Abstract
A bundle of tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles is provided that includes a longest dimension, a plurality of layers (N.sub.L) of the glass articles, and a thread-like element. The longest dimension extends in a first direction. The glass articles in each layer are arranged side by side in a second direction. The plurality of layers are arranged side by side in a third direction. The first, second, and third directions being perpendicular to one another. The thread-like element is around two of the glass articles in at least one layer so that the two glass articles are spaced apart.
Claims
1. A bundle of tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles, comprising: a longest dimension of the glass articles extending in a first direction of a Cartesian coordinate system, the longest dimension defining a length of the glass articles; a plurality of layers (N.sub.L) of the glass articles, wherein the glass articles in each layer of the plurality of layers are arranged side by side in a second direction of the Cartesian coordinate system, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction, and wherein the plurality of layers are arranged side by side in a third direction of the Cartesian coordinate system, the third direction being perpendicular to the first and second directions; and a thread-like element is wrapped at least partially around at least two of the glass articles in at least one layer of the plurality of layers so that the two glass articles are spaced apart, the thread-like element being twisted from fibers or strips of material or being a string, line or cord, wherein the thread-like element has a minimum cross section (c.sub.t), wherein the thread-like element is wrapped around the glass articles at a plurality of different spaced positions (n.sub.t) along the length of the glass articles, wherein the plurality of different spaced positions and the minimum cross section are selected according to: TABLE-US-00007 C.sub.R - value N.sub.L Less than 3000 6000 . . . 12000 12000 . . . 20000 More than 20000 Less than 8 n.sub.t ≥ 2, n.sub.t ≥ 2, n.sub.t ≥ 3, n.sub.t ≥ 4, c.sub.t ≥ 0.5 mm c.sub.t ≥ 0.5 mm c.sub.t ≥ 0.9 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.0 mm 8 to 12 n.sub.t ≥ 2, n.sub.t ≥ 2, n.sub.t ≥ 3, n.sub.t ≥ 4, c.sub.t ≥ 0.6 mm c.sub.t ≥ 0.6 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.0 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.1 mm More than 12 n.sub.t ≥ 3, n.sub.t ≥ 3, n.sub.t ≥ 3, n.sub.t ≥ 4, c.sub.t ≥ 0.7 mm c.sub.t ≥ 0.7 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.1 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.2 mm wherein the C.sub.R-value corresponds to: wherein l corresponds to the length of the glass articles in mm, wherein d.sub.o corresponds to an outer diameter of the glass articles in mm, and wherein t.sub.w corresponds to a wall thickness of the glass articles in mm, the wall thickness of a rod-shaped article being equal to one half of the outer diameter, and wherein the space between two tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles is less than 16% of the outer dimension of the tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles, and wherein the thread-like element is fastened to form a releasable knot with an adhesive force between about 0.1 and 4.0 N, wherein the adhesive force is the force necessary to untie the knot.
2. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the minimum cross section (c.sub.t) is selected according to: TABLE-US-00008 C.sub.R - value N.sub.L Less than 3000 6000 . . . 12000 12000 . . . 20000 More than 20000 Less than 8 c.sub.t ≥ 0.9 mm c.sub.t ≥ 0.9 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.2 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.5 mm 8 to 12 c.sub.t ≥ 1.0 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.0 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.3 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.6 mm More than 12 c.sub.t ≥ 1.1 c.sub.t ≥ 1.1 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.4 mm c.sub.t ≥ 1.7 mm.
3. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the plurality of different spaced positions (n.sub.t) is selected according to: TABLE-US-00009 C.sub.R - value N.sub.L Less than 3000 6000 . . . 12000 12000 . . . 20000 More than 20000 Less than 8 n.sub.t ≥ 2 n.sub.t ≥ 3 n.sub.t ≥ 4 n.sub.t ≥ 5 8 to 12 n.sub.t ≥ 2 n.sub.t ≥ 3 n.sub.t ≥ 4 n.sub.t ≥ 5 More than 12 n.sub.t ≥ 3 n.sub.t ≥ 3 n.sub.t ≥ 4 n.sub.t ≥ 5.
4. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the bundle has a bending stiffness of at least 5*10.sup.9 Nmm.sup.2 and at most 25*10.sup.11 N.sub.mm.sup.2.
5. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the thread-like element has a cross section between at least 0.25 mm and at most 4.0 mm.
6. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the thread-like element has a tensile elasticity (C.sub.S) at least 80 N to at most 700 N, and wherein the tensile elasticity (C.sub.S,) is defined by the following equation: wherein L corresponds to an initial length of the thread-like-element, ΔL is an amount by which a length of the thread-like element changes, and ΔF is a change of tensile force in the thread-like element.
7. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the plurality of different spaced positions (n.sub.t) are positioned so that a first distance (a) is between a half-length of the glass articles and a first spacer position, a second distance (b) is between the half-length and a second spacer position, and a third distance (c) is between the half-length and a third spacer position, wherein (a) is smaller than (b), and wherein (b) is smaller than (c), and wherein (a), (b), and (c) are chosen according to: TABLE-US-00010 n.sub.t (a) (b) (c) 2 0.25 ≤ a/L ≤ 0.29 3 −0.015 ≤ a/L ≤ 0.015 0.32 ≤ b/L ≤ 0.40 4 0.10 ≤ a/L ≤ 0.16 0.36 ≤ b/L ≤ 0.43 5 −0.025 ≤ a/L ≤ 0.025 0.18 ≤ b/L ≤ 0.24 0.38 ≤ c/L ≤ 0.44.
8. The bundle of claim 7, further comprising film wrapped radially around the glass articles.
9. The bundle of claim 8, wherein the film surrounds the glass articles at a position selected from a group consisting of: at least at one of the first, second, and third spacer positions; over an entirety of the length of the glass articles; only at a middle portion of the length of the glass articles; only at one or more end portions of the glass articles; only at each of the first, second, and third spacer positions; and combinations thereof.
10. The bundle of claim 8, wherein the film is a heat-shrink film.
11. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the thread-like element comprises a plurality of thread-like elements so that that at each of the plurality of different spaced positions (n.sub.t) there is a different one of the plurality of thread-like elements.
12. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the thread-like element comprises a plastic material selected from a group consisting of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene wax, polyamide (PA), styrene-acrylonitrile resin (SAN), polyester polyethylene terephthatalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyurethane (PU), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and any combinations thereof.
13. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the thread-like element comprises a material with a Young's modulus between of at least 500 MPa and of at most 1000 MPa.
14. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the two glass articles are spaced apart by a distance of at least 0.5 mm.
15. The bundle of claim 1, further comprising a pallet having the plurality of layers thereon.
16. The bundle of claim 1, wherein the space between two tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles is less than 10% of the outer dimension of the tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles.
17. The bundle of claim 16, wherein the space between two tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles is less than 5% of the outer dimension of the tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) The invention will now be further explained with reference to the figures. These show
(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic and not drawn to scale depiction of a tubular and/or rod-shaped glass article,
(3) FIGS. 2a-2b are schematic depictions of two-dimensional close packings
(4) FIGS. 3a-3b are schematic depictions of cross sections of different glass articles,
(5) FIGS. 4a-4b are two schematic and not drawn to scale depictions of bundles of tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles,
(6) FIGS. 5a-5c are three schematic and not drawn to scale depictions of different embodiment of bundles,
(7) FIGS. 6a-6d are four schematic and not drawn to scale depictions of tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles comprising thread-like elements at different spacer positions,
(8) FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the measurement method for determination of the circularity error,
(9) FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram as illustration for the determination of the tensile elasticity, and
(10) FIGS. 9 to 13 are diagrams depicting pulling forces measured for pulling and withdrawing of thread-like elements comprised by bundles according to embodiments of the disclosure.
(11) In the figures, like reference numerals refer to like or corresponding elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(12) FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a tubular and/or rod-shaped glass article 1. The glass article has longest dimension l, likewise depicted in FIG. 1. The longest dimension—or simply length l—of the tubular and/or rod-shaped article 1 extends along a first direction of a Cartesian coordinate, that is, here in this case, from the left to the right of the figure.
(13) FIGS. 2a-2b are schematic depictions of a close packing of equal circles in the sense of the present disclosure. In FIG. 2a, the close packing may be understood in this case as a cross-sectional view of a bundle of rod-shaped glass articles 11, whereas, in FIG. 2b, the close packing may be understood as a cross-sectional view of a bundle of tubular glass articles 12. For the sake of visibility, only one article 11, 12 has been indicated. It is pointed out that the arrangement of circles (as in FIG. 2a) or rings (as in FIG. 2b) each consists, in this case, of four different layers of circles or rings, respectively. These layers may be understood as a layer of rod-shaped glass articles or tubular shaped glass articles, the number of layers, N.sub.L, being, in this case, 4. However, generally, without being bound be the depiction in FIGS. 2a-b, different, particularly higher, numbers of layers are possible, of course. Further, the circles or rings are spaced apart slightly.
(14) Now, in FIG. 3a is a cross-sectional view of rod-shaped glass article (or glass rod) 11 with outer dimension d.sub.o, the latter being equal to the diameter of the cross-section. In FIG. 3b, a cross-sectional view of tubular glass article 12 is shown. This cross-section can be defined by outer dimension d.sub.o and inner dimension d.sub.i, wherein the wall thickness t.sub.w of the tubular glass article (or glass tube) 12 corresponds to:
t.sub.w=½*(d.sub.o−d.sub.i).
(15) It is to be noted that in the case of a rod-shaped glass article (or glass rod), the wall thickness corresponds to:
t.sub.w=½*d.sub.o,
(16) as indicated in FIG. 3a. That is, the wall thickness t.sub.w may also be understood as the radius of the rod-shaped glass article (or glass rod).
(17) Now, with regard to FIGS. 4a-4b, two different embodiments of bundles 10 of tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles 1 are shown.
(18) FIG. 4a depicts schematically bundle 10, comprising tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles as well as a thread-like element 2. As can be seen, the cross sections of tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles 1 form a close packing here. Further, here, thread-like element 2 is positioned to the rear of the bundle 10 as well as near the front region. It may be noted that at both position, that is, to the rear and at the front, thread-like element 2 may be the same, that is, just one thread-like element is first wrapped around the glass articles at least partially at the rear side portions and, after that, at the front side portion. However, if may be more suitable to use, at each spacer position, a separate thread-like element 2. Further, it is to be noted that, according to the actual method used to wrap the thread-like element 2 around a glass article at least partially, more than one thread-like element may be present at a single spacer position, for example, an upper thread-like element and a lower thread-like element.
(19) In FIG. 4b another bundle 10 is depicted. In this case, the rod-shaped and/or tubular glass articles have been arranged so that their cross sections form a simple cubic packing. Here, the thread-like element 2 is position at three different spacer positions.
(20) FIGS. 5a-5c shows three schematic and not drawn to scale depictions of bundles 10. Here, in each case, bundle 10 comprises thread-like element 2 that has been wrapped around the rod-shaped and/or tubular glass articles (not indicated) at least partially at three positions. Further, the bundles 10 each comprise at least one film 3 wrapped around bundle 10 radially. Now, in FIG. 5a, film 3 is wrapped around the bundle 10 completely, however, for the sake of visibility, film 3 is only depicted in the rear part of bundle 10.
(21) FIG. 5b shows bundle 10. Here, the film 3 has been wrapped around bundle 10 only in a middle section thereof, so that both ends of bundle 10 remain free of film 3.
(22) FIG. 5x shows yet another embodiment of bundle 10. Here, bundle 10 comprises three films 3 wrapped around bundle 10 radially so as to cover thread-like elements 2 (not indicated) at each of the three spacer positions. Such an embodiment is particularly preferable, as only a minimum amount of waste is produced.
(23) Now, in FIGS. 6a-6d, a tubular and/or rod-shaped glass article 1 is depicted. It is once again pointed out that these depictions each are merely schematic depictions and not drawn to scale. The tubular and/or rod-shaped glass article 1 in each of FIGS. 6a-6d is bent. However, the amount of bending has been exaggerated for illustrational issues.
(24) FIG. 6a shows the case where at least one thread-like element 2 has been positioned at to spacer positions n.sub.t along length l of the article 2. These positions may be characterized by distance a, a being a first distance a between the half-length of the tubular and/or rod-shaped articles and at least one first spacer position of at the least one thread-like element.
(25) Now, if there are, as depicted in FIG. 6b, there are three spacer position n.sub.t, these three positions can be characterized by distances a and b, a being a first distance a between the half-length of the tubular and/or rod-shaped articles and at least one first spacer position of at the least one thread-like element and b being a second distance b between the half-length of the tubular and/or rod-shaped articles and at least one second spacer position of the at least one thread-like element; a being smaller than b.
(26) Further, in the case shown in FIG. 6c, four spacer positions are distributed along length l. These four positions can likewise be characterized by distances a and b, a being a first distance a between the half-length of the tubular and/or rod-shaped articles and at least one first spacer position of at the least one thread-like element and b being a second distance b between the half-length of the tubular and/or rod-shaped articles and at least one second spacer position of the at least one thread-like element; a being smaller than b.
(27) Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 6d, if five spacer positions are distributed, then these can be characterized by distances a, b, and c, a being a first distance a between the half-length of the tubular and/or rod-shaped articles and at least one first spacer position of at the least one thread-like element, b being a second distance b between the half-length of the tubular and/or rod-shaped articles and at least one second spacer position of the at least one thread-like element, and c a third distance c between the half-length of the tubular and/or rod-shaped articles and at least one third spacer position of at the least one thread-like element, with a being smaller than b and b being smaller than c. Distances a, b and c are chosen according to the following table:
(28) TABLE-US-00006 n.sub.t a b c 2 0.25 ≤ a/L ≤ 0.29 3 −0.015 ≤ a/L ≤ 0.015 0.32 ≤ b/L ≤ 0.40 4 0.10 ≤ a/L ≤ 0.16 0.36 ≤ b/L ≤ 0.43 5 −0.025 ≤ a/L ≤ 0.025 0.18 ≤ b/L ≤ 0.24 0.38 ≤ c/L ≤ 0.44
(29) FIG. 7 shows schematically the determination of the circularity error, here denoted as ci. The circularity error ci, in this case, is a measure for the deviation of a given shape from the ideal circular shape, Here, a circumferential line of a cross section has to lie in a plane defined by two concentrical circles (that are depicted in FIG. 7 with dotted lines) with a specific, predefined distance from each other. The actual value of the circularity error ci is one half of the maximum difference the outer diameters in the respective plane. In actual practice, instead of the circularity error, the ovality may be given, the ovality being the difference of the maximum outer cross section and the minimum outer cross section in a direction perpendicular to the length l of a rod-shaped or tubular glass article. The ovality is two times the value of the circularity error.
(30) In FIG. 8, a schematic diagram for determination of the tensile elasticity is shown.
(31) It is reminded that C.sub.S, the tensile elasticity, is given according to the following equation:
(32)
(33) wherein L corresponds to the initial length of the thread-like-element (plotted along the y-axis), ΔL is the amount by which the length of the thread-like element changes, and ΔF is the change of the tensile force in the thread-like element, as determined in usual load-strain-curves as shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 6, that is, by the ratio of the strain (or relative elongation of the respective thread-like element ΔL/L) and the change of the tensile strength, ΔF, in the respective thread-like element.
(34) FIGS. 9 to 13 show diagrams of pulling forces obtained for thread-like elements 2 in bundles 10 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. In all bundles, thread-like elements arranged at a spacer position had been wrapped around the glass articles at least partially in order to space the glass articles apart. Further, the thread-like elements had been wrapped around the glass articles at least partially, forming several knots. These knots were, for each bundle, formed as releasable knots, that is, knots that could easily be untied by pulling one free end of one thread-like element forming the bundle. Furthermore, in all cases, bundles were arranged in a horizontal position. In each of FIG. 9 to 13, the pulling force (or tension), given in N, has been plotted over the position of the puller used for withdrawal of the at least one thread-like element. Puller position is given in arbitrary units. In each of the diagrams, measurement was conducted for four different layers of glass articles. The number of knots, in each of the examples used for measurement, corresponded to the number of glass articles in a layer. Maximum values correspond to untying of the knot and, thus, to the maximum adhesive force of the knot. Therefore, the maximum measured value corresponds to the minimum value of tension needed for untying of a knot.
(35) In between the maxima, measured tension values correspond to those stages of unpacking wherein simple withdrawal of the thread-like element takes place. In consequence, as no adhesive force of a knot needs to be overcome, much less tension is needed in these stages.
(36) As can be seen in the five diagrams depicting measured tension values needed for withdrawal and untying of knots in bundles of glass articles with different cross sections, minimum pulling forces required depend upon the cross section of the bundled glass articles.
(37) FIG. 9 is a diagram depicting pulling forces measured in bundles of tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles with cross sections of 10.95 mm, indicated as data sets 9-1, 9-2, 9-3 and 9-4. The statistical nature of minimum pulling force or maximum adhesive force of a knot can clearly be seen, as peak values obtained during measurement may range from a value of slightly more than 3 N (data set 9-1, first peak value) to less than 1.5 N or even less (data set 9-3), with an average value of about 2.2 N.
(38) FIG. 10 depicts pulling force over puller position for bundles of tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles with a cross section of about 16 mm, indicated as data sets 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 and 10-4. Minimum pulling forces ranged from 1.1 N or even less (data set 10-3) to a value of 2.13 N (data set 10.1), with an average of about 1.6 N.
(39) In FIG. 11, for data sets 11-1, 11-2, 11-3 and 11-4, obtained for a cross section of the bundled tubular and/or rod-shaped glass articles of 28 mm, the maximum measured pulling force value (corresponding to the minimum pulling force or, in the alternative, to the maximum adhesive force of the knot) was about 2.1 N (set 11-2), whereas very low values were obtained in set 11-3, corresponding to about 0.5 N. The average “minimum pulling force” amounted to about 1.2 N.
(40) FIG. 12, depicting data sets 12-1, 12-2, 12-3 and 12-4, for cross sections of glass articles of about 8.65 mm, shows a peak value of the pulling force of about 2.4 N (data set 12-2), whereas for some knots, a pulling force as low as 1.4 N (12-3) or even less proved sufficient for releasing tied knots. Average “minimum pulling force” amounted to about 2 N.
(41) Finally, FIG. 13 depicts data sets 13-1, 13-2, 13-3 and 13-4, for cross sections of bundled glass articles of about 42 mm. A peak value of 1.3 N was obtained for set 13-2, whereas pulling forces for releasing knots could also be as low as 0.7 N (set 13-1) or lesser still, for example 0.4 N (set 13-2). Average was about 0.9 N.
(42) As can be seen, the force required for untying a knot differs and in general is lower the larger the cross section of the bundled articles. However, for smaller cross sections, that is, for cross sections less than about 12 or 11 mm, there seems to be a plateau or “pedestal” section, with minimum pulling forces varying about an average value of about 1.9-2.3 N.
REFERENCE NUMERALS
(43) 1 tubular and/or rod-shaped glass article 11 rod-shaped glass article 12 tubular glass article 10 bundle 2 thread-like element 9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4 data sets for pulling forces for glass article cross sections of 10.95 mm 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4 data sets for pulling forces for glass article cross sections of 16 mm 11-1,11-2, 11-3, 11-4 data sets for pulling forces for glass article cross sections of 28 mm 12-1, 12-2, 12-3, 12-4 data sets for pulling forces for glass article cross sections of 8.65 mm 13-1, 13-2, 13-3, 13-4 data sets for pulling forces for glass article cross sections of 42 mm a, b, c distances l length of the glass article d.sub.o outer dimension of cross section, diameter of a rod, outer diameter of a tube d.sub.i inner dimension of tubular cross section t.sub.w wall thickness ci circularity error
