HALLOYSITE CLAY AS SMOKE-REDUCING ADDITIVE FOR POLYURETHANE-FORMING BINDER SYSTEM

Abstract

An amount of a halloysite clay, used as an additive in a foundry mix composition having a polyurethane-based binder system, reduces the amount of smoke emitted when molds and cores formed from the composition are exposed to molten metal, as compared to when the halloysite clay is not used.

Claims

1. A foundry mix composition, comprising: a polyurethane binder precursor, provided in two parts, the first part comprising a polyol component and the second part comprising a polyisocyanate component; a liquid curing catalyst; a foundry aggregate; and a halloysite clay, present in the range of from about 1 to about 4 wt %, based on the weight of the foundry aggregate.

2. (canceled)

3. The foundry mix composition of claim 1, wherein: the liquid curing catalyst is a liquid amine catalyst, preferably containing 4-(3-phenylpropyl) pyridine with solvent naphtha.

4. The foundry mix composition of claim 3, wherein: the liquid curing catalyst is present at about 4 wt %, based on the first part of the polyurethane binder component.

5. The foundry mix composition of claim 1, wherein: the polyol component comprises a phenolic resole resin with dibasic esters and solvent naphtha.

6. The foundry mix composition of claim 1, wherein: the isocyanate component comprises an isocyanate with rapeseed methyl ester and solvent naphtha.

7. The foundry mix composition of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the first part of the polyurethane binder precursor to the second part of the polyurethane binder precursor is about 60/40, exclusive of the liquid curing catalyst.

8. The foundry mix composition of claim 1, wherein the polyurethane binder precursor is about 1.2% by weight, based on the weight of the foundry aggregate.

9. A method for preparing a foundry mix, comprising the steps of: adding a halloysite clay to a foundry aggregate and mixing, wherein the halloysite clay is present in an amount in the range of about 1 to about 4 wt %, based on the weight of the foundry aggregate; adding, to the mixed halloysite clay and foundry aggregate, a first part of a polyurethane binder precursor and a liquid curing catalyst and mixing, the first part of the polyurethane binder precursor comprising a polyol component; and adding a second part of the polyurethane binder precursor, the second part of the polyurethane binder precursor comprising an isocyanate.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein a weight ratio of the first part of the polyurethane binder precursor to the second part of the polyurethane binder precursor is about 3 to 2, exclusive of the liquid curing catalyst.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the polyurethane binder precursor is about 1.2% by weight, based on the weight of the foundry aggregate.

12. A foundry mold or core, formed from a foundry mix according to claim 9.

13. A no bake process for preparing a foundry shape, comprising the steps of: providing an amount of the foundry mix composition of claim 1; mixing intimately the halloysite clay with the foundry aggregate; preparing a foundry molding compound by separately mixing the polyurethane binder precursor and the liquid curing catalyst with the mixed halloysite clay and foundry aggregate; inserting the foundry molding compound into a pattern, allowing the mixture to cure into a foundry shape, and removing the foundry shape from the pattern.

14. The foundry mix composition of claim 5, wherein: the isocyanate component comprises an isocyanate with rapeseed methyl ester and solvent naphtha.

15. The foundry mix composition of claim 6, wherein a weight ratio of the first part of the polyurethane binder precursor to the second part of the polyurethane binder precursor is about 60/40, exclusive of the liquid curing catalyst.

16. The foundry mix composition of claim 14, wherein a weight ratio of the first part of the polyurethane binder precursor to the second part of the polyurethane binder precursor is about 60/40, exclusive of the liquid curing catalyst.

17. The foundry mix composition of claim 8, wherein: the polyol component comprises a phenolic resole resin with dibasic esters and solvent naphtha.

18. The foundry mix composition of claim 17, wherein: the isocyanate component comprises an isocyanate with rapeseed methyl ester and solvent naphtha.

19. The foundry mix composition of claim 18, wherein a weight ratio of the first part of the polyurethane binder precursor to the second part of the polyurethane binder precursor is about 60/40, exclusive of the liquid curing catalyst.

20. The method of claim 10, wherein the polyurethane binder precursor is about 1.2% by weight, based on the weight of the foundry aggregate.

21. The foundry mix composition of claim 7, wherein the polyurethane binder precursor is about 1.2% by weight, based on the weight of the foundry aggregate.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Smoke Reduction

[0037] The inventive concept is clearly presented by reference to the appended FIGURE, which shows the intensity of smoke originating from the use of an organic binder system in metal casting, as plotted as a function of time. In the FIGURE, the same binder system was used, but the foundry mix and particularly the additives to the foundry mix were varied. The data presented shows smoke intensity for a period of 150 seconds, using the smoke-intensity test described in more detail below. Measurements of intensity of smoke were acquired every 200 milliseconds. It is readily observed that most of the plotted examples had substantially converged after the first 150 seconds. One of the examples is strikingly distinctive, both as to the instantaneous smoke intensity, as well as to the overall area under the plot. That area represents, at least qualitatively, the total smoke generated during the test. In each case, the plot is an average obtained from three experimental runs.

[0038] Starting from the top and working downward, the first of the seven plots, labeled as A, represents a base case of binder system and foundry aggregate, with no additive. Summing the area under the curve, based on the intensity of the no-additive sample, this curve has an overall smoke generation of 14.6.

[0039] The second plot, labeled as B, represent data from the same binder system and foundry aggregate with 4% VU 450 added to the foundry aggregate. The designation VU 450 represents one of the VEINO ULTRA series of commercially available sand additives from ASK Chemicals, specifically VEINO ULTRA 450. It contains ferrous oxide and red and black iron a blend of ferrous oxides. It is a sand additive used to reduce the amount of veining that occurs in metal casting. The sum of the area under the curve has an overall smoke generation of 13.0.

[0040] The third plot, labeled as C, represents data from the same binder system and foundry aggregate with 4% SphereOX® added to the foundry aggregate. SphereOX is commercially available from Chesapeake Specialty Products, which claims in its literature that a unique manufacturing method results in an extremely pure iron oxide, in predominantly spherical shape with unique physical and chemical characteristics. The sum of the area under the curve has an overall smoke generation of 12.3.

[0041] The fourth plot, labeled as D, represents data from the same binder system and foundry aggregate with 4% of an additive comprising yellow iron oxide (“YIO”), designated as VU 450/YIO, in which the YIO content is 20% the sum of area under the curve has an overall smoke generation of 9.3.

[0042] The fifth plot, labeled as E, represents data from the same binder system and foundry aggregate with 4% of an additive comprising 60% yellow iron oxide and, in aggregate, 40% of red iron oxide, black iron oxide and clay. The additive is designated as VU NB LOSMK. The sum of area under the curve has an overall smoke generation of 7.9.

[0043] The sixth plot, labeled as F, represents data from the same binder system and foundry aggregate with 2% halloysite clay. Halloysite is an aluminosilicate clay mineral with the empirical formula Al.sub.2Si.sub.2O.sub.5(OH).sub.4.sup..Math.n H.sub.2O, CAS Number 1332-58-7. It occurs intermixed with dickite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and other clay minerals. According to U.S. Pat. No. 10,829,691, Halloysites are chemically similar to kaolin clays consisting of a two-layered (1:1) aluminosilicate. The only difference between Kaolin clay and Halloysite is the morphology of crystals. The Halloysite structure consist of hollow nanotubes rather than only stacked plate-like structures as observed in kaolin. The halloysite clay used in this testing is commercially available from Applied Minerals, Inc. under the DRAGONITE™ trade name. The sum of area under the curve has an overall smoke generation of 6.8.

[0044] The seventh plot, labeled as G, represents data from the same binder system and foundry aggregate with the same clay additive, but at 4% addition instead of 2%. The sum of area under the curve has an overall smoke generation of 1.3.

[0045] From the plotted data, it is quite clear that the systems group themselves into three groups of similar results. The third group, consisting solely of the 4% halloysite composition, stands distinctly away from the other additive sample described here. Sample G showed 90% reduction in smoke when it is compared to sample A (no additive).

[0046] Binder System and Foundry Aggregate

[0047] PEP SET MAGNA 1215/2215 is a commercially available polyurethane-forming binder system. The binder system is sold in two separately packaged components. The first part, designated 1215 and commonly referred to as Part I, contains phenolic resole resin, dibasic esters and solvent naphtha, along with performance additives. The second part, designated 2215 and commonly referred to as Part II, provides an isocyanate component, rapeseed methyl ester and solvent naphtha, along with performance additives. Parts I and II are mixed and a liquid amine catalyst is added. PEP SET 3501 CATALYST contains 4-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine (CAS Number 2057-49-0) and solvent naphtha.

[0048] In the experimental protocol, test cores were prepared. The Part I and the catalyst, in this case, a commercially available PEP SET 3501 CATALYST were mixed with, as a foundry aggregate, a round silica sand sold commercially as WEDRON 410 sand. Then, the Part II was added. The weight ratio of the Part I to the Part II was 60/40, exclusive of the catalyst, and the binder level was 1.2% by weight, based on sand (“BOS”). The catalyst was added at 4% by weight based on Part I. In one case, designated as A in the FIGURE, no additive was added to the foundry aggregate, to establish a baseline. In the cases designated as B through G in the FIGURE, an amount of a specified additive was added to the foundry aggregate prior to being mixed with the Part I component.

[0049] Smoke Reduction Test Protocol

[0050] The smoke reduction data depicted in the FIGURE were obtained from polyurethane no-bake cores made with the PEP SET MAGNA 1215/2215 binder system as described above. All additives were run at 4.0% BOS, unless otherwise indicated. The cores were allowed to rest for 24 hours before measurements were taken. The cores were then cut into pieces of similar mass and heated for 1 minute at 700° C. immediately prior to measuring. Once removed from the oven, the cores were placed on an instrument stage and raised into a chamber. In the instrument, the emitted smoke passes through a vertical tube having an array of lights on a first side thereof and photocells on the opposite side. The reduction in light transmission through the tube is considered as the rate of “smoke emission”, although the direct measurement is opacity. The instrument measures the intensity of smoke every 200 miliseconds and data is acquired using a data logger. Data is collected until the signal intensity is no longer detected, which is typically ˜50 seconds. The stage was then cleaned with air, and each sample was tested in duplicate.

[0051] In each experiment the mass was kept constant at 46±0.1 grams. Any variation associated with core mass was accounted for by taking the average mass. To determine the total intensity—of the smoke—for each mix the experiment was run in triplicates. In each test the sum of the area under curve was estimated. All samples were normalized based in the “no additive” sample.

[0052] Tensile Strength Protocol

[0053] Based on the most relevant results for the smoke data, four compositions samples or mixes were selected for tensile strength and work time/strip time testing. This was consistent with the understanding that commercial acceptance relies upon the ability to reproducibly provide quality castings. Once mixed, the resulting foundry mix was compacted into a tensile specimen in the shape of a dog-bone, using a shaped core pattern. The resulting test specimens (“dog-bones”) were tested for tensile strength at one hour, three hours and 24 hours, this last example being conducted at the same humidity level as the 1 and 3 hour tests. There was also a 24 hour test at a high relative humidity (90% RH), after removal from the core pattern. In each case, three specimens were tested, so that an average tensile strength and a standard deviation could be obtained for each mix.

[0054] Before conducting the tensile strength tests, the selected compositions were tested to adjust them as needed to provide a commercially acceptable work time and strip time. These terms are described in detail above, with reference to U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,631, to Kiuchi. Further detail is found in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,931 to Chen. Knowing that “no-bake” binders have tended to have low curing rates and low initial strength it was desirable to understand the effects of any smoke-reducing additive on these properties.

[0055] The difference between strip time and work time is an amount of dead time during which the mold being formed cannot be worked upon but cannot yet be removed from the pattern. The ratio of work time to strip time (“W/S”) expresses this concept in a dimensionless manner, and ranges (at least in theory) from 0 to 1. A long work time and a high ratio of W/S are desirable.

[0056] It was determined upon initial observation that a goal for 5 minutes for work time and strip time was desirable and that this would be achieved by adjusting the amount of catalyst used so that each composition would meet this goal.

[0057] The baseline composition identified in the FIGURE as composition A contained PEP SET MAGNA 1215 and 2215 in a 60/40 ratio at 1.2% by weight (BOS). The aggregate was round grain WEDRON 410 sand. To bracket the work time and strip time requirement of 5 minutes, two levels of PEP SET 3501 CATALYST were used. At 2% by weight based on Part I, the work time was 6 minutes and the strip time was 6:45 minutes. By adjusting the catalyst to 3% by weight based on Part I, the work time was lowered to 4:15 minutes and the strip time to 5 minutes. In the data below, these compositions, with no additive, are identified as A2 and A3.

[0058] Composition B was also selected for tensile testing. Here, PEP SET aMAGNA 1215 and 2215 were used in 60/40 ratio at 1.2% with WEDRON 410 sand. The additive was designated as VU 450 at 4% by weight BOS. PEP SET 3501 CATALYST at 4% by weight based on Part I provided a work time of 4:15 minutes and a strip time of 4:45 minutes.

[0059] Composition F was selected because of the 2% by weight BOS of halloysite additive used. As in the other compositions to be tested for tensile strength, PEP SET MAGNA 1215 and 2215 were used in the 60/40 ratio at 1.2% with WEDRON 410 sand. At 6% by weight based on Part I, PEP SET 3501 CATALYST provided a foundry mix with a work time of 4 minutes and a strip time of 4:45 minutes.

[0060] Composition G was selected because of the 4% by weight BOS halloysite additive level, which provided the unexpectedly low smoke emission. As above, PEP SET MAGNA 1215 and 2215 were used in the 60/40 ratio at 1.2% with WEDRON 410 sand. However, a level of 5% by weight based on Part I of PEP SET 3551 CATALYST was used to achieve a foundry mix with a work time of 4:15 and a strip time of 5:45. PEP SET 3551 CATALYST contains 4-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine at a higher level than PEP SET 3501 CATALYST which was used in Composition F.

[0061] The test provides the following data for tensile strength (in psi):

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Tensile strength A2 A3 B F G 1 hr (psi) 215.6 227.6 213.6 170.1 66.2 1 hr StDev 9.2 5.5 15.5 17.3 1.3 3 hr (psi) 241.2 280.8 234.8 189.2 77.9 3 hr StDev 17.6 18.0 5.0 4.8 5.1 24 hr (psi) 304.0 294.7 259.3 186.7 78.2 24 hr StDev 26.7 13.1 11.0 16.2 7.3 24 hr - 90% RH 101.7 99.3 99.3 75.0 39.0 (psi) Adding the 24 hr - 1.5 20 2.5 5.2 2.6 90% RH StDev

[0062] The above data show that halloysite clay can provide an effective smoke-reducing additive to a polyurethane-forming binder system at a level of 2% by weight BOS while retaining a commercially acceptable level of tensile strength, work time and strip time. At 4% by weight BOS, the halloysite clay provides remarkable smoke-reduction, but the working properties of the foundry mix are significantly compromised, probably to an unacceptably low level. Further work is justified in the space between 2% and 4%, to optimize the smoke-reduction with regard to the working properties of tensile strength, work time and strip time.