sub.3, CeF.sub.3, ThF.sub.4, NaF, LiF, KF, SrF.sub.2, and MgF.sub.2. [0074] Wherein refractive index of the low-index optical thin film is less than about 1.7. [0075] Wherein the refractive index of the high-index optical thin film is at least about 1.7. [0076] Wherein the amount of Barium fluoride in the low-index optical thin film is in a range of about 75 to about 99 weight percent. [0077] Wherein the amount of Barium fluoride in the low-index optical thin film is in a range of about 85 to about 99 weight percent. [0078] Wherein the low-index optical thin film consists essentially of BaF.sub.2 in an amount of 95 percent by weight and AlF.sub.3 in an amount of 5 percent by weight. [0079] Wherein the low-index optical thin film consists essentially of BaF.sub.2 in an amount of 99 percent by weight and AlF.sub.3 in an amount of 1 percent by weight. [0080] Wherein the low-index optical thin film consists essentially of BaF.sub.3 in an amount in an amount in a range of about 85 to about 95 percent by weight, and YbF.sub.3 in an amount in a range of about 5 to about 15 percent by weight. [0081] Wherein the high-index optical thin film comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Ge, Si, ZnS, or ZnSe. [0082] Wherein the optical-thin-film structure is selected from the group consisting of an antireflection coating, a high-reflection coating, a long-wavelength-pass filter, a short-wavelength-pass filter, a wide-bandpass filter, and a narrow-bandpass filter. [0083] Wherein the optical-thin-film structure is physically adapted to reflect or filter infrared wavelengths in the range of about 1.5 to about 20 microns. [0084] Wherein the at least one low-index optical thin film and the at least one high-index optical thin film function as a partially reflective mirror. [0085] Wherein the optical-thin-film structure comprises plural low-index optical thin films and plural high-index optical thin films, the low-index and high-index optical thin films alternating with one another and defining two partially reflective mirrors that are spaced apart from one another forming an optically resonant cavity in a region therebetween. [0086] Wherein the optically resonant cavity comprises a low-index material. [0087] Wherein the optically resonant cavity comprises a high-index material. [0088] Wherein the optically resonant cavity comprises a gas. [0089] Wherein the optically resonant cavity comprises a gas under partial vacuum. [0090] Wherein an interfacial layer is disposed between at least some of the alternating optical thin films, the interfacial layer having a thickness in a range of about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers and comprising a material different than the low-index material and the high-index material. [0091] Wherein the interfacial layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of ZnS, ZnSe, HfO.sub.2, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, and Al.sub.2O.sub.3. [0092] Wherein a first optical-thin-film structure is disposed on a first surface of a substrate, and a second optical-thin-film structure is disposed on a second surface of the substrate, wherein at least one of optical-thin-film structures includes a low-index optical thin film consisting essentially of Barium fluoride and at least one secondary fluoride compound. [0093] Wherein the Barium fluoride and the secondary fluoride compound are co-evaporated to form a low-index optical thin film. [0094] Wherein during formation of a low-index optical thin film, the temperature is maintained at less than 100° C. [0095] Wherein during formation of a low-index optical thin film, the temperature is maintained at less than 50° C. [0096] Wherein during formation of a low-index optical thin film, the temperature is maintained at 25° C. or less.

[0097] Other than in the examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing, for example, quantities of ingredients used in the specification and in the claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are understood to be approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties to be obtained in ways that will be understood by those skilled in the art. Generally, this means a variation of at least +/−15%.

[0098] Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges encompassed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of about 1 and the recited maximum value of about 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than about 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than about 10.

[0099] It is to be understood that the disclosure describes a few embodiments and that many variations of the invention can easily be devised by those skilled in the art after reading this disclosure and that the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the following claims.