Magnetocaloric alloys useful for magnetic refrigeration applications

Abstract

This invention relates to magnetocaloric materials comprising alloys useful for magnetic refrigeration applications. In some embodiments, the disclosed alloys may be Cerium, Neodymium, and/or Gadolinium based compositions that are fairly inexpensive, and in some cases exhibit only 2.sup.nd order magnetic phase transitions near their curie temperature, thus there are limited thermal and structural hysteresis losses. This makes these compositions attractive candidates for use in magnetic refrigeration applications. Surprisingly, the performance of the disclosed materials is similar or better to many of the known expensive rare-earth based magnetocaloric materials.

Claims

1. A magnetocaloric material comprising: (A.sub.x B.sub.1-x) Si.sub.1-y-z, (D.sub.y E.sub.z), wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, wherein D is selected from the group consisting of Cr and Mn, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn, wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0, wherein y is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3, wherein z is in the range of 0 about 0.3, and wherein 0.05≤y+z≤0.3.

2. The magnetocaloric material of claim 1, wherein y+z=0.2.

3. The magnetocaloric material of claim 2, wherein the material comprises: (A.sub.x B.sub.1-x) Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, and wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0.

4. The magnetocaloric material of claim 3, wherein the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, or Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2.

5. The magnetocaloric material of claim 2, wherein the material comprises: (A.sub.x B.sub.1-x) Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, and wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0.

6. The magnetocaloric material of claim 5, wherein the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, or Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2.

7. The magnetocaloric material of claim 2, wherein the material comprises: (A.sub.x B.sub.1-x) Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, and wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0.

8. The magnetocaloric material of claim 7, wherein the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, or Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1.

9. The magnetocaloric material of claim 2, wherein the material comprises: (A.sub.x B.sub.1-x) Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, and wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0.

10. The magnetocaloric material of claim 9, wherein the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15.

11. The magnetocaloric material of claim 2, wherein the material comprises: (A.sub.x B.sub.1-x) Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, and wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0.

12. The magnetocaloric material of claim 11, wherein the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, or Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05.

13. The magnetocaloric material of claim 2, wherein the material comprises: (A.sub.x B.sub.1-X) Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1E.sub.0.1, wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn, and wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0.

14. The magnetocaloric material of claim 13, wherein the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8 Ce.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ale.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1, Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.8Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1.

15. A magnetic refrigerator, comprising the magnetocaloric material of claim 1.

16. A method of manufacturing a heat pump, comprising fabricating at least one part of the heat pump from a magnetocaloric material of comprising (A.sub.x B.sub.1-x) Si.sub.1-y-x(D.sub.y E.sub.z), wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, wherein D is selected from the group consisting of Cr and Mn, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn, wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0, wherein y is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3, wherein z is in the range of 0 to about 0.3, and wherein 0.05≤y+z ≤0.3.

17. The magnetic refrigerator of claim 15, wherein y+z=0.2.

18. The magnetic refrigerator of claim 15 wherein the material comprises: (A.sub.x B.sub.1-x) Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, and Gd, and wherein x is in the range of 0 to 1.0.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 alloy.

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates the magnetization versus temperature for several of the disclosed alloys.

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates the magnetization versus temperature for a Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.2 alloy.

(4) FIG. 4 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for several of the disclosed alloys.

(5) FIG. 5 illustrates the magnetization versus temperature for several of the disclosed alloys.

(6) FIG. 6 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy.

(7) FIG. 7 illustrates the magnetization versus temperature for several of the disclosed alloys.

(8) FIG. 8 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 alloy.

(9) FIG. 9 illustrates the magnetization versus temperature for several of the disclosed alloys.

(10) FIG. 10 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 alloy.

(11) FIG. 11 illustrates the magnetization versus temperature for several of the disclosed alloys.

(12) FIG. 12 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy.

(13) FIG. 13 illustrates the magnetization versus temperature for a Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Al.sub.0.1 alloy.

(14) FIG. 14 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for several magnetocaloric alloys with different anneal processing.

(15) FIG. 15 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with a 2 hr 1400° C. anneal.

(16) FIG. 16 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1 alloy with a 6 hr 1300° C. anneal.

(17) FIG. 17 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1 alloy with a 6 hr 1300° C. anneal.

(18) FIG. 18 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Gd.sub.0.5Ce.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with a 12 hr 1200° C. anneal.

(19) FIG. 19 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1 alloy with a 12 hr 1200° C. anneal.

(20) FIG. 20 illustrates the change in entropy versus temperature for a Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with a 4 week 1100° C. anneal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(21) The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is a phenomenon in which the temperature change of a suitable material is caused by exposing the material to a changing magnetic field. The magnetocaloric effect can be quantified with the equation below:

(22) $\Delta T_{\mathrm{ad}}=-{\int }_{H_0}^{H_1}{\left(\frac{T}{C\left(T,H\right)}\right)}_H{\left(\frac{\partial M\left(T,H\right)}{\partial T}\right)}_{H}dH$
where T is the temperature, H is the applied magnetic field, C is the heat capacity of the working magnet (refrigerant) and M is the magnetization of the refrigerant. The temperature change in the material is caused by a change in the entropy of the material.

(23) As used herein, the term “magnetocaloric effect” includes any phenomenon in which the temperature change of a material is caused by exposing the material to a changing magnetic field.

(24) The magnetocaloric effect exhibited by most magnetocaloric materials is as follows: the temperature of the magnetocaloric material increases when the magnetic field is moved near or in contact with the magnetocaloric material, and wherein the temperature of the magnetocaloric material decreases when the magnetic field is moved away from the magnetocaloric material. Materials which undergo a magnetocaloric effect with application and removal of a magnetic field include, but are not limited to, Gadolinium based alloys. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material exhibits a magnetocaloric effect, wherein the temperature of the magnetocaloric material increases when the magnetic field is moved near or in contact with the magnetocaloric material, and wherein the temperature of the magnetocaloric material decreases when the magnetic field is moved away from the magnetocaloric material.

(25) However, some magnetocaloric materials exhibit an inverse magnetocaloric effect, wherein the temperature of the magnetocaloric material decreases when the magnetic field is moved near or in contact with the magnetocaloric material, and wherein the temperature of the magnetocaloric material increases when the magnetic field is moved away from the magnetocaloric material. Materials which undergo an inverse magnetocaloric effect with application and removal of a magnetic field include, but are not limited to, Heusler alloys, which include, but are not limited to, NiMn based alloys. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material exhibits an inverse magnetocaloric effect, wherein the temperature of the magnetocaloric material decreases when the magnetic field is moved near or in contact with the magnetocaloric material, and wherein the temperature of the magnetocaloric material increases when the magnetic field is moved away from the magnetocaloric material.

(26) The present disclosure relates to magnetocaloric alloys with 2nd order magnetic phase transitions. Some embodiments may provide a magnetocaloric material comprising (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x) Si.sub.1-y-z (Mn.sub.yCr.sub.z) wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein D is selected from the group consisting of Cr or Mn, and E is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu, or Zn, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0, wherein y is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3, wherein z is in the range of about 0 to about 0.3, and wherein 0.05≤y+z≤0.3.

(27) Surprisingly, it was discovered that replacing Si with different elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu, or Zn, alters the magnetocaloric properties (ΔS and/or curie temperature) and also improves the resistance to oxidation in air at room temperature. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y+z=0.1. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y+z=0.2. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y+z=0.3. In some embodiments, the optimal performance is achieved when y+z=0.2. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y+z=0.2. In some embodiments, replacing even small amounts of Silicon with Chromium significantly improves the materials resistance to oxidation. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y+z=0.1. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y+z=0.2. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y+z=0.3. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y=0.1 and z=0. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y=0.2 and z=0. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y=0.3 and z=0. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y=0.05 and z=0.1. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y=0.05 and z=0.05. In some embodiments of the magnetocaloric material, y=0.05 and z=0.15.

(28) In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material comprises (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x)Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0. In some embodiments, the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2.

(29) In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material comprises (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x)Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0. In some embodiments, the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2.

(30) In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material comprises (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x)Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1 wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0. In some embodiments, the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.7Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1.

(31) In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material comprises (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x)Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15 wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0. In some embodiments, the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.05Cr.sub.0.15.

(32) In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material comprises (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x)Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05 wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0. In some embodiments, the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.15Cr.sub.0.05.

(33) In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material comprises (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x) Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1E.sub.0.1 wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu, or Zn, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0. In some embodiments the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Fe.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ale.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1, Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.6Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Cu.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.1Nd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.2Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.3Nd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.6Nd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.7Nd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.8Nd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Gd.sub.0.9Nd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.1Gd.sub.0.9Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.3Gd.sub.0.7Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.4Gd.sub.0.6Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.6Gd.sub.0.4Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.7Gd.sub.0.3Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.8Gd.sub.0.2Si.sub.0.8Ce.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.0.9Gd.sub.0.1Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Zn.sub.0.1.

(34) In some embodiments, a magnetocaloric material may comprise Ce Si.sub.yAl.sub.1-y wherein y is greater than 0 and less than 1. In some embodiments the material is Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Al.sub.0.1, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Al.sub.0.8, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.7Al.sub.0.3, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.6Al.sub.0.4, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.5Al.sub.0.5, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.4Al.sub.0.6, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.3Al.sub.0.7, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.2Al.sub.0.8, Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.9, or any combination thereof.

(35) Another embodiment is a magnetic refrigerator comprising the magnetocaloric material. In some embodiments, a magnetic refrigerator comprises a magnetocaloric material, wherein the magnetocaloric material comprises (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x) Si.sub.1-y-z (D.sub.y E.sub.z) wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein D is selected from the group consisting of Cr or Mn, and E is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu, or Zn, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0, wherein y is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3, wherein z is in the range of about 0 to about 0.3, and wherein 0.05≤y+z≤0.3. In some embodiments, a magnetic refrigerator comprises a magnetocaloric material, wherein the magnetocaloric material comprises Ce Si.sub.y Al.sub.1-y wherein y is greater than 0 and less than 1.

(36) Another embodiment is a method of manufacturing a heat pump, comprising fabricating at least one part of the heat pump from a magnetocaloric material. In some embodiments, a method of manufacturing a heat pump comprises fabricating at least one part of the heat pump from a magnetocaloric material, wherein the magnetocaloric material comprises (A.sub.xB.sub.1-x) Si.sub.1-y-z (D.sub.y E.sub.z) wherein A and B are selected from the group consisting of Ce, Nd, or Gd, wherein D is selected from the group consisting of Cr or Mn, and E is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe, Al, Ni, Co, Cu, or Zn, wherein x is in the range of about 0 to about 1.0, wherein y is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3, wherein z is in the range of about 0 to about 0.3, and wherein 0.05≤y+z≤0.3. In some embodiments, a method of manufacturing a heat pump comprises fabricating at least one part of the heat pump from a magnetocaloric material, wherein the magnetocaloric material comprises Ce Si.sub.y Al.sub.1-y wherein y is greater than 0 and less than 1.

(37) The response temperature (curie temperature or transition temperature) of the magnetocaloric material may be adjusted with small changes in the composition of the material. In some embodiments, the response temperature of the magnetocaloric material is adjusted by changing the composition of the material. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material exhibits a magnetocaloric effect at any temperature in the range of about 1° K to about 350° K. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material exhibits a magnetocaloric effect at any temperature in the range of about 10° K to about 50° K. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material exhibits a magnetocaloric effect at any temperature in the range of about 50° K to about 1000° K. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material exhibits a magnetocaloric effect at any temperature in the range of about 100° K to about 350° K. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric material exhibits a magnetocaloric effect at any temperature in the range of about 50° K to about 200° K. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric nanomaterial exhibits a magnetocaloric effect at any temperature in the range of about 10° K to about 80° K.

(38) Magnetocaloric materials can be synthesized using various methods, such as arc melting, induction melting, or any other type of metal melting process. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric materials are synthesized using an arc melt furnace. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric materials are synthesized using an induction melt furnace. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric materials are synthesized using a rotating disk atomization furnace. In some embodiments, the magnetocaloric materials are synthesized using a levitation melt furnace.

(39) Following synthesis of the magnetocaloric alloy, an annealing process may be used to homogenize the material. In some cases the anneal improves and/or shifts the magnetocaloric properties (ΔS or the curie temperature). Anneals can be performed in a variety of furnace types, including radiation furnaces, induction furnace, tube furnace, etc. The optimal anneal temperature and time may vary depending on the magnetocaloric material composition. In some embodiments, the anneal temperature is between about 700° C. and about 2000° C. In some embodiments, the anneal time is between about 30 min and about 6 weeks.

(40) For purposes of summarizing aspects of the invention and the advantages achieved over the related art, certain objects and advantages of the invention are described in this disclosure. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

(41) Further aspects, features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the detailed example embodiments which follow.

EXAMPLES

(42) The embodiments will be explained with respect to preferred embodiments which are not intended to limit the present invention. Further, in the present disclosure where conditions and/or structures are not specified, the skilled artisan in the art can readily provide such conditions and/or structures, in light of the teachings herein, as a matter of routine experimentation.

(43) The object of this disclosure is to provide magnetocaloric materials useful for magnetic refrigeration applications.

Example 1

(44) A Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 1 shows a plot of ΔS vs temperature and FIG. 2 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 125° K.

Example 2

(45) A Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 2 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 225° K.

Example 3

(46) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 2 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 125° K.

Example 4

(47) A Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 3 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 7° K.

Example 5

(48) A Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.9Cr.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 4 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with 2nd order phase transition occurring near 235° K.

Example 6

(49) A Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.7Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 4 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.7Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 235° K.

Example 7

(50) A Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.7Mn.sub.0.2Cr.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 4 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.7Mn.sub.0.2Cr.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 235° K.

Example 8

(51) A Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 4 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Nd.sub.0.5Gd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 235° K. This data shows the optimal doping concentration of y+z=2, where both y and z are greater than 0.

Example 9

(52) A Nd.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 4 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Nd.sub.0.2Gd.sub.0.8Si.sub.0.88Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 293° K.

Example 10

(53) A Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Cr.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 5 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Cr.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 75° K.

Example 11

(54) A Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 6 shows a plot of ΔS vs temperature and FIG. 5 shows the magnetization versus temperature for the Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 75° K.

Example 12

(55) A Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 7 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 75° K.

Example 13

(56) A Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 8 shows a plot of ΔS vs temperature and FIG. 7 shows the magnetization versus temperature for the Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 75° K.

Example 14

(57) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.95Mn.sub.0.05 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 9 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.95Mn.sub.0.05 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 325° K.

Example 15

(58) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 9 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Mn.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 325° K.

Example 16

(59) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 10 shows a plot of ΔS vs temperature and FIG. 9 shows the magnetization versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 325° K.

Example 17

(60) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.7Mn.sub.0.3 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 9 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.7Mn.sub.0.3 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 325° K.

Example 18

(61) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Cr.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 11 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Cr.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 325° K.

Example 19

(62) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 12 shows a plot of ΔS vs temperature and FIG. 11 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 325° K.

Example 20

(63) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.7Cr.sub.0.3 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 11 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.7Cr.sub.0.3 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 325° K.

Example 21

(64) A Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Al.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by are melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was measured as-cast. FIG. 13 shows a plot of magnetization versus temperature for the Ce.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.9Al.sub.0.1 alloy with 2.sup.nd order phase transition occurring near 7° K.

Example 22

(65) A Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1300° C. under flowing argon for 1 hr. FIG. 14 shows a plot of ΔS under a 3T field versus temperature for the Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1 alloy with phase transition occurring near 160° K.

Example 23

(66) A Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1300° C. under flowing argon for 6 hrs. FIG. 14 shows a plot of ΔS under a 3T field versus temperature for the Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.1 alloy with dual phase transitions occurring near 160° K and 240° K.

Example 24

(67) A Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.05 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1300° C. under flowing argon for 6 hrs. FIG. 14 shows a plot of ΔS under a 3T field versus temperature for the Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.1Cr.sub.0.05 alloy with phase transition occurring near 230° K.

Example 25

(68) A Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1300° C. under flowing argon for 6 hrs. FIG. 14 shows a plot of ΔS under a 3T field versus temperature for the Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Mn.sub.0.2 alloy with phase transition occurring near 245° K.

Example 26

(69) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1400° C. under flowing argon for 2 hrs. FIG. 15 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with phase transition occurring near 330° K.

Example 26

(70) A Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1300° C. under flowing argon for 6 hrs. FIG. 16 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1 alloy with phase transition occurring near 160° K.

Example 27

(71) A Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1300° C. under flowing argon for 6 hrs. FIG. 17 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Gd.sub.0.5Nd.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Ni.sub.0.1 alloy with phase transition occurring near 160° K.

Example 28

(72) A Gd.sub.0.5Ce.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1200° C. under flowing argon for 12 hrs. FIG. 18 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Gd.sub.0.5Ce.sub.0.5Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with phase transition occurring near 125° K.

Example 29

(73) A Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was annealed in an induction furnace at 1200° C. under flowing argon for 12 hrs. FIG. 19 shows a plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Nd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.1Co.sub.0.1 alloy with phase transition occurring near 70° K.

Example 30

(74) A Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 ingot was prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere. The ingot was sealed in a quartz tube under argon and annealed in a radiation furnace at 1100° C. for 4 weeks. FIG. 20 shows plot of ΔS versus temperature for the Gd.sub.1.0Si.sub.0.8Cr.sub.0.2 alloy with phase transition occurring near 340° K.

Example 31

(75) An example magnetic refrigerator comprising the disclosed magnetocaloric material is made by the following steps 1) preparing the magnetocaloric material into thin plates or millimeter sized spherical balls, 2) placing the magnetocaloric material into a magnetic field, where the application of the magnetic field causes the material to heat up, 3) using a heat transfer fluid to remove the heat from the magnetocaloric material, 4) then removing the magnetic field causing the magnetocaloric material to cool down, 5) then exposing the cold magnetocaloric material to the desired refrigeration environment where heat from the refrigeration environment is transferred to the magnetocaloric material, 6) then repeating steps 1 to 5 to create a refrigeration cycle which maintains a desired cold temperature within the refrigeration environment.

Example 32

(76) An example magnetic refrigerator comprising the disclosed magnetocaloric material is made by the following similar steps as in Example 13, except that a heat transfer fluid is used in step 5 to expose the cold magnetocaloric material to the desired refrigeration environment, where the heat from the refrigeration environment is transferred to the heat transfer fluid.

Example 33

(77) An example heat pump comprising fabricating at least one part of the heat pump from a magnetocaloric material is made by incorporating at least one magnetocaloric material of the disclosed invention, at least one permanent magnet, and at least one mechanical movement system; wherein the magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet enables the magnetocaloric effect of the magnetocaloric material when at least one oscillation cycle is performed by the mechanical movement system, wherein a change in temperature of the magnetocaloric material occurs when the magnetocaloric material is moved into or out of a magnetic field; and wherein the mechanical movement system performs the at least one oscillation cycle by physically moving the permanent magnet, the magnetocaloric material, a magnet shielding material, or any combination thereof; and wherein the at least one oscillation cycle comprises exposing the magnetic field to the magnetocaloric material at a predefined magnetic field ramp-up speed, holding the magnetic field near or in contact with the magnetocaloric material for a specified contact holding time, removing the magnetic field from the magnetocaloric material at a predefined ramp-down speed, and holding the magnetic field away from the magnetocaloric material for a specified removed holding time; and wherein the at least one oscillation cycle is optimized to provide cooling on one side of the heat pump device.

(78) For purposes of summarizing aspects of the invention and the advantages achieved over the related art, certain objects and advantages of the invention are described in this disclosure. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein. It will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the forms of the present invention are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.