Lens attachment for a high etendue modular zoom lens

Abstract

A lens attachment module is configured for coupling with a zoom module of a finite conjugate optical assembly. The lens attachment module includes a lens assembly that has a positive focal length, and exhibits a pupil size of between 16 and 25 mm and a pupil depth greater than 50 mm.

Claims

1. A lens assembly, comprising a lens attachment module consisting of two consecutive spaced-apart lens elements configured as, from object end to image end, a doublet and a triplet, and that is configured to be disposed along an optical path between an object and a zoom module as part of a zoom lens system that has a magnification range between 0.68.times.-4.8.times.

2. The lens assembly of claim 1, wherein said doublet comprises a biconcave lens coupled to a biconvex lens.

3. The lens assembly of claim 1, wherein the triplet comprises a biconvex lens coupled to an object-facing surface of a biconcave lens, and a convex meniscus coupled to an image facing surface of said biconcave lens.

4. A camera, comprising: a lens assembly as set forth at claim 1; an image sensor disposed at an image plane of the lens assembly for capturing images; and a display or interface for communicating with an external display, or both, for displaying the images captured at the image sensor.

5. A lens assembly, comprising a lens attachment module that includes three or more spaced-apart lens elements including, from object end to image end, a doublet and two or more singlets, and that is configured to be disposed along an optical path between an object and a zoom module as part of a zoom lens system that has a magnification range between 0.34.times.-2.4.times, wherein said doublet comprises a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave lens, and the two or more singlets include a convex meniscus and a biconvex singlet.

6. The lens assembly of claim 5, wherein said doublet comprises a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus, and the two or more singlets include two concave meniscus singlets.

7. The lens assembly of claim 5, wherein the lens assembly exhibits a 50-100 mm field.

8. A camera, comprising: a lens assembly as set forth at claim 5; an image sensor disposed at an image plane of the lens assembly for capturing images; and a display or interface for communicating with an external display, or both, for displaying the images captured at the image sensor.

9. A lens assembly, comprising a lens attachment module that includes three or more spaced-apart lens elements including two doublets and one or more singlets, and that is configured to be disposed along an optical path between an object and a zoom module as part of a zoom lens system that has a magnification range between 2.72.times.-19.2.times.

10. The lens assembly of claim 9, comprising a biconcave singlet disposed between said two doublets.

11. The lens assembly of claim 10, wherein said two doublets include a first doublet comprising a convex meniscus coupled to a biconvex lens, and a second doublet comprising a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus.

12. The lens assembly of claim 9, wherein said two doublets are disposed consecutively between a first pair of object-side singlets and a second pair of image-side singlets.

13. The lens assembly of claim 12, wherein said first pair of object-side singlets comprise a convex meniscus and a biconvex lens, and said second pair of image-side singlets comprise a pair of concave meniscus singlets.

14. The lens assembly of claim 9, wherein the lens assembly exhibits a 12.5-33.3 mm field.

15. A camera, comprising: a lens assembly as set forth at claim 9; an image sensor disposed at an image plane of the lens assembly for capturing images; and a display or interface for communicating with an external display, or both, for displaying the images captured at the image sensor.

16. A lens assembly, comprising a lens attachment module that includes four or more spaced-apart lens elements disposed along an optical path of the lens assembly, including from object end to image end, a biconvex singlet, a biconcave singlet, a doublet comprising a biconcave lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and a third singlet comprising a biconvex lens, and that is configured to be disposed along an optical path between an object and a zoom module as part of a zoom lens system.

17. A camera, comprising: a lens assembly as set forth at claim 16; an image sensor disposed at an image plane of the lens assembly for capturing images; and a display or interface for communicating with an external display, or both, for displaying the images captured at the image sensor.

18. The lens assembly of claim 16, comprising a fourth singlet disposed along said optical path on an image-facing side of the third singlet.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional eyepiece pod for Bausch and Lomb StereoZoom4 with 0.7-3× magnification range.

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional full stereo microscope stand for Bausch and Lomb StereoZoom4.

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates a conventional Jeweler's StereoZoom microscope.

(4) FIGS. 4A-4C schematically illustrate a conventional optical assembly for a microscope finite conjugate imaging system that exhibits an etendue of approximately 0.45 mm.sup.2sr.

(5) FIGS. 5A-5C schematically illustrate a first example embodiment of a core zoom module (m2 in FIG. 27A) or afocal zoom module of an optical assembly of a finite conjugate system that exhibits in this first example a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of 7:1 and an approximate etendue of 1.57 mm.sup.2sr, and includes in this first example a static positive group G201, a negative movable group G301, a positive movable group G401, a negative movable group G501, and a static positive group G601, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 1. A “static” group is not “movable” relative to other static lens groups during ordinary operation of the optical assembly, nor is a static group movable relative to other static or fixed elements such as an image sensor, housing, camera mount or other components that are not movable during ordinary operation and which may be assembled together with the optical assembly in a camera configuration, including structural components to which the static lens groups are securely coupled and aligned in fixed positions along the optical path and to which the movable lens groups are also securely coupled and aligned and movable precisely forward and backward along the optical path of the optical assembly for adjusting, setting and/or controlling a magnification or zoom setting of the optical assembly.

(6) FIGS. 6A-6C schematically illustrate a second example embodiment of a core zoom or afocal zoom module of an optical assembly of a finite conjugate system that also exhibits in this second example a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of 7:1 and an approximate etendue of 1.57 mm.sup.2sr, and includes in this second example a static positive group G202, a negative movable group G302, a positive static group G402, a negative movable group G502, and a static positive group G602, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 2.

(7) FIGS. 7A-7C schematically illustrate a third embodiment of a core zoom or afocal zoom module of an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that exhibits in this third example a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of 7:1 and an approximate etendue of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr, and includes in this third example a static positive group G203, a negative movable group G303, a negative movable group G403, a negative movable group G503, and a static positive group G603, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 3.

(8) FIGS. 8A-8C schematically illustrate a fourth example embodiment of a core zoom or afocal zoom module of an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that exhibits in this fourth example a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of 16:1 and an approximate etendue of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr, and includes in this fourth example a static positive group G204, a negative movable group G304, a positive movable group G404, a negative movable group G504, and a static positive group G604, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 4.

(9) FIGS. 9A-9C schematically illustrate a fifth example embodiment of a core zoom or afocal zoom module of an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that exhibits in this fifth example a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of 6.2:1 and an approximate etendue of 2.88 mm.sup.2sr, and includes in this fifth example a static positive group G205, a negative movable group G305, a negative movable group G405, a negative movable group G505, and a static positive group G605, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 5.

(10) FIGS. 10A-10C schematically illustrate a sixth example embodiment of a core zoom or afocal zoom module of an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that exhibits in this sixth example a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of 12:1 and an approximate etendue of 2.88 mm.sup.2sr, and includes in this sixth example a static positive group G206, a negative movable group G306, a positive movable group G406, a negative movable group G506, and a static positive group G606, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 6.

(11) FIGS. 11A-11C schematically illustrates a seventh example embodiment of a core zoom or afocal zoom module of an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that exhibits in this seventh example a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of 5.7:1 and an approximate etendue of 4.65 mm.sup.2sr, and includes in this seventh example a static positive group G207, a negative movable group G307, a positive static group G407, a negative movable group G507, and a static positive group G607, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 7.

(12) FIG. 12 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 8 of a rear adapter optical assembly, or rear adapter module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits in this example an etendue of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr and 11 mm sensor coverage, 16 mm aperture, and a 97.86 mm pupil depth, and includes in this example an optical group G708 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 8.

(13) FIG. 13 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 9 of a rear adapter optical assembly, or rear adapter module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits in this example an etendue of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr and 16 mm sensor coverage, 16 mm aperture, and a 97.86 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G709 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 9.

(14) FIG. 14 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 10 of a rear adapter optical assembly, or rear adapter module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits in this example an etendue of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr and 22 mm sensor coverage, 16 mm aperture, and a 97.86 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G710 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 10.

(15) FIG. 15 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 11 of a rear adapter optical assembly, or rear adapter module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits an etendue of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr and 32 mm sensor coverage, 16 mm aperture, and a 97.86 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G711 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 11.

(16) FIG. 16 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 12, of a rear adapter optical assembly, or rear adapter module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits an etendue of 3.21 mm.sup.2sr and 16 mm sensor coverage, 20 mm aperture, and a 119.5 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G712 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 12.

(17) FIG. 17 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 13, of a rear adapter optical assembly, or rear adapter module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits an etendue of 3.21 mm.sup.2sr and 32 mm sensor coverage, 20 mm aperture, and a 119.5 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G713 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 13.

(18) FIG. 18 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 14, of a lens attachment optical assembly, or lens attachment module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits a 12.5 mm field, 19 mm aperture, and 105.5 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G114 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 14.

(19) FIG. 19 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 15, of a lens attachment optical assembly, or lens attachment module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits a 25 mm field, 19 mm aperture, and 105.5 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G115 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 15.

(20) FIG. 20 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 16, of a lens attachment optical assembly, or lens attachment module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits a 33.3 mm field, 19 mm aperture, and 105.5 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G116 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 16.

(21) FIG. 21 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 17, of a lens attachment optical assembly, or lens attachment module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits a 50 mm field, 19 mm aperture, and 105.5 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G117 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 17.

(22) FIG. 22 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 18, of a lens attachment optical assembly, or lens attachment module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits a 100 mm field, 19 mm aperture, and 105.5 mm pupil depth, and that includes in this example an optical group G118 which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 18.

(23) FIG. 23 schematically illustrates an example embodiment 19, of a lens attachment optical assembly, or lens attachment module, that may be configured for an optical assembly of a finite conjugate optical system that may also include a zooming component, that exhibits a 100 mm field, 19 mm aperture, and 105.5 mm pupil depth, with certain telecentric chief ray properties through zoom, and that includes in this example an optical group G119 which may be configured in accordance with an example optical prescription set forth at Table 19.

(24) FIGS. 24A-24C schematically illustrate a finite conjugate embodiment 20, of an optical assembly for an imaging system arranged, respectively, for low magnification, mid magnification and high magnification, including three optical modules m124, m224 and m324 disposed between an object and an image sensor, including a lens attachment module m124, such as that shown and described with reference to FIG. 21 and example embodiment 17, that includes a positive focal length group G120, and a zoom module m224, such as a 7:1 afocal zoom module that exhibits an etendue of approximately 1.57 mm.sup.2sr, such as that shown and described with reference to FIG. 6 and embodiment 2, and includes five lens groups including a static positive group G220, a negative movable group G320, a positive static group G420, a negative movable group G520, and a static positive group G620, and a rear adapter module m324, such as that shown and described with reference to FIG. 13 and example embodiment 9, that includes a positive focal length group G720, and that together may exhibit a magnification range of 0.34×-2.4×, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription set forth at Table 20.

(25) FIGS. 25A-25C schematically illustrate a finite conjugate embodiment 21 of an optical assembly for an imaging system arranged, respectively, for low magnification, mid magnification and high magnification, including three optical modules m125, m225 and m325 disposed between an object and an image sensor, including a lens attachment module m125, such as that shown and described with reference to FIG. 19 and embodiment 15, that includes a positive focal length group G121, and module m225 that includes a zooming component or a core zoom module m225, that in this example includes a 7:1 afocal zoom module that exhibits an etendue of approximately 1.57 mm.sup.2sr and includes five lens groups including a static positive group G221, a negative movable group G321, a positive static group G421, a negative movable group G521, and a static positive group G621, and that includes a rear adapter module m325, such as that shown and described with reference to FIG. 13 and example embodiment 9, that includes a rear adapter with a positive focal length group G721, that together have a magnification range of 0.68×-4.8×, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription is set forth at Table 21.

(26) FIGS. 26A-26C schematically illustrate a finite conjugate embodiment 22 of an optical assembly arranged, respectively, for low magnification, mid magnification and high magnification, for an imaging system including three optical modules m126, m226 and m326 disposed between an object and an image sensor, including a lens attachment module m126, such as that shown and described with reference to FIG. 18 and embodiment 14, that includes a positive focal length group G122, and module m226 that includes a zooming component or a core zoom module m226, that in this example includes a 7:1 afocal zoom module that exhibits an etendue of approximately 1.57 mm.sup.2sr, such as that shown and described with reference to FIG. 6 and example embodiment 2, and includes five lens groups including a static positive group G222, a negative movable group G322, a positive static group G422, a negative movable group G522, and a static positive group G622, and a rear attachment module m326, such as that shown and described with reference to FIG. 15 and example embodiment 11, that includes a rear adapter with a positive focal length group G722, that together have a magnification range of 2.72×-19.2×, which may be configured in accordance with the example optical prescription is set forth at Table 22.

(27) FIG. 27A schematically illustrates an example of a camera system that is configured in accordance with certain embodiments, including a camera mount cm, a rear adapter module m3, a flat mount fm or split clamp sc, a core zoom module m2, a lighting component lc, a coupler cc, and a lens attachment module m1.

(28) FIG. 27B schematically illustrates examples of camera mounts cm1, cm2 and cm3.

(29) FIG. 27C schematically illustrates four examples of rear adapter modules m327, m328, m329, m330, which may be configured in accordance with Table 24.

(30) FIG. 27D schematically illustrates examples of a flat mount fm1 and split clamp sc1 in accordance with certain embodiments.

(31) FIGS. 27E schematically illustrates examples of core zoom modules m227, m228, m229, m230 and m231 in accordance with certain embodiments.

(32) FIG. 27F schematically illustrates two lighting component options including a LED illuminator lc1, and coax lc2, and a coupler cc, in accordance with certain embodiments.

(33) FIG. 27G schematically illustrates examples of lens attachment modules m127, m128, m129, m130, m131, m132 and m133, which may be configured in accordance with Table 23.

(34) FIG. 28 schematically illustrates a tube lens or rear adapter in accordance with certain embodiments. The rear adapter of FIG. 28 may be included in or combined with module m324 of FIGS. 24A-24C, m325 of FIGS. 25A-25C, and/or m326 of FIGS. 26A-26C or in an adapter m3 of FIG. 27A, or in one or more of the example rear adapter modules m327, m328, m329 or m330 that are schematically illustrated at FIG. 27C, or in any of the examples that are schematically illustrated at FIGS. 12-17. The tube lens or rear adapter of FIG. 28 may be coupled with a zooming component and a lens attachment in an optical assembly exhibiting an etendue between 0.95 mm.sup.2sr and 4.95 mm.sup.2sr, or in the specific example of the rear adapter of FIG. 28 having an etendue value of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr with dimensions A, B, & C listed as variables in Table 24.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES

(35) Table 1 includes an example optical prescription for an example afocal zoom optical assembly that is configured in accordance with certain embodiments and is schematically illustrated at FIG. 5.

(36) Table 2 includes an example optical prescription for an example afocal zoom optical assembly that is configured in accordance with certain embodiments and is schematically illustrated at FIG. 6.

(37) Table 3 includes an example optical prescription for an example afocal zoom optical assembly that is configured in accordance with certain embodiments and is schematically illustrated at FIG. 7.

(38) Table 4 includes an example optical prescription for an example afocal zoom optical assembly that is configured in accordance with certain embodiments and is schematically illustrated at FIG. 8.

(39) Table 5 includes an example optical prescription for an example afocal zoom optical assembly that is configured in accordance with certain embodiments and is schematically illustrated at FIG. 9.

(40) Table 6 includes an example optical prescription for an example afocal zoom optical assembly that is configured in accordance with certain embodiments and is schematically illustrated at FIG. 10.

(41) Table 7 includes an example optical prescription for an example afocal zoom optical assembly that is configured in accordance with certain embodiments and is schematically illustrated at FIG. 11.

(42) Table 8 includes an example optical prescription for a rear adapter optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 12.

(43) Table 9 includes an example optical prescription for a rear adapter optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 13.

(44) Table 10 includes an example optical prescription for a rear adapter optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 14.

(45) Table 11 includes an example optical prescription for a rear adapter optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 15.

(46) Table 12 includes an example optical prescription for a rear adapter optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 16.

(47) Table 13 includes an example optical prescription for a rear adapter optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 17.

(48) Table 14 includes an example optical prescription for a lens attachment optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 18.

(49) Table 15 includes an example optical prescription for a lens attachment optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 19.

(50) Table 16 includes an example optical prescription for a lens attachment finite conjugate optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 20.

(51) Table 17 includes an example optical prescription for a lens attachment optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 21.

(52) Table 18 includes an example optical prescription for a lens attachment optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 22.

(53) Table 19 includes an example optical prescription for a lens attachment optical assembly configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 23.

(54) Table 20 includes an example optical prescription for a finite conjugate optical assembly comprising a lens attachment module m124, a core zoom module m224, and a rear adapter module m324 that may be configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIGS. 24A-24C.

(55) Table 21 includes an example optical prescription for a finite conjugate optical assembly comprising a lens attachment module m125, a core zoom module m225, and a rear adapter module m325 that may be configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIGS. 25A-25C.

(56) Table 22 includes an example optical prescription for a finite conjugate optical assembly comprising a lens attachment module m126, a core zoom module m226, and a rear adapter module m326 that may be configured in accordance with the example embodiment that is schematically illustrated at FIGS. 26A-26C.

(57) Table 23 includes example embodiments of lens attachments, as in FIG. 27A and/or FIG. 27G, or objectives with long working distance to focal length (WD/FL) ratio, and 16-25 mm diameter external entrance pupils disposed at 50 mm or greater distance.

(58) Table 24 includes example embodiments of rear adapters or tube lenses, as in FIG. 27A and/or FIG. 27C, with short path length to focal length ratios, 16-25 mm diameter external entrance pupils of 50 mm or greater distance, and an approximate etendue value of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr.

(59) Table 25 includes a zoom field of view matrix in accordance with certain embodiments, representative of the modular system nature of the example embodiments schematically illustrated at FIGS. 27A-27G.

(60) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Table 1: Embodiment 1 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity Infinity 1 Infinity 2.4 2 388.35 2.5 1.497 81.5 3 −62.06 1 1.850 32.3 4 −92.375 0.5 5 97.702 1.8 1.497 81.5 6 1349.45 3 7 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 0.500 14.659 26.163 31.886 36.126 37.508 8 −84.35 1 1.595 67.7 9 13.84 2 1.738 32.3 10 23.37 3 11 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 69.697 49.483 29.484 19.640 9.736 0.500 12 45.19 1 1.804 39.6 13 24.29 2.284 STO 19.674 3.2 1.487 70.2 15 −16.044 0.939 16 −14.77 1 1.804 39.6 17 −25.146 Zm3 Zm3: 0.500 4.054 11.753 17.680 29.562 47.218 18 −56.309 1 1.607 56.8 19 15.155 1.7 1.728 28.3 20 31.2 Zm4 Zm4: 15.030 17.493 18.189 16.678 10.331 0.446 21 Infinity 3 22 −35.916 1.5 1.691 54.8 23 −52.092 0.5 24 −150.11 4.5 1.603 65.4 25 −15.155 1 1.697 48.5 26 −27.94 0.5 27 Infinity 2.4 IMA Infinity

(61) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Table 2: Embodiment 2 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity Infinity 1 Infinity 2.5 2 46.34 1.2 1.740 28.3 3 31.72 5 1.439 94.7 4 −228.526 0.5 5 228.526 1.8 1.717 29.5 6 Infinity 3 7 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 9.684 18.902 29.333 33.731 38.794 40.334 8 −47.673 1.1 1.618 63.3 9 12.423 2.8 1.749 35.3 10 26.395 3 11 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 31.148 21.930 11.499 7.100 2.037 0.498 STO 37.82 2 1.439 94.7 13 −27.352 1.1 1.852 40.8 14 −46.34 Zm3 Zm3: 0.400 0.488 2.659 5.326 13.533 27.375 15 Infinity 2 16 −47.673 1.1 1.618 63.3 17 12.423 2.8 1.749 35.3 18 26.395 Zm4 Zm4: 27.471 27.383 25.212 22.545 14.339 0.496 19 Infinity 3 20 126.6 6.6 1.439 94.7 21 −21.048 1.2 1.786 44.2 22 −29.59 0.5 23 Infinity 2 IMA Infinity

(62) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Table 3: Embodiment 3 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity Infinity 1 Infinity 2.4 2 108.23 4.8 1.595 67.7 3 −77.5 1 1.720 34.7 4 −259.592 2 5 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 0.500 24.673 48.242 61.282 76.910 90.166 6 −34.798 1.5 1.904 31.3 7 −20 1 1.618 63.4 8 57.864 1 9 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 33.316 39.214 24.960 12.126 1.053 1.000 10 76.14 1.4 1.517 52.2 11 −86.1 1 1.620 60.3 STO 70.78 Zm3 Zm3: 58.325 18.130 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 13 −119.562 1 1.735 48.8 14 74.48 2 1.717 29.5 15 1246.12 Zm4 Zm4: 0.500 10.629 16.941 17.241 13.174 0.500 16 Infinity 2 17 119.14 1 1.747 51.0 18 51.212 6.8 1.595 67.7 19 −32.71 2.7 1.954 32.3 20 −47.21 0.5 21 Infinity 2.4 IMA Infinity

(63) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Table 4: Embodiment 4 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity Infinity 1 Infinity 2.4 2 135.2191 6 1.497 81.5 3 −81.23256 3 1.804 46.5 4 −579.2985 0.5 5 100.1953 6 1.497 81.5 6 −71.67808 3 1.729 54.7 7 −119.92 Zm1 Zm1: 10.729 30.432 47.364 59.288 70.534 71.656 8 −88.39807 1.9 1.567 42.8 9 −27.90612 1.1 1.595 67.7 10 14.66054 1.9 1.804 39.6 11 23.61669 1 12 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 53.224 33.736 17.765 8.952 1.648 0.212 13 27.89249 1.5 1.573 57.7 14 −34.59251 1.1 1.852 40.8 STO 225.5134 Zm3 Zm3: 1.277 0.600 0.500 0.600 9.842 22.504 16 −61.20832 1.1 1.678 55.3 17 8.628543 1.4 1.750 35.0 18 23.21423 Zm4 Zm4: 29.470 29.933 29.071 25.861 12.674 0.335 19 Infinity 1 20 74.38562 2 1.697 55.5 21 38.11623 6.4 1.497 81.6 22 −21.07531 2 1.800 42.2 23 −31.16009 0.5 24 Infinity 2.4 IMA Infinity

(64) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Table 5: Embodiment 5 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity Infinity 1 Infinity 2.4 2 113.296 3.5 1.497 81.5 3 −504.077 0.5 4 154.500 3.5 1.595 67.7 5 −171.549 1.2 1.720 34.7 6 401.168 2 7 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 0.619 23.634 46.431 59.060 74.210 86.962 8 −32.365 1.4 1.904 31.3 9 −20.802 1 1.538 74.7 10 83.958 1 1.755 52.3 11 52.894 2 12 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 17.208 41.762 23.536 11.397 0.795 0.349 13 −638.587 1.2 1.548 45.8 14 −53.959 1.1 1.697 55.5 STO 1300.245 Zm3 Zm3: 70.613 10.074 1.723 1.708 1.733 1.500 16 −91.693 1.1 1.755 52.3 17 114.822 3.75 1.717 29.5 18 −862.236 Zm4 Zm4: 0.465 13.431 17.236 16.767 12.160 0.131 19 Infinity 2 20 318.815 4.5 1.497 81.5 21 −72.280 0.5 22 −305.721 6 1.595 67.7 23 −40.649 1.2 1.954 32.3 24 −61.690 0.5 25 Infinity 2.4 IMA Infinity

(65) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Table 6: Embodiment 6 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity Infinity 1 Infinity 2.5 2 42.042 3 1.773 49.6 3 29.74 8.6 1.439 94.7 4 −55.7 3 1.713 53.9 5 −101.2224 3 6 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 25.619 25.844 34.664 47.811 52.668 55.064 7 72.61 5.7 1.613 44.5 8 −20.54 1.2 1.678 55.6 9 28.25 1.5 10 −64.593 1.1 1.678 55.6 11 8.2 2.7 1.720 34.7 12 26.61 3 13 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 8.283 40.047 35.039 19.297 8.449 0.500 STO 27.18 3 1.523 51.5 15 −11.3 1.7 1.728 28.3 16 −23.04 Zm3 Zm3: 0.500 8.955 12.151 19.426 25.099 30.541 17 Infinity 2.35 18 −53.49 1.5 1.773 49.6 19 13.84 5 1.501 56.4 20 −11.123 0.4 21 −12.36 1.1 1.618 63.3 22 19.01 3 1.673 32.2 23 324.2 Zm4 Zm4: 52.486 12.043 5.034 0.355 0.672 0.784 24 Infinity 4.5 25 91.12 10.5 1.497 81.6 26 −73.95 0.5 27 516.33 3 1.713 53.9 28 43 12.5 1.439 94.7 29 −148.321 2.5 IMA Infinity

(66) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Table 7: Embodiment 7 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity Infinity 1 Infinity 2.5 2 54.990 3 1.720 50.6 3 37.559 8.2 1.439 94.7 4 −54.178 3 1.713 53.9 5 −87.440 3 6 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 0.500 14.924 26.496 32.507 38.532 38.442 7 −79.56709 3.2 1.586 59.5 8 −18.374 1.1 1.595 67.7 9 19.216 2.7 1.810 40.9 10 35.058 3 11 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 40.431 26.006 14.434 8.423 2.398 2.489 STO 80.43011 2 1.439 94.7 13 −24.156 1.7 1.573 57.7 14 −50.488 Zm3 Zm3: 0.300 1.251 5.305 10.669 30.273 43.500 15 Infinity 2.35 16 −108.919 1.5 1.678 55.2 17 17.363 3.8 1.501 56.4 18 −23.497 0.496 19 −25.80029 1.1 1.618 63.3 20 18.607 2.558 1.806 40.9 21 72.384 Zm4 Zm4: 43.898 42.947 38.893 33.529 13.925 0.698 22 Infinity 4.5 23 121.957 3 1.697 55.5 24 71.266 11.8 1.439 94.7 25 −37.03341 3 1.756 45.7 26 −52.25707 2.5 IMA Infinity

(67) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Table 8: Embodiment 8 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity Infinity STO Infinity 95.358 2 Infinity 2.5 3 31.765 5.1 1.439 94.7 4 195.200 1 5 36.470 4 1.595 67.7 6 120.580 1.487 7 24.5 5.4 1.595 67.7 8 555.667 2 1.916 31.6 9 17.760 3.93 10 34.220 5.75 1.689 31.1 11 −21.666 2 1.729 54.1 12 30.2 55.65778 IMA Infinity

(68) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Table 9: Embodiment 9 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity Infinity STO Infinity 95.358 2 Infinity 2.5 3 46.440 6.3 1.439 94.7 4 200.692 0.962 5 35.110 4 1.595 67.7 6 105.440 1.483 7 29.59 6.1 1.595 67.7 8 82.340 2 1.916 31.6 9 20.700 4.772 10 114.310 8 1.689 31.1 11 −26.610 2 1.729 54.1 12 84.24 92.369 IMA Infinity

(69) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Table 10: Embodiment 10 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity Infinity STO Infinity 95.358 2 Infinity 2.5 3 28.580 6 1.439 94.7 4 1400.000 1.000 5 37.740 4.7 1.595 67.7 6 −662.210 1.493 7 120.95 5.4 1.595 67.7 8 266.000 0.908 9 −86.890 2.000 1.916 31.6 10 20.990 2.758 11 27.280 9.1 1.689 31.1 12 −23.207 2.000 1.729 54.1 13 41.63 114.916 IMA Infinity

(70) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Table 11: Embodiment 11 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity Infinity STO Infinity 95.358 2 Infinity 2.5 3 47.545 6.9 1.497 81.5 4 −53.666 2.500 1.613 44.3 5 −491.100 65.63724 6 49.070 5.400 1.626 35.7 7 −17.2 2 1.804 46.6 8 22.200 30.77527 9 −31.890 4.400 1.487 70.2 10  −21.808 67.370 IMA Infinity

(71) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Table 12: Embodiment 12 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity Infinity STO Infinity 117.009 2 Infinity 2.5 3 28.380 13.4 1.439 94.7 4 −37.975 2.5 1.757 47.8 5 −324.937 22.136 6 192.795 5.1 1.541 47.2 7 −38.85269 9.675 8 −19.629 2 1.804 46.6 9 122.956 1.654 10 51.367 3.2 1.699 30.1 11 −1242.590 50.796 IMA Infinity

(72) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Table 13: Embodiment 13 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity Infinity STO Infinity 117.009 2 Infinity 2.5 3 62.543 13.4 1.439 94.9 4 −50.108 2.5 1.757 47.8 5 −119.524 27.128 6 98.365 5.1 1.541 47.2 7 −90.06724 14.917 8 −70.416 2 1.804 46.6 9 48.233 43.830 10 104.507 3.2 1.699 30.1 11 253.408 102.971 IMA Infinity

(73) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Table 14: Embodiment 14 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity 32 1 Infinity 1.5 2 −208.953 7.5 1.618 63.3 3 −57.260 0.997 4 43.200 16.5 1.497 81.5 5 −44.732 3.455 6 −33.373 2.5 1.720 50.6 7 277.160 16 1.497 81.5 8 −34.417 1 9 121.232 2.5 1.847 23.8 10 48.006 12.4 1.497 81.5 11 −69.746 5.5 12 −30.9 2.5 1.638 42.4 13 −481 1.7 14 −739.9 5 1.923 20.9 15 −77.27 105.5 16 Infinity —

(74) TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Table 15: Embodiment 15 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity 92.60424 1 Infinity 1.5 2 −1645.000 2.4 1.916 31.6 3 80.500 9.9 1.439 94.7 4 −56.890 1.491 5 65 19.2 1.801 35.0 6 −69.882 2.2 1.638 42.4 7 36.350 7.2 1.439 94.7 8 202.510 105.5 9 Infinity —

(75) TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Table 16: Embodiment 16 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity 109.9136 1 Infinity 2.5 2 121.856 2.5 1.673 38.3 3 97.190 8.2 1.700 48.1 4 −74.647 1.5 5 −70 2.5 1.741 52.6 6 43.640 1.5 7 42.194 14.8 1.497 81.5 8 −30.699 4.6 1.729 54.1 9 −48.740 105.5 10 Infinity —

(76) TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Table 17: Embodiment 17 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity 187.4364 1 Infinity 3 2 199.700 12 1.439 94.9 3 −32.944 2.5 1.700 48.1 4 −68.562 1 5 −121.111 5.5 1.620 36.4 6 −46.239 2.192 7 −54.448 2.5 1.613 44.5 8 −189.507 105.5 9 Infinity —

(77) TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Table 18: Embodiment 18 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity 394.6556 1 Infinity 1.5 2 132.530 12 1.439 94.9 3 −80.418 2.75 1.694 53.2 4 120.815 1 5 58.41 10 1.693 52.9 6 58.922 2 7 164.260 4.6 1.609 46.6 8 −153.000 105.5 9 Infinity —

(78) TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Table 19: Embodiment 19 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd OBJ Infinity 130.752 1 Infinity 3 2 279.767 15 1.516 64.1 3 −215.149 148.5053 4 −103.519 3.5 1.729 54.7 5 141.751 40.90274 6 −53.354 2.2 1.697 55.5 7 84.129 8.2 1.439 94.7 8 −49.677 0.9969684 9 111.665 6.9 1.518 58.9 10 −68.612 105.5 11 Infinity —

(79) TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Table 20: Embodiment 20 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity 187.436 1 Infinity 3 2 199.7 12 1.439 94.9 3 −32.944 2.5 1.700 48.1 4 −68.562 1 5 −121.111 5.5 1.620 36.4 6 −46.239 2.192 7 −54.448 2.5 1.613 44.5 8 −189.507 51 9 Infinity 2.5 10 46.34 1.2 1.740 28.3 11 31.72 5 1.439 94.7 12 −228.526 0.5 13 228.526 1.8 1.717 29.5 14 Infinity 3 15 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 9.684 18.902 29.333 33.731 38.794 40.334 16 −47.673 1.1 1.618 63.3 17 12.423 2.8 1.749 35.3 18 26.395 3 19 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 31.148 21.930 11.499 7.100 2.037 0.498 STO 37.82 2 1.439 94.7 21 −27.352 1.1 1.852 40.8 22 −46.34 Zm3 Zm3: 0.400 0.488 2.659 5.326 13.533 27.375 23 Infinity 2 24 −47.673 1.1 1.618 63.3 25 12.423 2.8 1.749 35.3 26 26.395 Zm4 Zm4: 27.471 27.383 25.212 22.545 14.339 0.496 27 Infinity 3 28 126.6 6.6 1.439 94.7 29 −21.048 1.2 1.786 44.2 30 −29.59 5 31 46.44 6.3 1.439 94.7 32 200.692 0.962 33 35.11 4 1.595 67.7 34 105.44 1.483 35 29.59 6.1 1.595 67.7 36 82.34 2 1.916 31.6 37 20.7 4.768 38 114.31 8 1.689 31.1 39 −26.61 2 1.729 54.1 40 84.24 92.3718 IMA Infinity

(80) TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Table 21: Embodiment 21 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity 92.604 1 Infinity 1.5 2 −1645 2.4 1.916 31.6 3 80.5 9.9 1.439 94.7 4 −56.89 1.491 5 65 19.2 1.801 35.0 6 −69.882 2.2 1.638 42.4 7 36.35 7.2 1.439 94.7 8 202.51 51 9 Infinity 2.5 10 46.34 1.2 1.740 28.3 11 31.72 5 1.439 94.7 12 −228.526 0.5 13 228.526 1.8 1.717 29.5 14 Infinity 3 15 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 9.684 18.902 29.333 33.731 38.794 40.334 16 −47.673 1.1 1.618 63.3 17 12.423 2.8 1.749 35.3 18 26.395 3 19 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 31.148 21.930 11.499 7.100 2.037 0.498 STO 37.82 2 1.439 94.7 21 −27.352 1.1 1.852 40.8 22 −46.34 Zm3 Zm3: 0.400 0.488 2.659 5.326 13.533 27.375 23 Infinity 2 24 −47.673 1.1 1.618 63.3 25 12.423 2.8 1.749 35.3 26 26.395 Zm4 Zm4: 27.471 27.383 25.212 22.545 14.339 0.496 27 Infinity 3 28 126.6 6.6 1.439 94.7 29 −21.048 1.2 1.786 44.2 30 −29.59 5 31 46.44 6.3 1.439 94.7 32 200.692 0.962 33 35.11 4 1.595 67.7 34 105.44 1.483 35 29.59 6.1 1.595 67.7 36 82.34 2 1.916 31.6 37 20.7 4.768 38 114.31 8 1.689 31.1 39 −26.61 2 1.729 54.1 40 84.24 92.372 IMA Infinity

(81) TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Table 22: Embodiment 22 Surf Radius Thickness Glass Nd Glass vd Mag. 1 Mag. 2 Mag. 3 Mag. 4 Mag. 5 Mag. 6 OBJ Infinity 32.000 1 Infinity 1.500 2 −208.953 7.500 1.618 63.3335 3 −57.26 0.997 4 43.2 16.500 1.497 81.5459 5 −44.732 3.455 6 −33.373 2.5 1.72003 50.6222 7 277.16 16 1.497 81.5 8 −34.417 1 9 121.232 2.5 1.84666 23.8 10 48.006 12.4 1.497 81.5 11 −69.746 5.5 12 −30.9 2.5 1.638 42.4 13 −481 1.7 14 −739.9 5 1.92286 20.9 15 −77.27 51 16 Infinity 2.5 17 46.34 1.2 1.74 28.3 18 31.72 5 1.439 94.7 19 −228.526 0.5 20 228.526 1.8 1.71736 29.5 21 Infinity 3 22 Infinity Zm1 Zm1: 9.684 18.902 29.333 33.731 38.794 40.334 23 −47.673 1.1 1.618 63.3 24 12.423 2.8 1.7495 35.3 25 26.395 3 26 Infinity Zm2 Zm2: 31.148 21.930 11.499 7.100 2.037 0.498 STO 37.82 2 1.43875 94.7 28 −27.352 1.1 1.8515 40.8 29 −46.34 Zm3 Zm3: 0.400 0.488 2.659 5.326 13.533 27.375 30 Infinity 2 31 −47.673 1.1 1.618 63.3 32 12.423 2.8 1.7495 35.3 33 26.395 Zm4 Zm4: 27.471 27.383 25.212 22.545 14.339 0.496 34 Infinity 3 35 126.6 6.6 1.43875 94.7 36 −21.048 1.2 1.786 44.2 37 −29.59 5 38 47.545 6.9 1.497 81.5 39 −53.666 2.5 1.6134 44.3 40 −491.1 65.6372 41 49.07 5.4 1.626 35.7 42 −17.2 2 1.804 46.6 43 22.2 30.7753 44 −31.89 4.4 1.487 70.2 45 −21.808 67.370 IMA Infinity

(82) TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 Part # Description F1(mm) W.D. (mm) W.D./F1 1-81201 0.25X 400 356 0.89 1-81202  0.5X 200 174 0.87 1-81203 0.75X 133.33 100 0.75 1-81204   1X 100 90 0.9 1-81205 1.25X 80 72 0.9 1-81206  1.5X 65 45 0.69 1-81207   2X 50 30 0.6

(83) TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Sensor Diag total barrel Path Length D3 Focal Length F3 D3/F3 Part # Desc. Format (Dim C) (mm) track (mm) (Dim. B) (mm) (Dim. A) (mm) ratio 1-81101 0.6875X ⅔″ 11 45.9 95 110 0.864 1-81102 1X 1″ 16 66.3 117.5 160 0.734 1-81103 1.375X 4/3″ 22 100.8 147.5 220 0.67 1-81104 2X 32 mm 32 101 192.5 320 0.602 1-81105 2.75X Full Frame 44 125 248.909 440 0.566 1-81106 3.375X 54 mm 54 150 295.559 540 0.547 1-81107 4X 64 mm 64 175 342.209 640 0.535

(84) TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Resolv4K Zoom Field of View Matrix Rear Adapter Mag 0.6875 X 1 X 1.375 X 2 X Ideal Camera Format ⅔″ 1″ 4/3″ 32 mm (APS) Pixel Resolution (μm) Lens W.D. 2.24 5.47 3.26 7.95 4.48 10.93 6.51 15.90 Resolution DOF Attachment (mm) Format Low High Low High Low High Low High Limit (μm) (mm) 0.25 1-81201 Mag. (X) 0.110 0.773 0.160 1.125 0.220 1.547 0.320 2.250 NA Low ½″ 72.73 10.34 50.00 7.11 36.36 5.17 25.00 3.56 Low Low 0.0082 ⅔″ 100.0 14.22 68.75 9.78 50.00 7.11 34.38 4.89 40.85 7.41 NA High 359.5 1″ — — 100.0 14.22 72.73 10.34 50.00 7.11 High High 0.0238 4/3″ — — — — 100.0 14.22 68.75 9.78 14.13 0.89 32 mm — — — — — — 100.0 14.22 0.5 1-81202 Mag. (X) 0.220 1.547 0.320 2.250 0.440 3.094 0.640 4.500 NA Low ½″ 36.36 5.17 25.00 3.56 18.18 2.59 12.50 1.78 Low Low 0.0164 ⅔″ 50.00 7.11 34.38 4.89 25.00 3.56 17.19 2.44 20.43 1.85 NA High 173 1″ — — 50.00 7.11 36.36 5.17 25.00 3.56 High High 0.0475 4/3″ — — — — 50.00 7.11 34.38 4.89 7.06 0.22 32 mm — — — — — — 50.00 7.11 0.75 1-81203 Mag. (X) 0.330 2.320 0.480 3.375 0.660 4.641 0.960 6.750 NA Low ½″ 24.24 3.45 16.67 2.37 12.12 1.72 8.33 1.19 Low Low 0.0246 ⅔″ 33.33 4.74 22.92 3.26 16.67 2.37 11.46 1.63 13.62 0.82 NA High 110 1″ — — 33.33 4.74 24.24 3.45 16.67 2.37 High High 0.0713 4/3″ — — — — 33.33 4.74 22.92 3.26 4.71 0.10 32 mm — — — — — — 33.33 4.74 1 1-81204 Mag. (X) 0.440 3.094 0.640 4.500 0.880 6.188 1.280 9.000 NA Low ½″ 18.18 2.59 12.50 1.78 9.09 1.29 6.25 0.89 Low Low 0.03285 ⅔″ 25.00 3.56 17.19 2.44 12.50 1.78 8.59 1.22 10.21 0.46 NA High 90 1″ — — 25.00 3.56 18.18 2.59 12.50 1.78 High High 0.095 4/3″ — — — — 25.00 3.56 17.19 2.44 3.53 0.055 32 mm — — — — — — 25.00 3.56 1.25 1-81205 Mag. (X) 0.550 3.867 0.800 5.625 1.100 7.734 1.600 11.25 NA Low ½″ 14.55 2.07 10.00 1.42 7.27 1.03 5.00 0.71 Low Low 0.0411 ⅔″ 20.00 2.84 13.75 1.96 10.00 1.42 6.88 0.98 8.17 0.30 NA High 72 1″ — — 20.00 2.84 14.55 2.07 10.00 1.42 High High 0.1188 4/3″ — — — — 20.00 2.84 13.75 1.96 2.83 0.035 32 mm — — — — — — 20.00 2.84 1.5 1-81206 Mag. (X) 0.660 4.641 0.960 6.750 1.320 9.281 1.920 13.50 NA Low ½″ 12.12 1.72 8.33 1.19 6.06 0.86 4.17 0.59 Low Low 0.0493 ⅔″ 16.67 2.37 11.46 1.63 8.33 1.19 5.73 0.81 6.81 0.206 NA High 46.5 1″ — — 16.67 2.37 12.12 1.72 8.33 1.19 High High 0.1425 4/3″ — — — — 16.67 2.37 11.46 1.63 2.35 0.025 32 mm — — — — — — 16.67 2.37 2 1-81207 Mag. (X) 0.880 6.188 1.280 9.000 1.760 12.38 2.560 18.00 NA Low ½″ 9.09 1.29 6.25 0.89 4.55 0.65 3.13 0.44 Low Low 0.0657 ⅔″ 12.50 1.78 8.59 1.22 6.25 0.89 4.30 0.61 5.11 0.116 NA High 32 1″ — — 12.50 1.78 9.09 1.29 6.25 0.89 High High 0.1900 4/3″ — — — — 12.50 1.78 8.59 1.22 1.77 0.014 32 mm — — — — — — 12.50 1.78 UltraZoom 2 1-55075 Mag. (X) 0.880 6.188 1.280 9.000 1.760 12.38 2.560 18.00 NA Low Nav 4X ½″ 8.10 1.29 6.25 0.89 4.55 0.65 3.13 0.44 Low Low 0.0657 ⅔″ 8.10 1.78 8.10 1.22 6.25 0.89 4.30 0.61 5.11 116 NA High 20 1″ — — 8.10 1.78 8.10 1.29 6.25 0.89 High High 0.1900 4/3″ — — — — 8.10 1.78 8.10 1.22 1.77 14 32 mm — — — — — — 8.10 1.78 3 Mag. (X) 1.320 9.281 1.920 13.50 2.640 18.56 3.840 27.00 NA Low Nav 6X ½″ 6.06 0.86 4.17 0.59 3.03 0.43 2.08 0.30 Low Low 0.0986 ⅔″ 6.25 1.19 5.73 0.81 4.17 0.59 2.86 0.41 3.40 51 NA High 25 1″ — — 6.25 1.19 6.06 0.86 4.17 0.59 High High 0.2850 4/3″ — — — — 6.25 1.19 5.73 0.81 1.18 6.2 32 mm — — — — — — 6.25 1.19 5 1-55227 Mag. (X) 2.200 15.47 3.200 22.50 4.400 30.94 6.400 45.00 NA Low Nav 10X ½″ 3.20 0.52 2.50 0.36 1.82 0.26 1.25 0.18 Low Low 0.1643 ⅔″ 3.20 0.71 3.20 0.49 2.50 0.36 1.72 0.24 2.04 19 NA High 10 1″ — — 3.20 0.71 3.20 0.52 2.50 0.36 High High 0.4000 4/3″ — — — — 3.20 0.71 3.20 0.49 0.84 3.1 32 mm — — — — — — 3.20 0.71 10 Mag. (X) 4.400 30.94 6.400 45.00 8.800 61.88 12.80 90.00 NA Low Nav 20X ½″ 1.25 0.26 1.25 0.18 0.91 0.13 0.63 0.09 Low Low 0.3285 ⅔″ 1.25 0.36 1.25 0.24 1.25 0.18 0.86 0.12 1.02 4.6 NA High 10 1″ — — 1.25 0.36 1.25 0.26 1.25 0.18 High High 0.5300 4/3″ — — — — 1.25 0.36 1.25 0.24 0.63 1.8 32 mm — — — — — — 1.25 0.36

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE EMBODIMENTS

(85) A finite conjugate camera, optical assembly, lens assembly, and/or digital microscope includes a modular optical assembly or a modular lens system. Several example embodiments are described herein that are capable of providing a range of numerical apertures or NAs across numerous sensor format sizes as well as providing zooming capability. A lens system in accordance with certain embodiments may have an advantageous amount of etendue capability, defined as the product of the pupil area and the solid angle of the field of view [Smith—Modern Optical Engineering, pg. 716, the entire book is incorporated by reference]. [Etendue=π*A*sin.sup.2 θ] Eq. 1 [Bentley & Olson—Field Guide to Lens Design, pg. 120, the entire book is incorporated by reference], for a flat surface with a uniform solid angle, where A is the area of the surface and θ is the half angle of the marginal ray.

(86) An optical design of a lens having approximate etendue of 0.95 mm.sup.2sr or greater is provided that is configured to approximately fully utilize a 6.6 MP sensor having a roughly 4:3 aspect ratio. A similarly designed optical system having an approximate etendue value of 4.65 mm.sup.2sr is provided that is configured to approximately fully utilize a 32 MP sensor having roughly a 4:3 aspect ratio. Lens etendue system values of between approximately 0.95 to 4.65 mm.sup.2sr are provided in certain embodiments of optical assemblies that are configured to approximately reach sensor limited performance on various aspect ratios of digital or analog capturing devices with 4075 to 8194 individual sensing units across the diagonal diameter of the device. These individual sensing units are commonly referred to as pixels in digital cameras. Multiple embodiments and examples are described that include etendue preserving lens systems that incorporate a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of at least 5.5:1 and have etendue values of between about 0.95 to 4.65 mm.sup.2sr.

(87) The ratio of the highest magnification possible (M1) to the lowest magnification possible (M2) is advantageous in several different embodiments of zoom lens systems that can move continuously between the high and low magnification positions, therefore providing any magnification between the high and low values. This feature is also advantageous in embodiments including zoom lens systems that may have a continuous movement with discrete stops for specific repeatable magnification selections inside advantageous high and low magnification values.

(88) A modular finite conjugate lens assembly is provided that includes a zooming component. The lens assembly is configured to exhibit between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr of etendue, and a ratio of highest to lowest magnification between 5.5:1 and 16:1. The lens assembly may exhibit a magnification 2× or more at one or more points of the zoom.

(89) Another modular finite conjugate lens assembly is provided that includes an afocal zooming component. The lens assembly is configured to exhibit between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr of etendue, and a ratio of highest to lowest magnification between 5.5:1 and 16:1.

(90) Another finite conjugate lens assembly is provided that includes modular interchangeable components, including a zooming component that includes three independently movable lens groups that are disposed within the lens assembly between a pair of static lens groups, and wherein the lens assembly exhibits an etendue of between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr.

(91) In certain embodiments, the lens assembly may be configured to have a resolving power such that 4,075 to 8,194 individual pixels are resolvable across a diagonal of an image plane.

(92) In certain embodiments, the lens assembly exhibits an etendue between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr at any point of the zoom range.

(93) In certain embodiments, the lens assembly may be configured to exhibit between 1.57 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr of etendue, and a ratio of highest to lowest magnification between 7:1 and 16:1.

(94) In certain embodiments, the lens assembly may be configured to exhibit between 2.88 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr of etendue, and a ratio of highest to lowest magnification between 6.2:1 and 16:1.

(95) In certain embodiments, the lens assembly may include a lens attachment module coupled to face an object side of the zooming component within the lens assembly. The lens attachment module may include two or more fixed focal length lens elements, and may have a positive focal length, and may exhibit a pupil size between 16 and 25 mm and/or a pupil depth of 50 mm or greater. The two or more fixed focal length lens elements of the lens attachment module may include a doublet. The two or more fixed focal length lens elements of the lens attachment module may further include a triplet and/or a second doublet and one or more singlets and/or multiple singlets.

(96) In certain embodiments, the lens assembly may include a rear adapter module coupled to face an image side of the zooming component within the lens assembly. The rear adapter module may include three or more fixed focal length lens elements, and may have a positive focal length, and may exhibit a pupil size between 16 and 25 mm and/or a pupil depth of 50 mm or greater. The three or more fixed focal length lens elements of the rear adapter module may include two doublets and a singlet, or a doublet and three singlets.

(97) The lens assembly may include a core zoom module including the zooming component, and one or both of a lens attachment module and a rear adapter module.

(98) Another modular finite conjugate lens assembly is provided that includes a zooming component that is configured to exhibit at least 1.58 mm.sup.2sr of etendue at a lowest magnification position, and a ratio of highest to lowest magnification of at least 7:1. In certain embodiments, the lens assembly may provide a maximum magnification of 2× or greater. The lens assembly may be configured to have a resolving power such that greater than 4,075 individual pixels are resolvable across a diagonal of an image plane. The etendue of the lens assembly may be between 1.58 and 4.95 mm.sup.2sr at one or more points or at any point of a zoom range of the zooming component. The ratio of highest to lowest magnification may be between 7:1 and 16:1.

(99) The lens assembly may include an afocal zooming component. The lens assembly may include a lens attachment module that is coupled at an object end of the afocal zooming component within the lens assembly. The lens attachment module may include two or more fixed focal length lens elements, and may have a positive focal length, and may exhibit a pupil size of between 16 and 25 mm. The lens attachment module may exhibit a pupil depth of 75 mm or greater.

(100) The lens assembly may include a rear adapter module that is coupled at an image end of an afocal zooming component within the lens assembly. The rear adapter module may include three or more fixed focal length lens elements, and may have a positive focal length, and may exhibit a pupil size of between 16 and 25 mm. The rear adapter module may exhibits a pupil depth of 75 mm or greater.

(101) The lens assembly may include an afocal zoom section that includes the zooming component.

(102) The lens assembly may include a core zoom module including the zooming component; a lens attachment module and a rear adapter module. The lens attachment module may include two or more fixed focal length lens elements. The lens attachment module may be coupled to an object end of the core zoom module and may have a positive focal length. The rear adapter module may include three or more fixed focal length lens elements. The rear adapter module may be coupled to an image end of the core zoom module and may have a positive focal length. The lens assembly may exhibit a pupil depth of at least 75 mm or a pupil size between 16 and 25 mm, or both.

(103) In certain embodiments, the lens assembly may be configured such that a wavelength focus position across a wavelength range from 430 nm to 1100 nm differs by not more than 3× from a DOF (depth of field) at 550 nm light from a same 550 nm light focus position, wherein DOF is defined as

(104) $\mathrm{DOF}=\pm \frac{\lambda }{2*{\mathrm{NA}}^2},$
where λ is wavelength and NA is Numerical Aperture.

(105) The lens assembly may be configured such that a wavelength focus position across a wavelength range from 430 nm to 660 nm differs by not more than 1× from the DOF (depth of focus) at 550 nm light from a same 550 nm light focus position, wherein DOF is defined as

(106) $\mathrm{DOF}=\pm \frac{\lambda }{2*{\mathrm{NA}}^2},$
where λ is wavelength and NA is Numerical Aperture.

(107) The lens assembly may be configured such that a wavelength focus position across a wavelength range from 900 nm to 1700 nm differs by not more than 3× from the DOF (depth of focus) at 1200 nm light from a same 1200 nm light focus position, wherein DOF is defined as

(108) $\mathrm{DOF}=\pm \frac{\lambda }{2*{\mathrm{NA}}^2},$
where λ is wavelength and NA is Numerical Aperture.

(109) A lens assembly in accordance with certain embodiments may include a core zoom module that includes the zooming component, a lens attachment module coupled at an object end of the core zoom module, and a rear adapter module coupled at an image end of the core zoom module.

(110) In certain embodiments, a lens assembly may include an afocal zooming component. The lens assembly may include an afocal zoom module including the afocal zooming component. A lens attachment module may be coupled at an object side of the afocal zoom module within the lens assembly. A rear adapter module may be coupled at an image side of the afocal zoom module within the lens assembly. The lens assembly may include one or more of a motorization module, a lighting module, a focusing module, a mount module, a sensor module, a processing module, and an interface module.

(111) In certain embodiments, a zooming component may include five lens groups including, from object side to image side of the lens assembly, a positive focal length group, a negative focal length group, a third group, another negative focal length group, and another positive focal length group. The third group may be positive or negative.

(112) In certain embodiments, the zooming component may include five lens groups including, from object side to image side of the lens assembly, a static first group, a movable second group, a third group, a movable fourth group, and a static fifth group. The third group may include a movable group. The movable second and fourth groups may have a same sign of optical power, and a movable third group may have a same or opposite sign of optical power as the movable second and fourth groups. The third group may include a static group.

(113) In certain embodiments, the zooming component may include five lens groups including, from object side to image side of the lens assembly, a static positive group, a negative movable group, a positive static group, a negative movable group, and a positive static group.

(114) In certain embodiments, the zooming component may include five lens groups including, from object side to image side of the lens assembly, a static positive group, a negative movable group, a positive movable group, a negative movable group, and a static positive group.

(115) In certain embodiments, the zooming component may include five lens groups including, from object side to image side of the lens assembly, a static positive group, a negative movable group, a negative movable group, a negative movable group, and a positive static group.

(116) In certain embodiments, the zooming component may include three movable groups. The three movable groups may be disposed consecutively within the lens assembly. The three movable groups may be disposed between a pair of static groups within the lens assembly.

(117) In certain embodiments, the zooming component may include five lens groups including, from object side to image side of the lens assembly, a static group, a movable triplet, a third group, a movable doublet, and another static group. The third group may include a doublet. The third group may be static or movable.

(118) In certain embodiments, the zooming component may include, from object side to image side of the lens assembly, a static group, a positive movable group, another movable group, another positive movable group, and another static group. The zooming component may include three consecutive independently movable positive lens groups. The three consecutive independently movable lens groups may include an independently movable negative lens group disposed between a pair of independently movable positive lens groups.

(119) A lens assembly may be configured such that a telecentric chief ray value at an object is less than 2° relative to a flat perpendicular object when combined with the zooming component.

(120) A lens attachment module including a lens attachment lens assembly is also provided herein. The lens attachment module is configured for coupling with a zoom module for use as part of a zoom lens system. The lens attachment lens assembly includes two or more lens elements and has a positive focal length. The lens attachment lens assembly is configured to exhibit a pupil size of between 16 and 25 mm and a pupil depth greater than 50 mm.

(121) In certain embodiments, the lens attachment lens assembly may exhibit an etendue between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr and may be configured to work in conjunction with said zoom module with 50% or less vignetting through a zoom range of the zoom module.

(122) In certain embodiments, the lens attachment lens assembly may exhibit a pupil depth that is greater than 75 mm. The lens assembly may be configured such that pupil aberrations are matched to the zoom module to reduce system aberration, thereby improving system performance.

(123) In certain embodiments, the lens attachment module may be configured for coupling at an object end of a zoom module that also has a rear adapter module coupled at an image end within the lens assembly. The lens assembly may also include one or more of a motorization module, a lighting module, a focusing module, a mount module, a sensor module, a processing module, and an interface module coupled together within said lens assembly.

(124) In certain embodiments, two or more lens elements of the lens attachment lens assembly may include a doublet, and either a triplet; a second doublet and a singlet; and/or two or three singlets.

(125) A rear adapter module including a rear adapter lens assembly is also provided herein. The rear adapter module is configured for coupling with a zoom module for use as part of a zoom lens system. The rear adapter lens assembly includes three or more lens elements and has a positive focal length. The rear adapter lens assembly is configured to exhibit a pupil size of between 16 and 25 mm and a pupil depth greater than 50 mm.

(126) In certain embodiments, the rear adapter lens assembly may be configured to exhibit between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr. The rear adapter lens assembly may be configured to work in conjunction with a zoom module with 50% or less vignetting through a zoom range of the zoom module.

(127) In certain embodiments, the rear adapter lens assembly may exhibit a pupil depth that is greater than 75 mm. The rear adapter lens assembly may be configured such that pupil aberrations are matched to the zoom module to reduce system aberration, thereby improving system performance.

(128) In certain embodiments, the rear adapter module may be coupled at an image end of a zoom module that also has a lens attachment module coupled at an object end. One or more of a motorization module, a lighting module, a focusing module, a mount module, a sensor module, a processing module, and an interface module may also be coupled together within the lens assembly.

(129) In certain embodiments, the rear adapter lens assembly of the rear adapter module may include a doublet and three or more singlets, or two doublets and one or more singlets.

(130) A finite conjugate camera is also provided including a finite conjugate lens assembly, e.g., as set forth at any of the example embodiments described herein; an image sensor disposed at an image plane of the optical assembly for capturing images; and a display or interface for communicating with an external display, or both, for displaying the images captured at the image sensor. The finite conjugate camera may be configured as a digital microscope.

(131) A finite conjugate camera is also provided including a finite conjugate lens assembly, e.g., as set forth at any of the example embodiments described herein; and an eyepiece configured and positioned such that images produced by the optical assembly are viewable by looking through the eyepiece. The finite conjugate camera may be configured as a microscope.

(132) Another finite conjugate camera is provided that includes: (a) an afocal zoom module including a zoom lens assembly including five lens groups including, from object end to image end (i) a first positive static group including a doublet, a triplet, two doublets, or a doublet and a singlet; (ii) a first negative movable group including a triplet, or one or two doublets, or a doublet and a singlet; (iii) a third group including a doublet, or a triplet, or three singlets, or a doublet and a singlet; (iv) a second negative movable group including one or two doublets, or a triplet, or a doublet and a singlet; and (v) a second positive static group including a triplet, a doublet, or a doublet and a singlet, or two doublets; (b) a lens attachment module coupled to the object end of the zoom module, wherein the lens attachment module comprises a lens attachment lens assembly including (i) a doublet and a triplet, or (ii) two doublets and a singlet, or (iii) a doublet and three singlets, or (iv) a doublet and two singlets, or (v) three doublets, or (vi) three doublets and a singlet; or (vii) a triplet and a doublet and a singlet, or (viii) a triplet and two doublets, or (ix) two doublets and three singlets, or (x) two doublets and four singlets; (c) a rear adapter module coupled to an image end of the zoom module, wherein the rear adapter module comprises a rear adapter lens assembly including (i) one doublet and three singlets, or (ii) two doublets and a singlet; and (d) an image sensor or eyepiece disposed at an image plane.

(133) Another finite conjugate camera is provided, including, from object end to image end: (a) a lens attachment module that comprises a lens attachment lens assembly including (i) a doublet and a triplet, or (ii) a doublet with two or more singlets, or (iii) two doublets and one or more singlets; (b) an afocal zoom module exhibiting a ratio of highest to lowest magnification between 5.5:1 and 16:1 and an etendue between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr, and including a zoom lens assembly including (i) a first positive focal length static group including a triplet or a doublet and a singlet; (ii) a first negative focal length movable group including a triplet, or one or two doublets, or a doublet and a singlet; (iii) a third static or movable group including a doublet, or a triplet, or three singlets; (iv) a second negative focal length movable group including one or two doublets, or a doublet and a singlet; and (v) a second positive focal length static group including a triplet, a doublet, or a doublet and a singlet; (c) a rear adapter module that comprises a rear adapter lens assembly including (i) a doublet and three singlets, or (ii) two doublets and a singlet, or (iii) two doublets and two singlets, or (iv) a doublet and four singlets; and (d) an image sensor or eyepiece disposed at an image plane.

(134) Optical assemblies in accordance with certain embodiments may include a zooming component that is configured such that a ratio of highest to lowest magnification is within a range between 5.5:1 and 16:1. Example embodiments of the optical layout of a finite conjugate camera or microscope are schematically illustrated in FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C, and 26A-26C. A finite conjugate optical assembly is typically used to image objects that are disposed at distances of less than 21 times the focal length of the optical assembly. A finite conjugate optical assembly may be combined with an image sensor to form a finite conjugate camera or an eyepiece may be used to view objects with the naked eye. A finite conjugate camera may include a display, a processor, memory for storing images, and wired and/or wireless communications interfaces for receiving and/or transmitting image data.

(135) Several example embodiments are provided of optical assemblies that include one of a multitude of positive focal length lens attachment options, which may be provided as a lens attachment module m1 as in FIG. 27A, or module m124, module m125 or module m126 as in the example embodiments that are schematically illustrated at FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C or 26A-26C, respectively. Further example lens attachment modules are described herein with reference to FIGS. 18-23 and Tables 14-19, including examples of first lens groups G114-G122, respectively, wherein the “first” lens group is disposed between the object and the other six lens groups, i.e., closest to the object of the seven lens groups, and disposed on the object end of the core zoom module m2 as in FIG. 27A, or module m224, module m225 or module m226 as in FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C and 26A-26C, respectively. Further example lens attachment modules are described herein with reference to FIG. 27G, including example lens attachment modules m127, m128, m129, m130, m131, m132 and m133 which may be configured in accordance with any of the examples set forth at Table 23. Optical assemblies in accordance with certain lens attachment embodiments may resemble large field of view (FOV) microscope objectives. A lens attachment module m1 as in FIG. 27A may be configured in certain embodiments to allow varying working distances, object NA values, fields of view, and/or telecentricity levels.

(136) Several example embodiments are also provided of optical assemblies that include a zooming component, or core zoom module m2 as in FIG. 27A, including the example core zoom modules m224, m225, and m226 of the example embodiments that are schematically illustrated at FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C or 26A-26C, respectively, and described at Tables 20-22. Further example zoom modules are described herein with reference to FIGS. 5A-11C, and Tables 1-7. Each of the example zoom modules of FIGS. 5A-11C and 24A-26C, respectively include, from object end to image end of the optical assembly, a second lens group G201-G207 and G220-G222, a third lens group G301-G307 and G320-G322, a fourth lens group G401-G407 and G420-G422, a fifth lens group G501-G507 and G520-G522, and a sixth lens group G601-G607 and G620-G622. Further zoom module examples are described herein with reference to FIG. 27E including examples of core zoom modules m227, m228, m229, m230 and m231. Zoom modules m2 as in FIG. 27A in accordance with certain embodiments include afocal zoom modules and provide ratios of highest to lowest magnification between 5.5:1 and 16:1.

(137) Several example embodiments are also provided of optical assemblies that include one of a multitude of positive focal length rear adapter options, which may be provided as a rear adapter module m3 as in FIG. 27A, or as module m324, module m325 or module m326 of the example embodiments that are described herein with reference to FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C or 26A-26C, respectively, and Tables 20-22, wherein the rear adapter module m324 of FIGS. 24A-24C includes a seventh lens group G720 which is disposed between the core zoom module and the image plane, and rear adapter module m325 of FIGS. 25A-25C includes lens group G721, and rear adapter module m326 of FIGS. 26A-26C includes lens group G722. Further examples of rear adapter modules are described herein with reference to FIGS. 12-17 and Tables 8-13, including example seventh lens groups G708-G713, respectively. Further example rear adapter modules m327, m328, m329 and m330 are schematically illustrated at FIG. 27C and may be configured in accordance with any of the examples set forth at Table 24. Rear adapter optical assemblies in accordance with certain embodiments may include or resemble tube lenses. A rear adapter module m3 as in FIG. 27A may be configured in certain embodiments to allow varying sensor size coverage and sensor side NA values.

(138) The optical assembly that is schematically illustrated at FIGS. 4A-4C does not have separate modules, and instead has static groups G10 and G20 and G60 and G70 as included groups, along with groups G30 and G50 (but not G40) within a single lens assembly. Each of the six lens groups G10, G20, G30, G50, G60 and G70 of the optical assembly of FIGS. 4A-4C consists of one doublet, such that the optical assembly of FIGS. 4A-4C consists of six doublets, wherein the first doublet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens as lens group G10, the second doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens as lens group G20, the third doublet includes a concave meniscus lens coupled to a biconcave lens as lens group G30, a fourth doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens as lens group G50, a fifth doublet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens as lens group G60, and a sixth doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens as lens group G70. The modular approach, extra lens group, and high etendue are each advantageous features of a finite conjugate optical assembly and camera in accordance with several embodiments described herein that are not found in the less capable system illustrated at FIGS. 4A-4C.

(139) A core zoom module m2 of FIG. 27A, or module m224, module m225 or module m226 of FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C or 26A-26C, respectively, of an example finite conjugate optical assembly, may be configured in accordance with the examples illustrated schematically at FIGS. 5A-11C, 24A-26C, 27A and/or 27E, and may be configured in accordance with one or a combination of the example optical prescriptions shown in Tables 1-7 and 20-22. A core zoom module m2 in accordance with several example embodiments described herein includes five lens groups, while the zoom optical assembly illustrated at FIGS. 4A-4C includes only four groups.

(140) FIGS. 27A-27G schematically illustrate an embodiment of a modular camera system that includes a lens attachment module m1 in the camera system of FIG. 27A, while examples of lens attachment modules m127, m128, m129, m130, m131, m132 and m133 are provided at FIG. 27G. A core zoom module m2 and a rear adapter module m3 are also included in the camera system of FIG. 27A, while examples of core zoom modules m227, m228, m229, m230, m231 are provided at FIG. 27E and examples of rear adapter modules m327, m328, m329 and m330 are provided at FIG. 27C. The camera system of FIG. 27A also includes a camera mount cm, and FIG. 27B includes examples of camera mounts cm1, cm2 and cm3. FIGS. 27A and 27D include flat mount fm1 and split clamp sc1 components for coupling the complete lens system such as the optical assemblies illustrated schematically in FIGS. 24A-24C to an external fixture. The camera system of FIG. 27A also includes a lighting component lc, while FIG. 27F includes examples of lighting component options LED lc1 and coax lc2, and includes a schematic illustration of a coupler cc for facilitating coupling of a lens attachment module m1 at an object end of a zoom module m2. Multiple further example embodiments are provided for the lens attachment module m1, core zoom module m2, and rear adapter module m3, and are described with reference to FIGS. 5A-26C and Tables 1-25. A modular design in accordance with alternative embodiments may contain two or more modules or modular components that may be conveniently individually isolated for repair or replacement or calibration separate from one or more other modules. A sensor module may be included in an imaging system in accordance with certain embodiments. Other module configurations may include a motorization module, a lighting module, a processing module, an interface module, a communication module or combinations of these.

(141) In certain embodiments, pupil aberrations are controlled more greatly than in other embodiments, thus advantageously allowing the modularity of the system to function optimally. Optical assemblies in accordance with certain embodiments will have a system magnification greater than 2× at their high magnification point.

Core Zoom Module

(142) Further example embodiments for afocal zoom lens groups of core zoom module m2 of FIGS. 27A and 27E may include or otherwise be configured in accordance with one or more of the following features. Afocal zoom lenses are provided in accordance with certain embodiments that are configured such as to compress the pupil to a low total movement compared with conventional designs. Optical aberrations may be tightly controlled in these embodiments. These together allow better integration of a multitude of objective lenses and tube lenses that provide optimal performance along with the core zoom. This improved total system performance allows for larger apertures and fields of view than previously available. Combined together this leads to more optical bandwidth, represented by an etendue value at the maximum etendue point which is at the low magnification zoom position at the exit pupil of 0.95 to 4.65 mm.sup.2sr for optical systems configured in accordance with certain embodiments for use with 6.6 MP to 32 MP sensors, respectively.

(143) A first example embodiment of a core zoom module that includes an afocal zoom lens assembly and exhibits a 7:1 ratio of highest to lowest magnification, and an approximate etendue of 1.57 mm.sup.2sr at its low magnification position. This embodiment is illustrated schematically at FIGS. 5A-5C, and includes a positive group (G201), a movable negative group (G301), a movable positive group (G401), a movable negative group (G501), and a positive group (G601). A numerical example in accordance with this embodiment is provided in Table 1. Three arrangements are included in FIG. 5A-5C, including a low magnification arrangement at FIG. 5A, a mid-level magnification arrangement at FIG. 5B, and a high magnification arrangement at FIG. 5C.

(144) The example lens group G201 in FIGS. 5A-5C includes two lens elements including three lenses. The lens group G201 includes a doublet and a singlet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens, and wherein the singlet includes a convex meniscus lens.

(145) The example movable lens group G301 in FIGS. 5A-5C includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G301 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The movable lens group G301 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G201 in FIG. 5B compared with FIG. 5A, and lens group G301 is disposed closer to lens group G401 in FIG. 5B compared with FIG. 5A. The movable lens group G301 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G201 in FIG. 5C compared with FIG. 5B, and lens group G301 is disposed closer to lens group G401 in FIG. 5C compared with FIG. 5B.

(146) The movable lens group G401 includes three lens elements including three lenses. The lens group G401 includes a convex meniscus singlet, a biconvex singlet and a concave meniscus singlet. The movable lens group G401 is disposed furthest from lens group G301 and closest to lens group G501 is FIG. 5A, compared with FIGS. 5B-5C, and lens group G401 is disposed closest to lens group G301 and furthest form lens group G501 in FIG. 5C compared with FIGS. 5A-5B.

(147) The movable lens group G501 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G501 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The lens group G501 is disposed about a same distance from lens group G601 in FIGS. 5A and 5B, and is closest to lens group G601 in FIG. 5C compared with FIGS. 5A-5B. The lens group G501 is disposed closest to lens group G401 in FIG. 5A compared with FIGS. 5B-5C, and is disposed furthest from lens group G401 in FIG. 5C compared with FIGS. 5A-5B.

(148) The lens group G601 includes two lens elements including three lenses. The lens group G601 includes a concave meniscus singlet and a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a concave meniscus (or plano-convex) lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(149) A second embodiment of a core zoom module including an afocal zoom lens assembly that has a 7:1 ratio of highest to lowest magnification, and an approximate etendue of 1.57 mm.sup.2sr of etendue at its low magnification position. This embodiment is illustrated schematically at FIGS. 6A-6C, and includes a positive group (G202), a movable negative group (G302), a static positive group (G402), a movable negative group (G502), and a positive group (G602). A numerical example in accordance with this embodiment is provided in Table 2. Three arrangements are included in FIGS. 6A-6C, including a low magnification arrangement at FIG. 6A, a mid-level magnification arrangement at FIG. 6B, and a high magnification arrangement at FIG. 6C.

(150) The lens group G202 includes two lens elements including three lenses. The lens group G202 includes a doublet and a singlet, wherein the doublet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex (or convexo-plano) lens, and wherein the singlet includes a convex meniscus (or convex-plano) lens.

(151) The movable lens group G302 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G302 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The movable lens group G302 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G202 in FIG. 6B compared with FIG. 6A, and lens group G302 is disposed closer to lens group G402 in FIG. 6B compared with FIG. 6A. The movable lens group G302 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G202 in FIG. 6C compared with FIG. 6B, and lens group G302 is disposed closer to lens group G402 in FIG. 6C compared with FIG. 6B.

(152) The lens group G402 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G402 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens. The lens group G402 is disposed at a same location relative to the static groups G202 and G602 in all three of FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C. The lens group G402 is a static group in this example.

(153) The movable lens group G502 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G502 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes biconcave lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The lens group G502 is disposed closest to group G402 in FIG. 6A compared with FIGS. 6B-6C, and lens group G502 is disposed furthest from group G402 in FIG. 6C compared with FIGS. 6A-6B. The lens group G502 is disposed furthest from group G602 in FIG. 6A compared with FIGS. 6B-6C, and group G502 is disposed closest to group G602 in FIG. 6C compared with FIGS. 6A-6B.

(154) The lens group G602 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G602 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex (or plano-convex) lens coupled to concave meniscus lens.

(155) A third embodiment of a core zoom module includes an afocal zoom lens assembly configured to have a 7:1 ratio of highest to lowest magnification, and an approximate etendue of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr at its low magnification position. This embodiment is illustrated schematically at FIGS. 7A-7C, and includes a positive group (G203), a movable negative group (G303), a movable negative group (G403), a movable negative group (G503), and a positive group (G603). A numerical example in accordance with this embodiment is provided in Table 3. Three arrangements are included in FIGS. 7A-7C, including a low magnification arrangement at FIG. 7A, a mid-level magnification arrangement at FIG. 7B, and a high magnification arrangement at FIG. 7C.

(156) The lens group G203 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G203 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(157) The movable lens group G303 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G303 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a concave meniscus lens coupled to a biconcave lens. The movable lens group G303 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G203 in FIG. 7B compared with FIG. 7A, and lens group G303 is disposed closer to lens group G403 in FIG. 7B compared with FIG. 7A. The movable lens group G303 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G203 in FIG. 7C compared with FIG. 7B, and lens group G303 is disposed closer to lens group G403 in FIG. 7C compared with FIG. 7B.

(158) The movable lens group G403 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G403 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave or meniscus lens. The movable lens group G403 is disposed furthest from lens group G303 and closest to lens group G503 in FIG. 7C, compared with FIGS. 7A-7B, and lens group G403 is disposed closest to lens group G303 and furthest from lens group G503 in FIG. 7A compared with FIGS. 7B-7C.

(159) The movable lens group G503 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G503 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The lens group G503 is disposed about a same distance from lens group G603 in FIGS. 7A and 7C, and is furthest from lens group G603 in FIG. 7B compared with FIGS. 7A and 7C. The lens group G503 is disposed about a same distance from lens group G403 in FIGS. 7B and 7C, and group G503 is disposed furthest from lens group G403 in FIG. 7A compared with FIGS. 7B-7C, and group G503 is disposed furthest from lens group G303 in FIG. 7A compared to FIGS. 7B-7C and group G503 is disposed closest to lens group G303 in FIG. 7C compared to FIGS. 7A-7B.

(160) The lens group G603 includes one lens element including three lenses. The lens group G603 includes a triplet, wherein the triplet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the biconvex lens is also coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(161) A fourth embodiment of a core zoom module includes an afocal zoom lens assembly that has a 16:1 ratio of highest to lowest magnification, and an approximate etendue of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr at its low magnification position. This embodiment is illustrated schematically at FIGS. 8A-8C, and includes a positive group (G204), a movable negative group (G304), a movable positive group (G404), a movable negative group (G504), and a positive group (G604). A numerical example in accordance with this embodiment is provided in Table 4. Three arrangements are included in FIGS. 8A-8C, including a low magnification arrangement at FIG. 8A, a mid-level magnification arrangement at FIG. 8B, and a high magnification arrangement at FIG. 8C.

(162) The lens group G204 includes two lens elements including four lenses. The lens group G204 includes two doublets, wherein each doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(163) The movable lens group G304 includes one lens element including three lenses. The lens group G304 includes a triplet, wherein the triplet includes a concave meniscus lens coupled to a biconcave lens, and the biconcave lens is also coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The movable lens group G304 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G204 in FIG. 8B compared with FIG. 8A, and lens group G304 is disposed closer to lens group G404 in FIG. 8B compared with FIG. 8A. The movable lens group G303 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G204 in FIG. 8C compared with FIG. 8B, and lens group G303 is disposed closer to lens group G404 in FIG. 8C compared with FIG. 8B.

(164) The movable lens group G404 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G404 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus or biconcave (or plano-concave) lens. The movable lens group G404 is disposed closest to lens group G304 and furthest from lens group G504 in FIG. 8C, compared with FIGS. 8A-8B, and lens group G404 is disposed about a same distance from group G504 in FIGS. 8A and 8B, and lens group 404 is disposed further from lens group G304 in FIG. 8A compared with FIGS. 8B-8C.

(165) The movable lens group G504 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G504 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconcave (or plano-concave) lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The lens group G504 is disposed furthest from lens group G604 in FIG. 8A compared with FIGS. 8B-8C, and group G504 is disposed closest to group G604 in FIG. 8C compared with FIGS. 8A-8B, and lens group G504 is disposed closer to group G604 in FIG. 8B compared to FIG. 8A.

(166) The lens group G604 includes one lens element including three lenses. The lens group G604 includes a triplet, wherein the triplet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the biconvex lens is also coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(167) A fifth embodiment of a core zoom module includes an afocal zoom lens assembly that exhibits a 6.2:1 ratio of highest to lowest magnification, and an approximate etendue of 2.88 mm.sup.2sr at its low magnification position. This embodiment is illustrated schematically at FIGS. 9A-9C, and includes a positive group (G205), a movable negative group (G305), a movable negative group (G405), a movable negative group (G505), and a positive group (G605). A numerical example in accordance with this embodiment is provided in Table 5. Three arrangements are included in FIGS. 9A-9C, including a low magnification arrangement at FIG. 9A, a mid-level magnification arrangement at FIG. 9B, and a high magnification arrangement at FIG. 9C.

(168) The lens group G205 includes two lens elements including three lenses. The lens group G205 includes a biconvex singlet and a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave lens.

(169) The movable lens group G305 includes one lens element including three lenses. The lens group G305 includes a triplet, wherein the triplet includes a concave meniscus lens coupled to a biconcave lens, and the biconcave lens is also coupled to convex meniscus lens. The movable lens group G305 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G205 in FIG. 9B compared with FIG. 9A, and lens group G305 is disposed closer to lens group G405 in FIG. 9B compared with FIG. 9A. The movable lens group G305 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G205 in FIG. 9C compared with FIG. 9B, and lens group G305 is disposed closer to lens group G405 in FIG. 9C compared with FIG. 9B.

(170) The movable lens group G405 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G405 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex (or plano-convex) lens coupled to a biconcave (or plano-concave) lens. The movable lens group G405 is disposed furthest from lens group G305 and also furthest from lens group G505 in FIG. 9A compared with FIGS. 9B-9C, and lens group G405 is disposed closest to lens group G305 in FIG. 9C compared with FIGS. 9A-9B, and lens group G405 is disposed about the same distance from lens group G505 in FIGS. 9B and 9C, and is furthest from lens group G505 in FIG. 9A compared with FIGS. 9B-9C.

(171) The movable lens group G505 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G505 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a biconvex (or convex-plano) lens. The lens group G505 is disposed about a same distance from lens group G605 in FIGS. 9A and 9C, and is furthest from lens group G605 in FIG. 9B compared with FIGS. 9A and 9C. The lens group G505 is disposed about a same distance from lens group G405 in FIGS. 9B and 9C, and group G505 is disposed furthest from lens group G405 in FIG. 9A compared with FIGS. 9B-9C, and group G505 is disposed furthest from lens group G305 in FIG. 9A compared to FIGS. 9B-9C and group G505 is disposed closest to lens group G305 in FIG. 9C compared to FIGS. 9A-9B.

(172) The lens group G605 includes two lens elements including three lenses. The lens group G605 includes a biconvex singlet and a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a concave meniscus (or plano-convex) lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(173) A sixth embodiment of a core zoom module includes an afocal zoom lens assembly that is configured to have a 12:1 ratio of highest to lowest magnification, and an approximate etendue of 2.88 mm.sup.2sr at its low magnification position. This embodiment is illustrated schematically at FIGS. 10A-10C, and includes a positive group (G206), a movable negative group (G306), a movable positive group (G406), a movable negative group (G506), and a positive group (G606). A numerical example in accordance with this embodiment is provided in Table 6. Three arrangements are included in FIGS. 10A-10C, including a low magnification arrangement at FIG. 10A, a mid-level magnification arrangement at FIG. 10B, and a high magnification arrangement at FIG. 10C.

(174) The lens group G206 includes one lens element including three lenses. The lens group G206 includes a triplet, wherein the triplet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the biconvex lens is also coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(175) The movable lens group G306 includes two lens elements including four lenses. The lens group G306 includes two doublets, wherein the first doublet includes a biconvex (or plano-convex) lens coupled to biconcave lens, and the second doublet includes a biconcave (or plano-concave) lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The movable lens group G306 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G206 in FIG. 10B compared with FIG. 10A, and lens group G306 is disposed closer to lens group G406 in FIG. 10A compared with FIG. 10B. The movable lens group G306 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G206 in FIG. 10C compared with FIG. 10B, and lens group G306 is disposed closer to lens group G406 in FIG. 10C compared with FIG. 10A. Lens group G306 is disposed furthest from lens groups G206 and G406 in FIG. 10B compared to FIGS. 10A and 10C.

(176) The movable lens group G406 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G406 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens. The movable lens group G406 is disposed closest to lens group G506 in FIG. 10A compared with FIGS. 10B-10C, and group G406 is furthest from lens group G506 in FIG. 10C, compared with FIGS. 10A-10B.

(177) The movable lens group G506 includes two lens elements including four lenses. The lens group G506 includes two doublets, wherein the first doublet includes a biconcave (or plano-concave) lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the second doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to convex meniscus (or plano-concave) lens. The lens group G506 is disposed furthest from lens group G606 in FIG. 10A compared with FIGS. 10B-10C, and group G506 is disposed closest to group G606 in FIG. 10C compared with FIGS. 10A-10B, and lens group G506 is disposed closer to group G606 in FIG. 10B compared to FIG. 10A.

(178) The lens group G606 includes one lens element including two lens elements including three lenses. The lens group G606 includes a biconvex singlet and a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens.

(179) A seventh embodiment of a core zoom module includes an afocal zoom lens assembly that has a 5.7:1 ratio of highest to lowest magnification, and exhibits an approximate etendue of 4.65 mm.sup.2sr at its low magnification position. This embodiment is illustrated schematically at FIGS. 11A-11C, and includes a positive group (G207), a movable negative group (G307), a fixed positive group (G407), a movable negative group (G507), and a positive group (G607). A numerical example in accordance with this embodiment is provided in Table 7. Three arrangements are included in FIGS. 11A-11C, including a low magnification arrangement at FIG. 11A, a mid-level magnification arrangement at FIG. 11B, and a high magnification arrangement at FIG. 11C.

(180) The lens group G207 includes one lens element including three lenses. The lens group G207 includes a triplet, wherein the triplet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the biconvex lens is also coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(181) The movable lens group G307 includes one lens element including three lenses. The lens group G307 includes a triplet, wherein the triplet includes a concave meniscus lens coupled to a biconcave lens, and the biconcave lens is also coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The movable lens group G307 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G207 in FIG. 11B compared with FIG. 11A, and lens group G307 is disposed closer to lens group G407 in FIG. 11B compared with FIG. 11A. The movable lens group G307 is disposed a greater distance from lens group G207 in FIG. 11C compared with FIG. 11B, and lens group G307 is disposed closer to lens group G407 in FIG. 11C compared with FIG. 11B.

(182) The lens group G407 includes one lens element including two lenses. The lens group G407 includes a doublet, wherein the doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens. The lens group G407 is disposed at a same location relative to the static groups G207 and G607 in all three of FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C. The lens group G407 is a static group in this example.

(183) The movable lens group G507 includes two lens elements including four lenses. The lens group G507 includes two doublets, wherein the first doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the second doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens. The lens group G507 is disposed closest to group G407 in FIG. 11A compared with FIGS. 11B-11C, and lens group G507 is disposed furthest from group G407 in FIG. 11C compared with FIGS. 11A-11B. The lens group G507 is disposed furthest from group G607 in FIG. 11A compared with FIGS. 11B-11C, and group G507 is disposed closest to group G607 in FIG. 11C compared with FIGS. 11A-11B.

(184) The lens group G607 includes one lens element including three lenses. The lens group G607 includes a triplet, wherein the triplet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the biconvex lens also coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(185) Additional core zoom module embodiments may include five optical groups that have similar general attributes as those illustrated schematically at FIGS. 5A-11C and/or numerically at Tables 1-7. For example, a lens attachment group, such as any of example lens groups G114-G122 of FIGS. 18-26C and/or a rear adapter group, such as any of example lens groups G708-G712 of FIGS. 12-17 and lens groups G720-G722 of FIGS. 24A-26C may be included in additional embodiments either as separate optical modules or with the core zoom components in a single module. Example embodiments of optical assemblies including a lens attachment module m1, a core zoom module m2, and a rear adapter module m3 in combination are schematically illustrated at FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C, 26A-26C, and 27A-27G, and given as numerical examples in Tables 20-25. Example embodiments of lens assemblies are configured with various ratios of highest to lowest magnification between 5.5:1 and 16:1 as well as etendue values between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr, and various combinations are provided in accordance with further embodiments. Further embodiments may include larger diameter and longer optical path length designs to correct additional aberrations that may be present in high etendue designs and/or the zoom range of larger magnification ratios.

(186) Additional design features such as more optical elements per group or aspheric elements may be included to achieve difficult performance goals including reduced optical losses from the diffraction limit and reduced vignetting compared with conventional systems, e.g., in additional embodiments that may be variations or combinations of the embodiments described herein. Further alternative embodiments of zoom modules with five lens groups are provided for each of at least three grouping types, including, but not limited to, type 1, wherein a zoom module includes from object end to image end a positive static group, a negative movable group, a positive fixed group, a negative movable group, and a positive static group; and type 2, wherein a zoom module includes from object end to image end a positive static group, a negative movable group, a positive movable group, a negative movable group, and a positive static group; and type 3, wherein a zoom module includes from object end to image end a positive static group, a negative movable group, a negative movable group, a negative movable group, and a positive static group, as each provides distinct advantages for aberration correction and pupil compression. In various alternative embodiments, the middle group of the five lens groups of a zoom module may include a positive or negative movable group or a static group.

(187) An afocal zoom lens assembly in accordance with certain embodiments may be designed for very good optical correction of color aberrations. A lens may be corrected to have an axial color separation of less than or equal to the depth of focus of light for the given wavelength and aperture of the system, as defined by the Rayleigh Criterion depth of focus equation,

(188) $\mathrm{DOF}=\pm \frac{\lambda }{2*{\mathrm{NA}}^2},$
[Smith—Modern Optical Engineering, pg. 715], for the visible wavelengths of light, defined here as 430 to 670 nm. This becomes particularly advantageous for a zoom lens of extended range such as 5.5:1 to 16:1 as set forth in accordance with certain embodiments.

(189) An optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments may be configured to achieve less than triple (3×), less than double (2×), less than 1×, or even less than half (0.5×) the DOF (depth of field) of axial color separation relative to a 550 nm wavelength for a 430 to 1100 nm waveband that covers the visible and Near Infrared (NIR) spectrums, when paired with a modular objective and tube lens in accordance with certain embodiments. The axial color separation of wavelengths achieved by an optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments in this wavelength range may be as low as a quarter of the DOF.

(190) Assembly adjustments of the described example embodiments may be used to correct the color separation for the 900 to 1700 nm wavelength range, or the Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR). Similarly, the axial color separation of wavelengths in this range, relative to a 1200 nm wavelength, for optical assemblies in accordance with certain embodiments are less than 3× the DOF, or less than 2× the DOF in certain embodiments, or less than 1×, or even less than half the DOF in alternative embodiments down to as low as approximately a quarter the DOF of axial color separation of wavelengths in this range.

(191) This low slope axial color change in the NIR and SWIR gives users the ability to use the same lens system for inspecting both visible and infrared applications. The added wavelength focusing capability, similar to the higher aperture, gives added capability of collecting information about a specimen. As an embodiment usage example, this capability could allow the surface of a part to be inspected in fine detail with short wavelength blue light, while sequentially being able to be investigated for sub surface damage via NIR light, with or without any mechanical refocusing mechanism and/or software focus routine.

(192) At the high magnification setting, where microscopy-like images are taken, the entire spectrum from 430 nm to 1100 nm may be controlled to less than the depth of focus in accordance with certain embodiments. At the medium to low mag settings, the NIR may be corrected to a minimum of less than twice the depth of focus in accordance with certain embodiments.

(193) Additionally, an assembly time adjustment to the wavelength focus of the system is provided in advantageous embodiments. This adjustment, with appropriately coated glass, advantageously provides the wavelengths from 900 to 1700 nm, or SWIR, to focus simultaneously across the extended zoom range in accordance with certain embodiments. The wavelengths may be corrected to less than the depth of focus at the highest magnification setting across the whole spectrum in certain embodiments. The mid magnification point may be less than the depth of focus from 975 to 1700 nm, and may be less than 2 times the DOF below 975 nm in certain embodiments. The lowest magnification setting may be less than the DOF of axial color defocus from 1065 to 1660 nm, and may be less than twice the DOF outside of those values inside the SWIR wavelength range in certain embodiments.

Lens Attachment Module

(194) Further example embodiments for lens attachment modules, or otherwise for first, front or objective modules, may include or otherwise be configured in accordance with one or more of the following features.

(195) A multitude of long working distance, fixed focal length, objectives with an external entrance pupil are provided in certain embodiments. This entrance pupil may be at a sufficient depth to accommodate the substantial internal pupil depth of the afocal zoom as well as its range of motion to provide pupil matching with the afocal zoom and therefore may work seamlessly in conjunction with a zoom module configured in accordance with certain embodiments. An objective lens may have a 16-25 mm entrance pupil in certain embodiments. This pupil may be located externally to the lens, e.g., by 50 mm or greater distances such as 75, 100, 150 mm or an even greater distance.

(196) An objective lens in certain embodiments may have a mechanical working distance (W.D.) to focal length (F1) ratio of 0.75 (W.D./F1>0.75) or more in certain example embodiments, including the first seven examples illustrated numerically at Table 23. Alternative embodiments may exhibit a working distance to focal length ratio between 0.6 and 0.75. Some embodiments may contain other ratios that are advantageous for cost or performance reasons. This working distance along with the large entrance pupil may be combined in certain example embodiments which provide a significant numerical aperture performance advantage at long working distances for various applications such as but not limited to inspection lines, touch probes, cavity inspection, automotive assembly, and/or flat panel fabrication.

(197) The examples set forth at Table 23 may include lens attachments and/or objectives with long W.D./F1 ratio and 16-25 mm diameter external entrance pupils of 50 mm or greater distances such as, 75, 100, 150 mm or greater distance in certain example embodiments. An objective lens in accordance with certain embodiments may have an angular output that exhibits in combination with the 16-25 mm pupil an etendue of between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr.

(198) Additional lens attachments and/or objective module examples may include telecentric attachments, whose chief ray exhibits less than 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.25° of deviation from perpendicularity to a flat object, across the entire FOV as well as across the entire zoom range in certain embodiments. An example embodiment 19 is given numerically in Table 19, and shown schematically in FIG. 23. A compressed pupil of an afocal zoom in accordance with the example lens diagrams illustrated schematically in side view at FIGS. 5A-5C through-Figures 11A-11C and/or with the example numerical prescriptions set forth at Tables 1-7, respectively, supports reduction of chief ray angle in the designs of lens attachments in accordance with certain example embodiments.

(199) The example finite conjugate optical assemblies schematically illustrated at FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C and 26A-26C, each include an example lens attachment module m124, m125 and m126, respectively, including a first lens group G120, G121 and G122, as well as a core zoom module m224, m225 and m226, and a rear adapter module m324, m325 and m326, each including a seventh lens group G720, G721 and G722, respectively, of a finite conjugate optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments. FIGS. 18-23 schematically illustrate alternative example embodiments of lens attachment modules including lens groups G114-G119, respectively. Tables 14-19, respectively, include example optical prescriptions for the lens groups G114-G119 that are schematically illustrated at FIGS. 18-23. These example embodiments demonstrate etendue preservation of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr as well as the modularity of the system by maintaining optimal optical design performance with a common zoom module by using a common entrance pupil diameter and depth.

(200) The lens group G114 of the lens attachment schematically illustrated at FIG. 18 includes six lens elements including eight lenses. The lens group G114 includes a concave meniscus singlet and a biconvex singlet, a pair of doublets, and a pair of concave meniscus singlets. The pair of doublets include a first doublet including a biconcave lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and a second doublet including a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens.

(201) The lens group G115 of the lens attachment schematically illustrated at FIG. 19 includes two lens elements including five lenses. The group G115 includes a doublet and a triplet, wherein the doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the triplet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave lens, and the biconcave lens is also coupled to a convex meniscus lens.

(202) The lens group G116 of the lens attachment schematically illustrated at FIG. 20 includes three lens elements and five lenses. The group G116 includes a first doublet, a biconcave singlet, and a second doublet. The first doublet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a biconvex lens, and the second doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(203) The lens group G117 of the lens attachment schematically illustrated at FIG. 21 includes three lens elements including four lenses. The group G117 includes a doublet, and two concave meniscus singlets. The doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens.

(204) The lens group G118 of the lens attachment schematically illustrated at FIG. 22 includes three lens elements including four lenses. The group G118 includes a doublet, and a convex meniscus singlet and a biconvex singlet. The doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave lens.

(205) The lens group G119 of the lens attachment schematically illustrated at FIG. 23 includes four lens elements including five lenses. The group G119 includes a biconvex singlet spaced apart from biconcave singlet that is spaced apart from a doublet and another biconvex singlet. The doublet includes a biconcave lens coupled to a biconvex lens.

(206) Additional lens attachments used in conjunction with one or more other modules may in certain embodiments have the ability to focus light from 430 nm to 1100 nm with less than 3×, 2×, or 1× or even less than half a depth of focus difference from a nominal central wavelength across the wavelength range, based on the Rayleigh Criterion

(207) $\mathrm{DOF}=\pm \frac{\lambda }{2*{\mathrm{NA}}^2}.$
Additionally, a lens used in conjunction with one or more other modules may in certain embodiments be configured to operate at or near optical diffraction limits from 900 to 1700 nm with a similarly less than 3×, 2×, 1×, or less than even half of a depth of focus difference, e.g., in certain embodiments, with no refocus within the waveband.

Rear Adapter Module

(208) Further example embodiments of rear adapters or tube lenses, rear modules, or third modules may include one or more of the following features.

(209) A multitude of fixed focal length tube lenses are provided in certain embodiments with an external entrance pupil, and sufficient aperture and angle acceptance to produce an etendue value of between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr. Such tube lenses may in certain embodiments have the advantage of a short back focus as defined by D3/F3<0.9 where D3 is the path length and F3 is the focal length of the given rear module, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 28. The entrance pupil may be at a sufficient depth to accommodate the substantial internal pupil depth of an afocal zoom module in accordance with certain embodiments, as well as its range of motion to provide pupil matching with the afocal zoom module, and therefore may be configured to work seamlessly in conjunction with a zoom module configured in accordance with embodiments described herein. In certain embodiments, advantageous varying of pupil depth optimization provides advantageous robustness of use as a standalone tube lens.

(210) Tube lenses in accordance with certain embodiments may have an entrance pupil diameter for an external entrance pupil tube lens of between 16 and 25 mm in certain embodiments.

(211) Tube lenses may in certain embodiments accept a maximum collimated field angle of 2.5-3.5° or greater at an entrance pupil depth of 50 mm or greater distances such as, 75, 100, 150 mm, or greater without vignetting, which provides advantageous field coverage of existing sensor platforms for each given focal length.

(212) Embodiments containing values in accordance with the above first and/or second examples gives an etendue value of between 0.95 to 4.65 mm.sup.2sr. Table 24 illustrates numerical values for a selection of example embodiments of varying sensor coverage meeting etendue values of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr. Table 24 illustrates certain numerical examples of example embodiments of rear adapters or tube lenses with short path length to focal length ratios, 16-25 mm diameter external entrance pupils at 50 mm or greater distances such as, 75, 100, 150 mm or greater distance, and etendue values of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr.

(213) FIG. 28 schematically illustrates a diagrammed example of a tube lens that may be included within an example optical arrangement in accordance with a rear adapter module m324, m325 and/or m326 of a finite conjugate optical assembly configured in accordance with those schematically illustrated at FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C, and/or 26A-26C, respectively, and/or in accordance with any of the example embodiments that are schematically illustrated at FIGS. 12-15 which may have an etendue value of 1.58 mm.sup.2sr with dimensions Dim A or focal length, Dim B or path length, and Dim C or length of sensor diagonal as set forth in multiple listed examples as variables in Table 24. FIGS. 16 and 17 schematically illustrate rear adapter example embodiments 12 and 13, respectively, which may have an etendue value of 3.21 mm.sup.2sr and also provide varying advantageous sensor coverage based on the example focal lengths. Additional high etendue rear adapters with fixed etendue and 16-25 mm diameter exit pupil at 50 mm or greater distances such as, 75, 100, 150 mm or greater distance may be advantageously paired with zoom module embodiments or with lens attachment and zoom module embodiments to maintain system etendue and cover known sensor sizes.

(214) The example finite conjugate optical assemblies schematically illustrated at FIGS. 24A-24C, 25A-25C and 26A-26C each include example rear adapter modules m324, m325 and m326, respectively, including lens groups G720, G721 and G722. FIGS. 12-17 schematically illustrate alternative example embodiments of rear adapter modules including lens groups G708-G713, respectively. Tables 8-13, respectively, include example optical prescriptions for the lens groups G708-G713 that are schematically illustrated at FIGS. 12-17.

(215) The lens group G708 of the rear adapter that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 12 includes four lens elements including six lenses. The group G708 includes two convex meniscus singlets and two doublets. The first doublet includes a convexo-planar (or convex meniscus) lens coupled to a plano-concave (or convex meniscus) lens, and the second doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave lens.

(216) The lens group G709 of the rear adapter that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 13 includes four lens elements including six lenses. The group G709 includes a pair of convex meniscus singlets and two doublets. The first doublet includes a convex meniscus lens coupled to a convex meniscus lens, and the second doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave lens.

(217) The lens group G710 of the rear adapter that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 14 includes five lens elements including six lenses. The group G710 includes a convex meniscus singlet, a biconvex singlet, another convex meniscus singlet, a biconcave singlet and a doublet. The doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave lens.

(218) The lens group G711 of the rear adapter that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 15 includes three lens elements including five lenses. The group G711 includes two doublets and a concave meniscus singlet. The first doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens, and the second doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a biconcave lens. The first doublet is spaced apart from the second doublet and the singlet is spaced apart from the second doublet.

(219) The lens group G712 of the rear adapter that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 16 includes four lens elements including five lenses. The group G712 includes one doublet, a biconvex singlet, a biconcave singlet, and a convex meniscus (or convex-planar) singlet. The doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens. The first doublet is spaced apart from the first singlet.

(220) The lens group G713 of the rear adapter that is schematically illustrated at FIG. 17 includes four lens elements including five lenses. The group G713 includes one doublet, a biconvex singlet, a biconcave singlet, and a convex meniscus singlet. The doublet includes a biconvex lens coupled to a concave meniscus lens. The first doublet is spaced apart from the first singlet and the third singlet is spaced apart from the second singlet.

(221) In certain embodiments, tube lenses may have a track or path length that is less than the focal length of the tube lens. Certain of these embodiments may have a track or path length that is determined from a mechanical entrance to the tube lens to the focal plane of the tube lens, particularly when collimated light is input. In other embodiments, a track or path length to focal length ratio may be less than 0.9. Table 24 includes multiple examples of parameter values in accordance with these embodiments. The diagram of FIG. 28 illustrates focal length Dim A, path length Dim B, and sensor size Dim C for which specific example values are provided in the multiple examples set forth at Table 24.

(222) Additionally, tube lenses in accordance with certain embodiments may be configured with the ability to focus light from 430 nm to 1100 nm with less than 3×, 2×, 1×, or even less than half of a depth of focus difference from a nominal central wavelength, defined as 550 nm, across the wavelength range, based on the Rayleigh Criterion

(223) $\mathrm{DOF}=\pm \frac{\lambda }{2*{\mathrm{NA}}^2}.$
Moreover, a lens in certain embodiments may be configured to operate at or near optical diffraction limits from 900 to 1700 nm with a similar 3×, 2×, 1×, or even less than half of a depth of focus difference from a 1200 nm central wavelength, with no refocus within the waveband.

Combined Embodiments

(224) While an exemplary drawings and specific embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, it is to be understood that that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to the particular embodiments discussed. Thus, the embodiments shall be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and it should be understood that variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled in the arts without departing from the scope of the present invention.

(225) For example, lens assemblies for finite conjugate systems that exhibit minimal optical quality loss and/or less than 10% vignetting and various specific etendue values between 0.95 and 4.65 mm.sup.2sr are included embodiments. Alternative embodiments may include different amounts of collimated spacing between the lenses of the first and second lens groups that are disposed consecutively at an object end of an optical assembly that includes a lens attachment and a zooming component. There may also be different amounts of collimated spacing between the lenses of the sixth and seventh lens groups that are disposed consecutively at an image end of an optical assembly that includes a zooming component and a rear adapter. A lens attachment module in accordance with certain alternative embodiments may include one or more positive and/or negative groups. A rear adapter module in accordance with certain alternative embodiments may include one or more positive or negative groups.

(226) Combinations of the components illustrated schematically in FIGS. 27A-27G together form further example embodiments of optical systems including several example embodiments of a high etendue finite conjugate zoom lens system having a modular nature and comprising an objective lens or lens attachment module m127, m128, m129, m130, m131, m132, m133 including a positive lens group and configured in accordance with the examples set forth at Table 23, a core zoom module m227, m228, m229, m230, m231 with five lens groups, a tube lens or rear adapter module m327, m328, m329, m330 with a positive lens group and configured in accordance with the examples of Table 24, and wherein example optical systems may include one or more illumination, motorization, mount, and/or focus modules.

(227) Combinations of any of the example lens attachment modules, core zoom modules and/or rear adapter modules described with reference to FIGS. 5A-26C and 28 and Tables 1-22, as well as combinations with the example embodiments and components described with reference to FIGS. 27A-27G, as well as combinations with embodiments characterizable as subtle modifications of any of the aforementioned embodiments, may form additional embodiments. Subtle modifications may include changing a curvature of a surface slightly, even to interchange mildly convex, planar and/or mildly concave surfaces, flipping a meniscus from convex to concave or concave to convex, adding or removing a meniscus or moving a meniscus to a different location such as to face the other side of an adjacent lens, separating a doublet into two singlets, separating a triplet into a doublet and a singlet, or into three singlets, or coupling two singlets into a doublet, or coupling a doublet and a singlet or three singlets into a triplet.

(228) The zoom module m2 may include more or less than five groups. The example positive static groups G201-G207 and G220-G222 may further include one or more lenses of a lens attachment assembly, or a lens attachment module m1 may further include one or more lenses or lens elements of an example static group G201-G207 or G220-G222. The example positive static groups G601-G607 and G620-G622 may further include one or more lenses of a rear adapter optical assembly, or a rear adapter optical assembly or rear adapter module m3 may further include one or more lenses or lens elements of an example static group G601-G607 or G620-G622. That is, all or part of a lens attachment optical assembly such as any of lens groups G114-G122 and/or a rear adapter optical assembly such as any of lens groups G708-G713 or G720-G722 may be added to a zoom module m2, such as to increase the number of lens groups of the zoom module m2 from five groups to six groups or seven groups. Alternatively, all or part of a lens group, such as any of example groups G201-G207 or G220-G222 described and illustrated schematically at any of FIGS. 5A-11C and 24A-26C as being disposed, respectively, at the object end of a zoom module m2, m224-m231, and/or a group G601-G607 or G620-G622 described and illustrated schematically at any of FIGS. 5A-11C and 24A-26C as being disposed at the image end of a zoom module m2, m224-m231, may be removed from the zoom module and added to the lens attachment module m1 and/or rear adapter module m3, such as to reduce the number of lens groups of the zoom module m2 from five groups, as in several described examples, to four groups or three groups.

(229) In addition, in methods that may be performed according to embodiments described herein and that may have been described above, the operations have been described in selected typographical sequences. However, the sequences have been selected and so ordered for typographical convenience and are not intended to imply any particular order for performing the operations, except for those where a particular order may be expressly set forth or where those of ordinary skill in the art may deem a particular order to be necessary.

(230) A group of items linked with the conjunction “and” in the above specification should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping in accordance with all embodiments of that grouping, as various embodiments will have one or more of those elements replaced with one or more others. Furthermore, although items, elements or components of the invention may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated to be within the scope thereof unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated or clearly understood as necessary by those of ordinary skill in the art.

(231) The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to” or other such phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent. The use of the terms “camera” and “optical assembly” and “module” and “lens group” do not imply that the components or functionality described or provided in example claims as part of a camera, assembly, module, or lens group are all configured in a common package. Indeed, any or all of the various components of a camera (e.g., optical assembly and image sensor), an optical assembly (e.g., including a lens attachment, a zooming component and a rear adapter and/or a lens attachment lens group, a zooming component including five lens groups and a rear adapter lens group and/or a lens attachment module, a zoom module and a rear adapter module), a module and/or a lens group may be combined in a single package or separately disposed or maintained and may further be manufactured, assembled and/or distributed at or through multiple locations.

(232) Different materials may be used to form the lenses of the optical assemblies of the several embodiments. For example, various kinds of glass and/or transparent plastic or polymeric materials may be used that are not limited to those identified in example optical prescription tables, such as in Tables 1-22 at the 4.sup.th and 5.sup.th columns from the left. Examples include polyimides. Among the polymeric materials are high refractive index polymers, or HRIPs, with refractive indices typically above 1.5 (see, e.g., Hung-Ju Yen and Guey-Sheng Liou (2010). “A facile approach towards optically isotropic, colorless, and thermoplastic polyimidothioethers with high refractive index”. J. Mater. Chem. 20 (20): 4080; H. Althues, J. Henle and S. Kaskel (2007). “Functional inorganic nanofillers for transparent polymers”. Chem. Soc. Rev. 9 (49): 1454-65; Akhmad Herman Yuwono, Binghai Liu, Junmin Xue, John Wang, Hendry Izaac Elim, Wei Ji, Ying Li and Timothy John White (2004). “Controlling the crystallinity and nonlinear optical properties of transparent TiO2—PMMA nanohybrids”. J. Mater. Chem. 14 (20): 2978; Naoaki Suzuki, Yasuo Tomita, Kentaroh Ohmori, Motohiko Hidaka and Katsumi Chikama (2006). “Highly transparent ZrO2 nanoparticle-dispersed acrylate photopolymers for volume holographic recording”. Opt. Express 14 (26): 012712, which are incorporated by reference).

(233) Optical image stabilization techniques may be included in a microscope and/or digital still and/or video camera in accordance with certain embodiments. For examples, techniques described at U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,649,628, 8,649,627, 8,417,055, 8,351,726, 8,264,576, 8,212,882, 8,593,542, 8,509,496, 8,363,085, 8,330,831, 8,648,959, 8,637,961, 8,587,666, 8,604,663, 8,521,017, 8,508,652, 8,358,925, 8,199,222, 8,135,184 and 8,184,967, and US published patent applications nos. 2012/0207347, 2012/0206618, 2013/0258140, 2013/0201392, 2013/0077945, 2013/0076919, 2013/0070126, 2012/0019613, 2012/0120283, and 2013/0075237 which are hereby incorporated by reference, may be used.

(234) Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described in terms of exemplary schematic diagrams and other illustrations. As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their various alternatives may be implemented without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, schematic diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration.

(235) Optical assemblies are described in various embodiments through this specification and illustrated in the drawings and tables. Microscopes and digital stills cameras and digital video cameras and other mobile devices or laboratory devices or research devices or optical systems in accordance with several further embodiments may include the optical assemblies therein. Several examples of cameras that can be efficiently manufactured include image sensor modules coupled with optical assemblies in accordance with embodiments described herein. Certain optical parts of the camera or optical assembly such as one or more lenses, mirrors and/or apertures, a shutter, a housing or barrel for holding certain optics, a lens or a lens barrel, or other optic such as a mirror, polarizer, modulator, diffuser, light source, secondary sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, power connection, a data storage chip, a microprocessor, a wired or wireless transmission/reception connection and/or receiver/transmitter, or housing alignment and/or coupling pins or recesses or other such structures may be included in certain embodiments even if they have not been specifically described or illustrated herein. It is noted that in certain embodiments, a shutter is included, while other camera embodiments do not have a shutter. One of several lighting techniques may be used with these camera embodiments. They include but are not limited to oblique illumination, ring lighting, epi-illumination, or back lighting. Such lighting techniques may be used as a constant light source or a flash or strobe technique may be used. These techniques may be used independently or in combination with any embodiment described herein.

(236) In certain embodiments, a significantly wider field of view may be desired in one dimension than in another and a wide field of view may be desired in only one dimension. In such cases, some of the principles described herein can be reduced to cylindrical applications of any of the spherical examples provided.

(237) In addition, all references and products cited above and below herein, as well as the background, abstract, tables and brief descriptions of the drawings and tables, are all incorporated by reference into the detailed description as disclosing alternative embodiments. Several embodiments of microscopes, optical assemblies and cameras have been described herein and schematically illustrated by way of example physical, electronic and optical architectures. Other embodiments of features and components of microscopes, optical assemblies and cameras that may be included within alternative embodiments, may be described at one or a combination of U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,443,597, 7,768,574, 7,593,636, 7,566,853, 9,091,843, 9,316,808, 8,005,268, 8,014,662, 8,090,252, 8,004,780, 7,920,163, 7,747,155, 7,368,695, 7,095,054, 6,888,168, 6,583,444, and/or 5,882,221, and/or US published patent applications nos. 2014/0028887, 2014/0043525, 2012/0063761, 2011/0317013, 2011/0255182, 2011/0274423, 2009/0212381, 2009/0023249, 2008/0296717, 2008/0099900, 2008/0029879, and/or 2005/0082653. All of these patents and published patent applications are incorporated by reference.

(238) U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,593,636, 7,768,574, 7,807,508 and 7,244,056 which are incorporated by reference describe examples of structures where the electrical height of a camera device is nested within the optical height to decrease the physical height. An advantageously compact optical assembly or module or lens group thereof, as well as microscopes and still and video cameras and other mobile devices, and laboratory and research equipment are provided herein in alternative embodiments.

(239) US2013/0242080 which is also incorporated by reference describes examples of imaging systems including optical assemblies and sensors and camera modules disposed within watertight compartments. A mechanism may be provided for optical and/or electrical and/or wireless communication of image data that does not involve breaking the watertight seal of the housing within which one or more imaging components resides.