Abstract
The present invention relates to a construction damper with at least one at least in regions ladder-like constructed thrust damping part which has a spatial structure wherein at least two transverse beams are connected in two different alignments to at least two longitudinal beams and wherein the damping effect is achieved by thrust force damping in the transverse beams.
Claims
1. A construction damper with at least one at least in regions ladder-like constructed thrust damping part which has at least two longitudinal beams which are connected to each other by at least two rung-like transverse beams which are aligned parallel to each other in a first alignment, wherein the rung-like transverse beams at their ends are each connected to the longitudinal beams in a bending-rigid manner, wherein the thrust damping part has a spatial structure wherein at least two further rung-like transverse beams extending parallel to each other are arranged in a second alignment deviating from the first alignment, and at least one thrust damping part has at least one force introduction means, wherein at least one force introduction means is constructed as a u-shaped plate with two parallel legs, the legs of which laterally encompass the thrust damping part and at the outer leg ends of which a traverse connecting the two leg ends is arranged for closing the u-shaped recess.
2. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the thrust damping part has several transverse beam planes with at least one transverse beam arranged therein, wherein the transverse beam planes are arranged parallel spaced apart along the longitudinal axis of the thrust damping part.
3. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least two transverse beams are arranged in each transverse beam plane, of which at least one transverse beam extends in a first alignment and one further transverse beam extends in a second alignment deviating from the first alignment.
4. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein several transverse beam planes are arranged at the same distance from each other along the longitudinal axis of the thrust damping part.
5. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least two transverse beam planes each with at least two, preferably four, transverse beams arranged therein are provided in the thrust damping part.
6. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the thrust damping part is at least partly made of metal, preferably of steel.
7. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one, preferably all, transverse beam(s) has a beam height which increases towards both ends.
8. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the thrust damping part has a symmetrical, polygonal and/or round ground plan in plan view of its longitudinal axis.
9. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the thrust damping part has at least three, preferably four, longitudinal beams.
10. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the thrust damping part has a polygonal ground plan in plan view, in each of the corners of which one longitudinal beam is arranged.
11. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the longitudinal beams and the transverse beams of the thrust damping part are welded to each other.
12. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the thrust damping part has at least one elongated wall plate having several parallel slots extending transversely to the longitudinal axis of the wall plate.
13. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the thrust damping part has several multiple-slotted wall plates arranged at an angle to each other in plan view of its longitudinal axis.
14. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the thrust damping part has a tube wherein in at least one tube wall several parallel slots extending transversely to the longitudinal axis of the tube are arranged and constructed in such a way that in the longitudinal direction of the tube there are at least two continuous wall sections which form the longitudinal beams of the thrust damping part, while the wall sections extending transversely to the longitudinal axis of the tube between the slots form the rung-like transverse beams.
15. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one tube wall is at least partially flat and/or curved.
16. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the tube has a round and/or polygonal cross-section in plan view of its longitudinal axis.
17. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one thrust damping part has at least one claps-like constructed force introduction means.
18. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one force introduction means connects two non-adjacent longitudinal beams of one thrust damping part.
19. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one first force introduction means is attached to two non-adjacent longitudinal beams.
20. (canceled)
21. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one force introduction means has a fastening means, preferably a bore, for fastening the construction damper to a construction, wherein the bore is arranged on the side of the force introduction means opposite the traverse.
22. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least two thrust damping parts are connected to each other by means of at least one connecting means.
23. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one thrust damping part has a damping effect which differs from the other thrust damping part(s), in particular because it has a different number of transverse beams.
24. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least two differently rigid thrust damping parts are connected to each other in such a way that in case of a small earthquake only the less rigid thrust damping part is activated and in case of a large earthquake both the more rigid and the less rigid thrust damping part are activated.
25. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least two differently rigid thrust damping parts are connected to each other in such a way that in case of a small earthquake only the less rigid thrust damping part is activated and in case of a large earthquake only the more rigid thrust damping part is activated.
26. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one connecting means has a locking system for limiting and/or suppressing movements of at least one thrust damping part arranged therein.
27. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein the connecting means has two u-shaped recesses, the legs of which each laterally encompass one thrust damping part and at each of the leg ends of which there is arranged a traverse connecting the two outer leg ends.
28. The construction damper according to claim 1, wherein at least one longitudinal side of one longitudinal beam of one thrust damping part is welded longitudinally to at least one leg of one force introduction means and/or one connecting means.
Description
[0040] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to examples of embodiments shown in the drawings. These schematically show:
[0041] FIG. 1 a BRB damper known from the prior art;
[0042] FIG. 2 a SHP damper known from the prior art;
[0043] FIG. 3 a first embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention;
[0044] FIG. 4a the section A-A shown in FIG. 3;
[0045] FIG. 4b the section B-B shown in FIG. 3;
[0046] FIG. 5 a second embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention;
[0047] FIG. 6 the section A-A shown in FIG. 5;
[0048] FIG. 6b the section B-B shown in FIG. 5;
[0049] FIG. 7 a third embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention;
[0050] FIG. 8a the section A-A shown in FIG. 7;
[0051] FIG. 8b the section B-B shown in FIG. 7;
[0052] FIG. 9a a section A-A corresponding to FIG. 8a through a fourth embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention;
[0053] FIG. 9b a section B-B corresponding to FIG. 8b through a fourth embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention;
[0054] FIG. 10a an embodiment of a transverse beam with constant height;
[0055] FIG. 10b an embodiment of a transverse beam with a beam height increasing towards the beam ends;
[0056] FIG. 10c another alternative embodiment of a transverse beam with a beam height increasing towards the beam ends;
[0057] FIG. 11 a fifth embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention;
[0058] FIG. 12 the section C-C shown in FIG. 11 with representation of the internal force distribution;
[0059] FIG. 13 a side view of a portion of the sidewall of the in regions ladder-like constructed thrust damping part shown in FIG. 11 in the deformed state;
[0060] FIG. 14 a force-deformation diagram showing a bilinearly modeled deformation behavior of a construction damper according to the invention;
[0061] FIG. 15 the computationally determined deformation behavior of the construction damper according to the invention shown in FIG. 11;
[0062] FIG. 16a a first embodiment of a thrust damping part welded together from several parts;
[0063] FIG. 16b a second embodiment of a thrust damping part welded together from several parts;
[0064] FIG. 16c a third embodiment of a thrust damping part welded together from several parts;
[0065] FIG. 17 a sixth embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention with two square-tube-shaped thrust damping parts;
[0066] FIG. 18 a seventh embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention with three square-tube-shaped thrust damping parts;
[0067] FIG. 19 an eighth embodiment of a construction damper according to the invention with two differently constructed square-tube-shaped thrust damping parts, one having fewer transverse beam planes than the other;
[0068] FIG. 20 a section through the embodiment shown in FIG. 19;
[0069] FIG. 21 an enlarged section of the section shown in FIG. 20;
[0070] FIG. 22a the mechanical system of the embodiment shown in FIG. 19 with gap connection system;
[0071] FIG. 22b the mechanical system of an embodiment constructed according to FIG. 19 which additionally has a locking system for one of the two thrust damping parts;
[0072] FIG. 23 the multilinear modeled deformation behavior of the construction damper according to the invention shown in FIG. 19; and
[0073] FIG. 24a the computationally determined deformation behavior of a construction damper constructed according to FIG. 22a with a gap connection system;
[0074] FIG. 24b the computationally determined deformation behavior of a construction damper constructed according to FIG. 22b with a locking system;
[0075] FIG. 25a a first example of how a construction damper according to the invention can be installed in a construction;
[0076] FIG. 25b a second example of how a construction damper according to the invention can be installed in a construction; and
[0077] FIG. 25c a third example of how a construction damper according to the invention can be installed in a construction.
[0078] The construction damper 1 shown in FIG. 1 is a conventional BRB damper in which a steel beam 2 with a cruciform cross-section is arranged in a tube 4 filled with mortar 3. The friction between the steel beam 2 and the mortar 3 is reduced by a lubricant layer placed between them so that the steel beam 2 can deform relatively freely in the longitudinal direction within the mortar 3.
[0079] If an earthquake occurs, a normal force is introduced into the construction damper 1 under which the steel beam 2 initially deforms elastically and then plastically after exceeding the yield point. The plastic deformation continues until the oscillatory motion of the construction is reversed. After initial elastic deformation, yielding occurs again until the oscillatory motion of the construction is reversed again and the construction starts to move in the other direction. With yielding of the steel beam 2, a part of the kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy. This damping gradually reduces the pendulum motion of the construction.
[0080] FIG. 2 shows a construction damper 1 as known in the prior art as a so-called SHP damper. This has a flat, ladder-like thrust damping part 5, which has at least two longitudinal beams 6 and 8, which in turn are connected to each other in a thrust-resistant manner by at least two, in this case seven, transverse beams 7. The operating principle is such that, due to an action introduced into the construction (e.g. impact load or earthquake load), a force F is introduced into the longitudinal beam 6 and from there is introduced by the bending-rigidly connected transverse beams 7 into the second longitudinal beam 8, which is located below in the present case. Thus, damping takes place by the plastic deformation of the transverse beams 7 generated by thrust forces.
[0081] As already explained above, it has been shown that the flat, ladder-like thrust damping part 5 of an SHP damper is very sensitive to buckling of the transverse beams 7 and generally also does not develop sufficient damping effect to be used in large and high buildings for damping earthquake loads.
[0082] The solution according to the invention is shown in the first embodiment of a construction damper 1 according to the invention shown in FIG. 3, FIG. 4a and FIG. 4b. This has a thrust damping part 5 with a spatial structure in which at least two (in this case eight) transverse beams 7 extend in a first alignment 7 (in FIG. 4b starting from the longitudinal beam 6 and curving downwards in a right-hand direction) and at least two (in this case eight) further rung-like transverse beams 9 arranged parallel to each other extend in a second alignment deviating from the first alignment (in FIG. 4b starting from the longitudinal beam 6 and curving downwards in a left-hand direction). With the aid of this spatial structure of the thrust damping part 5, it is possible to overcome the main disadvantage of conventional SHP dampers, namely the severely limited deformability of the transverse beams before any buckling of the transverse beams occurs.
[0083] The thrust damping part 5 has an overall elongated shape. Its longitudinal direction extends in the x-direction in the present case in which the two longitudinal beams 6 and 8 also extend. In this respect, the horizontal force F to be introduced into the construction damper 1 is introduced into the first longitudinal beam 6 and introduced into the second longitudinal beam 8 by the transverse beams 7 of the first alignment and the transverse beams 9 of the second alignment and, due to the deformation of the transverse beams 7 and 9, is reintroduced into the construction in a damped manner from the thrust damping part 5 or the construction damper 1.
[0084] As can be seen in particular from the sectional views of FIG. 4a and FIG. 4b, the thrust damping part 5 has a circular cross-section in the plan view of its longitudinal axis. Thus, it can also be described as a multiple-slotted round tube with a circular cross-section and the outer diameter b and a thickness t.
[0085] Thus, the longitudinal axes of the curved transverse beams 7 and 9 extend in a respective plane parallel to the y-z plane. If the transverse beam planes in FIG. 3 are numbered from left to right, the first transverse beam plane of the thrust damping part 5 extends parallel to the y-z plane as the first plane. This first transverse beam plane is followed by seven further transverse beam planes, viewed from left to right, in each of which one transverse beam 7 of the first alignment and one transverse beam 9 of the second orientation are arranged. In this respect, the construction damper 1 shown in FIG. 3 has a thrust damping part 5 with eight transverse beam planes and 16 transverse beams 7, 9. In the embodiment shown here, the transverse beam planes are all arranged at the same distance from each other along the longitudinal axis of the thrust damping part 5 extending in the x-direction.
[0086] The second embodiment of a construction damper 1 according to the invention shown in FIG. 5, FIG. 6a and FIG. 6b differs from the first embodiment in that here four longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10 and 12 are arranged parallel to each other and four transverse beams 7, 9, 11 and 13 are arranged in each of the eight transverse beam planes. Thus, with the same total load F, the force introduced into the respective longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10, 12 can be halved (F/2) compared to the first embodiment.
[0087] The third embodiment of a construction damper 1 according to the invention shown in FIG. 7, FIG. 8a and FIG. 8b differs from the first two embodiments, in addition to the smaller number of transverse beam planes (five instead of eight), primarily in that the thrust damping part 5 has a substantially square ground plan in the plan view of its longitudinal axis. Thus, the thrust damping part 5 now has four straight transverse beams 7, 9, 11, 13 per transverse beam plane instead of the curved ones. Thus, it can also be described as a tube of thickness t with a square cross-section and external width b that is slotted several times at the side walls.
[0088] As can be seen in particular from FIG. 8b, in the embodiment shown here the four longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10, 12 are each located in the corners of the tube or of the thrust damping part 5. This has advantages in manufacturing. However, it also leads to a deformation behavior of the thrust damping part 5 that is easier to control.
[0089] As an alternative to a square ground plan, however, it is also conceivable to use a rectangular ground plan for the thrust damping part 5, as exemplified by the sections shown in FIG. 9a and FIG. 9b. In this way, different rigidity of the thrust damping part 5 can be generated.
[0090] The rigidity of the thrust damping part 5 can also be controlled by shaping the height of the transverse beams. For example, it is conceivable to use transverse beams 7 with a constant height, as shown in FIG. 10a. However, shapes in which the transverse beams 7 have an increasing height at their ends, as shown in FIG. 10b or in FIG. 10c, have proved to be particularly suitable.
[0091] The fifth embodiment of a construction damper 1 according to the invention shown in FIG. 11 is an embodiment in which the thrust damping part 5 is constructed in principle in the same way as the third embodiment shown in FIG. 7. Here, too, the thrust damping part 5 has a square ground plan in plan view. However, it has six transverse beam planes instead of five. In each of the transverse beam planes, just as in the third embodiment, four differently aligned, flat transverse beams 7, 9, 11, 13 are arranged. The transverse beams 7, 9, 11, 13 in turn have a shape as shown in FIG. 10b. Thus, they all have a beam height that increases towards the beam ends.
[0092] In this case, the force is introduced by means of two plate- and clasp-like force introduction means 14 and 17 each of which has a bore 16 and 19 for fastening to the construction and, thus, for introducing force into the construction damper 1. The two force introduction means 14 and 17 are rotated by 90° relative to each other and are each attached to two non-adjacent longitudinal beams 8 and 12 or 6 and 8. In the present case, they are welded longitudinally to the respective longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10, 12. After fastening the thrust damping part 5, a traverse 15 or 18 is fastened to the ends of each of the two clasp-like force introduction means 14 and 17. These again significantly stabilize the respective force introduction means 14 and 17 and also lead to an enlarged stability of the thrust damping part 5 and of the entire construction damper 1. Due to the spatial structure of the thrust damping part 5 achieved in this way, a construction damper 1 constructed in accordance with the invention in this way shows a maximum force absorption capacity enlarged by the number of transverse beams, with a considerably improved stability and load-bearing capacity of the construction damper 1 according to the invention with respect to bulging, compared to a conventional SHP damper.
[0093] As can be seen from the spatial sectional view in FIG. 12, the force F introduced into the construction damper 1 is introduced into the two non-adjacent longitudinal beams 8 and 12 of the thrust damping part 5 by the bore 16 and the force introduction means 14. This leads to a deformation of the transverse beams 7, 9, 11, 13 and to a reaction force F/2 in the two longitudinal beams 6 and 10.
[0094] FIG. 13 shows the deformation of the transverse beams 7 by the dimension d at the end and the angle γ.
[0095] FIG. 14 now shows the deformation behavior of a construction damper 1 according to the invention in a force-deformation diagram. This can be simplified bilinearly as shown with the solid line. The dotted line shows the actual behavior. Accordingly, elastic deformation initially occurs as the force increases sharply. When the force designated as F.sub.y is reached, yielding of the transverse beams occurs. Now, only a little more force can be introduced into the transverse beams. Simplified, however, it is assumed that elastic behavior still exists up to the point F.sub.p. From this point, a linear increase in the forces that can be absorbed can also be assumed up to the point F.sub.max. From this point on, softening of the material (in this case steel) begins and failure occurs with further increasing deformations and decreasing forces. The construction damper 1 must therefore be designed in such a way that the force F.sub.max is not exceeded in the maximum load case.
[0096] The force-deformation diagram shown in FIG. 15 shows a full load cycle for the construction damper 1 shown in FIG. 11 to FIG. 13. The curve shown here is based on a computational simulation. Accordingly, a very uniform hysteresis can be determined for the deformation behavior of the construction damper 1 constructed according to the invention.
[0097] FIGS. 16a, 16b and 16c show three further embodiments of thrust damping parts 5 constructed in accordance with the invention, these being characterized in that they have been welded together from several individual parts. The embodiment shown in FIG. 16a is a thrust damping part 5 in which several square rings are welded in parallel between four longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10 and 12, the sides of which form the four transverse beams 7, 9, 11, 13. Due to their square shape and the corners welded to the longitudinal beams 6 and 8, these rings are comparable in their mode of operation to single transverse beams.
[0098] FIG. 16b shows an alternative embodiment in which single strip-shaped transverse beams 7, 9, 11, 13 are welded in between each of the four longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10, 12.
[0099] A third alternative is shown in FIG. 16c, in which two narrow L-profiles are inserted between the four longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10, 12 and are also welded to them. The L-profiles each form two transverse beams 7, 13 or 9, 11 of the thrust damping part 5. L-profiles can be easily cut to strip shape and welded to the longitudinal beams.
[0100] With reference to the sixth embodiment of a construction damper 1 constructed according to the invention shown in FIG. 17, a further aspect of the invention will now be explained, which can be achieved by connecting two thrust damping parts 5 in series in a construction damper 1 by means of a likewise plate-shaped connecting means 21 with traverses 22 provided at the ends. Indeed, by connecting several thrust damping parts 5 in series, it is possible to achieve a damping constant d.sub.max that is many times greater than that of SHP dampers. This is not trivial.
[0101] By connecting several thrust damping parts 5 in series, the damping properties of the construction damper 1 according to the invention can be adapted very precisely, and this can be done in a very economical manner. This is because the thrust damping parts 5 can be very easily prefabricated and then joined together as required. For example, it is conceivable that they can simply be cut to length as required and then coupled together as shown in FIG. 17.
[0102] In the seventh embodiment shown in FIG. 18, three thrust damping parts 5 are connected in series by using two connecting means 21 arranged at 90 degrees to each other. This allows the maximum permissible deformation to be tripled compared with a conventional SHP damper.
[0103] In the example shown in FIG. 19, two differently constructed thrust damping parts 5 are connected to each other by the connecting means 21. Although they both have the same ground plan, they are of different lengths and have a different number of transverse beams 7, 9, 11, 13. In the first thrust damping part 5 shown on the left in FIG. 19, there are six transverse beam planes and four longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10, 12 arranged in the corners. In the second thrust damping part 5 arranged on the right, there are only two transverse beam planes. Thus, the thrust damping part 5 shown on the left has a greater rigidity than the thrust damping part 5 shown on the right.
[0104] The two thrust damping parts 5 are connected by a plate-like constructed connecting means 21 in the present example, which is connected at its corner points to the respective longitudinal beams 6, 8, 10, 12.
[0105] As can be seen in the sectional view FIG. 20 and the enlarged section shown in FIG. 21, the connecting means 21 has two webs 23 and 24. These have a certain distance to the traverses 15 and 18. This allows the damping behavior of the construction damper 1 to be adjusted in a targeted manner. Thus, the mechanical system shown in FIG. 21 of a damper consisting of two dampers connected in series is established, in which the softer damper (shown on the right in FIG. 22) has a stop that becomes active when the right thrust damping part 5 (shown on the right in FIG. 19), which has less transverse beams, reaches its maximum plastic deformation. Then the left-hand thrust damping part 5, which has a greater rigidity, is activated by the webs 23 and 24. Overall, a deformation behavior is obtained which is shown in a simplified linear form in FIG. 23. In computational simulation, the hysteresis shown in FIG. 24a can be determined for the deformation and the associated damping behavior of the construction damper 1 according to the invention.
[0106] The mode of operation of the connection system with gap closure connection shown in FIG. 21 will now be explained with reference to the mechanical system shown in FIG. 22a and the associated force-deformation diagram shown in FIG. 23. Namely, the gap closure connection system enables the creation of a construction damper 1 with two different rigidities, resulting in two different force levels each generating plastic deformation, as may occur under different earthquake loads in a construction.
[0107] Thus, the construction damper 1 is constructed in such a way that in case of a smaller earthquake, the generated deformation d is smaller than d2 (d<d2). Accordingly, the construction damper is softer and provides only a smaller damping force (F<F2). This allows a more elastic structure for the construction. This ensures that smaller maximum accelerations are introduced into the construction during small earthquakes. This is a significant and non-trivial improvement of the construction damper 1 according to the invention compared to conventional SHP and BRB dampers. It allows a significantly improved protection of the non-structural or load-bearing parts of the construction, such as the electrical equipment or the interior furnishings.
[0108] In case of large earthquakes, larger deformations occur in the construction (d>d3). Now the damper 1 according to the invention is also able to provide a larger damping force (F3<F<Fmax). Also, the rigidity is now significantly greater, which means that the construction is better protected against failure.
[0109] FIG. 24a shows the hysteresis loop of the construction damper 1, where the inner loop corresponds to the behavior in case of a small earthquake, while the outer part of the loop shows the behavior in case of a large earthquake.
[0110] FIG. 22b shows the mechanical system of an alternative embodiment of a construction damper 1 according to the invention. This differs from that of FIG. 22a in that here the construction damper 1 also has a locking system for the thrust damping part 5 shown on the left of the figure. This ensures that when the deformation d exceeds d (d>d2) for the first time, the thrust damping part 5 can no longer deform. Now only the thrust damping part 5 drawn in the system on the right contributes to the damping of the earthquake.
[0111] FIG. 24b shows the hysteresis loop of a construction damper 1 constructed according to FIG. 22b, where the inner loop again corresponds to the behavior in case of a small earthquake, while the outer part of the loop shows the behavior in case of a large earthquake. As can be seen in particular by comparison with the curve in FIG. 24a, this embodiment makes it possible to increase the total amount of energy to be dissipated (this corresponds to the area inside the hysteresis curve). This follows from the much smoother curve at large earthquake loads compared to FIG. 24a. This embodiment consequently leads to better protection of the construction during large or severe earthquakes with approximately the same good damping behavior during small earthquakes.
[0112] FIG. 25 shows three examples of how a construction damper 1 according to the invention can be installed in a construction. Here, FIG. 25a shows a construction with a truss beam 25 to which the construction damper 1 is attached. Furthermore, the construction has two vertical supports 26 on which a ceiling disc 27 rests. If an earthquake occurs, normal forces are generated in the truss beam 25 due to the movements of the ground imposed on the construction. These are damped by the construction damper 1.
[0113] FIG. 25b shows a second example of how a construction damper according to the invention can be installed in a construction. Here, the construction damper 1 is fixed like a truss rod between a node of two truss beams 25 and the ceiling disc 27. Here, too, only normal forces are introduced into the construction damper.
[0114] FIG. 25c shows a third example of how a construction damper 1 according to the invention can be installed in a construction. In this case, the construction is a bridge in which the construction damper 1 is fastened between the bridge deck 28 and an counter bearing 29. Here, too, the mounting is carried out in such a way that only normal forces are introduced into the construction damper 1.
REFERENCE NUMERALS
[0115] 1. construction damper [0116] 2. steel beam [0117] 3. mortar [0118] 4. sheathing tube [0119] 5. thrust damping part [0120] 6. first longitudinal beam [0121] 7. transverse beam of first alignment [0122] 8. second longitudinal beam [0123] 9. transverse beam of second alignment [0124] 10. third longitudinal beam [0125] 11. transverse beam of third alignment [0126] 12. fourth longitudinal beam [0127] 13. transverse beam of fourth alignment [0128] 14. first force introduction means [0129] 15. traverse of the first force introduction means [0130] 16. bore of the first force introduction means [0131] 17. second force introduction means [0132] 18. traverse of the second force introduction means [0133] 19. bore of the first force introduction means [0134] 20. weld seam [0135] 21. connecting means [0136] 22. traverse of the connecting means [0137] 23. first web [0138] 24. second web [0139] 25. truss beam [0140] 26. support [0141] 27. ceiling disc [0142] 28. bridge deck [0143] 29. counter bearing
