MULTI-MATERIAL MEMBRANE FOR VAT POLYMERIZATION PRINTER

Abstract

A vat polymerization printer may comprise a tank assembly for containing a photo-curing liquid resin. The tank assembly may include a tank sidewall and a tank bottom formed by a membrane assembly. The membrane assembly may comprise a radiation-transparent flexible membrane and a frame affixed to a perimeter of the radiation-transparent flexible membrane. The radiation-transparent flexible membrane may include a radiation-transparent flexible substrate sandwiched between two fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) films or two polyolefin polymer films. More specifically, a first side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate may be bonded to a first FEP or polyolefin polymer film, and a second side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate may be bonded to a second FEP or polyolefin polymer film. In one embodiment, the radiation-transparent flexible substrate may be a layer of silicone rubber.

Claims

1. A multi-material membrane for a three-dimensional printing system, the multi-material membrane comprising: a radiation-transparent flexible substrate with a first and a second side; a first fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or polyolefin polymer film bonded to the first side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate; and a second FEP or polyolefin polymer film bonded to the second side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate.

2. The multi-material membrane of claim 1, wherein the radiation-transparent flexible substrate comprises silicone.

3. The multi-material membrane of claim 1, wherein the radiation-transparent flexible substrate comprises fumed silica.

4. The multi-material membrane of claim 1, wherein the first FEP or polyolefin polymer film has a thickness of 0.01-0.1 mm.

5. The multi-material membrane of claim 1, wherein the second FEP or polyolefin polymer film has a thickness of 0.01-0.1 mm.

6. The multi-material membrane of claim 1, wherein the radiation-transparent flexible substrate has a thickness of 0.01-0.1 mm.

7. A method for manufacturing a multi-material membrane, the method comprising: bonding a first fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or polyolefin polymer film to a first side of a radiation-transparent flexible substrate; and bonding a second FEP or polyolefin polymer film to a second side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the radiation-transparent flexible substrate comprises silicone.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the radiation-transparent flexible substrate comprises fumed silica.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the first FEP or polyolefin polymer film has a thickness of 0.01-0.1 mm.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the second FEP or polyolefin polymer film has a thickness of 0.01-0.1 mm.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the radiation-transparent flexible substrate has a thickness of 0.01-0.1 mm.

13. A membrane assembly for a three-dimensional printing system, the membrane assembly comprising: a radiation-transparent flexible membrane comprising (i) a radiation-transparent flexible substrate with a first and a second side, (ii) a first fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or polyolefin polymer film bonded to the first side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate, and (iii) a second FEP or polyolefin polymer film bonded to the second side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate; and a frame affixed to a perimeter of the radiation-transparent flexible membrane and configured to stretch the radiation-transparent flexible membrane along a first plane.

14. The membrane assembly of claim 13, wherein the frame includes a first plurality of through holes and a second plurality of magnetized portions distributed about a surface of the frame.

15. The membrane assembly of claim 13, wherein the radiation-transparent flexible substrate comprises silicone.

16. A three-dimensional (3D) printing system, comprising a tank assembly, the multi-material membrane of claim 1, a lighting assembly, and a liquid crystal display (LCD) secured between the lighting assembly and the multi-material membrane.

17. The 3D printing system of claim 16, wherein the radiation-transparent flexible substrate comprises silicone.

18. The 3D printing system of claim 16, wherein the multi-material membrane is secured in a frame having a lip that engages with a groove of a sidewall of the tank assembly.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0013] FIG. 1 depicts a schematic cross-section of a 3D printing system for fabricating an object in a tank containing a photo-curing liquid resin having a multi-material membrane, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 2 depicts an example of a controller for the 3D printing system illustrated in FIG. 1.

[0015] FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of a multi-material membrane for use with a 3D printing system such as that shown in FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of a multi-material membrane for use with a 3D printing system such as that shown in FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0017] FIG. 4 depicts a perspective view of a membrane assembly for a 3D printing system.

[0018] FIG. 5 depicts a perspective view of tank sidewall for a 3D printing system.

[0019] FIGS. 6A and 6B depict cross-sectional views of a membrane assembly and tank sidewall illustrating the membrane assembly secured to a bottom rim of the tank sidewall.

[0020] FIGS. 7A and 7B depict perspective views of a frame assembly and LCD assembly illustrating the frame assembly secured to the LCD assembly.

[0021] FIG. 7C depicts a cross-sectional view along line I-I of FIG. 7B.

[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates a refurbishment kit according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Disclosed herein are examples of multi-material membranes for use in vat polymerization printers.

[0024] FIG. 1 depicts a cross-section of 3D printing system 100 configured with a multi-material membrane in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, in which electromagnetic radiation (e.g., UV light) is used to cure a photo-curing liquid resin (typically a liquid polymer) 18 in order to fabricate an object (e.g., a 3D object) 22. Object 22 is fabricated layer by layer (i.e., a new layer of object 22 is be formed by photo-curing a layer of liquid polymer 18 adjacent to the bottom surface of object 22), and as each new layer is formed the object may be raised by build plate 20, allowing a next layer of photo-curing liquid resin 18 to be drawn under the newly formed layer. This process may be repeated multiple times to form additional layers until fabrication of the object is complete.

[0025] The 3D printing system 100 includes tank (or vat) 10 for containing the photo-curing liquid resin 18. The bottom of tank 10 (or at least a portion thereof) is sealed (i.e., to prevent the photo-curing liquid polymer 18 from leaking out of tank 10) by a flexible, multi-material membrane 14, which is transparent (or nearly so) at wavelengths of interest for curing of the resin to allow electromagnetic radiation from a light source 26 to enter into tank 10. A mask 24 (e.g., a liquid crystal layer) is disposed between light source 26 and the photo-curing liquid resin 18 to allow the selective curing of the liquid resin (which allows the formation of 3D objects into desired shapes/patterns). In various embodiments, collimation and diffusion elements such as lenses, reflectors, filters, and/or films may be positioned between mask 24 and light source 26. These elements are not shown in the illustrations so as not to unnecessarily obscure the drawing.

[0026] A platen or backing member 16 formed of borosilicate glass or other material is disposed between the mask 24 and the flexible, multi-material membrane 14 and provides structural support. The platen is also transparent (or nearly so) at the one or more wavelengths of interest for curing the resin. In other instances, platen 16 may be metal or plastic and include a transparent window to allow electromagnetic radiation from light source 26 to enter into tank 10. In other embodiments, the mask 24 itself may be used in place of a separate window and its perimeter sealed with a gasket. Note that although the mask 24, platen 16, and membrane 14 are shown as being displaced from one another by some distance, in practice these components may be positioned so as to touch one another, so as to prevent refraction at any air interfaces. Flexible, multi-material membrane 14 is secured to the edges of tank 10 or to a replaceable cartridge assembly (not shown) so as to maintain a liquid-tight perimeter at the edges of the tank or other opening (“liquid-tight” meaning that the tank does not leak during normal use).

[0027] When fabricating a layer of object 22 using 3D printing system 100, electromagnetic radiation is emitted from radiation source 26 through mask 24, platen 16, and membrane 14 into tank 10. The electromagnetic radiation forms an image on an image plane adjacent the bottom of object 22. Areas of high (or moderate) intensity within the image cause curing of localized regions of the photo-curing liquid resin 18. The newly cured layer adheres to the former bottom surface of object 22 and substantially does not adhere to the bottom surface of tank 10 due to the presence of flexible, multi-material membrane 14. After the newly cured layer has been formed, the emission of electromagnetic radiation may temporarily be suspended (or not, in the case of “continuous printing”) while the build plate 20 is raised away from the bottom of the tank so that another new layer of object 22 may be printed.

[0028] The build plate 20 may be raised and lowered by the action of a motor (M) 30, which drives a lead screw 12 or other arrangement. Rotation of the lead screw 12 due to rotation of the motor shaft causes the build plate 20 to be raised or lowered with respect to the bottom of the tank 10. In other embodiments, a linear actuator or other arrangement may be used to raise and lower the build plate 20.

[0029] Aspects of the printing process are directed by a controller 28, which may be implemented as a processor-based system with a processor-readable storage medium having processor-executable instructions stored thereon so that when the processor executes those instructions it performs operations to cause the actions described above. For example, among other things controller 28 may instruct raising/lowering of the build plate 20 via motor 30, activation and deactivation of the light source 26, and the projection of cross-sectional images of the object under fabrication via mask 24. FIG. 2 provides an example of such a controller 28, but not all such controllers need have all of the features of controller 28. For example, certain controllers may not include a display inasmuch as the display function may be provided by a client computer communicatively coupled to the controller or a display function may be unnecessary. Such details are not critical to the present invention.

[0030] Controller 28 includes a bus 28-2 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 28-4 (e.g., a microprocessor) coupled with the bus 28-2 for processing information. Controller 28 also includes a main memory 28-6, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to the bus 28-2 for storing information and instructions (e.g., g-code) to be executed by processor 28-4. Main memory 28-6 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 28-4. Controller 28 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 28-8 or other static storage device coupled to the bus 28-2 for storing static information and instructions for the processor 28-4. A storage device 28-10, for example a hard disk, flash memory-based storage medium, or other storage medium from which processor 28-4 can read, is provided and coupled to the bus 28-2 for storing information and instructions (e.g., operating systems, applications programs such as a slicer application, and the like).

[0031] Controller 28 may be coupled via the bus 28-2 to a display 28-12, such as a flat panel display, for displaying information to a computer user. An input device 28-14, such as a keyboard including alphanumeric and other keys, may be coupled to the bus 28-2 for communicating information and command selections to the processor 28-4. Another type of user input device is cursor control device 28-16, such as a mouse, a trackpad, or similar input device for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 28-4 and for controlling cursor movement on the display 28-12. Other user interface devices, such as microphones, speakers, etc. are not shown in detail but may be involved with the receipt of user input and/or presentation of output.

[0032] Controller 28 also includes a communication interface 28-18 coupled to the bus 28-2. Communication interface 28-18 may provide a two-way data communication channel with a computer network, which provides connectivity to and among the various computer systems discussed above. For example, communication interface 28-18 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN, which itself is communicatively coupled to the Internet through one or more Internet service provider networks. The precise details of such communication paths are not critical to the present invention. What is important is that controller 28 can send and receive messages and data, e.g., a digital file representing 3D articles to be produced using printer 100 through the communication interface 28-18 and in that way communicate with hosts accessible via the Internet. It is noted that the components of controller 28 may be located in a single device or located in a plurality of physically and/or geographically distributed devices.

[0033] FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a multi-material membrane 14. The multi-material membrane 14 is made up of a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or polyolefin polymer film 32 bonded to a layer of silicone rubber 34, with the FEP film 32 on the resin-facing side of the membrane and the layer of silicone rubber 34 on the vat-facing or light source facing side of the membrane. The layer of silicone rubber 34 is coated 36 to reduce its surface energy and coefficient of friction. In various embodiments, each of the FEP film 32 and layer of silicone rubber 34 may have a respective thickness of approximately 0.03 mm to 0.1 mm. The multi-material makeup of membrane 14 provides both anti-stick properties (i.e., meaning that the membrane will allow for rapid printing by allowing newly formed polymer layers to separate from the FEP film with minimal tearing) as well as high heat resistance, chemical resistance, strength and flexibility.

[0034] The coating 36 applied to the silicone rubber layer 34 provides increased durability over untreated silicone rubber membranes used for 3D printing applications. Various coatings 36 may be used, for example chemical coatings such as silicone elastomers (e.g., silane acetates, silane ethyl acetates, silane triacetates, silane ethyl triacetates, silane methyl triacetates, octamethyltrisiloxane, methylhydo siloxane, siloxanes, and mixtures of two or more the foregoing, etc., with or without catalysts such as dibutyltindilaurate) dispersed in media such as xylene, tert-Butyl acetate, or similar solvents. These coatings are applied uniformly over the silicone rubber layer 34 and are allowed to cure, either at elevated temperature, e.g., 80-150° C., or at room temperatures, for approximately 5 minutes to 24 hours (depending on the relative humidity of the curing environment) to form a thin silicone film and may be applied to the silicone rubber layer 34 of membrane 14 either by brushing, dipping, or, preferably, spraying on of the coating. Prior to coating, the silicone rubber layer 34 may be cleaned using an appropriate solvent (e.g., one which will not be absorbed by the silicone rubber layer), which should be allowed to completely evaporate before application of the coating. The coating is applied so as to completely (or nearly so) cover the silicone rubber layer 34 and is then allowed to cure, either at room temperature or by heating, so that the solvent in which the elastomer is dispersed is completely evaporated.

[0035] Alternatively, the coating 36 may be a physical coating such as a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based dry lubricant, with particle sizes of a few microns, e.g., an emulsion of PTFE in a fluid propellant. Such lubricants are preferably sprayed on, although brushing or dipping applications may be used, to provide a uniform application to the silicone rubber layer 34. These lubricants are sprayed on and typically dry as a thin layer adhering to the surface of the silicone rubber layer (by Van der Waals forces) at room temperatures. Prior to application, the silicone rubber layer 34 is cleaned with an appropriate solvent to remove any dirt or other surface coating. Other coatings that reduce the surface energy of the silicone rubber layer 34 may also be used.

[0036] Prior to the application of coating 36, the silicone rubber layer 34 is bonded to the FEP film 32. Any appropriate bonding technique may be used, for example using a plasma etching treatment as described in EP2074188 A1 or using a chemical etching treatment. After etching, the liquid silicone rubber is applied to the surface of the FEP film 32 and allowed to cure. During its application, the thickness of the liquid silicone rubber is controlled, e.g., using a roller arrangement with a well-defined gap between the rollers, or using a blade maintained at a well-defined distance from the surface of the FEP film to remove excess liquid. Once the liquid silicone rubber is cured, coating 36 is applied to it. The service life of the coated multi-material membrane 14 has been found to be very long as compared to other membranes, even where the other membranes are similarly coated (e.g., on the order of 24 times longer than a coated silicone rubber membrane) but it is possible that the multi-material membrane will need to be reconditioned at some point in its service life. To do so, the multi-material membrane 14 is removed from the tank 10, cleaned, and a fresh coating 36 is applied (e.g., by spraying, dipping, or brushing). Depending on the area of the membrane being coated, a coating layer of between 0.2 grams-1.5 grams, and preferably 0.36 grams-0.5 grams, may be applied.

[0037] While the refurbishment may be offered as a service by vendors of the multi-material membrane 14 and/or 3D printing system 100, it may also be performed by users of the 3D printing system with the aid of a refurbishment kit. Such a kit 600, as illustrated in FIG. 8, may include a supply of coating material 602, an applicator (e.g., a spray bottle, brush or roller, or vat for dipping) 604, safety apparatus (such as gloves, goggles, and a mask) 606, and, optionally, a drying rack 608 for the membrane for use after the fresh coating is applied. Cleaning solvent 610 may also be included.

[0038] FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a multi-material membrane 14, which may be a laminated membrane. The multi-material membrane 14 is made up of a radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 with a first and second side (also called a first surface and a second surface, respectively). In a preferred embodiment, the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 may be a layer of silicone rubber due to the optical clarity provided by silicone rubber. However, other materials are possible for the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 such as polybutadiene rubber (BR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber (IR), and blends of one or more of these four aforementioned rubbers. In addition, certain additives such as fumed silicas may be added to the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 to provide improved optical, mechanical and processability properties. It is noted that fumed silicas provide superior clarity over precipitated silica in BR/SBR/IR blends and deliver higher radiation transmission and lower haze values. In addition, fumed silicas, when used as an additive to the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33, can also produce translucent or even clear, non-yellowing rubber products with a minimal aging effect, making them ideal additives for clear rubber applications.

[0039] The first side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 may be bonded to a first FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32A. The second side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 may be bonded to a second FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32B. Stated differently, the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 may be sandwiched between two FEP films 32A, 32B, or two polyolefin polymer films 32A, 32B. The multi-material makeup of membrane 14 provides both anti-stick properties (i.e., meaning that the membrane will allow for rapid printing by allowing newly formed polymer layers to separate from the FEP film with minimal tearing) as well as high heat resistance, chemical resistance, strength and flexibility. Each FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32A, 32B may have a respective thickness of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm. Likewise, the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 may have a thickness of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm.

[0040] In the manufacturing of the multi-material membrane 14, the first FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32A may be bonded to a first side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 in the above-described manner in which the FEP film 32 is bonded to the layer of silicone rubber 34. Subsequently, the second FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32B may be bonded to a second side of the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 in the above-described manner in which the FEP film 32 is bonded to the layer of silicone rubber 34. Alternatively, it is possible for the first and second FEP films 32A, 32B to be bonded to the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 at the same time. Likewise, it is possible for the first and second polyolefin polymer films 32A, 32B to be bonded to the radiation-transparent flexible substrate 33 at the same time.

[0041] The main difference between the multi-material membrane 14 depicted in FIG. 3A and the multi-material membrane 14 depicted in FIG. 3B is that the coating 36 is replaced with the second FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32B. Advantages provided by the second FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32B over the coating 36 potentially include a lower cost of manufacturing, an easier manufacturing process, and better uniformity across the multi-material membrane 14 (i.e., since the uniformity across the second FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32B is more easy to control than the uniformity across the coating 36) which may result in a higher quality printed object. Further, the likelihood for dust particles (or other debris) to be attached to the second FEP or polyolefin polymer film 32B (during manufacturing of the membrane 14) may be lower than the likelihood for dust particles (or other debris) to be attached to the coating 36 (during manufacturing of the membrane 14), leading to less aberrations in the imaged cross section, and again resulting in a higher quality printed object.

[0042] As mentioned above, the multi-material membrane may be part of a replaceable cartridge assembly. FIG. 4 depicts a perspective view of a membrane assembly 200 for a 3D printing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Membrane assembly 200 may include radiation-transparent, flexible, multi-material membrane 204, the perimeter of which is secured to a frame 202. Frame 202 may be configured to stretch membrane 204 along a first plane parallel to extent of the frame 202. Frame 202 may comprise lip 206 that extends in a direction perpendicular to the first plane. Lip 206 may be secured to a bottom rim of a tank sidewall (as discussed below). Membrane assembly 200, when secured to the bottom rim of the tank sidewall, forms a bottom of a tank configured to contain a photo-curing liquid resin. In FIG. 4, frame 202 is depicted to have a rectangular shape, however, other shapes for frame 202 are possible, including square, oval, circular, etc.

[0043] FIG. 5 depicts a perspective view of tank sidewall 300 for a 3D printing system. The tank sidewall 300 includes bottom rim 302 with groove 304. Lip 206 of frame 202 may be inserted within groove 304 so as to secure membrane assembly 200 onto the base of tank sidewall 300. The shape and dimensions of tank sidewall 300 must match the shape and dimensions of frame 202. For instance, if frame 202 were rectangular, a tank sidewall 300 must also be rectangular (i.e., when viewed from above).

[0044] FIGS. 6A and 6B depict cross-sectional views of membrane assembly 200 (with frame 202 and membrane 204) and tank sidewall 300 and show how membrane assembly 200 is secured to bottom rim 302 of tank sidewall 300. FIG. 6A depicts lip 206 of frame 202 aligned under groove 304 of tank sidewall 300. FIG. 6B depicts lip 206 of frame 202 inserted within groove 304 of tank sidewall 300. Lip 206 and groove 304 may interlock with one another (e.g., in a snap-fit attachment), may snugly fit so that surfaces of lip 206 and groove 304 contact one another (e.g., in a friction-fit attachment), etc. In one embodiment, membrane assembly 200 may be a “consumable” product, in that it is disposed of or refurbished at the end of its useful lifetime. As such, membrane assembly 200 may play a similar role as printer cartridges in a printer; razor blades in a razor; etc.

[0045] FIGS. 7A and 7B depict perspective views of a frame assembly 500 and LCD assembly 501, showing how frame assembly 500 may be secured to LCD assembly 501. Frame assembly 500 may include frame 504 and radiation-transparent, flexible, multi-material membrane 502, with frame 504 configured to hold membrane 502 at its perimeter. In other embodiments, the frame assembly 500 may support both membrane 502 and a transparent glass plate. Frame 504 may comprise through holes 510a and magnetized portions 512a distributed about a bottom surface of frame 504. LCD assembly 501 may include frame 508 and LCD 506, in which frame 508 is configured to hold LCD 506. Frame 506 may comprise through holes 510b and magnetized portions 512b distributed about a top surface of frame 508.

[0046] As depicted in FIG. 7A, a pattern in which through holes 510a are distributed about the bottom surface of frame 504 may be a mirror image of a pattern in which through holes 510b are distributed about the top surface of frame 508. As further depicted in FIG. 5A, a pattern in which magnetized portions 512a are distributed about the bottom surface of the frame 504 may be a mirror image of a pattern in which magnetized portions 512b are distributed about the top surface of frame 508. Each one of magnetized portions 512a may be attracted to a corresponding one of magnetized portions 512b such that when frame 504 is disposed in proximity to frame 508, the bottom surface of the frame 504 automatically contacts the top surface of frame 508, and each one of the through holes 510a automatically aligns with a corresponding one of through holes 510b. Gasket 514 may be disposed at or near a perimeter of LCD 506. The purpose of gasket 514 will be explained below with respect to FIG. 7C.

[0047] FIG. 7B depicts a perspective view of frame 504 affixed to LCD frame 508. Frame 504 surrounds radiation-transparent, flexible, multi-material membrane 502 and (optionally) a glass plate. LCD 506 is not visible in FIG. 5B but is located directly beneath membrane 502. Small screws or pins may be inserted through aligned pairs of through holes 510a and 510b to secure this arrangement. Openings for such screws or pins may be located in a bottom surface of frame 508 (not depicted).

[0048] FIG. 7C depicts a cross-sectional view along line I-I of FIG. 7B. As shown in FIG. 7C, frame assembly 500 is affixed to the LCD assembly 501. More particularly, a bottom surface of frame 504 contacts a top surface of frame 508, and membrane 502 is disposed above LCD 506. Gasket 514 is disposed within or near a boundary region between the bottom surface of frame 504 and the top surface of frame 508. In the event that resin (or another fluid) is able to penetrate the boundary region between the bottom surface of frame 504 and the top surface of frame 508, gasket 514 may prevent the resin from flowing between LCD 506 and membrane 502 (which may lead to undesirable distortion in images projected from LCD 506).

[0049] As described above, magnets (or magnetized portions of the frames) were used to automatically align through holes 510a with through holes 510b. In addition or alternatively, grooves (e.g., saw tooth grooves) disposed on both the bottom surface of frame 504 and the top surface of frame 508 (and particularly grooves in the bottom surface that are complementary to grooves in the top surface,) may also be used as a self-alignment mechanism.

[0050] Thus, examples of multi-material membranes for use in vat polymerization printers have been described.