CONTROLLING CARBONATION

Abstract

The disclosure relates to a method for controlling carbonation synthesis of silicon and/or aluminium carbonate minerals, wherein the concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium in a mix to be cured is adjusted to at least 1 mmol/1 before curing he mix with gas comprising carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) having a partial pressure of CO.sub.2 of at least 0.15 bar. In some embodiments of the isclosure an alkaline substance is added to the raw material to provide the mix where the total concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium of at least 1 mmol/l. The disclosure also relates to a product obtainable by the methods of the disclosure as well as to the use of the product as building material, preferably for producing concrete-like products, more preferably for elements, most preferably for pre-casted elements and to the use of the method in construction industry or for production of elements and/or pre-casted elements.

Claims

1-18. (Canceled)

19. A method for controlling carbonation synthesis of silicon and/or aluminium carbonate minerals, wherein the method comprises providing a mix comprising raw material comprising silicon and/or aluminium; adjusting total concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium in the mix to be cured to at least 1 mmol/l; and curing the mix with gas comprising carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) having a partial pressure of CO.sub.2 of at least 0.15 bar, wherein the mix further comprises added water and aggregate and/or binder.

20. A method according to claim 19, wherein the method comprises adding an alkaline substance to a raw material comprising silicon and/or aluminium to provide the mix where total concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium is at least 1 mmol/l.

21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the total concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium is between 1 mmol/l and 200 mmol/l, preferably between 10 mmol/l and 100 mmol/l.

22. The method according to claim 19, wherein the method further comprises casting an element of the mix before curing to produce a concrete-like product.

23. The method according to claim 19, wherein CO.sub.2 uptake in the product is between 4 and 100 wt. %, preferably between 10 and 45 wt. %, more preferably between 30 and 40 wt. % counted as mass of CO.sub.2 per mass of raw material.

24. The method according to claim 19, wherein a surface-active agent is added to the mix before curing.

25. The method according to claim 19, wherein partial pressure of CO.sub.2 is between 0.15 and 100 bar, preferably between 0.5 and 40 bar, more preferably between 1 and 10 bar.

26. The method according to claim 19, wherein gas pressure effecting the mix before curing is adjusted to the relative level of water vapour pressure.

27. The method according to claim 19, wherein the temperature during casting, after casting and/or during curing is between 25° C. and 100° C., preferably at least 50° C., more preferably at least 75° C., most preferably at least 80° C.

28. The method according to claim 19, wherein the raw material is industrial wastes or side streams chosen from the group consisting of slag products such as blast furnace slag, electric arc slags (oxidizing and reducing), ladle furnace slag, steel slag, argon oxygen decarburization slag and basic oxygen furnace slag; ashes such as municipal waste incinerator ashes, cyclone and cloth bag dust, bio based ashes, bark ash, peat ash, coal fly ash and slag, lignite ashes, oil shale ashes and boiler ashes; tailings such as mine tailings and metal tailings such as red mud; or other waste products such as cement kiln and by-pass dust, inorganic construction wastes and recycled concrete and any combinations thereof.

29. The method according to claim 20, wherein the alkaline substance is a pure chemical or alternatively comprises industrial wastes or side streams, preferably wastes or side streams of paper industry, more preferably the alkaline substance comprises alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides, hydroxides, silicates, sulphates and/or mixtures thereof, most preferably the alkaline substance is chosen from the group consisting of NaOH, Na.sub.2O, Mg(OH).sub.2, MgO, Ca(OH).sub.2, CaO, KOH, K.sub.2O, green liquor dregs, paper sludge and lime kiln residues.

30. The method according to claim 19, wherein compaction of the mix is performed before curing.

31. The method according to claim 19, wherein water to solid matter ratio of the mix is 0.1-1, preferably 0.3-0.7, more preferably about 0.4.

32. The method according to claim 19, wherein one or more alkali and earth alkaline carbonates comprising silicon and aluminium are formed, preferably the alkali and earth alkaline carbonates comprising silicon and aluminium are Tilleyite (Ca5Si2O7(CO3)2), Carletonite (KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4(OH)*(H2O)), Defernite (Ca6(CO3)1,5(SiO4)0,5(OH)7(OH)), Fukalite (Ca4Si2O6(CO3)(OH)2), Spurrite and Paraspurrite (Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3)), Ashcroftine (K5Na5(Ca)12Si28O70(OH)2(CO3)8*8(H2O)), Cancrinite (Na6Ca2Al6Si6O24(CO3)2), Thaumasite (Ca3Si(CO3)(SO4)(OH)6*12(H2O)), Niksergievite Ca2(Al, Si)7010(CO3)(OH)6*nH2O, Scawtite (Ca7Si6(CO3)018.Math.2(H2O)), Meionite (Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3), Cancrisilite (Na7Al5Si7O24(CO3)3(H2O)), Chelyabinskite (Ca,Mg)3Si(OH)6(SO4,CO3)2*9(H2O), Silvialite (Ca,Na)4Al6Si6O24(SO4,CO3), Vishnevite (Na,Ca,K)6(Si,Al)12O24[(SO4),(CO3)]2-4.Math.n(H2O), Rosenhahnite (Ca3Si3O8[(OH)2-4x,(CO3)x]), Sacrofanite ((Na,Ca,K)9Si6Al6O24[(OH),(SO4),(CO3))]4.Math.n(H2O)), Afghanite (Na,Ca,K)8(Si,Al)12O24(SO4,CO3)3.Math.(H2O)), Hydrotalcite (Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16*4(H2O)), Scarbroite (Al5(CO3)(OH)13*5(H2O)), Quintinite ((Mg4Al2(OH)12CO3.Math.4(H2O)), Motukoreaite (Na2Mg38Al24(CO3)13(SO4)8(OH)108*56(H2O)), Hydroscarbroite (Al14(CO3)3(OH)36*n(H2O)), Alumohydrocalcite (CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4*6(H2O)), Indigirite (Mg2Al2(CO3)4(OH)2*15(H2O)), Kochsandorite (CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4*H2O) and/or Dawsonite (NaAl(CO3)(OH)2).

33. A product obtainable by the method of claim 19, preferably a solid concrete-like product, more preferably a pre-casted concrete-like element and wherein the CO.sub.2 uptake of the product is between 12 and 100 wt. % counted as mass of CO.sub.2 per mass of raw material.

34. The product according to claim 33, wherein the CO.sub.2 uptake of the product is between 20 and 100 wt. %, preferably between 30 and 40 wt. % counted as mass of CO.sub.2 per mass of raw material.

35. A method for forming a building material, preferably for producing concrete-like products, more preferably for elements, most preferably for pre-casted elements comprising forming the building material from the product of claim 33.

36. A method for forming a building material, preferably for producing concrete-like products, more preferably for elements, most preferably for pre-casted elements comprising forming the building material from the product of claim 34.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] In the following the disclosure will be described in greater detail by means of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which

[0017] FIG. 1 shows the ionic product/ion activity of Spurrite versus dissolved silicon (mol/l).

[0018] FIG. 2 shows the ionic product/ion activity of Dawsonite versus dissolved aluminium (mol/l); and

[0019] FIG. 3 shows the impact on carbon dioxide uptake of adding an alkaline substance to a raw material according to the disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 4 shows the impact of air entrainment and water/solid matter ratios on carbon dioxide uptake.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0021] The disclosure relates to a method for controlling carbonation synthesis of silicon and/or aluminium carbonate minerals, wherein the concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium in a mix to be cured is adjusted to at least 1 mmol/l before curing the mix with gas comprising carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) having a partial pressure of CO.sub.2 of at least 0.15 bar. The mix comprises or consists of raw material comprising silicon and/or aluminium. In some embodiments of the disclosure an alkaline substance is added to the raw material comprising silicon and/or aluminium to provide the mix where the total solubility of silicon and/or aluminium is at least 1 mmol/l. Particularly the present disclosure relates to increasing CO.sub.2 uptake in products during production, preferably in solid concrete-like products.

[0022] The disclosure further relates to the production of a concrete-like solid product with a method for synthesis of silicon and aluminium carbonate mineral comprising; providing a mix comprising silicon and/or aluminium; optionally casting an element of the mix; and curing the element with a gas comprising CO.sub.2 having a partial pressure of CO.sub.2 of at least 0.15 bar. The alkaline substance is chosen so that the total concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium is at least 1 mmol/l in the mix. In some embodiments of the disclosure providing the mix comprises mixing an alkaline substance, water and a raw material.

[0023] The disclosure also relates to a product obtainable by the methods of the disclosure as well as the use of the product as building material, preferably for producing concrete-like products, more preferably for elements, most preferably for pre-casted elements and the use of the method in construction industry or for production of elements and/or pre-casted elements.

[0024] The “raw material” as used in the disclosure is preferably solid and comprises or entirely consist of industrial wastes, residues or side streams. The raw material comprises or is chosen from slag products such as blast furnace slag, electric arc furnace slags (oxidizing and reducing), ladle furnace slag, steel slag, argon oxygen decarburization slag and basic oxygen furnace slag; ashes such as municipal waste incinerator ashes, cyclone and cloth bag dust, bio based ashes, bark ash, peat ash, coal fly ash and slag, lignite ashes, oil shale ashes and boiler ashes; tailings such as mine tailings and metal tailings such as red mud from alumina refining; other waste products such as cement kiln and by-pass dust, inorganic construction wastes and recycled concrete and any combinations thereof. The particle size of the raw material is typically mainly below 250 μm, preferably between 50 and 0.5 μm, meaning that more than 50% of the particles by volume are of that size. According to embodiments of the disclosure, the raw material itself can function as aggregate and/or binder. Alternatively, according to the embodiments of the disclosure the mix comprising raw material or raw material and alkaline substance is prepared similarly to conventional concrete technology by mixing or agitating aggregates, water and/or binders with the raw material or raw material and alkaline substance. Aggregates and/or binders used are typically aggregates and/or binders known from conventional concrete technology and the mix is typically called a raw mixture. The raw material can comprise cement-like material or it can be mixed with conventional cement. The raw material comprises silicon and/or aluminium which solubilizes from the raw material in alkaline conditions.

[0025] In some embodiments of the disclosure an alkaline substance is used to activate the raw material of the raw mixture by increasing the solubility of silicon and/or aluminium, if the concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium of the raw material is below 1 mmol/l. The alkaline substance can be pure chemicals or industrial wastes, residues or side streams, especially wastes, residues or side streams of paper industry. Typically, the alkaline substance comprises or consists of basic oxides, alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides, hydroxides, silicates, sulphates and/or mixtures and/or aqueous solutions thereof. In the embodiments of the disclosure the alkaline substance can comprise or be chosen from the group consisting of Na/OH, Na.sub.2O, Mg(OH).sub.2, MgO, Ca(OH).sub.2, CaO, KOH, K.sub.2O, green liquor dregs, paper sludge and lime kiln residues and any combinations thereof, preferably chosen from green liquor dregs, paper sludge and lime kiln residues. The volume of the liquid phase comprising the alkaline substance is typically below the volume of formed reaction products, preferably under 150 l/m.sup.3 of the raw mixture. More preferably the volume of the liquid phase is between 100 and 150 l/m.sup.3. The pH of the alkaline substance is typically above about pH 11, preferable above pH 12, more preferably about pH 13. The alkaline substance is chosen so that the total concentration of dissolved silicon and/or of aluminium of the mix before curing is at least 1 mmol/l, preferably between 1 mmol and 200 mmol/l, more preferably between 10 mmol/l-100 mmo/l including the concentration being between two of the following; 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, 150 and 200 mmol/l. When the solubility of silicon and/or aluminium is above or within the defined level, the ionic product of the formed mineral is high enough to cause fast formation of silicon and/or aluminium carbonate minerals.

[0026] In embodiments of the disclosure the silicon and/or aluminium typically comes from the raw material. However, alternatively part of the silicon and/or aluminium is provided to the mix from the alkaline substance. In some embodiments of the disclosure “adjusting concentration of dissolved silicon and/or aluminium in the mix” comprises measuring that the concentration of the mix, comprising for example raw material and water, is at least 1 mmol/l before curing with gas comprising carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) having a partial pressure of CO.sub.2 of at least 0.15 bar.

[0027] In embodiments of the disclosure the ratio of water to raw material in the mix is typically 0.1-1, preferably 0.3-0.7, more preferably about 0.4.

[0028] In embodiments of the disclosure the mix is optionally casted or extruded as a concrete, for example to manufacture pre-casted elements such as hollow-core slabs.

[0029] The embodiments of the disclosure may further comprise compaction of the mix before and/or during curing with gas. The method of compaction is typically chosen from compaction by rodding, ramming or tamping, compaction by vibration, for example using internal, formwork, table, platform or surface vibrators or vibratory rollers, compaction by pressure and jolting or compaction by spinning. Compaction typically comprises both setting the aggregate particles in motion thus packing the aggregate particles together as well as expelling entrapped air in order to increase the density of concrete and/or ensure a possible formwork is completely filled. Compaction typically increases the strength and general durability of the concrete or concrete-like products as well as decreases the permeability and helps to minimize its shrinkage-and-creep characteristics.

[0030] In embodiments of the disclosure the mix is further cured with a gas comprising carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) having a partial pressure of CO.sub.2 of at least 0.15 bar, preferably between 0.15 and 100 bar, more preferably between 0.25 and 40 bar or 0.5 and 40 bar, most preferably between 1 and 10 bar including the pressure being a pressure between two of the following pressures; 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 bar. The gas comprising CO.sub.2 can be purified CO.sub.2 gas (CO.sub.2>99%); CO.sub.2 gas concentrated to preferred extent by a gas concentration method such as absorption or adsorption methods, by membranes; or it can be unpurified CO.sub.2 gas (5->99% CO.sub.2), for example from power plant or factory flue gas or other side streams such as off gas from a biogas plant or ethanol fermentation or oil refinery tail gas.

[0031] In embodiments of the disclosure boosting of the mix exposure to carbon dioxide during curing can be done by adjusting the gas pressure effecting the mix before curing to the relative level of water vapour pressure. Generally, vapour pressure is the gas pressure exerted when a material is in equilibrium with its own vapour. The vapour pressure of water is the pressure at which water vapour is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state. The water vapour pressure is the partial pressure of water vapour in any gas mixture in equilibrium with solid or liquid water. As for other substances, water vapour pressure is a function of temperature and can be determined with the Clausius-Clapeyron relation.

[0032] In embodiments of the disclosure the mix exposure to carbon dioxide during curing can be boosted by air entrainment, i.e. by adding one or more surface-active agents, i.e. surfactants to the mix before agitation and curing. The surface-active agent causes formation of fine bubbles in the mix which enhances and accelerates the carbon dioxide penetration, especially to the inner parts of the mix or product. Typically, the diameter of all the bubbles is below 1 mm, preferably below 0.9 mm, more preferably below 0.8 mm, most preferably between 0.001 and 0.8 mm, including the diameter being between two of the following; 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1 mm.

[0033] In embodiments of the disclosure the mix exposure to carbon dioxide during curing can be boosted by using higher temperatures during casting, after casting and/or during curing while at the same time maintaining the relative humidity constant, preferably at 70%. Typically the temperature is at least 15° C., preferably at least 25° C., more preferably at least 40° C., most preferably between 15 and 100° C. including the temperature being a temperature between two of the following temperatures; 15° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 70° C., 75° C., 80° C., 85° C., 90° C., 95° C., 100° C. and 105° C. The source for heating can be an electric resistance or using waste heat from a power plant or mill indirectly or directly from flue gases.

[0034] In preferred embodiments of the disclosure the mix is cured until desired CO.sub.2 uptake of the product is observed. The CO.sub.2 uptake is counted as the mass of CO.sub.2 bound per mass of raw material and it is preferably between 4 wt. % and 100 wt. %, more preferably between 10 wt. % and 45 wt. %, most preferably between 30 wt. % and 40 wt. %, including the uptake being between any of the following; 4 wt. %, 5 wt. %, 6 wt. %, 7 wt. %, 8 wt. %, 9 wt. %, 10 wt. %, 11 wt. %, 12 wt. %, 13 wt. %, 14 wt. %, 15 wt. %, 20 wt. %, 25 wt. %, 30 wt. %, 35 wt. %, 40 wt. %, 45 wt. %, 50 wt. %, 55 wt. %, 60 wt. %, 65 wt. %, 70 wt. %, 75 wt. %, 80 wt. %, 85 wt. %, 90 wt. %, 95 wt. % and 100 wt. %. The amount can be higher than the amount of CO.sub.2 set free during production of the raw material, during using the method of the disclosure and/or during manufacturing of the concrete-like element and thus the carbon footprint can be negative.

[0035] In the embodiments of the disclosure the carbonate minerals formed when the mix comprising the raw material and the alkaline substance is cured with the gas comprising carbon dioxide strengthens the structure of the product. When the total solubility of silicon and/or aluminium in the mix is at least 1 mmol/l the combination of carbonate minerals formed in the final product are different compared to prior art since the reaction takes place in liquid phase at controlled conditions. In the embodiments of the invention primarily alkali and earth alkaline carbonates comprising silicon and aluminium are formed. Preferably, the silicon and/or aluminium carbonate minerals formed are one or more of Tilleyite (Ca5Si2O7(CO3)2), Carletonite (KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4(OH)*(H2O)), Defernite (Ca6(CO3)1,5(SiO4)0,5(OH)7(OH)), Fukalite (Ca4Si2O6(CO3)(OH)2), Spurrite and Paraspurrite (Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3)), Ashcroftine (K5Na5(Ca)12Si28O70(OH)2(CO3)8*8(H2O)), Cancrinite (Na6Ca2A16Si6O24(CO3)2), Thaumasite (Ca3Si(CO3)(SO4)(OH)6*12(H2O)), Niksergievite Ca2(Al,Si)7O10(CO3)(OH)6*nH2O, Scawtite (Ca7Si6(CO3)018.Math.2(H2O)), Meionite (Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3), Cancrisilite (Na7Al5Si7O24(CO3)3(H2O)), Chelyabinskite (Ca,Mg)3Si(OH)6(SO4,CO3)2*9(H2O), Silvialite (Ca,Na)4Al6Si6O24(SO4,CO3), Vishnevite (Na,Ca,K)6(Si,Al)12O24[(SO4),(CO3)]2-4.Math.n(H2O), Rosenhahnite (Ca3Si3O8[(OH)2-4x,(CO3)x]), Sacrofanite ((Na,Ca,K)9Si6Al6O24[(OH),(SO4),(CO3))]4.Math.n(H2O)), Afghanite (Na,Ca,K)8(Si,Al)12O24(SO4,CO3)3.Math.(H2O)), Hydrotalcite (Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16*4(H2O)), Scarbroite (Al5(CO3)(OH)13*5(H2O)), Quintinite ((Mg4Al2(OH)12CO3.Math.4(H2O)), Motukoreaite (Na2Mg38Al24(CO3)13(SO4)8(OH)108*56(H2O)), Hydroscarbroite (Al14(CO3)3(OH)36*n(H2O)), Alumohydrocalcite (CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4*6(H2O)), Indigirite (Mg2Al2(CO3)4(OH)2*15(H2O)), Kochsandorite (CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4*H2O) and Dawsonite (NaAl(CO3)(OH)2). If the raw materials in addition to silicon and aluminium also comprises alkali and alkaline earth metals, the formed alkali and alkaline earth carbonates comprising silicon and aluminium might lead to supersaturation of carbonates of other alkali and earth alkaline carbonates. In this case, carbonates of alkali and earth alkaline metals such as CaCO.sub.3, MgCO.sub.3 are formed in addition to silicon and aluminium carbonate minerals.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0036] The effect of silicon and aluminium solubility on the ionic product of carbonate minerals Spurrite (Ca.sub.5(SiO.sub.4).sub.2(CO.sub.3)) and Dawsonite (NaAl(CO.sub.3)(OH).sub.2) were analysed in curing conditions: pressure 10 bar (100% CO.sub.2), RH 100%. by thermodynamic modelling. The results for Spurrite are presented in FIG. 1 and the results for Dawsonite are presented in FIG. 2. Since a high ionic product indicates fast formation of the carbon mineral in question, preferred solubility levels leading to high ionic products could be defined. According to solubility products, formation of Spurrite and Dawsonite is rapid in 10 bar CO.sub.2 atmosphere when solubility of aluminium or silicon exceeds 1 mmol/l. Lower solubility does not provide rapid formation of desired reaction products. Higher pressure levels of CO.sub.2 are industrially less relevant.

Example 2

[0037] Samples using blast furnace slag as raw material was produced using activation and as reference, without activation. Curing was performed at room temperature (25° C.) using a 40 bar partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The weight of the sample before and after curing was measured. The weight of the test pieces made without using an alkaline substance for activation did not change during curing, indicating that there was no carbon dioxide uptake in the test piece. When the same raw material was activated using NaOH the weight change was 0.60 g corresponding to 12% bound carbon dioxide.

Example 3

[0038] CO.sub.2 curing of Blast furnace slag in three alternative scenarios is presented in FIG. 3. As can be seen without additives, Blast furnace slag does not react with CO.sub.2 (No activation scenario in FIG. 3). Adding 10 wt. % Portland cement as activator did not significantly increase the CO.sub.2 uptake (OPC activation scenario in FIG. 3). Activating the blast furnace slag with the disclosed method using sodium hydroxide, increased the solubility of silicon and aluminium over 1 mmol/l. As a result, the amount of bound CO.sub.2 increased enormously (Patented procedure scenario in FIG. 3). The bound CO.sub.2 was analysed with three alternative methods: measuring the mass change of the sample during the CO.sub.2 curing, measuring the CO.sub.2 consumption in the process and using elemental carbon analysis according SFS-EN 15407.

Example 4

[0039] A test piece, which fulfils the strength requirements of concrete used in building structures, was prepared. The test piece was manufactured from 1350 g of blast furnace slag, 1350 g of bark ash, 1350 g of green liquor dregs, 4050 g of aggregate and 280 g of additional water using traditional methods of concrete production. The mix was casted in cylinder molds having dimensions of 300 mm (height)* 100 mm (diameter). Curing of the mix was performed for 24 hours at a temperature of 80° C. using 85 bar partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The relative humidity was 100%.

[0040] The compressive strength of the produced test piece was measured, and it was 30 MPa. The carbon footprint of the concrete-like product was −60 kg/m.sup.3 using standardized LCA calculations (EN 15804 stages 1-3). The carbon footprint of a conventional corresponding-concrete product is +240 kg/m.sup.3.

Example 5

[0041] The effect of air entrainment on the bound carbon dioxide was examined. The carbon dioxide uptake was measured for two samples prepared according to the method of disclosure. One sample was prepared by adding alkylethersulphate as surface-active agent to the mix prior to mixing, and the other product was prepared without adding a surface-active agent to the mix. The bubbles caused by the surface active agent had a diameter below 0.8 mm. The results, i.e. the bound carbon dioxide (m(CO.sub.2)/m(raw material)) for different water/raw material ratios are presented in FIG. 4. The first bar of every series shows the carbon dioxide uptake by the product produced without using surface-active agent and the second bar shows the carbon dioxide uptake of the product produced by adding surface-active agent.