METHOD OF RAPIDLY ACHIEVING THERAPEUTIC CONCENTRATIONS OF TRIPTANS FOR TREATMENT OF MIGRAINES AND CLUSTER HEADACHES
20230255881 · 2023-08-17
Inventors
Cpc classification
A61K9/0021
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K9/0014
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K31/422
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K9/7023
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
A61K9/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K9/70
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K31/422
HUMAN NECESSITIES
Abstract
Compositions, devices and methods employing therapeutic concentrations of a triptan for treatment of migraine are described. Also described are methods and apparatuses for delivery of zolmitriptan for achieving a T.sub.max as quick as 2 minutes and not later than 30 minutes in the majority of subjects.
Claims
1. An intracutaneous delivery system comprising a plurality of microprojections that are adapted to penetrate or pierce the stratum corneum of a human patient, the microprojections having a coating thereon comprising a biologically active ingredient or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least 95% of the active ingredient is released from the system within about 5 minutes when measured by USP Paddle Over Disk Method (Apparatus 5).
2. The system of claim 1, wherein at least 95% of the active ingredient is released from the system within about 1 minute.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein upon application of the system to a selected area of skin of the patient, the T.sub.max of a therapeutically effective blood plasma concentration occurs within about 45 minutes of the application.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the coating, before drying, has a viscosity of about 150 cP to about 350 cP and a surface tension of about 50 mNm.sup.−1 to about 72 mNm.sup.−1.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the coating, before drying, has a viscosity of about 200 cP to about 300 cP and a surface tension of about 55 mNm.sup.−1 to about 65 mNm.sup.−1.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the coating covers about 10% to about 80% of the length of each microprojection.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the coating on each microprojection has an approximate shape of an American football with a thickness that tapers down from a maximum of about 270 μm.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the microprojections are fabricated of a thin sheet of metal or another rigid material.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the microprojections are fabricated of titanium.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the active ingredient or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the coating is a solid coating.
12. A patch adhered to a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises an array of microprojections that are coated with a formulation comprising a biologically active ingredient or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the patch has at least one of the following features: a. a patch size selected from the group consisting of from about 1 to 20 cm.sup.2, from about 2 to 15 cm.sup.2, from about 4 to 11 cm.sup.2, about 5 cm.sup.2, and about 10 cm.sup.2; b. a substrate size selected from the group consisting of from about 0.5 to 10 cm.sup.2, from about 2 to 8 cm.sup.2, from about 3 to 6 cm.sup.2, from about 3 cm.sup.2, about 3.1 cm.sup.2, about 3.13 cm.sup.2, and about 6 cm.sup.2; c. an array size selected from the group consisting of from about 0.5 to 10 cm.sup.2, from about 2 to 8 cm.sup.2, from about 2.5 to 6 cm.sup.2, about 2.7 cm.sup.2, about 5.5 cm.sup.2, about 2.74 cm.sup.2, and about 5.48 cm.sup.2; d. an array density (microprojections/cm.sup.2) selected from the group consisting of at least about 10 microprojections/cm.sup.2, from about 200 to 2000 microprojections/cm.sup.2, from about 500 to 1000 microprojections/cm.sup.2, from about 650 to 800 microprojections/cm.sup.2, and about 725 microprojections/cm.sup.2; e. a number of microprojections/array selected from the group consisting of from about 100 to 4000, from about 1000 to 3000, from about 1500 to 2500, from about 1900 to 2100, about 2000, about 1987, from about 200 to 8000, from about 3000 to 5000, from about 3500 to 4500, from about 4900 to 4100, about 4000, and about 3974; f. a microprojection length selected from the group consisting of from about 25 to 600 microns, from about 100 to 500 microns, from about 300 to 450 microns, from about 320 to 410 microns, about 340 microns, about 390 microns, about 387 microns, less than 1000 microns, less than 700 microns, and less than 500 microns, wherein the microprojections penetrate the skin from about 25 to 1000 microns; g. a microprojection width selected from the group consisting of from about 10 to 500 microns, from about 50 to 300 microns, from about 75 to 200 microns, from about 90 to 160 microns, from about 250 to 400 microns, about 300 microns, about 100 microns, about 110 microns, about 120 microns, about 130 microns, about 140 microns, and about 150 microns; h. a microprojection thickness selected from the group consisting of from about 1 micron to about 500 microns, from about 5 microns to 300 microns, from about 10 microns to 100 microns, from about 10 microns to 50 microns, from about 20 microns to 30 microns, and about 25 microns; i. a total active agent per array selected from the group consisting of from about 0.1 mg to 10 mg, from about 0.5 mg to 5 mg, from about 1 mg to 4 mg, about 1 mg, about 1.9 mg, and about 3.8 mg; j. a coating thickness selected from the group consisting of from about 100 μm to about 500 μm, from about 200 μm to about 350 μm, from about 250 μm to about 290 μm, and about 270 m; k. an active agent per microprojection selected from the group consisting of from about 0.001 to about 1000 μg, from about 0.01 to about 100 μg, from about 0.1 to 10 μg, from about 0.5 to 2 μg, about 1 g, and about 0.96 μg.
13. The patch of claim 12 having a patch area of about 5 cm.sup.2 adhered to a titanium substrate with an area of about 3.1 cm.sup.2 or about 6 cm.sup.2 and a microprojection thickness of about 25 μm.
14. The patch of claim 12, wherein: (i) the area of the microprojection array is about 2.74 cm.sup.2 and the array contains about 1987 microprojections at a density of about 725 microprojections/cm.sup.2; or (ii) the area of the microprojection array is about 5.5 cm.sup.2 and contains about 4000 microprojections at a density of about 725 microprojections/cm.sup.2.
15. The patch of claim 12, wherein the formulation further comprises an inactive ingredient.
16. The patch of claim 15, wherein the amount of inactive ingredient per array is selected from the group consisting of from about 0.1 to 10 mg, from about 0.2 to 4 mg, from about 0.3 mg to 2 mg, about 0.6 mg, about 0.63 mg, about 1.3 mg, about 1.26 mg, from one to three times less than the active agent, and from about 0.033 mg to about 3.33 mg.
17. The patch of claim 12, wherein the microprojections have a length of about 387±13 μm, a width of about 120±13 μm, and a thickness of about 25.4±2.5 μm.
18. The patch of claim 12, wherein the microprojections are rectangular, with a triangular tip to facilitate penetration.
19. The patch of claim 18, wherein the tip length is selected from the group consisting of from about 100 to 250 microns, from about 130 to about 200 microns, from about 150 to 180 microns, from about 160 to 170 microns, and about 165 microns; and/or the tip angle is selected from the group consisting of about 10-70 degrees, about 20-60 degrees, about 30 to 50 degrees, about 35 to 45 degrees, and about 40 degrees.
20. The patch of claim 18, wherein the tip has an angle of 40±5 degrees, and a length of about 165±25 microns.
21. The patch of claim 12, wherein the microprojections are bent at right angles to the plane of the substrate.
22. The patch of claim 21, wherein the microprojections: a. have a length of about 387±13 μm prior to bending, and b. protrude perpendicular to the substrate about 340 μm after bending.
23. The patch of claim 12, wherein the formulation does not contain surfactants or other penetration enhancers.
24. The patch of claim 12, wherein the active agent is zolmitriptan.
25. The patch of claim 15, wherein the inactive ingredient is tartaric acid.
26. The patch of claim 24, wherein the formulation comprises about 1.9 mg or 3.8 mg zolmitriptan.
27. The patch of claim 26, wherein the formulation comprises: (i) about 1.9 mg zolmitriptan and about 0.63 mg tartaric acid; or (ii) about 3.8 mg zolmitriptan and about 1.3 mg tartaric acid.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0031] The foregoing features of embodiments will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
[0064] The various aspects and embodiments will now be fully described herein. These aspects and embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limiting; rather, these embodiments are provided so the disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the present subject matter to those skilled in the art. All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
I. Introduction
[0065] Applicant surprisingly found, inter alia, that a dose of zolmitriptan typical of that of an oral delivery was well tolerated in delivery routes other than oral delivery, e.g., such as the intracutaneous or transdermal delivery of zolmitriptan as described herein. In accordance with this disclosure, the delivery of zolmitriptan generally comprises a delivery system comprising a microprojection member (or system) that includes a plurality of microprojections (or array thereof) that are adapted to penetrate or pierce the stratum corneum into the underlying epidermis layer, or epidermis and dermis layers. Applicant, through significant trial and error and development efforts, customized the transdermal delivery of zolmitriptan. In one embodiment, the microprojection member includes a biocompatible coating comprising zolmitriptan. This system provides superior pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics over existing therapies and can be extended to other triptans useful for treating migraines, cluster headaches, and other diseases or conditions.
II. Definitions
[0066] Unless defined otherwise, all terms and phrases used herein include the meanings that the terms and phrases have attained in the art, unless the contrary is clearly indicated or clearly apparent from the context in which the term or phrase is used. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, particular methods and materials are now described.
[0067] Unless otherwise stated, the use of individual numerical values are stated as approximations as though the values were preceded by the word “about” or “approximately.” Similarly, the numerical values in the various ranges specified in this application, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are stated as approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges were both preceded by the word “about” or “approximately.” In this manner, variations above and below the stated ranges can be used to achieve substantially the same results as values within the ranges. As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” when referring to a numerical value shall have their plain and ordinary meanings to a person of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosed subject matter is most closely related or the art relevant to the range or element at issue. The amount of broadening from the strict numerical boundary depends upon many factors. For example, some of the factors which may be considered include the criticality of the element and/or the effect a given amount of variation will have on the performance of the claimed subject matter, as well as other considerations known to those of skill in the art. As used herein, the use of differing amounts of significant digits for different numerical values is not meant to limit how the use of the words “about” or “approximately” will serve to broaden a particular numerical value or range. Thus, as a general matter, “about” or “approximately” broaden the numerical value. Also, the disclosure of ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values plus the broadening of the range afforded by the use of the term “about” or “approximately.” Consequently, recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.
[0068] The term “amorphous” means a non-crystalline solid, i.e., a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal.
[0069] The term “area under the curve” or “AUC” means the area under the curve (mathematically known as definite integral) in a plot of concentration of drug in blood plasma against time. Typically, the area is computed starting at the time the drug is administered and ending when the concentration in plasma is negligible. In practice, the drug concentration is measured at certain discrete points in time and the trapezoidal rule is used to estimate AUC.
[0070] The term “biocompatible coating,” as used herein, means and includes a coating formed from a “coating formulation” that has sufficient adhesion characteristics and no (or minimal) adverse interactions with the biologically active agent (a/k/a active pharmaceutical ingredient, or therapeutic agent, or drug).
[0071] The term “bioequivalent,” as used herein, denotes a scientific basis on which two or more pharmaceutical products, compositions or methods containing same active ingredient are compared with one another. “Bioequivalence” means the absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent to which the active agent in pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives becomes available at the site of action when administered in an appropriately designed study. Bioequivalence can be determined by an in vivo study comparing a pharmacokinetic parameter for the two compositions. Parameters often used in bioequivalence studies are T.sub.max, C.sub.max, AUC.sub.0-inf, AUC.sub.0-t. In the present context, substantial bioequivalence of two compositions or products is established by 90% confidence intervals (CI) of between 0.80 and 1.25 for AUC and C.sub.max.
[0072] The term “cluster” as used herein refers to a series of recurring cluster headaches. Cluster duration is usually from one week to one year, although in chronic cluster headache the duration exceeds one year. The end of a cluster is identified by at least 1 month of remission.
[0073] The term “cluster headache” as used herein refers to a condition characterized by excruciating headache pain that recurs, usually daily (although bouts may recur up to 8 times per day), for a period of a week or longer. Cluster headaches pain is usually localized on one side of the head (“unilateral”) usually the same side although in some patients the side can vary. The pain usually reaches full intensity in under 10 minutes and lasts for between 15 minutes and 3 hours (usually between 30 and 60 minutes). Because of the rapid onset of symptoms and short duration, treatment via a route by which the drug is rapidly absorbed is required.
[0074] The term “coating formulation,” as used herein, means and includes a freely flowing composition or mixture, which is employed to coat a delivery surface, including one or more microprojections and/or arrays thereof.
[0075] The term “degradation,” as used herein, means the purity of the biological agent decreases from an initial time point.
[0076] The term “desiccant,” as used herein, means an agent that absorbs water, usually a chemical agent.
[0077] The term “deteriorate,” as used herein, means that the biologically active agent is diminished or impaired in quality, character, or value.
[0078] The term “electrotransport” refers, in general, to the passage of a beneficial agent, e.g., a drug or drug precursor, through a body surface such as skin, mucous membranes, nails, and the like. The transport of the agent is induced or enhanced by the application of an electrical potential, which results in the application of electric current, which delivers or enhances delivery of the agent, or, for “reverse” electrotransport, samples or enhances sampling of the agent. The electrotransport of the agents into or out of the human body may be attained in various manners.
[0079] The term “half life” as used herein refers to the time required for a drug's blood or plasma concentration to decrease by one half. This decrease in drug concentration is a reflection of its excretion or elimination after absorption is complete and distribution has reached an equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium state. The half life of a drug in the blood may be determined graphically from a pharmacokinetic plot of a drug's blood-concentration time plot, typically after intravenous administration to a sample population. The half life can also be determined using mathematical calculations that are well known in the art. Further, as used herein the term “half life” also includes the “apparent half-life” of a drug. The apparent half life may be a composite number that accounts for contributions from other processes besides elimination, such as absorption, reuptake, or enterohepatic recycling.
[0080] The term “headache pain scale” as used herein means a scale used to allow patients to quantify their level of pain. Preferably a scale of 0-3 is used, wherein severe pain has a pain score of 3, moderate pain has a score of 2, mild pain has a score of 1, and no pain (also referred to as “pain freedom”) has a score of 0.
[0081] The word “intracutaneous” as used herein, is a generic term that refers to delivery of an active agent (e.g., a therapeutic agent, such as a drug, pharmaceutical, peptide, polypeptide or protein) through the skin to the local tissue or systemic circulatory system without substantial cutting or penetration of the skin, such as cutting with a surgical knife or piercing the skin with a hypodermic needle. Intracutaneous agent delivery includes delivery via passive diffusion as well as delivery based upon external energy sources, such as electricity (e.g., iontophoresis) and ultrasound (e.g., phonophoresis).
[0082] The term “intracutaneous flux,” as used herein, means the rate of intracutaneous delivery of a drug.
[0083] The term “microprojection member” or “microneedle array,” and the like as used herein, generally connotes a microprojection grouping comprising a plurality of microprojections, preferably arranged in an array, for penetrating or piercing the stratum corneum. The microprojection member can be formed by etching or punching a plurality of microprojections from a thin sheet of metal or other rigid material, and folding or bending the microprojections out of the plane of the sheet to form a configuration. The microprojection member could alternatively be fabricated with other materials, including plastics or polymers, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK). The microprojection member can be formed in other known techniques, such as injecting molding or micro-molding, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), or by forming one or more strips having microprojections along an edge of each of the strip(s), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,196; 6,091,975; 6,050,988; 6,855,131; 8,753,318; 9,387,315; 9,192,749; 7,963,935; 7,556,821; 9,295,714; 8,361,022; 8,633,159; 7,419,481; 7,131,960; 7,798,987; 7,097,631; 9,421,351; 6,953,589; 6,322,808; 6,083,196; 6,855,372; 7,435,299; 7,087,035; 7,184,826; 7,537,795; 8,663,155, and U.S. Pub. Nos. US20080039775; US20150038897; US20160074644; and US20020016562. As will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art, when a microprojection array is employed, the dose of the therapeutic agent that is delivered can also be varied or manipulated by altering the microprojection array size, density, etc.
[0084] The term “microprojections” and “microneedles,” as used interchangeably herein, refers to piercing elements that are adapted to penetrate, pierce or cut into and/or through the stratum corneum into the underlying epidermis layer, or epidermis and dermis layers, of the skin of a living animal, particularly a mammal and, more particularly, a human. In one embodiment of the invention, the piercing elements have a projection length less than 1000 microns. In a further embodiment, the piercing elements have a projection length of less than 500 microns, more preferably less than 400 microns. The microprojections further have a width in the range of approximately 25 to 500 microns and a thickness in the range of approximately 10 to 100 microns. The microprojections may be formed in different shapes, such as needles, blades, pins, punches, and combinations thereof.
[0085] The terms “minimize” or “alleviate” as used herein means reduce.
[0086] “Most bothersome other symptom” means a symptom, usually a migraine symptom, that is most bothersome to a patient, in addition to pain. Preferably, a most bothersome other symptom is identified by a patient at the start of a clinical trial. Usually, most bothersome other symptom is selected from nausea, photophonia, and phonophobia.
[0087] “Most bothersome other symptom freedom” means the patient reports an absence of the most bothersome other symptom at one or more pre-specified times after drug administration. Preferred times for migraine patients are 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours. Preferred times for cluster headache patients are 15 minutes and 30 minutes.
[0088] “Nausea freedom” means the patient reports the absence of nausea at a pre-specified time period after drug administration.
[0089] “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described element, component or circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the element, component, or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
[0090] “Pain freedom” means the patient reports an absence of headache pain (headache pain score=0) at one or more pre-specified time after drug administration. Preferred times for migraine patients are 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours. Preferred times for cluster headache patients are 15 minutes and 30 minutes.
[0091] “Pain relief” means the patient reports a reduction in headache pain, a reduction from moderate or severe pain (headache pain score=3 or 2) to mild or no pain (headache pain score=1 or 0), at one or more pre-specified time period after drug administration. Preferred times for migraine patients are 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours. Preferred times for cluster headache patients are 15 minutes and 30 minutes.
[0092] “Phonophobia” refers to a fear of or aversion to sounds, especially loud sounds.
[0093] “Phonophobia freedom” means the patient reports the absence of phonophobia at a pre-specified time period after drug administration.
[0094] “Photophobia” refers to increased, often painful sensitivity to light, especially bright light.
[0095] “Photophobia freedom” means the patient reports the absence of photophobia at a pre-specified time period after drug administration.
[0096] “Partial AUC” means an area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC) calculated using linear trapezoidal summation for a specified interval of time, for example, AUC(0-1 hr), AUC(0-2 hr), AUC(0-4 hr), AUC(0-6 hr), AUC(0-8 hr) etc.
[0097] A drug “release rate,” as used herein, refers to the quantity of drug released from a dosage form or pharmaceutical composition per unit time, e.g., milligrams of drug released per hour (mg/hr). Drug release rates for drug dosage forms are typically measured as an in vitro rate of dissolution, i.e., a quantity of drug released from the dosage form or pharmaceutical composition per unit time measured under appropriate conditions and in a suitable fluid.
[0098] The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to an agent formulation, means the agent formulation is not subject to undue chemical or physical change, including decomposition, breakdown, or inactivation. “Stable” as used herein, refers to a coating also means mechanically stable, i.e., not subject to undue displacement or loss from the surface upon which the coating is deposited.
[0099] The terms “subject” or “patient” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to, humans.
[0100] The terms “therapeutic-effective” or “therapeutically-effective amount,” as used herein, refer to the amount of the biologically active agent needed to stimulate or initiate the desired beneficial result. The amount of the biologically active agent employed in the coatings of the invention will be that amount necessary to deliver an amount of the biologically active agent needed to achieve the desired result. In practice, this will vary widely depending upon the particular biologically active agent being delivered, the site of delivery, and the dissolution and release kinetics for delivery of the biologically active agent into skin tissues.
[0101] The term “transdermal,” as used herein, means the delivery of an agent into and/or through the skin for local or systemic therapy.
[0102] The term “transdermal flux,” as used herein, means the rate of transdermal delivery.
[0103] The term “T.sub.max” refers to the time from the start of delivery to C.sub.max, the maximum plasma concentration of the biologically active agent.
[0104] The term “package” or “packaging” will be understood to also include reference to “storage” or “storing.”
[0105] The term “zolmitriptan” includes, without limitation, zolmitriptan salts, simple derivatives of zolmitriptan and closely related molecules.
III. Intracutaneous Delivery System
[0106] In one embodiment, the intracutaneous delivery system is a transdermal or intracutaneous drug delivery technology which comprises a disposable patch comprised of a microprojection member centered on an adhesive backing. The microprojection member comprises titanium (or other rigid material, including a plastic or polymeric material like polyetheretherketone (PEEK)) microneedles that are coated with a dry drug product formulation. The patch is mounted in a retainer ring to form the patch assembly. The patch assembly is removably mounted in a handheld applicator to form the intracutaneous delivery system. The applicator ensures that the patch is applied with a defined application speed and energy to the site of intracutaneous administration. The applicator may be designed for single use or be reusable.
[0107] More particularly, the patch can comprise an array of about 3 to 6 cm.sup.2 of titanium microneedles approximately 200-350 microns long, coated with a hydrophilic formulation of the relevant drug, and attached to an adhesive backing. The maximum amount of active drug that can be coated on a patch's microneedle array depends on the active moiety of the drug formulation, the weight of the excipients in the drug formulation, and the coatable surface area of the microneedle array. For example, patches with about 1 cm.sup.2, 2 cm.sup.2, 3 cm.sup.2, 4 cm.sup.2, 5 cm.sup.2, and 6 cm.sup.2 microneedle arrays may be employed. The patch is applied with a hand-held applicator that presses the microneedles into the skin to a substantially uniform depth in each application, close to the capillary bed, allowing for dissolution and absorption of the drug coating, yet short of the nerve endings in the skin. The typical patch wear time is about 15 to 45 minutes or less, decreasing the potential for skin irritation. Nominal applicator energies of about 0.20 to 0.60 joules are generally able to achieve a good balance between sensation on impact and array penetration. The actual kinetic energy at the moment of impact may be less than these nominal values due to incomplete extension of the applicator's spring, energy loss from breaking away the patch from its retainer ring, and other losses, which may comprise approximately total 25% of the nominal.
A. Array Design
[0108] A number of variables play a role in the type of array utilized for a particular active agent. For example, different shapes (e.g., shapes similar to an arrowhead as shown in
[0109] Exemplary intracutaneous delivery systems that may be used in the present disclosure include the drug delivery technologies described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,196; 6,091,975; 6,050,988; 6,855,131; 8,753,318; 9,387,315; 9,192,749; 7,963,935; 7,556,821; 9,295,714; 8,361,022; 8,633,159; 7,419,481; 7,131,960; 7,798,987; 7,097,631; 9,421,351; 6,953,589; 6,322,808; 6,083,196; 6,855,372; 7,435,299; 7,087,035; 7,184,826; 7,537,795; 8,663,155, and U.S. Pub. Nos. US20080039775; US20150038897; US20160074644; and US20020016562. The disclosed systems and apparatus employ piercing elements of various shapes and sizes to pierce the outermost layer (i.e., the stratum corneum) of the skin, and thus enhance the agent flux. The piercing elements generally extend perpendicularly from a thin, flat substrate member, such as a pad or sheet. The piercing elements are typically small, some having a microprojection length of only about 25 to 400 microns and a microprojection thickness of about 5 to 50 microns. These tiny piercing/cutting elements make correspondingly small microslits/microcuts in the stratum corneum for enhanced transdermal/intracutaneous agent delivery. The active agent to be delivered is associated with one or more of the microprojections, preferably by coating the microprojections with a triptan- or zolmitriptan-based formulation to form a solid, dry coating, or optionally, by the use of a reservoir that communicates with the stratum corneum after the microslits are formed, or by forming the microprojections from solid triptan-based formulations that dissolve after application. The microprojections can be solid or can be hollow, and can further include device features adapted to receive and/or enhance the volume of the coating, such as apertures, grooves, surface irregularities or similar modifications, wherein the features provide increased surface area upon which a greater amount of coating can be deposited. The microneedles may be constructed out of stainless steel, titanium, nickel titanium alloys, or similar biocompatible materials, such as polymeric materials.
[0110] The present disclosure therefore encompasses patches and microneedle arrays having the following features: [0111] Patch size: About 1 to 20 cm.sup.2, or about 2 to 15 cm.sup.2, or about 4 to 11 cm.sup.2, or about 5 cm.sup.2, or about 10 cm.sup.2. [0112] Substrate size: About 0.5 to 10 cm.sup.2, or about 2 to 8 cm.sup.2, or about 3 to 6 cm.sup.2, or about 3 cm.sup.2, or about 3.13 cm.sup.2, or about 6 cm.sup.2. [0113] Array size: About 0.5 to 10 cm.sup.2, or about 2 to 8 cm.sup.2, or about 2.5 to 6 cm.sup.2, or about 2.7 cm.sup.2, or about 5.5 cm.sup.2, or about 2.74 cm.sup.2, or about 5.48 cm.sup.2. [0114] Density (microprojections/cm.sup.2): At least about 10 microprojections/cm.sup.2, or in the range of about 200 to 2000 microprojections/cm.sup.2, or about 500 to 1000 microprojections/cm.sup.2, or about 650 to 800 microprojections/cm.sup.2, or approximately 725 microprojections/cm.sup.2 [0115] Number of microprojections/array: About 100 to 4000, or about 1000 to 3000, or about or about 1500 to 2500, or about 1900 to 2100, or about 2000, or about 1987, or about 200 to 8000, or about 3000 to 5000, or about or about 3500 to 4500, or about 4900 to 4100, or about 4000, or about 3974. [0116] Microprojection length: About 25 to 600 microns, or about 100 to 500 microns, or about 300 to 450 microns, or about 320 to 410 microns, or about 340 microns, or about 390 microns, or about 387 microns. In other embodiments, the length is less than 1000 microns, or less than 700 microns, or less than 500 microns. Accordingly, the microneedles penetrate the skin to about 25 to 1000 microns. [0117] Tip length: About 100 to 250 microns, or about 130 to about 200 microns, or about 150 to 180 microns, or about 160 to 170 microns, or about 165 microns. [0118] Microprojection width: About 10 to 500 microns, or about 50 to 300 microns, or about 75 to 200 microns, or about 90 to 160 microns, or about 250 to 400 microns, or about 300 microns, or about 100 microns, or about 110 microns, or about 120 microns, or about 130 microns, or about 140 microns, or about 150 microns [0119] Microprojection thickness: about 1 micron to about 500 microns, or about 5 microns to 300 microns, or about 10 microns to 100 microns, or about 10 microns to 50 microns, or about 20 microns to 30 microns, or about 25 microns. [0120] Tip angle: about 10-70 degrees, or about 20-60 degrees or about 30 to 50 degrees, or about 35 to 45 degrees, or about 40 degrees. [0121] Total active agent per array: About 0.1 mg to 10 mg, or about 0.5 mg to 5 mg, or about 1 mg to 4 mg, or about 1 mg, or about 1.9 mg, or about 3.8 mg. [0122] Amount of inactive ingredient per array: About 0.1 to 10 mg, or about 0.2 to 4 mg, or about 0.3 mg to 2 mg, or about 0.6 mg, or about 0.63 mg, or about 1.3 mg, or about 1.26 mg. Alternatively, the amount of inactive ingredient is from one to three times less than the active agent, or from about 0.033 mg to about 3.33 mg. [0123] Coating Thickness: about 100 μm to about 500 μm, or about 200 μm to about 350 μm, or about 250 μm to about 290 μm, or about 270 μm. [0124] Active agent per microprojection: About 0.01 to about 100 μg, or about 0.1 to 10 μg, or about 0.5 to 2 μg, or about 1 μg, or about 0.96 μg.
[0125] A particularly preferred embodiment has a patch area of about 5 cm.sup.2 adhered to a titanium substrate with an area of about 3.1 cm.sup.2 and a thickness of about 25 μm. The substrate is comprised of a microprojection array with an area of about 2.74 cm.sup.2 containing about 1987 microprojections at a density of about 725 microprojections/cm.sup.2. The dry formulation contained on each microprojection may have the approximate shape of an American football with a thickness that tapers down from a maximum of about 270 μm and consists of about 0.96 μg of zolmitriptan and about 0.32 of tartaric acid, or about 1.9 mg of zolmitriptan and about 0.63 mg of tartaric acid per patch.
[0126]
[0127] Another preferred embodiment has a patch area of about 5 cm.sup.2 adhered to a titanium substrate of about 6 cm.sup.2 to and a thickness of about 25 μm. The substrate is comprised of an array with an area of about 5.5 cm.sup.2 containing about 4000 microprojections at a density of about 725 microprojections/cm.sup.2. The dry formulation contained on each microprojection is in the approximate shape of an American football with a thickness that tapers down from a maximum of about 270 and consists of about 0.96 μg of zolmitriptan and about 0.32 of tartaric acid, or about 3.8 mg of zolmitriptan and about 1.3 mg of tartaric acid per patch. The microprojections have a length of about 387±13 μm, a width of about 120±13 μm, and a thickness of about 25.4±2.5 μm. The microprojections are rectangular, with a triangular tip to facilitate penetration. The tip has an angle of 40±5 degrees, and is about 165±25 microns long.
[0128] The exact combination of bulk, length, and density that produces the desired penetration will vary, and may depend on the drug, its dose, the disease or condition to be treated and the frequency of administration. Thus, the drug delivery efficiency of a particular array (i.e., the amount of drug delivered to the bloodstream) will vary between about 40% to 100%, or about 40%, or about 50%, or about 60%, or about 70%, or about 80%, or about 90%, or about 100%.
B. Impact Applicator
[0129] As illustrated in
[0130] As illustrated in
[0131] In another embodiment, the patch and applicator are supplied as a single, integrated unit, with packaging that ensures the stability and sterility of the formulation. The user removes the system from the packaging and applies the patch much as described above. The used applicator is then disposed of. This embodiment, while somewhat higher cost per dose, provides a system that is less complex, smaller, lighter, and easier to use.
[0132] The present disclosure can also be employed in conjunction with a wide variety of active transdermal systems (as opposed to passive, manual intracutaneous delivery devices described herein), as the disclosure is not limited in any way in this regard.
[0133] Some active transdermal systems utilize electrotransport. Illustrative electrotransport drug delivery systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,147,296; 5,080,646; 5,169,382 and 5,169,383, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. One widely used electrotransport process, iontophoresis, involves the electrically induced transport of charged ions. Electroosmosis, another type of electrotransport process involved in the transdermal transport of uncharged or neutrally charged molecules (e.g., transdermal sampling of glucose), involves the movement of a solvent with the agent through a membrane under the influence of an electric field. Electroporation, still another type of electrotransport, involves the passage of an agent through pores formed by applying an electrical pulse, a high voltage pulse, to a membrane. In many instances, more than one of the noted processes may be occurring simultaneously to different extents. Accordingly, the term “electrotransport” is given herein its broadest reasonable interpretation, to include the electrically induced or enhanced transport of at least one charged or uncharged agent, or mixtures thereof, regardless of the specific mechanism(s) by which the agent is actually being transported with.
[0134] In addition, any other transport enhancing method, including but not limited to chemical penetration enhancement, laser ablation, heat, ultrasound, or piezoelectric devices, can be used in conjunction with the disclosure herein.
IV. Active Agents and Biocompatible Coating
[0135] The coating formulations applied to the microprojection member described above to form solid coatings are comprised of a liquid, preferably an aqueous formulation having at least one biologically active agent, which can be dissolved within a biocompatible carrier or suspended within the carrier. The biologically active agent may be a triptan, including zolmitriptan, sumatriptan, rizatriptan, naratriptan, eletriptan, almotriptan, frovatriptan, avitriptan, and donitriptan, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, fragments, analogs, or prodrugs thereof. Preferably, the biologically active agent is zolmitriptan.
[0136] Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, without limitation, acetate, propionate, butyrate, pentanoate, hexanoate, heptanoate, levulinate, chloride, bromide, citrate, succinate, maleate, glycolate, gluconate, glucuronate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, tricarballylate, malonate, adipate, citraconate, glutarate, itaconate, mesaconate, citramalate, dimethylolpropionate, tiglate, glycerate, methacrylate, isocrotonate, β-hydroxibutyrate, crotonate, angelate, hydracrylate, ascorbate, aspartate, glutamate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, lactate, malate, pyruvate, fumarate, tartrate, nitrate, phosphate, benzene sulfonate, methane sulfonate, sulfate and sulfonate.
[0137] The concentration of biologically active ingredient and excipients must be carefully controlled to achieve the desired amount of the active ingredient with an acceptable coating thickness, avoid wicking of the coating formulation onto the base of the microneedle array, maintain the uniformity of the coating, and ensure stability. In one embodiment, the active agent is present in the coating formulation at a concentration of between about 1% w/w to about 60% w/w, preferably between about 15% and 60%, or more preferably between 35% and 45%. The formulation may further comprise an acid at a concentration of between about 0.1% w/w to about 20% w/w. Such acid may be selected from tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, either individually or in combination. In another embodiment, in the coating formulation, the active agent to acid ratio is about 1:1, about 2:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, or about 5:1. The present disclosure further encompasses a coating formulation comprising about 33% w/w zolmitriptan base and about 11% w/w tartaric acid. In some embodiments, the acid is one of tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid or maleic acid, and is present in an amount of about 0.33% to 10% w/w, or about 80.33% to about 16.67% w/w, or about 13.33% w/w, or about 15% w/w, or about 6.67% w/w. In some embodiments, the coating formulation comprises 45% w/w of the active agent, 15% w/w of the acid, and 40% w/w of water.
[0138] Surfactants may be included in the coating formulation. Surfactants suitable for inclusion in the coating formulations include, but are not limited to, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. Surfactants are commonly used to improve drug delivery as penetration enhancers. However, Applicant found that surfactants resulted in undulations in the coating formulation, which is indicative of an uneven film and is highly disadvantageous. Applicant found that the need for surfactants and other penetration enhancers can be avoided through the use of the claimed invention-specifically, through the claimed zolmitriptan transdermal delivery patches. Furthermore, Applicant surprisingly found that microneedle coating avoided wicking, and the coating sufficiently adhered to the microprojections during the manufacturing process of the microneedle arrays, despite the lack of a surfactant.
[0139] Antioxidants may be included in the coating formulation. Antioxidants suitable for inclusion in the coating formulations include, but are not limited to, methionine, ascorbic acid, and EDTA.
[0140] The coating formulation further comprises a liquid, preferably water, in an amount sufficient (qs ad) to bring the formulation to 100% prior to being dried onto the microneedles. The pH of the liquid coating formulation may be below about pH 8. In other cases, the pH is between about pH 3 and 7.4, or between about pH 3.5 to 4.5.
[0141] Representative examples of liquid coating formulations according to the present disclosure are set forth in Table 1 below. The coatings generally contain at least one acid.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Coating Formulations Ingredient* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Zolmitriptan 25-50 1-30 45 40 45 40 45 40 45 40 Tartaric acid 0- 0-10 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 16.67 13.33 13.33 13.33 13.33 Citric acid 0- 0-10 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 16.67 13.33 13.33 13.33 13.33 Succinic acid 0- 0-10 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 16.67 13.33 13.33 13.33 13.33 Malic acid 0- 0-10 0-15 0)- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 16.67 13.33 13.33 13.33 13.33 Maleic acid 0- 0-10 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 0-15 0- 16.67 13.33 13.33 13.33 13.33 Ascorbic acid 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 Lactic acid 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-10 Surfactants (e.g. 0-0.2 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80) EDTA 0-0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 (Antioxidant Chelator) Methionine 0-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 (Antioxidant) Deionized water qs qs qs qs qs qs qs qs qs qs 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% *Ingredients are expressed in % w/w
[0142] The present disclosure contemplates that sumatriptan or other triptan may be substituted for zolmitriptan in similar amounts or proportions as described above.
[0143] The liquid coating formulations according to the present disclosure generally exhibit the ability to consistently coat the microneedles with adequate content and morphology, and result in a stable solid-state (dried) formulation, containing less than 5% water, preferably less than 3%. The liquid formulations are applied to the microneedle arrays and the microprojection tips thereof using an engineered coater which allows accurate control of the depth of the microprojection tips dipping into the liquid film. Examples of suitable coating techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,372, included herein by reference in its entirety. Accordingly, the viscosity of the liquid plays a role in microprojection member coating process as has been described. See Ameri, M.; Fan, S C.; Maa, Y F (2010); “Parathyroid hormone PTH(1-34) formulation that enables uniform coating on a novel transdermal microprojection delivery system;” Pharmaceutical Research, 27, pp. 303-313; see also Ameri M, Wang X, Maa YF (2010); “Effect of irradiation on parathyroid hormone PTH(1-34) coated on a novel transdermal microprojection delivery system to produce a sterile product-adhesive compatibility;” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 99, 2123-34.
[0144] The coating formulations comprising zolmitriptan have a viscosity less than approximately 500 centipoise (cP) and greater than 3 cP, or less than approximately 400 cP and greater than 10 cP, or less than approximately 300 cP and greater than 50 cP, or less than 250 cP and greater than approximately 100 cP. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the liquid formulation prior to coating is at least 20 cP. In other embodiments, the viscosity is about 25 cP, or about 30 cP, or about 35 cP, or about 40 cP, or about 45 cP, or about 50 cP, or about 55 cP, or about 60 cP, or about 65 cP, or about 70 cP, or about 75 cP, or about 80 cP, or about 85 cP, or about 90 cP, or about 95 cP, or about 100 cP, or about 150 cP, or about 200 cP, or about 300 cP, or about 400 cP, or about 500 cP. In other embodiments, the viscosity is more than about 25 cP, or a more than about 30 cP, or more than about 35 cP, or more than about 40 cP, or more than about 45 cP, or more than about 50 cP, or more than about 55 cP, or more than about 60 cP, or more than about 65 cP, or more than about 70 cP, or more than about 75 cP, or more than about 80 cP, or more than about 85 cP, or more than about 90 cP, or more than about 95 cP, or more than about 100 cP, or more than about 150 cP, or more than about 200 cP, or more than about 300 cP, or more than about 400 cP, or less than about 500 cP. In a preferred embodiment, the viscosity of the coating formulation is more than about 80 cP and less than about 350 cP; in another preferred embodiment, the viscosity is more than about 100 cP and less than about 350 cP; and, in another preferred embodiment, the viscosity is more than about 100 cP and less than about 250 cP.
[0145] Once applied to the microprojections, the coating formulation may have an average thickness of about 10 to about 400 microns, or from about 30 to about 300 microns, or from about 100 microns to about 175 microns, or from about 115 to about 150 microns, or about 135 microns, as measured from the microprojection surface. Although it is preferable that the coating formulation have a uniform thickness covering the microprojection, the formulation may vary slightly as a result of the manufacturing process. As shown in
[0146] The liquid coating formulation is applied to an array of microprojections so as to deliver a dose of the active agent in the amount of about 0.1 mg to 10 mg per array. In the case of zolmitriptan, the dose is about 0.25 mg to about 10 mg, or about 1 mg or more, or about 1.9 mg or more, or about 2 mg or more, or about 3 mg or more, or about 3.8 mg or more, or about 4 mg or more, or about 5 mg or more delivered to the stratum corneum per array (via a patch or other form). In one embodiment, the amount of the zolmitriptan contained in coating formulation is 1-1000 μg or 10-100 μg. In one embodiment, the array size is about 5.5 cm.sup.2 comprising a dose of about 3.8 mg zolmitriptan, or the array size is about 3 cm.sup.2 comprising a dose of about 3.8 mg, or the array size is about 3 cm.sup.2, comprising a dose of about 1.9 mg. The amount of zolmitriptan or similar active agent per microprojection could range from about 0.001 to about 1000 μg, or about 0.01 to about 100 μg, or about 0.1 to about 10 μg, or about 0.5 to about 2 μg. In one embodiment, the amount of zolmitriptan or similar active agent per microprojection is about 1 μg. The microprojection shape and size has a significant bearing on the drug loading capacity and on the effectiveness of drug delivery.
[0147] Importantly, the formulations of the present disclosure do not primarily rely on penetration enhancers to facilitate absorption of the active agent into the bloodstream. Penetration enhancers, such as Azone® and fatty acids, often cause skin irritation and have other disadvantages. Thus, the systems of the present disclosure are either completely free of a penetration enhancer, or are substantially free thereof. In other embodiments, there is less than 15% w/w of penetration enhancer present, or less than 10% w/w, or less than 5% w/w, or less than 2.5% w/w, or less than 1% w/w present in the dried formulation.
[0148] The biologically active agent formulations are generally prepared as a solid coating by drying a coating formulation on the microprojection, as described in U.S. Application Pub. No. 2002/0128599. The coating formulation is usually an aqueous formulation. During a drying process, all volatiles, including water are mostly removed; however, the final solid coating may still contain about 1% w/w water, or about 2% w/w water, or about 3% w/w water, or about 4% w/w water, or about 5% w/w water. The oxygen and/or water content present in the formulations are reduced by the use of a dry inert atmosphere and/or a partial vacuum. In a solid coating on a microprojection array, the drug may be present in an amount of less than about 10 mg per unit dose or less than about 4 mg or less than about 3 mg or less than about 2 mg or less than about 1 mg. With the addition of excipients, the total mass of solid coating may be less than about 15 mg per unit dose.
[0149] The microprotrusion member is usually present on an adhesive backing, which is attached to a disposable polymeric retainer ring. This assembly is packaged individually in a pouch or a polymeric housing. In addition to the assembly, this package contains a dead volume that represents a volume of at least 3 mL. This large volume (as compared to that of the coating) acts as a partial sink for water. For example, at 20° C., the amount of water present in a 3 mL atmosphere as a result of its vapor pressure would be about 0.05 mg at saturation, which is typically the amount of residual water that is present in the solid coating after drying. Therefore, storage in a dry inert atmosphere and/or a partial vacuum will further reduce the water content of the coating resulting in improved stability.
[0150] According to the disclosure, the coating can be applied to the microprojections by a variety of known methods. For example, the coating may be only applied to those portions of the microprojection member or microprojections that pierce the skin (e.g., tips). The coating is then dried to form a solid coating. One such coating method comprises dip-coating. Dip-coating can be described as a method to coat the microprojections by partially or totally immersing the microprojections into a coating solution. By use of a partial immersion technique, it is possible to limit the coating to only the tips of the microprojections.
[0151] A further coating method comprises roller coating, which employs a roller coating mechanism that similarly limits the coating to the tips of the microprojections. The roller coating method is disclosed in U.S. Application Pub. No. 2002/0132054. As discussed in detail therein, the disclosed roller coating method provides a smooth coating that is not easily dislodged from the microprojections during skin piercing.
[0152] A further coating method that can be employed within the scope of the present invention comprises spray coating. Spray coating can encompass formation of an aerosol suspension of the coating composition. In one embodiment, an aerosol suspension having a droplet size of about 10 to 200 picoliters is sprayed onto the microprojections and then dried.
[0153] Pattern coating can also be employed to coat the microprojections. The pattern coating can be applied using a dispensing system for positioning the deposited liquid onto the microprojection surface. The quantity of the deposited liquid is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 20 nanoliters/microprojection. Examples of suitable precision-metered liquid dispensers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,916,524; 5,743,960; 5,741,554; and 5,738,728; which are fully incorporated by reference herein.
[0154] Microprojection coating formulations or solutions can also be applied using ink jet technology using known solenoid valve dispensers, optional fluid motive means and positioning means which is generally controlled by use of an electric field. Other liquid dispensing technology from the printing industry or similar liquid dispensing technology known in the art can be used for applying the pattern coating of this invention.
[0155] In one embodiment of the disclosure, the thickness of the dried coating formulations comprising zolmitriptan range from about 10 to 100 microns as measured from the microprojection surface, or from about 20 to 80 microns, or from about 30 to 60 microns, or from about 40 to 50 microns. The desired coating thickness is dependent upon several factors, including the required dose and, hence, coating thickness necessary to deliver the dose, the density of the microprojections per unit area of the sheet, the viscosity, the solubility and concentration of the coating composition and the coating method chosen. The thickness of coating applied to microprojections can also be adapted to optimize stability of the zolmitriptan. Known formulation adjuvants can also be added to the coating formulations provided they do not adversely affect the necessary solubility and viscosity characteristics of the coating formulation nor the physical integrity of the dried coating.
[0156] The coating is applied to the microneedles, which protrude from the base, or streets, of the microneedle array. The coating is applied to the tips of the microneedles, and is not intended to cover the microneedles and the surface of the microneedle array. This reduces the amount of drug per transdermal patch, which is advantageous in light of FDA Guidance on the danger of residual drug on transdermal delivery systems, which suggests that the amount of residual drug in a system should be minimized. See FDA Guidance for Industry, Residual Drug in Transdermal and Related Drug Delivery Systems (August 2011). Applicant's strategy was to maximize drug release into skin per unit area, without using an excess of drug for coating.
[0157] After a coating has been applied, the coating formulation is dried onto the microprojections by various means. The coated microprojection member may be dried in ambient room conditions. However, various temperatures and humidity levels can be used to dry the coating formulation onto the microprojections. Additionally, the coated member can be heated, stored under vacuum or over desiccant, lyophilized, freeze dried or similar techniques used to remove the residual water from the coating.
[0158] Coating was conducted at ambient temperature utilizing a roller drum, rotating at 50 rpm, in a drug formulation reservoir (2 mL in volume) to produce a film of controlled thickness of around 270 μm in thickness. Further information about the coating process can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,372, incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Microprojection arrays are dipped into the drug film, and the amount of coating is controlled by the number of dips (passes) through the drug film.
[0159] During the drying process, there may be issues related to forming a uniform coating the microprojection with a controlled and consistent thickness. One common issue in transdermal patch coating, called “dripping” or “teardrop” formations, occurs when the coating is drying and the coating accumulates at the end of the microprojections in a “teardrop” shape. This teardrop shape can blunt the sharp end of the microneedle, potentially impacting the effectiveness and uniformity of penetration. Uneven layers of formulation on the microprojections results in uneven, and sometimes inadequate drug delivery. Additionally, the issues in the drying process cause issues of quality control in formulation coating. Preferred liquid coating formulations comprise zolmitriptan in an amount of 30% w/w to about 60% w/w, preferably about 40% w/w to about 50% w/w, more preferably about 45% w/w, and tartaric acid in an amount of about 5% w/w to about 25% w/w, preferably about 10% w/w to about 20% w/w, more preferably about 15% w/w, in a liquid carrier, preferably water, more preferably deionized water. With these liquid coating formulations, Applicant surprisingly found that maintaining a viscosity of about 150 cP to about 350 cP, preferably about 200 cP to about 300 cP, more preferably about 250 centipoise, and a surface tension of about 50 mNm.sup.−1 to about 72 mNm.sup.−1, preferably about 55 mNm.sup.−1 to about 65 mNm.sup.−1, more preferably about 62.5 mNm.sup.−1 was required to avoid dripping. Teardrop formation could be avoided while simultaneously allowing each dip of microprojections into the liquid coating formulation to pick up sufficient volume of liquid coating formulation, thereby achieving the desired drug dose with a minimum number of dips. When the viscosity and surface tension of the coating solution are high enough, the coated liquid does not quickly drip back or form a teardrop shape after dipping and before drying.
[0160] The products and methods described herein with respect to delivery of zolmitriptan in a method of rapidly achieving therapeutic concentrations of zolmitriptan for treatment of migraine or cluster headache also can be applied to other triptans, including sumatriptan, rizatriptan, naratriptan, eletriptan, almotriptan, frovatriptan, avitriptan, and donitriptan.
[0161] In one aspect, the route of administration of zolmitriptan is intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intranasally, oral inhalation, transdermally, buccally, pulmonary, or sublingually. For example, a formulation designed for intramuscular or subcutaneous delivery would contain 1 mg of zolmitriptan (base) and 0.3 mg of tartaric acid in 1 mL of 0.9% w/v saline. Further, a formulation designed for pulmonary delivery would be in the form of zolmitriptan salt dissolved or suspended in water or a zolmitriptan powder generated using milling, supercritical fluid process, spray drying or spray freeze drying for inhalation delivery and would produce respirable particles with a controlled particle size of about 0.5-5.8 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) to ensure that a significant fraction of zolmitriptan would be deposited in the lung. The processes to produce zolmitriptan powder can be used directly by metering in from a powder reservoir or premetering into a dry powder inhaler (DPI) format, or the particulates may be suspended/dispersed directly into a suspending media, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable propellant e.g., hydrofluoralkanes (selected from the group consisting of: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane and a mixture of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane or a mixture of thereof), in a metered dose inhaler (MDI) format. The particles produced may be crystalline or may be amorphous depending on the process to generate the zolmitriptan powder. In one aspect, the zolmitriptan dose ranges from 0.5 to 4 mg, administered at the onset of migraine or cluster headache.
V. Packaging, Sterilization
[0162] Improved physical stability of the dry coated formulations provides not only the benefit of an increased storage or shelf life for the therapeutic agent itself, but enhances efficacy in that once stabilized in accordance with the compositions of and methods for formulating and delivering of the present invention, the therapeutic agents become useful in a greater range of possible formulations, and with a greater variety of therapeutic agent delivery means.
[0163] The present disclosure comprises an active agent formulation wherein the deterioration by oxygen and/or water is minimized and/or controlled by the manufacture and/or packaging of the active agent formulation in a dry inert atmosphere. The formulation may be contained in a dry inert atmosphere in the presence of a desiccant, optionally in a chamber or package comprising a foil layer.
[0164] The desiccant can be any known to those skilled in the art. Some common desiccants include, but are not limited to molecular sieve, calcium oxide, clay desiccant, calcium sulfate, and silica gel. The desiccant may be one that can be placed with the biologically active agent-containing formulation in the presence of an inert atmosphere in a package comprising a foil layer.
[0165] In another aspect, the active agent formulation is packaged in a chamber comprising a foil layer after the formulation is coated onto the microprojection array delivery device. In this embodiment, a desiccant is contained in the chamber, preferably attached to a chamber lid which comprises a foil layer, and the chamber is purged with dry nitrogen or other inert gas such as a noble gas prior to the delivery device-containing foil chamber being sealed by the foil lid. Any suitable inert gas can be used herein to create the dry inert atmosphere.
[0166] In one embodiment, the compositions of and methods for formulating and delivering zolmitriptan suitable for intracutaneous delivery utilize a patch assembly. This patch assembly is manufactured and/or packaged in a dry inert atmosphere, and in the presence of a desiccant. In one embodiment, the patch assembly is manufactured in a dry inert atmosphere and/or packaged in a chamber comprising a foil layer and having a dry inert atmosphere and a desiccant. In one embodiment, the patch assembly is manufactured and/or packaged in a partial vacuum. In one embodiment, the patch assembly is manufactured and/or packaged in a dry inert atmosphere, and a partial vacuum. In one embodiment, patch assembly is manufactured in a dry inert atmosphere under a partial vacuum and/or packaged in a chamber comprising a foil layer and having a dry inert atmosphere, a partial vacuum, and a desiccant.
[0167] Generally, in the noted embodiments of the present invention, the inert atmosphere should have essentially zero water content. For example, nitrogen gas of essentially zero water content (dry nitrogen gas) can be prepared by electrically controlled boiling of liquid nitrogen. Purge systems can be also used to reduce moisture or oxygen content. A range for a partial vacuum is from about 0.01 to about 0.3 atmospheres.
[0168] In an aspect of this embodiment, the zolmitriptan further comprises a biocompatible carrier. In another embodiment, there is an intracutaneous delivery system, adapted to deliver zolmitriptan, comprising: (a) a microprojection member including a plurality of microprojections that are adapted to pierce the stratum corneum of a patient; (b) a hydrogel formulation comprised of zolmitriptan, wherein the hydrogel formulation is in communication with the microprojection member; and (c) packaging purged with an inert gas and adapted to control environmental conditions sealed around the microprojection member, wherein the sealed package has been exposed to radiation to sterilize the microprojection member.
[0169] In another embodiment, there is an intracutaneous delivery system, adapted to deliver zolmitriptan, comprising: (a) a microprojection member including a plurality of microprojections that are adapted to pierce the stratum corneum of a patient; (b) a solid film disposed proximate the microprojection member, wherein the solid film is made by casting a liquid formulation comprising zolmitriptan, a polymeric material, a plasticizing agent, a surfactant and a volatile solvent; and (c) packaging purged with an inert gas and adapted to control environmental conditions sealed around the microprojection member, wherein the sealed package has been exposed to radiation to sterilize the microprojection member.
[0170] The present disclosure is also to a method for terminally sterilizing a patch assembly adapted to deliver zolmitriptan, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a microprojection member having a plurality of microprojections that are adapted to pierce the stratum corneum of a patient having a biocompatible coating comprising zolmitriptan disposed on the microprojection member; and (b) exposing the microprojection member to radiation selected from the group consisting of gamma radiation and e-beam, wherein the radiation is sufficient to reach a desired sterility assurance level. Such sterility assurance level may be 10.sup.−6 or 10.sup.−5. The method may further comprise sealing the microprojection member with a desiccant inside packaging purged with an inert gas and exposing the packaged microprojection member to radiation selected from the group consisting of gamma radiation and e-beam radiation, wherein the radiation is sufficient to reach a desired sterility assurance level.
[0171] In an aspect of this embodiment, the method further comprises the step of mounting a patch comprised of a microprojection member attached to an adhesive backing on a pre-dried retainer ring to form a patch assembly, and subsequently sealing the microprojection member inside the packaging. In an aspect of this embodiment, the system further comprises a desiccant sealed inside the packaging with the patch assembly, and/or the packaging is purged with nitrogen, and/or the packaging comprises a pouch comprised of a foil layer. Preferably, the foil layer comprises aluminum.
[0172] The step of exposing the microprojection member to radiation may occur at approximately −78.5 to 25° C., or the member may be exposed to radiation at ambient temperature. The radiation may be in the range of approximately 5 to 50 kGy, or approximately 10 to 30 kGy, or approximately 15 to 25 kGy, or approximately 21 kGy, or approximately 7 kGy. In one aspect of this embodiment, the radiation is delivered to the microprojection member at a rate of at least approximately 3.0 kGy/hr.
[0173] As described herein, Applicant developed a zolmitriptan formulation which, when coated on the microneedle members of the present disclosure, is stable and maintains its amorphous character for at least 6 months, or at least 9 months, or at least 12 months, or at least 18 months, or at least 24 months after being exposed to radiation as described above.
[0174] In one embodiment, the dried zolmitriptan formulation on the microneedles retains for at least 6 months approximately 100% of initial purity, or approximately 99% of initial purity, or approximately 98% of initial purity, or approximately 97% of initial purity, or approximately 96% of initial purity, or approximately 95% of initial purity, or approximately 90% of initial purity. In other aspects, such purity is retained for at least 9 months, or at least 12 months, or at least 18 months, or at least 24 months after packaging. In a further embodiment, the zolmitriptan coating on the microneedles retains its purity as described in this paragraph, and also substantially maintains its amorphous character for at least 6 months, or at least 9 months or at least 12 months, or at least 18 months, or at least 24 months after packaging.
[0175] In one embodiment, a method for manufacturing a patch assembly for an intracutaneous delivery system adapted to deliver a zolmitriptan, comprises the steps of: providing a microneedle member having a plurality of microneedles that are adapted to penetrate or pierce the stratum corneum of a patient having a biocompatible coating disposed on the microneedle member, the coating being formed from a coating formulation having zolmitriptan and disposed thereon; sealing the microneedle member with a desiccant inside packaging purged with nitrogen and adapted to control environmental conditions surrounding the microneedle and exposing the microneedle member to radiation selected from the group consisting of gamma radiation, e-beam and x-ray wherein the radiation is sufficient to reach a desired sterility assurance level.
[0176] In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a method for delivering stable biologically active agent formulations comprises the following steps: (i) providing a microprojection member having a plurality of microprojections, (ii) providing a stabilized formulation of biologically active agent; (iii) forming a biocompatible coating formulation that includes the formulation of stabilized biologically active agent, (iv) coating the microprojection member with the biocompatible coating formulation to form a biocompatible coating; (v) stabilizing the biocompatible coating by drying; and (vi) applying the coated microprojection member to the skin of a subject.
[0177] Additionally, optimal stability and shelf life of the agent is attained by a biocompatible coating that is solid and substantially dry. However, the kinetics of the coating dissolution and agent release can vary appreciably depending upon a number of factors. It will be appreciated that in addition to being storage stable, the biocompatible coating should permit desired release of the therapeutic agent.
[0178] Encompassed herein is a method for terminally sterilizing a transdermal device adapted to deliver a zolmitriptan, comprising the steps of: providing a microprojection member having a plurality of microprojections that are adapted to penetrate or pierce the stratum corneum of a patient having a biocompatible coating disposed on the microprojection member, the coating being formed from a coating formulation having at least one triptan, preferably zolmitriptan, disposed thereon; and exposing the microprojection member to radiation selected from the group consisting of gamma radiation and e-beam, wherein the radiation is sufficient to reach a desired sterility assurance level. A further aspect of this method comprises the further step of sealing the microprojection member inside packaging adapted to control environmental conditions surrounding the microprojection member. In one aspect the packaging comprises a foil pouch. A further aspect of this method, comprises the further step of sealing a desiccant inside the packaging. Further, the method comprises the step of mounting the microprojection member on a pre-dried retainer ring prior to sealing the microprojection member inside the packaging. A further aspect of this method comprises the step of purging the packaging with an inert gas prior to sealing the packaging. In one embodiment, the inert gas comprises nitrogen.
VI. In Vivo Pharmacokinetics (PK)
[0179] The intracutaneous/transdermal systems of the present invention provide serum concentrations to the bloodstream faster and with less overall drug exposure as compared to oral doses of the same drug. For example, the absorption of intracutaneously administered zolmitriptan delivered via the systems of the present disclosure results in a C.sub.max of less than 50 mg/mL and the T.sub.max is between about 2 minutes and 30 minutes. In another embodiment, the plasma zolmitriptan AUC for the first 2 hours is greater than that seen following oral administration, but the plasma zolmitriptan AUC.sub.(0-24 hr) is less than that seen after oral administration.
[0180] In another aspect, the absorption of the zolmitriptan results in an increase in the maximum plasma zolmitriptan, but the N-desmethyl zolmitriptan production (AUC.sub.0-24 hr) is reduced and thus has a lower likelihood for metabolite accumulation. The intracutaneous administration of triptans, including zolmitriptan, avoids the first pass metabolism in the liver found with oral administration, resulting in higher bioavailability. In particular, metabolism is significantly reduced resulting in at least about 20% less serum concentration of N-desmethyl zolmitriptan at time points (e.g., 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 5 hours, 10 hours) post-application than seen in oral products. Further, zolmitriptan plasma levels may be increased, but the N-desmethyl zolmitriptan production is reduced relative to that produced upon oral administration of a comparable dose of zolmitriptan. Therefore, there is a lower likelihood for metabolite accumulation. However, because N-desmethyl zolmitriptan is more active at the target sites than zolmitriptan, the present invention is surprisingly effective at treating migraine or cluster headache as detailed below. In addition, the apparent half-life of zolmitriptan is reduced compared to oral administration, such that the duration of side effects may be reduced.
[0181] In another aspect, the plasma concentration of N-desmethyl zolmitriptan is about 0.05 to 0.9 ng/ml after about 15 minutes after application, or about 0.1 to 1.4 ng/ml after about 30 minutes, or about 0.1 to 1.6 ng/ml after about 1 hour, or about 0.1 to 1.4 ng/ml after about 1.5 hours, or about 0.1 to 1.3 ng/ml after about 2 hours, or less than about 0.7 ng/ml after 5 hours, or less than about 0.2 ng/ml after 10 hours.
[0182] Further, the intracutaneously delivered biocompatible coating comprises a dose of the zolmitriptan in the range of approximately 0.2 to 10 mg, preferably 1 to 5 mg, more preferably approximately 1.9 or 3.8 mg, wherein intracutaneous delivery of the zolmitriptan results in a plasma C.sub.max of at least 2 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 3.6 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 4 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 6 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 9 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 10 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 12 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 14 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 16 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 18 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 20 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 25 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 30 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 40 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 45 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 50 ng/mL zolmitriptan, less than 50 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 55 ng/mL zolmitriptan, at least 60 ng/mL zolmitriptan or at least 65 ng/mL zolmitriptan after one application or two applications.
[0183] Also, the intracutaneous delivery of the zolmitriptan results in a plasma T.sub.max of no more than 1 minute, no more than 2 minutes, no more than 3 minutes, no more than 4 minutes, no more than 5 minutes, no more than 8 minutes, no more than 10 minutes, no more than 12 minutes, no more than 15 minutes, no more than 20 minutes, no more than 30 minutes, no more than 35 minutes, no more than 40 minutes, no more than 45 minutes, no more than 50 minutes, no more than 55 minutes, is between 2 minutes and 30 minutes, or is no more than 60 minutes after one application.
[0184] In one embodiment, the T.sub.max of intracutaneously administered zolmitriptan via the inventive systems occurs about 2 hours or more before conventional release oral zolmitriptan tablets, or about 1.8 hours or more before such tablets, or about 1.6 hours or more before such tablets, or about 1.4 hours or more before such tablets, or about 1.2 hours or more before such tablets, or about 1.0 hours or more before such tablets, or about 0.8 hours or more before such tablets, or about 0.6 hours or more before such tablets, or about 0.4 hours or more before such tablets, or about 0.2 hours or more before such tablets.
[0185] In another embodiment, the Tm, of intracutaneously administered zolmitriptan via the inventive systems occurs about 3 hours or more before ZOMIG® (zolmitriptan) orally disintegrating tablets, or about 2.5 hours or more before such tablets, or about 2.0 hours or more before such tablets, or about 1.5 hours or more before such tablets, or about 1.0 hours or more before such tablets, or about 0.5 hour before such tablets.
[0186] In further embodiments, the T.sub.max of intracutaneously administered zolmitriptan via the inventive systems occurs about 3 hours or more before zolmitriptan nasal spray, or about 2.5 hours or more before such spray, or about 2.0 hours or more before such spray, or about 1.5 hours or more before such spray, or about 1.0 hour or more before such spray, or about 0.5 hour or more before such spray.
[0187] In another embodiment, the elimination rate (t.sub.1/2) for intracutaneously administered zolmitriptan via the inventive systems is about 0.75 hour, or 1.0 hour, or 1.1 hour, or 1.2 hour, or 1.3 hour, or 1.4 hour, or 1.5 hour, or 1.6 hour, or 1.7 hour, or 1.8 hour, or 1.9 hour, or 2.0 hours. Such elimination rate (t.sub.1/2) is approximately three times the rate of zolmitriptan conventional tablets, or approximately twice the rate of zolmitriptan conventional tablets.
[0188] In further embodiments, the C.sub.max for intracutaneously administered zolmitriptan via the inventive systems is about 1 to about 8 times higher than the C.sub.max of conventional oral 2.5 mg zolmitriptan tablets, or about 1.5 to about 7 times higher, or about 2 to about 6 times higher, or about 3 to about 5 times higher, or about 4 times higher.
[0189] Further, the mean peak exposure (C.sub.max) is about 2 to about 5 times higher for intracutaneous zolmitriptan relative to the oral tablets. In a further aspect, the mean peak exposure (C.sub.max) for the intracutaneous zolmitriptan of the present invention is about 1.0 to about 40.0 mg/mL, or about 5.0 to about 35.0 mg/mL, or about 10.0 to about 30.0 mg/mL, or about 15.0 to about 25.0 mg/mL, or about 20.0 to about 30.0 mg/mL, or about 25 mg/mL.
[0190] Additionally, compared to conventional oral zolmitriptan 2.5 mg, intracutaneous zolmitriptan of the invention at doses ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 4.0 mg have a bioavailability of about 50% to about 100% of the oral bioavailability. In other embodiments, the bioavailability of intracutaneous is about 55% to about 95%, or about 60% to about 90%, or about 65% to about 85%, or about 70% to about 80%, or about 75% of the oral bioavailability.
[0191] Finally, the present invention encompasses formulations and devices that are bioequivalent to the M207 Intracutaneous Delivery System described herein. Thus, the disclosure covers products where bioequivalence is established by (i) a 90% Confidence Interval (CI) for AUC which is between 0.80 and 1.25; and (ii) a 90% CI for C.sub.ma which is between 0.80 and 1.25.
VII. Methods of Treatment
[0192] The drug-device combinations of the present invention can be used to treat a variety of diseases and conditions, including migraine and cluster headache. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is a method for treatment or alleviation of migraine or cluster headache to an individual in need thereof, comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a zolmitriptan-based agent, wherein the absorption of the zolmitriptan-based agent results in a plasma C.sub.ma of less than 50 ng/mL. Doses include about 0.2 mg to about 10 mg zolmitriptan. The dose may also be 0.48 mg, 0.96 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg zolmitriptan. Doses also include a single patch administration of either 1.0 mg, 1.9 mg, or 3.8 mg, or two patches of 1.9 mg. These doses can be delivered utilizing the patch(es) described herein and can be applied to the skin of any part of the body. In a preferred embodiment, the zolmitriptan dose(s) is delivered via the patch to the upper arm to treat a single migraine or cluster headache attack.
[0193] In certain embodiments, the methods of treatment of migraine or cluster headache as described herein result in improvement with respect to the following therapeutic endpoints: Migraine Pain freedom at 1 hour, 2 hours, or 4 hours after dosing; Cluster headache pain freedom at 15 or 30 minutes after dosing, most bothersome other migraine symptom freedom at 1 hour or 2 hours after dosing; freedom from a patient's previously identified most bothersome other cluster headache symptom at 15 or 30 minutes after dosing, migraine pain relief at 1 hour, 2 hours or 4 hours; Cluster headache pain relief at 15 or 30 minutes after dosing, pain relief at 30 minutes; photophobia freedom at 2 hours; phonophobia freedom at 2 hours; pain relief at 15 minutes; pain relief at 3 hours; pain relief at 4 hours; nausea freedom at 2 hours; pain freedom at 30 minutes; pain freedom at 24 hours; and pain freedom at 48 hours. Further, there is an improvement in terms of treated patients requiring rescue medication. Improvement as to pain, most bothersome other symptom, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and other bothersome symptoms, is assessed sequentially, in a fixed-sequential testing method.
[0194] Tables 45-48 demonstrate effectiveness of the claimed invention for reducing or eliminating pain from migraine or cluster headaches, as compared to triptans and alternative forms of zolmitriptan. These results are based on one embodiment of the claimed invention, but are not so limited.
[0195] Shown in Table 45, methods described herein demonstrate that the one embodiment of the claimed invention shows significant improvement in patients being pain free at 1 hour after dosing, as compared to a tablet of zolmitriptan. The results shown in Table 45 are merely one example of the significant efficacy that the claimed invention provides over the known methods for treating migraine or cluster headache with zolmitriptan. In one embodiment of the claimed invention, with a zolmitriptan dose of 1 mg, more than 15% of patients were pain free at 1 hour after treatment. In another embodiment (1.9 mg), more than 20% of patients were pain free at 1 hour. In a third embodiment (3.8 mg), more than 25% of patients were pain free at 1 hour. This shows improved efficacy over nasal treatment of zolmitriptan, with which it has been shown that only about 10% of patients are pain free at 1 hour. The current invention is also significantly more efficacious than 2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg tablets and 2.5 mg orally dissolving tablets, all of which only achieve pain freedom after 1 hour of 10% or less. The claimed invention also shows significant improvements in pain free results at 2 hours and 4 hours after treatment. In one embodiment, at 2 hours after treatment, more than thirty percent of patients were pain free. In another embodiment, at 2 hours, more than forty percent of patients were pain free. In a third embodiment, at 4 hours after treatment, more than fifty percent of patients were pain free. These are significant improvements over nasal treatments using zolmitriptan, in which less than twenty five and forty percent of patients are pain free after two and four hours from treatment, respectively. These results are also comparable to other zolmitriptan dosage forms and delivery routes, and at forty percent pain free at two hours better than all other zolmitriptan dosage forms and delivery routes. These results are also shown graphically in
[0196] Table 46 provides a comparison of resulting pain relief between the claimed invention and the current methods for treating migraine or cluster headaches with zolmitriptan. In the 1 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg embodiments, pain relief of over 45%, 55%, and 65% respectively was achieved at just one hour after dosing. More than 65%, 68%, and 80% respectively experienced pain relief at two hours after dosing. With the 3.8 mg embodiment, over 80% of patients experienced pain relief at four hours after dosing. All three embodiments demonstrated significant improvements in pain relief at 1 hour when compared to the other zolmitriptan dosage forms and delivery routes, and the 3.8 mg embodiment was also superior to the other zolmitriptan dosage forms at 2 and 4 hours. These results are also shown graphically in
[0197] Tables 47 and 48 demonstrate the significant improvements of the claimed inventions over other triptans used for treating migraine or cluster headaches, for eliminating or reducing migraine or cluster headache pain. As shown in Table 47, the claimed invention shows significant improvements in pain free results over other triptans which are currently used in the art. At 17.7%, 20.5%, and 26.8% pain freedom at 1 hour for the 1 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg embodiments respectively, all three strengths achieved higher levels of pain freedom than any of the other triptans. At 41.5% and 54.9% pain freedom at 2 and 4 hours, the 3.8 mg embodiment was still superior to all of the other triptans. These results are also shown graphically in
[0198] In another embodiment, there is a method for treatment or alleviation of migraine or cluster headache in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a zolmitriptan based agent, wherein the plasma zolmitriptan AUC for the first 2 hours is greater than the plasma zolmitriptan AUC following oral administration of an equivalent dose of zolmitriptan, but the plasma zolmitriptan AUC.sub.0-inf following intracutaneous administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a zolmitriptan based agent is less than the plasma zolmitriptan AUC.sub.0-inf seen after the oral administration of an equivalent dose of zolmitriptan. In one aspect of this embodiment, administration of the zolmitriptan based agent is transdermal or intracutaneous administration. In one aspect of this embodiment, the route of administration of a zolmitriptan based agent is intravenously, subcutaneously, orally, intranasally, oral inhalation, intracutaneously, transdermally, buccally, or sublingually.
[0199] In another embodiment, there is a method for treatment or alleviation of migraine or cluster headache in an individual in need thereof, of a therapeutically effective amount of a zolmitriptan based agent, wherein, in comparison to oral administration of an equivalent dose of zolmitriptan, the zolmitriptan plasma levels are increased, but the N-desmethyl zolmitriptan production is reduced, thereby reducing the likelihood for metabolite accumulation. In one aspect of this embodiment, administration of the zolmitriptan based agent is transdermal or intracutaneous administration. In one aspect of this embodiment, the route of administration of a zolmitriptan based agent is intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, orally, intranasally, oral inhalation, transdermally, buccally, or sublingually.
[0200] In another embodiment, there is a method for treatment or alleviation of migraine or cluster headache in an individual in need thereof, comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a zolmitriptan based agent, wherein, in comparison to oral administration of an equivalent dose of zolmitriptan, the apparent half-life of zolmitriptan is reduced, thereby indicating a likelihood of a reduced duration of side effects. In one aspect of this embodiment, administration of the zolmitriptan based agent is transdermal or intracutaneous administration. In one aspect of this embodiment, the route of administration of a zolmitriptan based agent is intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, orally, intranasally, oral inhalation, transdermally, buccally, or sublingually.
[0201] In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the route of administration of a zolmitriptan based agent is selected from the group consisting of intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, orally, intranasally, oral inhalation, transdermally, buccally, and sublingually.
[0202] In an aspect of this embodiment, the intracutaneously administered zolmitriptan based agent provides a pharmacokinetic profile similar to the pharmacokinetic profile provided by subcutaneous administration of an equivalent dose to the intracutaneously administered sumatriptan based agent.
[0203] In one aspect of the method where the zolmitriptan is administered, the administration of the zolmitriptan is not associated with effects on blood pressure greater than those seen with oral zolmitriptan, despite faster absorption.
[0204] In one embodiment, there is a method for treatment or alleviation of migraine or cluster headache in an individual in need thereof, comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a zolmitriptan based agent, wherein the time to achieve maximum plasma concentration (T.sub.max) was comparable to or less than the T.sub.max of an equivalent oral dose of zolmitriptan. In one aspect of this embodiment, administration of the zolmitriptan based agent is transdermal or intracutaneous administration. In one aspect of this embodiment, the route of administration of a zolmitriptan based agent is intravenously, subcutaneously, orally, intranasally, oral inhalation, intracutaneously, transdermally, buccally, or sublingually. In one aspect of these embodiments, the generation of N-desmethyl zolmitriptan is reduced relative to the generation of N-desmethyl zolmitriptan resulting from an oral dose of an equivalent amount of the zolmitriptan based agent. In another aspect of these embodiments, the absorption of the intracutaneously administered zolmitriptan based agent results in a C.sub.max of less than 50 ng/mL.
VIII. EXAMPLES
[0205] The following examples are included to demonstrate certain embodiments of the invention. Those of skill in the art should, however, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that modifications can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore all matter set forth is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
[0206] In the examples below, unless stated otherwise, the microprojection arrays were fabricated by a photo/chemical etching and formed using a controlled manufacturing process. The method is substantially similar to that described in M. Cormier et al., “Device for enhancing transdermal agent delivery or sampling,” EP0914178B1, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Drug formulation coating on the microprojection array was conducted at ambient temperature utilizing a roller drum, rotating at 50 rpm, in a drug formulation reservoir (2 mL in volume) to produce a drug coating formulation film of controlled thickness. The method is substantially similar to that described in J. C. Trautman et al., “Method and apparatus for coating skin piercing microprojections,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,372; J. C. Trautman et al., “Method and apparatus for coating skin piercing microprojections,” U.S. Pat. No. 7,435,299, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Microprojections are dipped into the film. The amount of coating is controlled by the number of dips (passes) through the drug film as well as the drug coating formulation properties. The time between each dip was a few seconds which was sufficient to dry the coated liquid formulation under ambient conditions. The reservoir was circulated with coolant to maintain a film temperature of 1° C. Since the reservoir is open to the ambient air, the coating apparatus was positioned inside a dew-point control system. Dew point control minimizes moisture condensation into or evaporation from the liquid formulation during coating. The zolmitriptan-coated microneedle arrays were assembled with adhesive backing to form a patch, and mounted on a retainer ring to form a patch assembly. The patch assembly was packaged in an aluminum pouch (Mangar, New Britain, Pa., USA), purged with dry nitrogen and heat-sealed with a Multivac heat sealer (model C400) (Multivac, Kansas City, Mo., USA).
Example 1-Zolmitriptan Coating Formulations, Characterization, Physical Properties
[0207] Zolmitriptan is a weak base with a pKa of 9.6. Solubility measurements were conducted by adding excess zolmitriptan base to 0.5 ml of 0.1 M acid and rotating the suspension overnight at 2-8° C. The suspension was then centrifuged. The supernatant was then collected and subsequently the concentration of zolmitriptan dissolved was determined. Table 2 presents the solubility results of zolmitriptan in the various acids.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Solubility of Zolmitriptan in Various Acids at 2-8° C. Aqueous Solvent Solubility (mg/mL) Citric acid 88.6 Tartaric acid 63.3 Maleic acid 50.5 Succinic acid 59.1 HCl 33.3 De-ionized water 1.3
[0208] Zolmitriptan exhibits good solubility in the various acids. It was noted that the rheological behavior of the zolmitriptan solution was affected by the counterion in the formulation for pH control. Several weak acid buffers, including one triacid (citric acid), two diacids (maleic acid and tartaric acid) were tested. The zolmitriptan formulations that were prepared with citric, maleic and tartaric acids were at pH 5.2, 4.3 and 6.2 respectively, at the pKa of the acids. The viscosity profiles of formulations including these acids were measured as a function of time. Citric and maleic acid buffered formulations exhibited rheopectic behavior, i.e., an increase in viscosity as a function of time, while formulations buffered by tartaric acid maintained relatively uniform viscosity with time. Given the overall rheological effect, tartaric acid was selected as the counterion for pH adjustment.
[0209] A liquid coating formulation of 33% w/w zolmitriptan, 11% w/w tartaric acid and 56% w/w de-ionized water formulation was prepared at pH 4.5 and contact angle on titanium substrate was determined to be 65.8 degrees indicative of poorly wettable formulation. To improve wettability of formulation on titanium, polysorbate 20 at concentration of 0.2% w/w was added to the zolmitriptan formulation. Contact angle decreased to 51.6 degrees.
[0210] Static contact angle of drug solution formulations on titanium surface was determined using a FDS contact angle meter (Model OCA15) employing an optical contact angle method called “Sessile drop”. For static contact angle measurement, a photo snapshot is taken once a drop of the solution (5 μL) is dispensed from the syringe and laid on a clean titanium foil surface. The angle between the baseline of the drop and the tangent at the drop boundary is measured on both sides. Complete measurement was obtained by averaging the two numbers. At least five readings were recorded for each sample.
[0211] Coating trials with 33% w/w zolmitriptan, 11% w/w tartaric acid, 0.2% w/w polysorbate 20, qs ad deionized water were conducted. Drug formulation coating on the microprojection array was conducted at ambient temperature utilizing a roller drum, rotating at 50 rpm, in a drug formulation reservoir (2 mL in volume) to produce a drug formulation film of controlled thickness. Microprojections were dipped into the drug film. The amount of coating was controlled by the number of dips (passes) through the drug coating formulation film. The time between each dip was only a few seconds which was sufficient to dry the coated liquid formulation under the ambient conditions. Since the reservoir was open to the ambient air, the coating apparatus was positioned inside a dew-point control system. The process is designed to match the drug film temperature to the air dew point, which prevents evaporation of the coating formulation over the duration of the manufacturing run. However, undulations in the zolmitriptan liquid formulation were noted visually, which is symptomatic of an uneven film. Concentration of zolmitriptan in the liquid formulation was increased up to 51% w/w (tartaric acid in the formulation was 17% w/w and 0.2% w/w polysorbate 20). Undulations in film were still noted with the higher solids content formulations. Subsequently, the polysorbate 20 was removed, and it was noted that the undulations were no longer present. This is a surprising and non-obvious result, because conventional teachings in pharmaceutics supported the use of surfactants to facilitate the production of a smooth, uniform coating.
[0212] In another coating embodiment, a 33% w/w zolmitriptan, 11% w/w tartaric acid and 56% w/w deionized water formulation caused high incidence of wicking on the particular microprojection array utilized, whereby the drug did not adhere to the microprojections. Although the viscosity of the formulation was 22 cP, the design of the microprojection (width of 120 μm, length 340 μm) and the thick drug film (calculated film thickness 270 μm) are such that, in each dip into the drug film the microprojections would pick a volume of liquid that cannot be dried fast enough, which leads to the drug film spreading onto the base of the microprojections. A higher solids content formulation 40% w/w zolmitriptan, 13.3% w/w tartaric acid and 46.7% w/w de-ionized water (M207), with a viscosity of 85 cP coated the microprojections uniformly and no wicking was noted. This formulation was utilized for further evaluation. Representative batch formulas are provided in Tables 3 and 4 for two strengths of microneedle array patches (internal product name M207), based on the nominal batch size of 45 g (zolmitriptan base).
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Batch Formula for M207 1 mg Component Quantity (mg/patch) Quantity (g/batch) Zolmitriptan 1 45 Tartaric Acid 0.3 15
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Batch Formula for M207 1.9 mg Component Quantity (mg/patch) Quantity (g/batch) Zolmitriptan 1.9 45 Tartaric Acid 0.6 15
Viscoelastic Properties
[0213] The 40% w/w zolmitriptan liquid formulation was evaluated for viscoelastic properties. Viscoelastic characterization of a fluid can be a useful tool for predicting the fluid's gelation tendency. H. A. Barnes, J. F. Hutton, and K. Walters, An Introduction to Rheology (Elsevier, New York, 1989). Measurement of viscoelasticity (i.e., elastic and viscous components) in a viscometer is based on a complex, theoretical model. Briefly subjecting the material to an oscillatory stress or strain, whose value is small enough not to destroy the material's structure, produces the output of phase angle. The phase angle is the ratio between the viscous modulus and the elastic modulus. A phase angle of 0 degrees corresponds to a fully elastic material, following Hooke's law of elasticity, hence suggesting a more rigid, and ordered structure. A phase angle of 90 degrees corresponds to a material with fully viscous behavior, indicating a less ordered structure which is less prone to gelation. The 40% w/w zolmitriptan liquid formulation exhibited high phase angle around 83 degrees indicating that the formulation is not susceptible to gelation.
Characterization of Mechanical Properties of ZP-Zolmitriptan Patches by Nanoindentation
[0214] Mechanical properties of zolmitriptan coating such as hardness and toughness were evaluated by nanoindentation for M207 1.9 mg patches. Nanoindentation testing was performed on individual microprojections coated with zolmitriptan after the microprojections were broken off at the base of the titanium array. For hardness measurements, the coated microprojections were sampled from the center and two edge locations of the array and 10 indentation measurements were made for each of the three locations. Hardness and reduced elastic modulus were determined using a Berkovich indenter by a Nanomechanical Test System, TriboIndenter. Toughness was determined by fracture toughness using TriboIndenter with a cube corner indenter. Five indents were made for each patch sample.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Nanoindentation results for gamma-irradiated M207 1.9 mg (L/N0203154-gamma) avg avg E.sub.r K.sub.c K.sub.c S.D. Stability avg H H S.D. avg E.sub.r S.D. (kPa * (kPa * Condition (MPa) (MPa) (GPa) (GPa) m.sup.1/2) m.sup.1/2) T0 380.89 29.27 8.20 0.33 157.02 17.87 T3M- 357.85 6.27 8.19 0.33 135.76 2.94 25° C./60% RH T3M- 329.34 42.84 7.80 0.47 126.64 3.08 40° C./75% RH T6M- 279.89 8.70 9.09 0.89 117.67 12.03 25° C./60% RH T12M- 283.61 4.01 7.15 0.05 164.96 9.20 25° C./60% RH
Dynamic Vapor Sorption
[0215] Water sorption and desorption isotherms of M207 1.9 mg patches were determined at 25° C. by DVS Intrinsic (Surface Measurement Systems, Ltd.). Each patch was exposed to a cycle of controlled relative humidity (RH) at incremental steps ascending from 0% to 65% and subsequently descending from 65% to 0%. The change in weight was continually measured by a microbalance with a 0.1 μg resolution. At each RH step the sample was allowed to reach equilibrium with dm/dt criterion of 0.0004 before moving to the next RH step. An uncoated patch was analyzed under the same conditions to determine background water uptake by the patch components other than the coated drug formulation.
Crystallinity
[0216] X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to characterize the solid state phases of dried zolmitriptan coating on patch for the M207 1.9 mg system. Non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated M207 patches were analyzed and compared to an uncoated patch of the same array design. For each patch sample to be analyzed, approximately 45-50 microprojections with zolmitriptan coating were broken off at the base of the titanium array and analyzed as bulk by XRD. XRD data was collected by a coupled Theta: 2-Theta scan on a Bruker D8 Vantec diffractometer equipped with a micro-focus copper x-ray tube with Montel optics monochromator, 0.5 mm collimator, a Vantec 500 2-D area detector and laser alignment system. XRD pattern of zolmitriptan coated microprojections were compared to that of uncoated microprojections. All the sharp peaks present in zolmitriptan coated patch samples were matched with those in the uncoated patch sample. Those sharp peaks were identified as titanium (Ti) metal based on the reference XRD data from ICDD/ICSD database, indicating the crystalline phase result from the Ti microprojection substrate. Zolmitriptan coated patches showed a broad, wide peak centered at about 180 2-Theta, which is absent in the uncoated patch sample, indicating the drug coating is amorphous material for both non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated patches. Percent crystallinity was calculated with peak profile fitting, the results are summarized in Table 6, and was monitored on stability as described below.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Phase Identification and Percent Crystallinity for M207 Patch Samples Sample Phases Present % Crystallinity Non-irradiated Ti .Math. Titanium Hexagonal, S.G: 100% (Ti) M207 P63/mmc (194) Phase Info 0% drug (LN 0203154-NI) [01-089-3725] Amorphous coating material Gamma-irradiated Ti .Math. Titanium Hexagonal, S.G: 100% (Ti) M207 P63/mmc (194) Phase Info 0% drug (LN 0203154- [01-089-3725] Amorphous coating Gamma) material Uncoated Patch Ti .Math. Titanium Hexagonal, S.G: 100% (Ti) (Array Design: P63/mmc (194) Phase Info MF1663) [01-089-3725]
[0217] Mechanical properties of zolmitriptan coating were evaluated as function of time and storage condition. Mechanical properties such as hardness, which is a measure of a material's resistance to localized plastic deformation, elastic modulus a measure of material's resistance to being deformed elastically when a force is applied to it (measure of material's stiffness) and fracture toughness, which describes the ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture, were evaluated. Multiple coated microprojections from different areas of individual ZP-Zolmitriptan patches were sampled for testing. Table 5 summarizes the results of nanohardness (H), reduced modulus elastic modulus (Er), and fracture toughness (K.sub.c) for gamma irradiated M207 1.9 mg patches stored at 25° C./60% RH for up to 12 months and at 40° C./75% RH for up to 3 months. The stability results suggest a decreasing trend in hardness and fracture toughness, and an increasing trend in the elastic modulus.
Zolmitriptan Purity and Content Quantitation
[0218] Purity of zolmitriptan was determined by the reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) method (TM-601) at wavelength of 225 nm. Chromatography for the assay was performed using a Phenomenex Kinetex EVO C18, (4.6 mm ID×150 mm, 5 μm) maintained at 30° C. The mobile phase involved a gradient elution, with solvent A: Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate buffer: MeOH:Acetonitrile, 70:20:10 (v/v), and solvent B: Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate buffer: Acetonitrile, 30:70 (v/v), and was pumped at the flow rate of 0.6 mL/min on an HPLC system (Water Alliance 2695) equipped with a binary pump, a thermostatted autosampler, column compartment, and a PDA detector. Data were collected and analyzed using Empower Pro (Empower 2 software, Waters Corporation).
In Vitro Dissolution
[0219] In vitro dissolution of M207 1.9 mg patches were evaluated using standard USP Paddle over Disk apparatus (USP apparatus 5) with Distek 2100C 6-position dissolution tester. The paddle height was set at 25 mm above patch and rotated at 50 RPM. An USP vessel was filled with degassed 500 mL PBS dissolution medium and the temperature was controlled at 32° C. A full patch assembly containing the coated patch adhered to the center of an inner ring and then attached to an outer ring was inserted along the vessel wall into the vessel with the coated microprojections facing upright. The release of zolmitriptan from the coated patch was continually monitored via quantitation of zolmitriptan concentration of the dissolution medium by UV absorbance using Pion Rainbow 6-Ch Fiber Optic System with 14 cm dip probe and 10 mm pathlength.
[0220] M207 patches stored at room temperature and at 40° C./75% relative humidity for 10 months were evaluated. The results illustrated in
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Concentration-Time of Dissolution of Zolmitriptan E-beam irradiated and Percent stored at RT for 10 months Time (s) Dissolution (% D) 0 0 20 60-80 40 90-100 60 100 80 100 100 100 Non-irradiated and stored at Percent 40° C./75% RH for 10 months Time (s) Dissolution (% D) 0 0 20 0 40 10-40 60 90-100 80 100 100 100 E-beam irradiated and stored Percent at 40° C./75% RH for 10 months Time(s) Dissolution (% D) 0 0 20 5-10 40 10-50 60 50-100 80 100 100 100
Example 2—Ex Vivo Human Skin
[0221] The in vitro, Franz, human skin finite dose model is a tool for the study of percutaneous absorption of topically applied drugs. The model uses ex vivo, human torso skin mounted in specially designed diffusion cells allowing the skin to be maintained at a temperature and humidity that match typical in vivo conditions. A finite dose (for example, 2 mg/cm.sup.2-10 mg/cm.sup.2 of a semisolid, or a transdermal delivery system) of formulation is applied to the outer surface of the skin and drug absorption is measured by monitoring its rate of appearance in the receptor solution bathing the inner surface of the skin. Data defining total absorption, rate of absorption, as well as skin content can be determined in this model.
[0222] Dosing. The zolmitriptan patches were applied to the ex-vivo skin with use of an applicator. Following dosing, the patch and the skin were immediately mounted onto a Franz Diffusion Cell.
[0223] Dermal Receptor Medium. Normal phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4±0.1) with 0.008% gentamicin sulfate (PBSg) solution was utilized when the diffusion cells were first mounted.
[0224] Diffusion Cell and Skin Preparation. Percutaneous absorption was measured using the in vitro, human skin, Franz finite dose technique. Ex vivo, dermatomed, human torso skin, without obvious signs of skin disease or damage was used in this study. The skin was provided to the testing facility as dermatomed, cryopreserved, and sealed in a water-impermeable bag with continuous storage at ˜−70° C. Prior to use, it was thawed in ˜37° C. water and then rinsed in distilled, de-ionized water (ddH2O) to remove any adherent blood or other material from the surface.
[0225] Skin from each donor was cut into multiple smaller sections large enough to fit on nominal 7 cm2 static Franz diffusion cells. The actual thickness of each skin section was measured in triplicate using a Digital Pocket Thickness Gauge (results in Table 2). Each skin section was then mounted onto a diffusion cell.
[0226] The dermal receptor compartment was filled to capacity with PBSg. The epidermal chamber (also known as the chimney or donor compartment) was left un-occluded with exposure to the ambient laboratory environment. The cells were then placed within a rack system and attached to a water circulation system from which the receptor solution was stirred magnetically at approximately 600 RPM, and its temperature was maintained to achieve a skin surface temperature of 32±1° C. (data on file). Skin was left to equilibrate for a minimum of 1 hour prior to the barrier integrity test.
[0227] One additional skin section per donor was prepared and underwent all study activities, but dosed with a placebo patch, to serve as a negative sample control.
[0228] Barrier Integrity Test. To ensure the barrier integrity of each skin section, its desorption of water was measured for trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL). A Delfin Vapometer probe was activated, placed onto the skin surface, and the TEWL value recorded. Skin mounted in diffusion cells in which TEWL was less than 25 g/m2/h were considered acceptable. Skin sections that were determined to be unacceptable for dosing may have been used as non-dosed negative sample control cells, if needed. After the barrier integrity test was complete, the receptor solution was replaced with the designated stock receptor solution of 0.1× PBSg.
[0229] Donor Demographics. The demographics of the skin donors are summarized in table 8.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Donor Demographics Skin Integrity Thickness Test Donor ID Age Race Sex (mm) (g/m.sup.2/h) NS021715 51 Black Male 0.40 ± 0.08 8.78 ± 0.66 SM081016 50 Caucasian Male 0.49 ± 0.16 8.18 ± 2.63 SG100316 50 Black Female 0.50 ± 0.21 8.80 ± 0.29
[0230] Dose Administration and Sample Collection. Prior to administration of the patches to the skin sections, a pre-dose (0 hour) sample was collected as the entirety of the receptor solution volume was withdrawn with an approximate 5 mL aliquot of the collected sample saved for subsequent analysis. The receptor solution was replaced with the designated stock receptor solution of 0.1× PBSg. The chimney was then temporarily removed from the Franz diffusion cell to allow full access to the epidermal surface of the skin.
[0231] Immediately following patch application, the skin-patch combination and the donor compartment (chimney) were replaced onto the receptor compartment of the Franz diffusion cell.
[0232] At the scheduled sampling time points (3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 minutes), the receptor solution was removed in its entirety, refilled with stock receptor solution, and an approximate 5 mL aliquot of the collected sample was saved for subsequent analysis. For sample analysis, a 5 mL aliquot was lyophilized using vacuum centrifugation and reconstituted in 0.25 mL of ddH.sub.2O.
[0233] After the last receptor sample was collected, the patch was removed for subsequent extraction and analysis. The skin surface wash was performed using two successive refluxing washes of ddH2O. Each wash cycle consisted of at least 10 refluxes. The two wash volumes from each donor cell were pooled to generate a single surface wash sample for the diffusion cell.
[0234] Following the surface wash, the skin was allowed to dry for no less than 10 minutes. Subsequently, the skin was tape stripped with up to ten (10) sequential tapes (e.g. 3M Transpore® tape) to remove and collect the stratum corneum. Tape strips were extracted overnight in ddH2O. The skin was then dismounted from the cell and separated by manual dissection into epidermis and dermis for subsequent extraction and analysis. Skin sections were extracted overnight in ddH2O.
[0235] Sample Analysis. Quantification of zolmitriptan in the collected samples was accomplished using a validated HPLC method.
[0236] Samples were analyzed on a Shimadzu Series LC System. The HPLC UV/Vis method used a solvent system consisting of a mobile phase gradient using (Solvent A) 0.1% ammonium acetate with 0.1% acetic acid in H2O and (Solvent B) methanol and was run through a Phenomenex Luna C18(2) column, (100×4.6 mm, 3μ) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min for the analysis of zolmitriptan. The column was maintained at 40° C.
[0237] Mean Flux Results. Percutaneous absorption of zolmitriptan through ex vivo human torso skin over 300 minutes from a single application (Mean±SE). The mean flux (μg/cm.sup.2/hr) is summarized in table 9 and in coordinating
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Mean Flux (μg/cm.sup.2/hr) Results: Across Donor Summary Time (hr)* ZP-Zolmitriptan 1.9 mg 0.025 385.3 ± 95.9 0.067 849.4 ± 42.1 0.125 730.5 ± 41.7 0.208 716.5 ± 46.7 0.375 408.9 ± 26.1 0.625 284.8 ± 15.0 0.875 187.7 ± 11.8 1.250 107.3 ± 8.3 1.750 63.77 ± 3.70 2.250 41.34 ± 1.00 2.750 26.22 ± 0.34 3.250 17.14 ± 0.89 3.750 11.70 ± 1.22 4.250 8.333 ± 0.751 4.750 6.436 ± 0.819
[0238] Total Absorption and Mass Balance Results. Results of percutaneous absorption of zolmitriptan into and through ex vivo human, torso skin over 300 minutes, from a single application is summarized in table 10. Mean±SE as percent of applied dose (%) and total mass (μg).
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Total Absorption and Mass Balance Results across Donor Summary Parameter ZP-Zolmitriptan 1.9 mg Receptor (μg) 1585 ± 25 Dermis (μg) 6.081 ± 0.460 Epi (μg) 6.054 ± 2.258 St. Corn. (μg) 0.929 ± 0.303 S. Wash (μg) 48.74 ± 20.74 Patch (μg) 62.11 ± 6.90 Receptor (%) 83.41 ± 1.33 Dermis (%) 0.320 ± 0.024 Epi (%) 0.319 ± 0.119 St. Corn. (%) 0.049 ± 0.016 S. Wash (%) 2.565 ± 1.092 Patch (%) 3.269 ± 0.363 Total Recovery (%) 89.94 ± 2.41
[0239] Conclusion and Discussion. Total absorbed zolmitriptan through the skin to the receptor solution was found to be 83.41±1.33% for the 1.9 mg patch. Peak flux occurred at approximately 4 minutes after application with a peak flux of 849.4±42.1 g/cm.sup.2/hr. Less than 1% of the zolmitriptan was recovered from the three skin layers at the end of the dose duration period. Mass balance was found to be approximately 90% of the applied dose.
Example 3—M207 Patch Stability
[0240] M207 patch assemblies were irradiated by e-beam and gamma irradiation up to 25 kGy dose. Subsequent irradiated patch assemblies were placed on stability at storage conditions of 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH. Results of the e-beam and gamma irradiated M207 patches are shown in Tables 11-17.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Purity of non-irradiated and e-beam irradiated Zolmitriptan Patches stored at 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH (L/N 203149) Purity by RP- Temperature HPLC Time (Month) Treatment (° C.) (%) 0 1 3 6 9 12 18 Control 25 avg ± std 99.93 ± 100.00 ± 99.90 ± 99.91 ± 99.88 ± 99.92 ± 99.90 ± Irradiated) 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 (Non- 40 avg ± std 99.93 ± 100.00 ± 99.91 ± 99.91 ± Irradiated 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 25 avg ± std 99.89 ± 100.00 ± 99.93 ± 99.88 ± 99.84 ± 99.77 ± 99.82 ± 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 40 avg ± std 99.89 ± 100.00 ± 99.93 ± 99.88 ± 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 ZP-Zolmitriptan content of non-irradiated and e-beam irradiated Zolmitriptan Patches stored at 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH (L/N 203149) Temperature Content Time (Month) Treatment (° C.) (mg/patch) 0 1 3 6 9 12 18 Non-IR 25 avg 1.709 1.698 1.740 1.771 1.701 1.758 1.870 % RSD 6.0 3.8 8.0 2.2 5.9 12.6 2.7 40 avg 1.709 1.657 1.729 1.778 % RSD 6.0 9.2 12.1 7.2 E-beam 25 avg 1.671 1.813 1.714 1.687 1.670 1.927 1.818 IR % RSD 7.9 8.6 5.8 10.1 5.3 5.6 5.4 (19-24 40 avg 1.671 1.686 1.801 1.781 kGy) % RSD 7.9 7.7 4.3 5.3
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Purity of gamma irradiated Zolmitriptan Patches stored at 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH (L/N 203154) Temperature Purity Time (Month) Treatment (° C.) (%) 0 1 3 6 9 12 Irradiated 25 avg ± 100.00 ± 99.95 ± 99.90 ± 99.87 ± 99.77 ± 99.79 ± std 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 40 avg ± 100.00 ± 99.93 ± 99.90 ± 99.86 ± std 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 ZP-Zolmitriptan content of non-irradiated and γ-irradiated Zolmitriptan Patches stored at 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH (L/N 203154) Temperature Content Time (Month) Treatment (° C.) (mg/patch) 0 1 3 6 9 12 Gamma IR 25 avg 1.855 1.690 1.771 2.006 1.719 1.876 (25 kGy) % RSD 4.2 23.5 2.4 1.8 13.5 4.5 40 avg 1.855 1.895 1.818 1.817 % RSD 4.2 7.6 11.6 1.1 Non-IR 25 avg 1.918 ND 1.874 2.001 1.840 1.950 % RSD 10.0 7.4 4.3 3.4 6.7 40 avg 1.918 1.955 1.895 % RSD 10.6 5.1 7.5 ND = Not Determined.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Total Impurity of non-irradiated and e-beam irradiated Zolmitriptan Patches stored at 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH (L/N 203122) Temperature Total Time (Month) Treatment (° C.) Impurities (%) 0 1 3 6 9 12 Non-IR 25 avg ± std 0.06 ± 0.06 ± 0.07 ± 0.01 ± 0.00 ± 0.00 ± 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 40 avg ± std 0.06 ± 0.06 ± 0.05 ± 0.02 ± 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.04 E-beam IR 25 avg ± std 0.06 ± 0.06 ± 0.06 ± 0.01 ± 0.00 ± 0.00 ± (21 kGy) 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 40 avg ± std 0.06 ± 0.09 ± 0.10 ± 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.04
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 ZP-Zolmitriptan content of non-irradiated and e-beam irradiated Zolmitriptan Patches stored at 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH (L/N 203122) Temperature Content Time (Month) Treatment (° C.) (mg/patch) 0 1 3 6 9 12 Non-IR 25 avg 1.194 1.235 1.198 1.343 1.286 1.326 % RSD 10.4 10.7 7.5 6.4 8.5 5.7 40 avg 1.194 1.236 1.279 1.315 % RSD 10.4 7.5 8.7 5.7 E-beam IR 25 avg 1.212 1.130 1.169 1.255 1.251 1.283 (21 kGy) % RSD 6.0 3.3 6.3 7.7 7.7 4.9 40 avg 1.212 1.181 1.191 1.144 % RSD 6.0 6.2 11.7 3.1
[0241] Solid-state physical stability was evaluated by XRD. Phase changes in amorphous vs. crystalline for zolmitriptan coating were examined by XRD analysis. M207 1.9 mg patches at initial time point (TO), 6 month and 12 month storage were analyzed. The drug coating was amorphous for both non-irradiated and gamma irradiated patches at TO. Gamma irradiated zolmitriptan patches stored at 25° C./60% RH for 12 months and 40° C./75% RH showed similar XRD pattern to that of TO patches. Percent crystallinity was calculated with peak profile fitting and the results are summarized in Table 16, below. No crystalline phase was detected for zolmitriptan formulation solids coated on gamma-irradiated patches stored under both intended (25° C./60% RH) and accelerated storage conditions (40° C./75% RH) for 12 and 6 months respectively.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Phase identification and percent crystallinity for gamma-irradiated M207 1.9 mg (L/N0203154-gamma) Stability Condition Phase Present % Crystallinity T0 Ti • Titanium 100% (Ti) Hexagonal, S.G: P63/mmc (194) 0% (drug) Phase Info [01-089-3725] Amorphous material (drug coating) 6 months Ti • Titanium 100% (Ti) storage at Hexagonal, S.G: P63/mmc (194) 0% (drug) 25° C./60% RH Phase Info [01-089-3725] Amorphous material (drug coating) 6 months Ti • Titanium 100% (Ti) storage at Hexagonal, S.G: P63/mmc (194) 0% (drug) 40° C./75% RH Phase Info [01-089-3725] Amorphous material (drug coating) 12 months Ti • Titanium 100% (Ti) storage at Hexagonal, S.G: P63/mmc (194) 0% (drug) 25° C./60% RH Phase Info [01-089-3725] Amorphous material (drug coating)
[0242] As described herein, zolmitriptan coated microneedles were exposed to a dose of radiation in the range of approximately 7-30 kGy. More preferably in the range of 15-30 kGy to a sterility assurance level of 10.sup.−5 to 10.sup.−6. Table 17 shows 12 month stability results of irradiated and non-irradiated zolmitriptan patches that were stored at 25° C. and 40° C.
Example 4—Drug-Device Combination Product
[0243] A novel drug-device combination product (M207) was made according to the present disclosure. M207 is an intracutaneous delivery system comprising a disposable titanium microprojection member centered on an adhesive backing to form a patch. This patch was mounted in a plastic retainer ring to form a patch assembly. The patch is comprised of microneedles that are coated with the drug product formulation and dried. The retainer ring facilitates mounting of the patch to the bottom of a handheld applicator. This applicator ensures the patch is applied with a defined application energy to the site of administration. The combination of the patch assembly and the applicator comprises the intracutaneous delivery system. The applicator is held in one's hand to apply the patch. The applicator cap is twisted to unlock the applicator. When the applicator is pressed against the skin, a plunger pushes the patch out of the retainer ring and applies it to the skin.
[0244] When one applies the patch to the skin, the patch stays on the skin and the plastic ring stays on the applicator and is later detached and thrown away. The delivery system was designed to rapidly deliver a 1 mg, 1.9 mg, or 3.8 mg dose of zolmitriptan intracutaneously. The unit formulas for the M207 drug products are provided in Table 18.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Unit Formula for M207 Drug Product Amount per 1 mg Amount per Component Unit (mg/patch) 1.9 mg Unit Function Zolmitriptan 1 1.9 Active Tartaric acid 0.3 0.6 pH modifier Nitrogen N/A N/A Inert atmosphere for storage
[0245] The zolmitriptan-coated titanium microneedle array is a 3 cm.sup.z array consisting of about 1987 or about 997 titanium microneedles for the 1.9 mg or 1 mg drug product, respectively. It is affixed to an approximately 5 cm.sup.2 adhesive patch. The patch may be mounted inside a polycarbonate plastic retainer ring with a co-molded desiccant. The desiccant may alternatively attached to the lid of foil pouch. The completed patch assembly is packaged in a dry nitrogen-purged foil pouch. The user prepares the patch for application by pressing the handheld applicator onto the patch assembly. The applicator comprises a spring-loaded piston for applying the patch to the user's skin (
[0246] The drug-coated microneedles penetrate or pierce the stratum corneum of the skin, enabling drug delivery. Upon administration, the solid zolmitriptan coating rapidly dissolves off of the microneedles in the interstitial fluid in the skin to form a solution and is available for absorption. The patch is removed after about 30 minutes.
[0247] The M207 system components are listed in Table 19:
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 M207 System Components Component Formulation Contact Material Function Patch Assembly and Pouch Primary Container Closure Microneedle Titanium Microneedles hold drug formulation and Array pierce the stratum corneum to enable Adhesive Patch Acrylate adhesive with Affixes the microneedle array to the inner polyethylene backing ring prior to delivery. Holds array in position Inner Ring None Holds adhesive patch. Assembled to Outer Outer Ring None Desiccant co-molded with the outer ring removes residual moisture from patch and maintains low-moisture environment during storage. Ring engages with applicator to Pouch None Low oxygen and low vapor Nitrogen Nitrogen Inert, low-moisture atmosphere for drug Desiccant Maintains low moisture atmosphere Applicator Provides consistent energy for repeatable patch application to a defined depth of Top None Covers internal workings. Upper Post None Limits travel of piston. Engages with cap to create ratchet mechanism for unidirectional Twist Cup, Inner None Contains ledge for lockout function, and indexing cams which force rotation and align Twist Cup, Outer None Grip surface for user interface. Contains
Doming Spring None Provides consistent force to dome skin and trigger the device. After patch application Inner Cup None Provides structural support and bearing Lower Post None Provides guidance for piston and holds the Trigger None Latches on piston to retain during compression of piston spring. During user actuation, at point of full compression, the Clear Bottom None Engages with Outer Ring of Patch. Holds
Piston Spring None Provides energy for application of Adhesive Piston None Motive member which transfers energy from Piston Spring to Adhesive Patch, enabling
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
Example 5-Human PK Clinical Trial
[0248] An evaluation in humans of the M207 product was performed. In this Phase 1 study, commercially available oral zolmitriptan tablet 2.5 mg and subcutaneous sumatriptan 6.0 mg were included as comparators. As described in the examples above, M207 consists of a titanium array of microneedles coated with zolmitriptan, administered intracutaneously via a patch applied by a specialized applicator. The aim of this trial was to provide information on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of the M207 system. Assessment of the tolerability of various doses of intracutaneous zolmitriptan to a standard oral dose (2.5 mg) of zolmitriptan was also completed together with an assessment of reactions at the application site.
[0249] Specifically, the study compared single administrations of five regimens of M207, as well as 2.5 mg of oral zolmitriptan tablet and 6.0 mg of subcutaneous sumatriptan in a 7-way crossover design in 20 healthy volunteers. Analysis of the plasma samples for concentrations of zolmitriptan, N-desmethyl zolmitriptan and sumatriptan were performed at Quest Pharmaceutical Services in Groningen, Holland, by assays known in the art. In this study, the administration of M207 systems resulted in a rapid time to maximum concentration (T.sub.max), comparable exposure to orally administered zolmitriptan, but displayed reduced exposure to the major metabolite, N-desmethyl zolmitriptan. The doses assessed in this study using the M207 system were 0.48 mg, 0.96 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg.
[0250] The first 4 administrations of zolmitriptan utilized 5 cm.sup.2 patches and a 0.26 Joule applicator in the intracutaneous microneedle system described herein. The final treatment administered was 3.8 mg on a 10 cm.sup.2 patch using an applicator with 0.52 Joule of application energy in the intracutaneous microneedle system described herein. The products tested were:
[0251] M207 0.48 mg patch assembly: The zolmitriptan 0.48 mg patch consisted of a 3 cm.sup.2 titanium array of microprojections that were nominally 340 μm in length coated with 0.48 mg of zolmitriptan. The array was applied to the center of a 5 cm.sup.2 tan adhesive backing to form the patch. The patch was attached to the interior of a white to off-white polycarbonate ring co-molded with a desiccant, and this patch assembly was packaged in a foil pouch.
[0252] M207 1.9 mg patch assembly: The zolmitriptan 1.9 mg patch consisted of a 3 cm.sup.2 titanium array of microprojections that were nominally 340 μm in length coated with 1.9 mg of zolmitriptan. The array was applied to the center of a 5 cm.sup.2 tan adhesive backing to form the patch. The patch was attached to the interior of a white to off-white polycarbonate ring co-molded with a desiccant, and this patch assembly was packaged in a foil pouch.
[0253] M207 3.8 mg patch assembly: The zolmitriptan 3.8 mg patch consisted of a 5.5 cm.sup.2 titanium array of microprojections that were nominally 340 μm in length coated with 3.8 mg of zolmitriptan. The array was applied to the center of a 10 cm.sup.2 tan adhesive backing to form the patch. The patch was attached to the interior of a white to off-white polycarbonate ring co-molded with a desiccant, and this patch assembly was packaged in a foil pouch.
Study Design
[0254] This was a single-center, open-label, randomized five-way crossover study (Part 1) followed by a sequential study of two additional treatments (Parts 2 and 3). After obtaining informed consent and establishing eligibility, each subject received each of the seven study treatments once, followed by in-clinic monitoring and extensive blood sample collection for pharmacokinetic analysis. Dosing days in Part 1 occurred between 48-120 hours apart, until completion of dosing for Treatments A-E (see Table 20) in randomized order per the treatment sequence tables. Plasma samples from the initial dosing days were sent to the analytical laboratory for analysis, and tolerability for each of the dose levels was summarized. Tolerability was judged to be acceptable, and subjects returned for Part 2. During Part 2, subjects received intracutaneous administered zolmitriptan in 1.9 mg×2 patches (applied with the same 0.26 J applicator used in Part 1), and completed identical procedures to Part 1. During Part 3, subjects received a single 3.8 mg patch (applied with a 0.52 J applicator) and also completed identical procedures to the previous dosing days. After completion of the seven dosing days, subjects were assessed one final time and dismissed from the study.
[0255] The treatments used in the trial were as listed in Table 20 below:
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Treatments Used In Trial TREATMENTS Part 1 (Cross-Over Design) Treatment A M207 intracutaneous system 0.48 mg Treatment B M207 intracutaneous system 0.48 mg × 2 Treatment C M207 intracutaneous system 1.9 mg Treatment D Zolmitriptan 2.5 mg oral Treatment E Sumatriptan 6.0 mg SC Part 2 Treatment F Zolmitriptan intracutaneous system 1.9 mg × 2 Part 3 Treatment G Zolmitriptan intracutaneous system 3.8 mg
[0256] Twenty subjects were enrolled in the study, 10 males and 10 females. The subjects mean age was 29 years±3.5 years with a mean BMI of 24.4±3.5. With the exception of one subject who missed one treatment visit, all subjects completed all 7 treatment visits of the study, and received all 7 study treatments. In two subjects (#1010 in Treatment A and #2010 in Treatment D), very few post-dose blood samples were collected at one visit due to difficulties with venous access, but for all the rest of the subjects, virtually all of the scheduled pharmacokinetic blood samples (14 per visit) were collected for analyses.
[0257] Tolerability in Part 1 was considered acceptable, and following a review of the safety data and pharmacokinetic data from the first five dosing periods, and a discussion between the sponsor and the Principal Investigator, subjects proceeded to Parts 2 and 3 and completed those visits. The collected serum was analyzed for zolmitriptan and N-desmethyl zolmitriptan using methods well known in the art, such as using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method.
Pharmacokinetics
[0258] The M207 patch was well-tolerated and rapid absorption was observed which were believed to potentially translate to fast pain relief for migraine or cluster headache patients. The Phase 1 results demonstrating the fast absorption of M207 that is characteristic of Zosano's microneedle patch and applicator system are illustrated below:
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 M207 Characteristic of Zosano's Microneedle Patch C.sub.max (SD) T.sub.max (range) AUC.sub.0-2 hr (SD) AUC.sub.0-last (SD) ng/ml min ng/ml hour ng/ml hour A M207 0.48 mg 1.8 (0.53) 20 (2-30) 2.1 (0.73) 2.8 (1.36) B M207 2 × 0.48 mg 3.7 (1.05) 20 (2-30) 4.2 (0.95) 6.5 (1.97) C M207 1.9 mg 6.8 (2.75) 20 (2-30) 7.4 (2.53) 12.3 (4.31) F M207 2 × 1.9 mg 14.6 (4.46) 17.5 (2-30) 16.4 (5.34) 27.8 (9.93) G M207 3.8 mg 22.6 (14.00) 15 (2-30) 19.3 (5.37) 31.7 (8.35) D Zolmitriptan 2.5 mg Oral Tablet 3.8 (1.51) 60 (30-240) 4.7 (2.24) 22.2 (10.79)
[0259] The mean plasma concentration versus time data, for each of the six (6) zolmitriptan regimens administered are shown in
[0260] Based on the results presented in
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Zolmitriptan Group PK values GROUP PARAMETER T.sub.max t.sub.1/2 C.sub.max AUC.sub.t AUC.sub.inf AUC.sub.2 hrs A N 19 19 19 19 19 19 (0.48 Mean 17.32 69.06 1.84 2.81 3.81 2.11 mg) (SD) (12.10) (16.26) (0.53) (1.36) (1.46) (0.73) Median 20 64.62 1.8 2.78 3.78 2.11 Range 2, 30 46.2, 0.64, 0.39, 1.37, 0.39, 101.46 2.93 6.23 7.5 3.53 CV % 69.90% 23.50% 29.00% 48.30% 38.30% 34.40% B N 20 20 20 20 20 20 (0.48 Mean 18.35 77.22 3.70 6.45 7.71 4.15 mg × 2) (SD) (11.23) (17.46) (1.05) (1.97) (2.03) (0.95) Median 20 81.96 3.63 6.55 7.85 4.19 Range 2, 30 41.76, 1.96, 3.16, 4.22, 2.46, 96.84 6.32 9.52 10.98 5.81 CV % 61.20% 22.60% 28.40% 30.50% 26.30% 22.90% C N 20 20 20 20 20 20 (1.9 Mean 17.85 87.84 6.76 12.29 14.14 7.36 mg) (SD) (12.58) (16.74) (2.75) (4.31) (4.54) (2.53) Median 20.00 84.72 6.40 12.69 14.50 7.75 Range 2, 30 61.20, 3.14, 5.01 6.55, 3.44, 124.98 13.20 19.59 20.95 11.46 CV % 70.50% 19.10% 40.60% 35.10% 32.10% 34.40% D N 19 18 19 19 18 19 (2.5 mg Mean 107.37 196.44 3.77 22.20 27.19 4.72 oral) (SD) (76.37) (48.18) (1.51) (10.79) (11.34) (2.24) Median 60 196.8 3.7 22.65 27.1 4.92 Range 30, 117.84, 1.66, 7.47, 14.33, 1.73, 240 288.72 6.77 46.85 55.14 9.97 CV % 71.10% 24.50% 40.00% 48.60% 41.70% 47.50% F N 20 20 20 20 20 20 (1.9 mg × Mean 17.10 91.70 14.61 27.77 30.12 16.44 2) (SD) (11.82) (18.7) (4.46) (9.93) (10.13) (5.34) Median 17.5 96.2 14.15 28.05 30.61 16.68 Range 2, 30 60.90, 7.09, 13.24, 14.50, 7.38, 123.10 25.50 51.33 53.38 29.32 CV % 69.10% 20.40% 30.50% 35.70% 33.60% 32.50% G N 20 20 20 20 20 20 (3.8 Mean 16.10 91.00 22.56 31.65 33.81 19.33 mg) (SD) (11.63) (18.80) (14.00) (8.35) (7.95) (5.37) Median 5 87.20 19.9 29.93 32.2 18.42 Range 2, 30 60.90, 9.03, 16.90, 19.01, 9.96, 130.60 70.4 44.33 46.41 29.55 CV % 72.20% 20.60% 62.10% 26.40% 23.50% 27.80%
[0261] Likely most relevant to the potential utility of this product for the treatment of migraine or cluster headache is the T.sub.max for the intracutaneous administered zolmitriptan regimens, showing much more rapid absorption of the zolmitriptan from intracutaneous administration, than from oral administration.
[0262] The pharmacokinetic parameters following intracutaneous administered zolmitriptan were on average very similar when comparing the results in male subjects with the results seen in female subjects, as shown in
[0263] The active metabolite, N-desmethyl zolmitriptan was detectable in all subjects dosed at the five higher dose regimens. The N-desmethyl zolmitriptan pharmacokinetic parameters for each of the zolmitriptan regimens are shown in the following Table 23.
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 N-desmethyl Zolmitriptan Metabolite Group PK value GROUP PARAMETER T.sub.max t.sub.1/2 C.sub.max AUC.sub.t AUC.sub.inf AUC.sub.2 hrs A N 18 16 18 18 16 18 (0.48 mg) Mean (SD) 65.00 198.41 0.22 0.70 1.38 0.31 (18.55) (98.20) (0.05) (0.31) (0.476) (0.10) Median 60.00 173.70 0.22 0.78 1.42 0.32 Range 30.00, 86.23, 0.14, 0.19, 0.68, 0.10, 120.00 511.18 0.37 1.26 2.50 0.51 CV % 28.5% 49.5% 24.6% 44.5% 34.5% 31.8% B N 20 20 20 20 20 20 (0.48 mg × Mean (SD) 57.75 196.71 0.42 1.56 2.43 0.62 2) (14.00) (104.70) (0.11) (0.57) (0.78) (0.17) Median 60.00 168.2 0.43 1.42 2.49 0.61 Range 15.00, 122.4, 0.23, 0.94, 1.44, 0.32, 90.00 592.5 0.60 3.39 4.42 0.94 CV % 24.2% 53.2% 27.0% 36.4% 31.9% 26.9% C N 20 20 20 20 20 20 (1.9 mg) Mean (SD) 61.50 182.9 0.74 3.01 3.65 1.07 (18.14) (59.2) (0.31) (1.29) (1.22) (0.47) Median 60.00 165.7 0.81 3.03 3.62 1.12 Range 30.00, 87.3, 0.29, 1.10, 1.58, 0.41, 90.00 282.8 1.12 5.37 5.91 1.64 CV % 29.5% 32.3% 42.8% 42.8% 33.4% 44.3% D N 19 19 19 19 19 19 (2.5 mg Mean (SD) 162.63 192.9 2.08 13.71 14.55 2.31 oral) (77.02) (68.1) (0.50) (2.91) (3.06) (0.93) Median 120.00 164.6 2.04 13.76 14.31 2.24 Range 60.00, 127.9, 1.40, 9.39, 9.90, 0.73, 240.00 348.9 3.40 19.90 20.58 4.64 CV % 47.4% 35.3% 24.1% 21.3% 21.0% 40.3% F N 20 20 20 20 20 20 (1.9 mg × Mean (SD) 63.00 169.0 1.41 6.50 7.22 2.15 2) (13.42) (27.3) (0.46) (2.30) (2.34) (0.72) Median 60.00 162.2 1.62 6.75 7.52 2.24 Range 30.00, 117.1, 0.65, 2.68, 3.43, 0.92, 90.00 215.3 2.05 10.74 11.45 3.45 CV % 21.3% 16.1% 32.4% 35.4% 32.5% 33.3% G N 20 20 20 20 20 20 (3.8 mg) Mean (SD) 54.74 162.0 1.77 7.55 8.17 2.66 (16.11) (31.30) (0.63) (1.98) (1.96) (0.83) Median 60.00 155.3 1.78 7.48 8.16 2.69 Range 20.00, 111.1, 0.77, 3.39, 3.84, 1.19, 90.00 239.1 3.54 10.56 11.18 4.64 CV % 29.4% 19.3% 35.5% 26.3% 24.0% 31.0%
[0264] The levels of N-desmethyl zolmitriptan were significantly lower after M207 zolmitriptan intracutaneous administration than those seen following oral administration (Treatment D).
[0265] PK parameters were summarized by treatment group using descriptive statistics (arithmetic means, standard deviations, coefficients of variation, sample size, minimum, maximum, and median). In addition, geometric means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for AUC.sub.2 hrs, AUC.sub.t, AUC.sub.inf and C.sub.max. For each of the zolmitriptan treatments, the ratio of AUC.sub.inf N-desmethyl zolmitriptan/AUC.sub.inf zolmitriptan was calculated for each subject; a group mean was determined.
[0266] Dose proportionality was evaluated for the three doses of M207; dose proportionality was not based solely on a strict statistical rule. The relationship between dose and PK parameters of zolmitriptan were examined using a graphical approach and by descriptive statistics. Graphs of apparent dose linearity and proportionality of PK parameters (AUC.sub.t, AUC.sub.inf and C.sub.max) were compiled.
[0267] Rapid absorption of zolmitriptan was seen after intracutaneous patch application; mean peak plasma concentrations (T.sub.max) occurred between 16.1 and 18.4 minutes. This was similar to sumatriptan SC injection (12.5±4.4 minutes) and considerably quicker than zolmitriptan tablets (107.4±76.4 minutes [1.8±1.27 hours]).
[0268] The mean (±SD) elimination half life (t½) for M207 systems was 1.15 0.27 hours up to 1.53±0.31 hours across the dose range of 0.48 mg to 3.8 mg, respectively. Elimination of zolmitriptan following zolmitriptan tablets (3.27±0.8 hours) was almost twice as slow as M207.
[0269] The mean (±SD) maximum plasma concentration (C.sub.max) of zolmitriptan tablets was 3.77±1.51 ng/mL. The administration of 2×0.48 mg patches provided an almost equivalent maximum concentration of 3.70±1.05 ng/mL; C.sub.max for Group C (1.9 mg) administered as a single patch was almost double (6.76±2.75 ng/mL). Groups F and G produced maximum plasma concentrations 3.9 times (14.61±4.46 ng/mL) and 6 times (22.56 14.0 ng/mL) that of zolmitriptan tablets, respectively.
[0270] Mean (+SD) total exposure (AUC.sub.inf) was 3.81±1.46 ng.Math.H/mL for M207 0.48 mg and 33.81±7.95 ng.Math.H/mL for M207 3.8 mg applied as single patches. Treatment with M207 patches in Groups F and G produced a similar exposure (AUC.sub.inf) to zolmitriptan tablets (30.12, 33.81 ng.Math.H/mL, respectively). The mean exposure (AUC.sub.inf) for M207 was proportional (y=8.31) to the dose for single patch administration. The concentration-time curve over zero to two hours for all treatments is displayed in
[0271] Plasma concentrations were slightly higher in males than females for the higher doses, Group F (2×1.9 mg) and Group G (3.8 mg). There did not appear to be a difference between genders at lower doses (Groups A [0.48 mg] to C [1.9 mg]).
[0272] The relative bioavailability of M207 systems was compared to zolmitriptan tablets using the following formula:
[0273] The mean total exposure for M207 intracutaneous microneedle systems was less, relative to zolmitriptan tablets (range: 0.70-0.86). However, the mean peak exposure was 2.35 to 3.73 fold higher for intracutaneous zolmitriptan compared to zolmitriptan tablets.
[0274] A summary of the key calculated pharmacokinetic parameters from the study are shown in Table 24.
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Mean (SD) PK parameters (0-24 hours) for All Treatments Group Formulation T.sub.max t.sub.1/2 C.sub.max AUC.sub.inf AUC.sub.t AUC.sub.2 hrs F.sub.rel F.sub.rel (dose) Parameter (min) (H) (ng/ml) (ng .Math. H/mL) (ng .Math. H/mL) (ng .Math. H/mL) AUC.sub.inf C.sub.max A Mean 17.3 1.15 1.84 3.81 2.81 2.11 0.73 2.60 ZP-Zolmitriptan (SD) (12.1) (0.27) (0.53) (1.46) (1.36) (0.73) (0.48 mg) N = 19 B Mean 18.4 1.29 3.70 7.71 6.45 4.15 0.77 2.65 ZP-Zolmitriptan (SD) (11.2) (0.29) (1.05) (2.03) (1.97) (0.95) (0.48 mg × 2) N = 20 C Mean 17.9 1.46 6.76 14.14 12.29 7.36 0.70 2.35 ZP-Zolmitriptan (SD) 12.6 (0.28) (2.75) (4.54) (4.31) (2.53) (1.9 mg) N = 20 D Mean 107.4 3.27 3.77 27.19 22.20 4.72 — — Zolmitriptan (SD) 76.4 (0.80) (1.51) (11.34) (10.79) (2.24) oral tablet (2.5 mg) N = 19 E Mean 12.5 1.14 88.80 105.23 100.88 70.88 — — Sumatriptan SC (SD) 4.4 (0.31) (27.56) (23.14) (23.29) (14.15) (6.0 mg/0.5 mL) N = 20 F Mean 17.1 1.53 14.61 30.12 27.77 16.44 0.74 2.63 ZP-Zolmitriptan (SD) (11.8) (0.31) (4.46) (10.13) (9.93) (5.34) (1.9 mg × 2) N = 20 G Mean 16.1 1.52 22.56 33.81 31.65 19.33 0.86 3.73 ZP-Zolmitriptan (SD) (11.6) (0.31) (14.00) (7.95) (8.35) (5.37) (3.8 mg) N = 20
[0275] Approximately twice the amount of the active metabolite, N-desmethyl zolmitriptan was formed following zolmitriptan oral administration (mean 59.8±16%) compared to those seen following M207 (Table 25).
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 N-desmethyl Zolmitriptan/Zolmitriptan Metabolite Ratio GROUP PARAMETER A B C D F G Metabolite ratio (0.48 mg) (0.48 mg × (1.9 mg) (2.5 mg (1.9 mg × (3.8 mg) N 16 20 20 18 20 20 Mean (%) 35.1 31.7 25.9 59.8 24.3 24.2 (SD) (10.1) (5.8) (3.6) (16.0) (4.2) (3.8) Median (%) 33.6 31.1 25.2 56.9 23.4 24.0 Range (min, max %) 23.1, 61.9 22.4, 46.2 19.5, 35.7 29.9, 89.4 17.6, 34.1 19.0, 32.1
[0276] The relative bioavailability of the active metabolite, N-desmethyl zolmitriptan produced for M207 patches was compared to zolmitriptan tablets using the following formula:
[0277] There was less conversion to the N-desmethyl zolmitriptan metabolite for M207 patches compared to zolmitriptan tabs (F.sub.rel AUC range: 0.32-0.46) and approximately 50% less rate of exposure for M207 patches compared to zolmitriptan tablets based the relative bioavailability of C.sub.max.
[0278] Plasma concentrations of the N-desmethyl metabolite reached maximum at around 1 hour (range: 54.7-65.0 minutes) for M207 administered via the intracutaneous route compared to (162.6 minutes [2.71 H] for zolmitriptan tablets,
[0279] Mean maximum plasma concentration (C.sub.max) for the M207 0.48 mg dose was 0.22 ng/mL and 1.77 ng/mL for the 3.8 mg strength compared to 2.08 ng/mL for zolmitriptan tablets. Mean AUC.sub.inf was 1.38 ng.Math.H/mL for the 0.48 mg strength up to 8.17 ng.Math.H/mL for the 3.8 mg strength versus 14.55 ng.Math.H/mL for zolmitriptan tablets. The extent (C.sub.max and AUC.sub.inf) of the N-desmethyl metabolite for M207 patches were directly proportional (y=0.4127 and 2.022, respectively) to the dose and considerably lower than that for zolmitriptan tablets. See
[0280] A summary of the mean pharmacokinetic parameters for N-desmethyl zolmitriptan is detailed in Table 26.
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 26 Mean (SD) PK parameters for N-desmethyl zolmitriptan metabolite Group Formulation T.sub.max t.sub.1/2 C.sub.max AUC.sub.inf AUC.sub.t F.sub.rel F.sub.rel (dose) Parameter (min) (H) (ng/mL) (ng .Math. H/mL) (ng .Math. H/mL) AUC.sub.inf C.sub.max A ZP-Zolmitriptan Mean 65.0 3.31 0.22 1.38 0.70 0.46 0.52 (0.48 mg) SD (18.6) (1.64) (0.05) (0.48) (0.31) B ZP-Zolmitriptan Mean 57.8 3.28 0.42 2.43 1.56 0.43 0.52 (0.48 mg × 2) SD (14.0) (1.75) (0.11) (0.78) (0.57) C ZP-Zolmitriptan Mean 61.5 3.05 0.74 3.65 3.01 0.32 0.43 (1.9 mg) SD (18.1) (0.99) (0.32) (1.22) (1.29) D Zolmitriptan oral Mean 162.6 3.22 2.08 14.55 13.71 tablet (2.5 mg) SD (77.0) (1.14) (0.50) (3.06) (2.91) F ZP-Zolmitriptan Mean 63.0 2.82 1.41 7.21 6.50 0.32 0.43 (1.9 mg× 2) SD (13.4) (0.45) (0.48) (2.34) (2.30) G ZP-Zolmitriptan Mean 54.7 2.70 1.77 8.17 7.55 0.36 0.52 (3.8 mg) SD (16.1) (0.52) (0.63) (1.96) (1.98)
[0281] M207 also tended to have less intragroup variability (as indicated by the CV % s) for the AUC.sub.inf parameter compared to the zolmitriptan tablets.
Dose Linearity for M207 System Administration
[0282] A positive linear association and was seen for C.sub.max (y=4.81), AUC.sub.t (y=7.61) and AUC.sub.inf (y=8.31) for both single (0.48 mg, 1.9 mg and 3.8 mg) and multiple (0.48 mg×2 and 1.9 mg×2) system administration. See
[0283] M207 patch administration resulted in rapid peak plasma concentrations (T.sub.max) that occurred within 20 minutes of patch application. This compared favorably with 12.5 minutes for SC sumatriptan and offers a considerable improvement over conventional release oral zolmitriptan tablets (1.8 hours). Elimination rate (t.sub.1/2) for M207 was shorter, approximately twice the rate of zolmitriptan tablets (1.2-1.5 hours versus 3.3 hours).
[0284] C.sub.max for zolmitriptan tablets was 3.77 ng/mL. Treatment with M207 patches in Groups C (1.9 mg), F (1.9 mg×2) and G (3.8 mg) produced 1.8, 3.9 and 6 times higher mean peak plasma concentration than zolmitriptan 2.5 mg tablets. Multiple patch administration with 2×0.48 mg M207 produced a comparable C.sub.max (3.70 ng/mL) to oral zolmitriptan tablets.
[0285] Treatment with M207 patches in Groups F and G produced a similar exposure (AUC.sub.inf) to oral zolmitriptan tablets (30.12, 33.81 and 27.19 ng.Math.H/mL, respectively). However, the mean total exposure (AUC.sub.inf) for M207 patches was less (0.700-0.86) and the mean peak exposure (C.sub.max) was 2.35 to 3.73 fold higher, relative to oral zolmitriptan tablets.
[0286] The time to peak plasma concentration of the N-desmethyl metabolite from M207 was considerably faster at around 1 hour versus 2.7 hours for oral zolmitriptan. However, the extent of metabolite produced from M207 was about 50% less than oral zolmitriptan tablets. The key PK findings are summarized in Table 27 below.
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 27 Key Pharmacokinetic Parameters AUC.sub.0-2 hr AUC.sub.0-last Dose C.sub.max (SD) T.sub.max Med (SD) ng/mL (SD) ng/mL AUC.sub.0-last BA v (mg) ng/mL (Range) hour hour Dose Oral A (ZP Zolmi) 0.48 1.8 (0.53) 20 (2-30) 2.1 (0.73) 2.8 (1.36) 5.8 67% B (ZP Zolmi) 0.48 × 2 3.7 (1.05) 20 (2-30) 4.2 (0.95) 6.5 (1.97) 7.5 87% C (ZP Zolmi) 1.9 6.8 (2.75) 20 (2-30) 7.4 (2.53) 12.3 (4.31) 6.5 76% F (ZP Zolmi) 1.9 × 2 14.6 (4.46) 17.5 (2-30) 16.4 (5.34) 27.8 (9.93) 7.3 85% G (ZP Zolmi) 3.8 22.6 (14.00) 15 (2-30) 19.3 (5.37) 31.7 (8.35) 8.3 97% D (Oral 2.5 3.8 (1.51) 60 (30-240) 4.7 (2.24) 22.2 (10.79) 8.6 100% Zolmi) E (SC Suma) 6.0 88.8 (27.56) 10 (5-20) 70.9 (14.15) 100.9 (23.29) 16.8
[0287] Perhaps most relevant to the potential utility of this product for the treatment of migraine or cluster headache is the T.sub.max for the M207 regimens, showing much more rapid absorption of the zolmitriptan from intracutaneous administration, than from oral administration.
[0288] A comparison of exposure is provided in Table 28 below.
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 28 Comparison of exposure—M207 vs. Oral Zolmitriptan (Phase 1 Study and Literature Comparisons) AUC.sub.0-last Treatment (Study) C.sub.max (ng/ml) (ng/ml * hr) M207 0.96 mg (Study) 3.73 6.5 M207 1.9 mg (Study) 6.40 12.3 M207 2 × 1.9 mg (Study) 14.6 27.8 Zolmitriptan 2.5 mg oral 3.8 22.2 (Study) Zolmitriptan 10 mg oral 16.6(M)-20.9(F) 84.4(M)-108.6(F) (Seaber1997)
[0289] There was excellent dose linearity observed for high and low dose for C.sub.max and AUC.sub.inf. M207 was well-tolerated. Adverse events (AE) were predominantly mild (87%), of a short (<24 hour) duration and the majority were consistent with events previously reported with zolmitriptan (88%). There were no severe or serious AEs. Transient changes in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure occurred, and for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the pressure values returned to pre treatment levels 1-2 hours after drug administration. No significant ECG changes occurred. Application of the patch was tolerated well with mostly mild to moderate reactions that resolved after 24 hours. Local tolerability of the 3.8 mg patch applied with greater force (0.52 J) was not as favorable as the other regimens.
[0290] The M207 intracutaneous delivery system offers pharmacokinetic advantages over zolmitriptan tablets that should result in a faster onset of action, comparable exposure and reduced first-pass metabolism with the lowered potential for drug interactions and adverse events. Importantly, delivery is via a method that does not involve the gastrointestinal route or the injection method. Further comparison to the zolmitriptan conventional oral tablet is set forth below in Tables 29 and 30.
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 29 Ratios of M207 vs. Group D (oral zolmitriptan 2.5 mg tablets) PARAMETER GROUP (dose) Ratios vs. Group D A B C F G (2.5 mg) (0.48 mg) (0.48 mg × 2) (1.9 mg) (1.9 mg × 2) (3.8 mg) C.sub.max Ratio vs. D 0.50 1.02 1.79 4.00 5.56 90% CI 0.42, 0.60 0.85, 1.2 1.52, 2.13 3.23, 5.00 4.55, 7.14 AUC.sub.1 Ratio vs. D 0.12 0.31 0.58 1.32 1.55 90% CI 0.10, 0.15 0.25, 0.38 0.47, 0.71 1.09, 1.59 1.28, 1.87 AUC.sub.inf Ratio vs. D 0.14 0.3 0.53 1.15 1.32 90% CI 0.12, 0.16 0.25, 0.35 0.45, 0.62 0.97, 1.35 1.12, 1.56 AUC.sub.2 hrs Ratio vs. D 0.46 0.96 1.63 3.69 4.41 90% CI 0.38, 0.55 0.80, 1.15 1.36, 1.96 3.04, 4.48 3.63, 5.36
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 30 Ratios of N-desmethyl Zolmitriptan vs. Group D (oral zolmitriptan 2.5 mg tablets) PARAMETER GROUP (dose) Ratio vs. Group D A B C F G (2.5 mg oral) (0.48 mg) (0.48 mg × 2) (1.9 mg) (1.9 mg × 2) (3.8 mg) C.sub.max Ratio vs. D 0.10 0.02 0.32 0.65 0.79 90% CI 0.09, 0.11 0.18, 0.23 0.26, 0.37 0.56, 076 0.68, 0.93 AUC.sub.1 Ratio vs. D 0.04 0.11 0.20 0.45 0.54 90% CI 0.04, 0.05 0.09, 0.13 0.17, 0.24 0.39, 0.53 0.46, 0.63 AUC.sub.inf Ratio vs. D 0.09 0.16 0.24 0.48 0.55 90% CI 0.08, 0.10 0.14, 0.19 0.21, 0.28 0.42, 0.55 0.48, 0.63 AUC.sub.2 hrs Ratio vs. D 0.13 0.28 0.45 0.93 1.14 90% CI 0.11, 0.15 0.24, 0.32 0.38, 0.52 0.78, 1.13 0.95, 1.38
Example 5-In Vivo Pig Study
[0291] The M207 patch was tested in swine. Intravenously administered zolmitriptan was used as a control. The inner thigh of the swine was used as the site of administration.
Determination of Zolmitriptan by LC/MS/MS Method
[0292] The analysis for zolmitriptan from used patches, skin swabs and plasma PK samples was performed using established in-house LC/MS/MS methods. The low limit of quantitation (LLOQ) and high-limit of quantitation (HLOQ) were 0.1 and 1000 ng/mL, respectively. A four minute method utilizing high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for quantitation of zolmitriptan and its two major metabolites in HGP plasma. The instrumentation consist of Agilent® 1200 pumps, CTC PAL® Autosampler with cooling stack, AB Sciex® TurboV® ESI source, and API 4000@ mass spectrometer.
[0293] All plasma samples and standards were first protein precipitated using 100% methanol and then diluted with 30% solution of acetonitrile at 1:2 ratio (Plasma: 30% ACN), 20 μL of this solution was injected into autosample. The autosample was equipped with a 100 μL syringe and a 100 μL loop. The syring and the loop were washed twice with solvent 1 (0.2% formic acid) and solvent 2 (0.2% formic acid in acetonitrile) between each injections.
[0294] A 10-port 2 position Valco® valve was placed in-line with the mass spectrometer equipped with a guard cartridge (Zorbax 300SB-C8, 12.5×4.6 mm) used for on-line solid phase extraction (SPE). This valve was setup such that in the “load” position, the sample was injected onto the cartridge and was washed with 10% mobile phase B for 30 seconds, next the valve was switched into the “inject” position, where the cleaned sample would eluted from the SPE cartridge in reversed direction onto the analytical column (Luna PFP(2), 100 A, 5 μm, 50×2 mm) and into the mass spectrometer.
[0295] The HPLC method used was a reversed phase gradient method (0.0 min, 10% B; 0.5 min, 10% B; 1.0 min, 40% B; 1.7 min, 40% B; 2.1 min, 10% B; 4.0 min, 10% B). HPLC mobile phases consist of 20 mM Ammonium Acetate as mobile phase A, and 80% acetonitrile in 20% 20 mM Ammonium Acetate as mobile phase B. The source setting for all analysis were the following: Collision gas (CAD)=12; Curtain gas (CUR)=25; Ion source gas 1 (GS1)=60; ion source gas 2 (GS2)=60; Ion spray Voltage (IS)=5500; Temperature (TEM)=600; interface Heater (ihe)=on. During the mass spectrometer acquisition, eleven MRM transitions were monitored. All eleven MRM transitions were used for data processing. The peak areas under each corresponding MRM transitions were summed and compared to that of spiked standard plasma samples to calculated concentration for each sample. A quadratic (1/x) fitting was used for all calculations.
Anesthesia
[0296] Animals were induced with Telazol intramuscular and maintained with isoflurane on a ventilator.
Blood Sample Collection for Pharmacokinetic Studies
[0297] Blood samples were collected from one or more of the following blood vessels in the animals: marginal ear veins/artery (left/right), saphenous veins (left/right), mammary veins (left/right), and femoral artery (left/right). Indwelling catheters/sheaths were placed to access the preferred blood vessel and were secured in place for the duration of the blood collection period. All procedures were performed by trained staff per approved protocols and SOPs at the Testing Facilities. A 5-mL blank blood collection was obtained from each animal prior to the first dosing. One-mL blood samples were collected up to 5 hours after patch application dosing. Heparinized microtainer tubes were used to collect all blood samples. Blood volume drawn was replaced with equal volume of heparinized saline with catheter's dead volume accounted. In general, blood collection on a daily basis did not exceed 3-5% of the animal's total blood volume.
Intravenous Dosing of Zolmitriptan
[0298] Zolmitriptan solution for IV dosing was prepared in-house with maximum zolmitriptan concentration of 3 mg/mL. Less than 3 mL of dosing volume was injected using a 28-30 G needle into a marginal ear vein of the animal. Pressure was applied momentarily with gauze immediately after injection to prevent bleeding at the site of injection.
Determination of Patch Delivery Performance
ZP-Zolmitriptan Delivery Determination Using Residual Drug Analysis
[0299] Zolmitriptan residual was determined from the used patch and swabbing from the treated skin site. Once peeled off the skin, the used patches were trimmed of the adhesive band outside the microprojection array area and saved for zolmitriptan residual analysis. To recover residual zolmitriptan from the treated skin site, three synthetic fiber swabs were used. The first swab was pre-wetted by insertion into a vial containing 1 mL of swab buffer. The first swab was applied over the patch treatment skin site with slight pressure (using rolling motion) in several directions and up to the periphery of the treatment site. The second and third swabs were dry and were used to capture all residual buffer from the skin site that was wetted by the first swab. All three swabs were placed in the original vial containing the swab buffer. The amounts of zolmitriptan left on the microprojection array and skin surface after each application were compared against the original coated amounts on the array, allowing for the determinations of total zolmitriptan Delivery and Delivery Efficiency. Equations to determine the total drug delivered and drug delivery efficiency are shown below as (1) and (2) respectively.
Study Design
[0300] Three prepubescent female Yorkshire swine were used in the studies. Naïve animals were purchased from approved vendors per Test Facilities' approved protocol and SOPs and quarantined for up to 7 days. Each group of animals was dosed up to 5 treatments (crossover) with a recovery/washout period of up to 5 days between treatments. At first dosing, animals had weight ranging from 18-25 kg and at last dosing, animals had weights ranging from 25-41 kg. In general, treatments per group included one to two controls and one to three ZP-Zolmitriptan dosing. Control included IV zolmitriptan. ZP-Zolmitriptan patch placement was rotated from the left and right ventral thighs of the hind limbs in each group of animals where more than one patch application treatments were conducted.
Results
[0301]
TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 31 In vivo Zolmitriptan patch delivery results Coated amount (mg) (SD) 1.89 (0.14) 2.02 ± 0.0.6 Mean Delivered amount (mg) (SD) 1.72 (0.05) 1.79 (0.12) Mean Delivery Efficiency (%) 90.4 88.7 % CV 3 7 Min amount delivered (mg) 1.68 1.68 Max amount delivered (mg) 1.78 1.92 N 3 3
[0302] Mean delivery was >1.7 mg for all coated both in vivo studies. Delivery efficiency were >85% and were consistent for both studies. Pharmacokinetic study was subsequently conducted with MF1663 array design coated with 1.9 mg. Table 32 summarizes the patch and IV results.
TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 32 PK parameters of zolmitriptan patch in animal studies PK parameters IV ZP-Zolmitriptan Patch Coated Dose (mg) N/A 1.95 Dose (mg/Kg) 0.074 0.061 C.sub.max (ng/mL) 251.7 ± 11.4 8.4 ± 1.7 (Mean ± SE) Median T.sub.max (min) 1 15 (10-30) AUC.sub.t (ng × h/mL) 27.4 ± 1.9 16.8 ± 1.5 (Mean ± SE) Absolute Bioavailability N/A 76.9 ± 8.2 (%) (Mean ± SE)
[0303] In vivo evaluation showed rapid systemic absorption of zolmitriptan with patch administration. Plasma levels were maintained over 5 h with median T.sub.max of 15 minutes. Zolmitriptan patches had an absolute bioavailability of 77%. ZP-Zolmitriptan patch showed that the requisite amount of drug could be coated, high delivery efficiency consistently attained and coated zolmitriptan was well absorbed with fast time to C.sub.max.
[0304] The study was repeated with a larger population of swine. Five animals were treated with adhesive dermally-applied microarray (ADAM) zolmitriptan and 9 were administered with IV zolmitriptan. An additional group of swine were tested with noncoated ADAM. The ADAM treatments were applied using a hand-held reusable applicator (total energy=0.26 Joules). The ADAM patches were worn for an hour. The IV zolmitriptan was applied at a dose of 0.074 mg/kg body weight.
[0305] The microprojections for the ADAM microarray was 340 μm long. The depth of penetration (“DOP”) was measured for the microprojection penetration sites. The mean DOP for ADAM zolmitriptan measured at 105.4±3.6 μm and for noncoated ADAM was 123.9±4.8 μm. The DOP data indicated that most microprojections penetrated about 50% or less of their length and that DOP was reduced by approximately 15% in zolmitriptan-coated microprojections relative to the noncoated ones. About 96.2% of the ADAM zolmitriptan-coated microprojections penetrated the dermis, and about 11.4% of the DOP measurements showed penetrations deeper than 150 μm-none beyond 300 μm. Epidermal-dermal junctions begin at 60 μm below the skin surface.
[0306] The ADAM Zolmitriptan application had a high efficiency despite the DOP data indicating a depth of less than 50% of the microneedle's length. Mean residues on the worn ADAM were 10%, and on the treated skin sites after ADAM removal they were 5%. The bioavailability was 77%. The median T.sub.max for an ADAM Zolmitriptan of 1.9 mg was 15 minutes. Systematic zolmitriptan was detectable to the last sampling time point at 5 hours for ADAM Zolmitriptan and at 3 hours for IV Zolmitriptan.
TABLE-US-00033 PK Parameter IV Zolmitriptan ADAM Dose (mg/kg) 0.074 ± 0.001 0.060 ± 0.004 AUC.sub.0-t, ng * h/mL 27.4 ± 1.9 16.8 ± 1.5 C.sub.max 251.7 ± 11.4 8.4 ± 1.7 T.sub.max — 15 (15-60) F (absolute — 77.3 ± 9.0 bioavailability), % Delivery efficiency — 85 ± 1.7
[0307] The bioavailability along with the DOP data indicates that with ADAM administration, 105 μm penetration depth (from the stratum corneum into the dermis) may be sufficient to achieve optimal therapeutic outcome. In addition, ADAM intracutaneous delivery may circumvent first-pass metabolism. A preliminary analysis of the plasma PK samples for n-desmethyl metabolite indicated an average of 6.5% conversion from the parent compound.
[0308] After a 1-hour wear, zolmitriptan delivery was efficient, with only 15% of residual zolmitriptan on the skin and patch after removal. Evidence of zolmitriptan diffusion within the skin was obtained by quantitative mass-specetrometry imaging. The zolmitriptan distribution is shown in the table below. Analyses of the surface area of the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis indicate that the largest amount of zolmitriptan localized to the dermis. This suggests that most of the absorbed zolmitriptan had diffused past the epidermis into the dermal/hypodermal capillary bed, as indicated by C.sub.max, within the 1 hour of ADAM Zolmitriptan wear.
TABLE-US-00034 Percentage of Percentage of Total Skin Layers Total Surface Area Zolmitriptan Stratum corneum 1.2 1.8 Epidermis 3.8 2.7 Dermis/ 95.0 95.5 hypodermis
Example 6-Human Efficacy Clinical Trial
[0309] The ZOTRIP pivotal efficacy study was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing three doses of M207 (1.0 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg) to placebo for the treatment of a single migraine attack. Subjects were enrolled in the ZOTRIP trial at 36 centers across the United States. Those recruited into the trial had a history of at least one year of migraine episodes with or without aura. Upon recruitment, the subjects entered a run-in period that ensured they met the key eligibility criteria of 2-8 migraine attacks per month, which was documented using an electronic diary or an app on their cell phone. Subjects also identified their most bothersome other symptom selected from nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, and indicated the presence or absence of nausea, phonophobia or photophobia, during the episodes in the run-in period. Successfully screened subjects were then randomized into the treatment/dosing period in which they had 8 weeks to confirm and receive blinded treatment for a single migraine attack, termed “qualifying migraine,” in which their previously identified most bothersome other symptom had to be present.
[0310] During a qualifying migraine, subjects scored the severity of pain on the 4-point headache pain scale, and the presence or absence of migraine associated symptoms (photophobia, phonophobia or nausea), starting pre-dose and then at several intervals over 48 hours post-dose. The co-primary endpoints for the study were those defined in the October 2014 FDA Draft Guidance—“Migraine: Developing Drugs for Acute Treatment” on pain and most bothersome other symptom freedom. Subjects recorded their migraine symptoms in a patient diary, prior to treatment, and at varying intervals following treatment, out to 48 hours. Safety was assessed by adverse events reported and other standard safety measures.
[0311] Five hundred and eighty nine (589) subjects were enrolled in this study, of which 365 were randomized. Of those randomized, 333 subjects were treated and were included in the safety analysis, and 321 qualified for the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population. Fifty-one percent (51%) of the subjects randomized were found to have severe migraine pain pre-treatment. Also at the time of treatment, 70% reported nausea, 37% aura, and 51% waking up with their migraine (morning migraine). With the multiple doses and multiple endpoints in the trial, a sequential testing procedure was used beginning with the highest dose and the co-primary endpoints. Since statistical significance was not achieved for most bothersome other symptom in the 1.9 mg group, p-values for secondary endpoints should be considered nominal p-values.
[0312] All three doses of M207 (1 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg) achieved statistically significant pain freedom at 2 hours. The 3.8 mg dose achieved both co-primary endpoints of pain freedom and most bothersome other symptom freedom at 2 hours. The 3.8 mg dose also achieved significance in the secondary endpoints of pain freedom at 45 minutes and 1 hour and showed durability of effect on pain freedom at 24 and 48 hours. Additionally, M207 was not associated with any Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).
[0313] The 3.8 mg dose of M207 achieved statistical significance for both co-primary endpoints at two hours, as shown in Table 33:
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 33 Primary Endpoint Primary endpoint Placebo 3.8 mg M207 p-value Pain freedom 14.3% 41.5% 0.0001 Most bothersome other symptom 42.9% 68.3% 0.0009 free
[0314] Furthermore, secondary endpoints measuring pain freedom at additional time points for the 3.8 mg dose of M207 showed M207 superior to placebo with a nominal p-value less than 0.05, as shown in Table 34:
TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 34 Pain Freedom Pain Freedom Placebo 3.8 mg M207 p-value* Pain freedom at 45 minutes 5.2% 17.1% 0.0175 Pain freedom at 60 minutes 10.4% 26.8% 0.0084 Pain freedom at 24 hours 39.0% 69.5% 0.0001 Pain freedom at 48 hours 39.0% 64.6% 0.0013
[0315] Overall, only 13 subjects (3.9%) reported pain at the application site; application site pain was reported as mild in all but three subjects. The most frequently reported adverse event was redness at the application site (1.sup.80.3% of subjects). All cases of redness resolved. Further, five (1.5%) patients across M207-treated groups reported dizziness vs. 0% on placebo.
[0316] Additional data from the results of the clinical trial are set forth in the Tables below.
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 35 Co-Primary Endpoints: Primary Endpoint Analysis Treatment Group mITT Population (LOCF) Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg Pain Freedom at 2 hours (N = 77) (N = 79) (N = 83) (N = 82) % (n/N) 14.3% 30.4% 27.7% 41.5% (11/77) (24/79) (23/83) (34/82) Difference from Placebo 16.1% 13.4% 27.2% P-value 0.0149 0.0351 0.0001 Freedom from most bothersome other symptom at 2 hours % (n/N) 42.9% 57.0% 53.0% 68.3% (33/77) (45/79) (44/83) (56/82) Difference from Placebo 14.1% 10.2% 25.4% P-value 0.0706 0.1694 0.0009
[0317] In Table 35, above, the 3.8 mg dose group met both co-primary endpoints with a p-value <0.05. The 1.9 mg dose group met the pain freedom endpoint with a p-value <0.05. For the freedom from most bothersome other symptom at 2 hours endpoint, the 1.9 mg dose group had a p-value of ≥0.05. The 1 mg dose group met the pain freedom endpoint with a p-value <0.05. For the 1 mg dose group, the freedom from most bothersome other symptom endpoint at 2 hours had a p-value ≥0.05.
TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 36 Co-Primary Endpoints: Multiple Imputation Treatment Group mITT Population (LOCF) Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg Pain Freedom at 2 hours (N = 77) (N = 79) (N = 83) (N = 82) Average % 14.7% 29.8% 29.4% 39.8% Difference from Placebo 15.1% 14.7% 25.1% P-value 0.0297 0.0344 0.0012 Freedom from most bothersome other symptom at 2 hours % (n/N) 42.6% 59.9% 56.5% 68.2% Difference from Placebo 17.3% 13.9% 25.6% P-value 0.0294 0.0755 0.0013
[0318] Table 36, above, is consistent with co-primary endpoint analyses (mITT LOCF). Table 35, below, provides the fixed-sequence for testing each of the multiple endpoints that are described for migraines to assess whether the study was successful. For doses of 3.8 mg, 1.9 mg, and 1.0 mg, the efficacy of treatment was tested for the co-primary and secondary endpoints in Table 35. As shown, all endpoints at or after testing order 4 are not significant under the MCP methodology.
TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 37 CP2016-001: MCP—Fixed Sequential Testing Statistically Testing Co-Primary/ significant Order Secondary Efficacy Endpoint Dose P-value Under MCP 1 co-primary Pain free at 2 hours 3.8 mg 0.0001 Yes 2 co-primary Most bothersome other 3.8 mg 0.0009 Yes symptom free at 2 hours 3 co-primary Pain free at 2 hours 1.9 mg 0.0351 Yes 4 co-primary Most bothersome other 1.9 mg 0.1694 No symptom free at 2 hours 5 secondary Pain relief at 30 minutes 3.8 mg 0.1024 No 6 secondary Pain relief at 30 minutes 1.9 mg 0.8642 No 7 secondary Pain relief at 2 hours 3.8 mg 0.0013 No 8 secondary Pain relief at 2 hours 1.9 mg 0.1109 No 9 co-primary Pain free at 2 hours 1.0 mg 0.0149 No 10 co-primary Most bothersome other 1.0 mg 0.0706 No symptom free at 2 hours 11 secondary Pain relief at 30 minutes 1.0 mg 0.7839 No
[0319] Tables 38-46 provide results of a clinical study of treating with one embodiment of the claimed invention. In this embodiment, as shown in Tables 36-40, endpoints were evaluated sequentially, as described in Table 35, including pain freedom, pain relief, photophobia freedom, phonophobia freedom, and nausea freedom for treatment of 1 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg at time points of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after treatment. As shown in Tables 41-44, investigators also made visual assessments of the skin after patch removal for adverse events like bruising, edema, and erythema.
TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 38 Pain Freedom Pain Freedom (mITT/LOCF) Treatment Group Time-point Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg 15 Minutes 0% 0% 0% 0% 30 minutes 2.6% 2.5% 3.6% 7.3% 45 minutes 5.2% 3.8% 13.3% 17.1%* 1 hour 10.4% 17.7% 20.5% 26.8%* 2 hour 14.3% 30.4%* 27.7%* 41.5%* 3 hour 26.0% 40.5%* 37.3% 51.2%* 4 hour 28.6% 45.6%* 47.0%* 54.9%* 12 hours 32.5% 54.4%* 53.0%* 62.2%* 24 hours 39.0% 59.5%* 61.4%* 69.5%* 48 hours 39.0% 63.3%* 66.3%* 64.6%* *Indicates p-value <0.05; however not significant under MCP
TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 39 Pain Relief Pain Relief (mITT/LOCF) Treatment Group Time-point Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg 15 Minutes 14.3% 12.7% 16.9% 23.2% 30 minutes 33.8% 31.6% 32.5% 46.3% 45 minutes 45.5% 44.3% 45.8% 56.1% 1 hour 53.2% 46.8% 55.4% 68.3%* 2 hour 57.1% 65.8% 68.7% 80.5%* 3 hour 51.9% 75.9%* 66.3% 81.7%* 4 hour 51.9% 73.4%* 72.3%* 82.9%* 12 hours 48.1% 75.9%* 72.3%* 80.5%* 24 hours 46.8% 72.2%* 72.3%* 78.0%* 48 hours 41.6% 72.2%* 71.1%* 70.7%* *Indicates p-value <0.05; however not significant under MCP
TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 40 Photophobia Freedom Pain Freedom (mITT/LOCF) Treatment Group Time-point Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg 15 Minutes 9.1% 11.4% 9.6% 11.0% 30 minutes 22.1% 27.8% 24.1% 26.8% 45 minutes 24.7% 43.0%* 33.7% 41.5%* 1 hour 33.8% 48.1%* 44.6% 53.7%* 2 hour 41.6% 60.8%* 56.6%* 69.5%* 3 hour 44.2% 65.8%* 61.4%* 72.0%* 4 hour 45.5% 65.8%* 63.9%* 74.4%* 12 hours 42.9% 74.7%* 66.3%* 75.6%* 24 hours 42.9% 72.2%* 68.7%* 73.2%* 48 hours 40.3% 70.9%* 67.5%* 68.3%* *Indicates p-value <0.05; however not significant under MCP
TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 41 Phonophobia Freedom Pain Freedom (mITT/LOCF) Treatment Group Time-point Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg 15 Minutes 14.3% 20.3% 15.7% 25.6% 30 minutes 35.1% 34.2% 28.9% 45.1% 45 minutes 37.7% 44.3% 43.4% 57.3%* 1 hour 46.8% 48.1% 57.8% 61.0% 2 hour 55.8% 58.2% 61.4% 69.5% 3 hour 54.5% 63.3% 71.1%* 73.2%* 4 hour 57.1% 69.6% 69.9% 74.4%* 12 hours 44.2% 73.4%* 68.7%* 78.0%* 24 hours 42.9% 69.6%* 68.7%* 76.8%* 48 hours 42.9% 72.2%* 68.7%* 70.7%* *Indicates p-value <0.05; however not significant under MCP
TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 42 Nausea Freedom Nausea Freedom (mITT/LOCF) Treatment Group Time-point Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg 15 Minutes 36.4% 39.2% 41.0% 32.9% 30 minutes 59.7% 55.7% 49.4% 53.7% 45 minutes 63.6% 58.2% 66.3% 62.2% 1 hour 63.6% 68.4% 71.1% 76.8% 2 hour 63.6% 75.9% 74.7% 81.7%* 3 hour 58.4% 78.5%* 74.7%* 79.3%* 4 hour 54.5% 78.5%* 73.5%* 79.3%* 12 hours 45.5% 75.9%* 71.1%* 80.5%* 24 hours 44.2% 72.2%* 74.7%* 79.3%* 48 hours 41.6% 72.2%* 72.3%* 70.7%* *Indicates p-value <0.05; however not significant under MCP
TABLE-US-00045 TABLE 43 Investigator: Visual Dermal Assessment: PRSPB Patch-Related Treatment Group Superficial Punctate Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg Bruising (PRSPB) (N = 83) (N = 78) (N = 84) (N = 83) None 82 (98.8%) 73 (93.6%) 72 (85.7%) 74 (89.2%) <= 25% ZP patch 1 (1.2%) 5 (6.4%) 9 (10.7%) 4 (4.8%) application site has punctate bruising spots >=26% to <50% ZP 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (2.4%) 2 (2.4%) patch application site has punctate bruising spots >50% ZP patch 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (1.2%) 3 (3.6%) application site has punctate bruising spots Note: Investigator assessment occurs at End-of Study; Day 2-8 (treatment on Day 1)
TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 44 Investigator: Visual Dermal Assessment: Edema Treatment Group Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg Edema (N = 83) (N = 78) (N = 84) (N = 83) None 83 (100.0%) 77 (98.7%) 81 (96.4%) 82 (98.8%) Slight Edema 0 (0.0%) 1 (1.3%) 3 (3.6%) 1 (1.2%) Moderate Edema 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Severe Edema 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Note: Investigator assessment occurs at Visit 4; End-of Study
TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 45 Investigator: Visual Dermal Assessment: Erythema Treatment Group Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg Erythema (N = 83) (N = 78) (N = 84) (N = 83) None 78 (94.0%) 71 (91.0%) 71 (84.5%) 64 (77.1%) Mild Redness 5 (6.0%) 7 (9.0%) 10 (11.9%) 16 (19.3%) Well-defined Redness 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 3 (3.6%) 3 (3.6%) Beet Redness 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Note: Investigator assessment occurs at Visit 4; End-of Study
TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 46 General Disorders/Administration Disorders TEAEs System Organ Treatment Group Class/Preferred Term N (%) of Subjects Placebo 1 mg 1.9 mg 3.8 mg General disorders 12 (14.5%) 23 (28.8%) 31 (35.6%) 38 (45.8%) and administration site conditions Application site 9 (10.8%) 13 (16.3%) 17 (19.5%) 22 (26.5%) erythema Application site bruise 3 (3.6%) 5 (6.3%) 12 (13.8%) 12 (14.5%) Application site pain 1 (1.2%) 2 (2.5%) 2 (2.3%) 8 (9.6%) Application site 0 (0.0%) 3 (3.8%) 5 (5.7%) 4 (4.8%) hemorrhage Application site 3 (3.6%) 1 (1.3%) 3 (3.4%) 2 (2.4%) swelling Application site edema 0 (0.0%) 1 (1.3%) 3 (3.4%) 2 (2.4%) Application site 1 (1.2%) 1 (1.3%) 1 (1.1%) 1 (1.2%) discoloration Note: TEAEs occurring in >1 active treated subject
[0320] Tables 47-50 and
TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 47 Pain Free Zolmitriptan ZOLMITRIPTAN COMPARISON, % PAIN FREE Dosage Form Dose 1 hour 2 hour 4 hour Reference M207 Patch 3.8 mg 26.8% 41.5% 54.9% M207 Patch 1.9 mg 20.5% 27.7% 47.0% M207 Patch 1.0 mg 17.7% 30.4% 45.6% NASAL 2.5 mg 10.6% 21.0% 38.4% Charlesworth et al, 2003 TABLET 2.5 mg 10.4% 35.6% Pascual et al , 2000 TABLET 5 mg 10.0% 39.0% Dahlof et al 1998 TABLET 10 mg 9.0% 39.0% Dahlof et al 1998 ODT 2.5 mg 7.8% 27.0% 37.0% Dowson et al, 2002 TABLET 5 mg 7.8% 29.3% 54.6% Geraud et al, 2000 TABLET 2.5 mg 5.7% 26.3% Steiner et al, 2003
TABLE-US-00050 TABLE 48 Pain Relief Zolmitriptan ZOLMITRIPTAN COMPARISON, % PAIN RELIEF Dosage Form Dose 1 hour 2 hour 4 hour Reference M207 Patch 3.8 mg 68.3% 80.5% 82.9% M207 Patch 1.9 mg 55.4% 68.7% 72.3% M207 Patch 1.0 mg 46.8% 65.8% 73.4% ODT 2.5 mg 45.0% 63.0% Dowson et al, 2002 TABLET 2.5 mg 44.0% 66.0% Dahlof et al 1998 NASAL 5 mg 40.2% 55.4% 63.4% Charlesworth et al, 2003 TABLET 10 mg 40.0% 71.0% Dahlof et al 1998 TABLET 2.5 mg 35.3% 66.8% Pascual et al , 2000 TABLET 5 mg 34.2% 58.7% 80.5% Geraud et al, 2000 TABLET 2.5 mg 25.1% 59.6% 25.1% Steiner et al, 2003
TABLE-US-00051 TABLE 49 Pain Free Triptans COMPARISON TO OTHER TRIPTANS, % PAIN FREE Drug Dosage Form Dose 1 hour 2 hour 4 hour Reference Zolmitriptan ZSAN Patch 3.8 mg 26.8% 41.5% 54.9% Zolmitriptan ZSAN Patch 1.9 mg 20.5% 27.7% 47.0% Zolmitriptan ZSAN Patch 1.0 mg 17.7% 30.4% 45.6% Rizatriptan WAFER 10 mg 13.0% 42.2% Ahrens et al, 1999 Zolmitriptan NASAL 2.5 mg 10.6% 21.0% 38.4% Charlesworth et al, 2003 Rizatriptan TABLET 10 mg 10.4% 40.3% Tfelt-Hansen et al, 1998 Eletriptan TABLET 80 mg 10.0% 27.0% 49.0% Sheftell et al 2003 Zolmitriptan ODT 2.5 mg 7.8% 27.0% 37.0% Dowson et al, 2002 Zolmitriptan TABLET 5 mg 7.8% 29.3% 54.6% Geraud et al, 2000 Sumatriptan TABLET 100 mg 7.8% 32.8% Tfelt-Hansen et al, 1998 Rizatriptan WAFER 5 mg 7.7% 34.8% Ahrens et al, 1999 Naratriptan TABLET 2.5 mg 3.3% 20.7% Bomhof et al, 1999
TABLE-US-00052 TABLE 50 Pain Relief Triptans COMPARISON TO OTHER TRIPTANS, % PAIN RELIEF Drug Dosage Form Dose 1 hour 2 hour 4 hour Reference Zolmitriptan ZSAN Patch 3.8 mg 68.3% 80.5% 82.9% Zolmitriptan ZSAN Patch 1.9 mg 55.4% 68.7% 72.3% Zolmitriptan ZSAN Patch 1.0 mg 46.8% 65.8% 73.4% Zolmitriptan ODT 2.5 mg 45.0% 63.0% Dowson et al, 2002 Rizatriptan WAFER 10 mg 44.9% 74.1% Ahrens et al, 1999 Zolmitriptan NASAL 2.5 mg 40.2% 55.4% 63.4% Charlesworth et al, 2003 Rizatriptan WAFER 5 mg 39.8% 58.6% Ahrens et al, 1999 Rizatriptan TABLET 10 mg 36.6% 67.0% Tfelt-Hansen et al, 1998 Zolmitriptan TABLET 5 mg 34.2% 58.7% 80.5% Geraud et al, 2000 Eletriptan TABLET 80 mg 32.0% 59.0% 79.0% Sheftell et al 2003 Sumatriptan TABLET 100 mg 27.9% 61.8% Tfelt-Hansen et al, 1998 Naratriptan TABLET 2.5 mg 27.7% 48.4% Bomhof et al, 1999
[0321] The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to be merely exemplary; numerous variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined in any appended claim.