Method for producing a three-dimensional component

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional component by an electron-beam, laser-sintering or laser-melting process, in which the component is created by successively solidifying predetermined portions of individual layers of building material that can be solidified by being exposed to the effect of an electron-beam or laser-beam source (2) by melting on the building material, wherein thermographic data records are recorded during the production of the layers, respectively characterizing a temperature profile of at least certain portions of the respective layer, and the irradiation of the layers takes place by means of an electron beam or laser beam (3), which is controlled on the basis of the recorded thermographic data records in such a way that a largely homogeneous temperature profile is produced, wherein, to irradiate an upper layer, a focal point (4) of the electron beam or laser beam (3) is guided along a scanning path (17), which is chosen on the basis of the data record characterizing the temperature profile of at least certain portions of the layer lying directly thereunder or on the basis of the data records characterizing the temperature profiles of at least certain portions of the layers lying thereunder.

Claims

1. A method for producing a three-dimensional component, the method comprising: receiving, with a building platform, a powder bed comprising solidifiable building material; applying, with a powder coating system, a powder layer onto the building platform; focusing, with a laser radiation source, a laser beam incident upon the powder layer; guiding, with a scanning device, the laser beam to the powder layer, thereby selectively solidifying the building material; acquiring, with a thermographic detector, temperature data comprising a temperature profile of one or more layers of building material, the one or more layers comprising solidified building material; storing, with a memory of a control device, the temperature data; controlling, with a processor of the control device, the laser radiation source based at least in part on the temperature data; determining, based at least in part on the temperature data, a region of local overheating in comparison to a surrounding region, the region of local overheating including a layer of building material, wherein a next powder layer situated directly above the layer of building material includes at least one portion of the next powder layer within the region of local overheating; and modifying, with the control device, at least one process parameter based on the temperature data to adapt an energy influx per unit area of the at least one portion of the next powder layer.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermographic detector comprises a movably mounted thermographic detector, the movably mounted thermographic detector being movable independently of the scanning device.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the movably mounted thermographic detector is configured as a scanning head, movable over at least a portion of an irradiation area.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the temperature data is acquired section-by-section while the movably mounted thermographic detector moves over at least a portion of an irradiation area.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the modifying, with the control device, the at least one process parameter to adapt the energy influx per unit area comprises reducing the energy influx per unit area.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the modifying, with the control device, the at least one process parameter to adapt the energy influx per unit area comprises modifying a scanning speed of the laser radiation source, a size of a focal point of the laser radiation source, a laser pulse frequency of the laser radiation source, a pulse duration of the laser radiation source, and/or an output power of the laser radiation source.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising delaying, with the control device, irradiation of at least part of the next powder layer until determining, based at least in part on the temperature data, that the region of local overheating has cooled below a temperature threshold.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: delaying, with the control device, irradiation of the entirety of the next powder layer until determining, based at least in part on the temperature data, that the region of local overheating has cooled below the temperature threshold.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermographic detector comprises a stationary thermographic detector having an acquisition region comprising an entirety of an area irradiated by the laser radiation source.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermographic detector is configured to acquire temperature data comprising a temperature profile corresponding to a first layer of building material after the laser radiation source has irradiated the first layer of building material.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the thermographic detector is configured to acquire the temperature data comprising the temperature profile corresponding to the first layer of building material after the next powder layer has been applied over the first layer of building material.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling based at least in part on the temperature data, with the control device, irradiation of a layer of a component manufactured later in time.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: controlling, based at least in part on the temperature data, with the control device, the irradiation of the layer of the component manufactured later in time, wherein the temperature data corresponds to at least two components manufactured earlier in time.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least two components are manufactured simultaneously or in succession.

15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, based at least in part on the temperature data, a scanning path for irradiating the next powder layer so as to initially irradiate the surrounding region with the radiation source prior to irradiating the at least one portion of the next powder layer within the region of local overheating; and controlling the laser radiation source so as to irradiate the next powder layer according to the scanning path.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: imparting a delay, with the control device, for controlling the laser radiation source so as to irradiate the next powder layer according to the scanning path, wherein the delay comprises a time interval selected based at least in part on a portion of the temperature data, the portion of the temperature data corresponding to the layer of building material situated immediately below the next powder layer.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process parameter comprises a laser pulse frequency.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process parameter comprises a laser pulse duration.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process parameter comprises a focal point of the laser beam.

20. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling, with the control device, the laser radiation source so as to irradiate the next powder layer according to a scanning path; and modifying, with the control device, the scanning path so as to irradiate a portion of the region of local overheating after irradiating at least one portion of the surrounding region.

Description

(1) Below, the invention will be explained in more detail on the basis of specific exemplary embodiments, which are depicted in the figures of the drawing. In detail:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a schematic design of an apparatus for selective laser powder processing in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the invention,

(3) FIG. 2 shows a schematic design of an apparatus for selective laser powder processing in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, and

(4) FIG. 3 shows a plan view of an irradiation plane, wherein a scanning path of a laser beam is selected in a manner dependent on data records which characterize the temperature profiles of layers lying below the irradiation plane.

(5) Parts corresponding to one another have been provided with the same reference sign in all figures of the drawing.

(6) FIG. 1 shows an apparatus for selective laser powder processing, embodied to control an irradiation process in a manner dependent on thermographically acquired data. The apparatus 1 comprises a laser radiation source 2 for providing a laser beam 3. For the purposes of guiding a focal point 4 of the laser beam 3 over an irradiation plane 5, a scanning device 6 is equipped with a corresponding optics, such as, in particular, lenses, mirrors or the like. Powder layers made of building material which are solidifiable by the action of the laser beam 3 are arrangeable in a building chamber 7, which is bounded below by a height-adjustable building platform 8.

(7) A powder coating system 9 which has a metering container for receiving building material and coating means for the uniform distribution of building material, such as doctor blades, rollers or the like, is provided for the layer-by-layer application of building material into the building chamber 7 or onto the building platform 8.

(8) The apparatus 1 moreover has a storage apparatus 10, in which building data characterizing the three-dimensional form of the object to be produced or of the component to be produced are stored.

(9) The scanning device 6 and the laser radiation source 3 are connected to the storage device 10 by way of a control device 11 such that process parameters of the laser beam source 2, and hence the scanning path of the laser beam 3 in accordance with the building data characterizing the object, are controllable.

(10) A thermographic detector 12 is arranged over the irradiation plane 5 for the purposes of acquiring temperature profiles of irradiated layers. By way of the control device 11, the thermographic detector 12 is connected to the storage device 10 such that data records which characterize the temperature profiles of irradiated layers can be stored in the storage device for subsequent evaluation by the control device. The data records acquired by the thermographic detector 12 comprise image data which are displayable by means of a display unit 13 which, for example, comprises an LC (liquid crystal) display.

(11) In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the thermographic detector 12 has a stationary arrangement and it is equipped with an acquisition region 14 which contains the entire irradiation plane 5. The thermographic detector 12, the storage device 10, the control device 11, the scanning device 6 and the laser radiation source 2 have such an operational connection that the scanning path of the laser beam 3 and further process parameters such as, in particular, the scanning speed of the laser beam, the size of the focal point, the laser pulse frequency, the laser pulse duration and/or the laser power are controllable in a manner dependent on the acquired temperature profiles.

(12) FIG. 2 shows a schematic design of a second exemplary embodiment of the invention. Here, essential components correspond to the parts already described in relation to FIG. 1, and so only the differences are discussed below.

(13) In contrast to the first exemplary embodiment, the thermographic detector 12 is movably mounted and displaceable over the entire irradiation plane 5 in the style of a scanning head. At a given instant, the acquisition region 14 of the detector 12 only covers part of the irradiation plane 5. The thermographic detector 12 is movable independently of the scanning device 6, and so it is also possible to acquire regions of the irradiation plane 5 which are situated away from the immediate surroundings of the focal point 4.

(14) In a method for producing the three-dimensional component or the three-dimensional object by way of the laser melting method there is a layer-by-layer application of powdery building material and a layer-by-layer solidification of the building material at the points corresponding to the cross section of the component. After completing an irradiation process, the building platform 8 is lowered in order to enable an application of the next layer of non-solidified building material.

(15) Provision is made for thermographic data records to be acquired by means of the detector 12, which thermographic data records characterize the temperature profiles of the just irradiated layer, possibly taking into account all temperature profiles of the layers arranged therebelow. In accordance with alternative embodiments, these data records are acquired simultaneously with an irradiation process occurring in the building chamber 7 or they are acquired at an instant after a layer was irradiated and a layer made of non-solidified building material, lying thereabove, was already applied. On the basis of the thermographic data records, the irradiation of the upper layer is controlled in such a way that the scanning path of the laser beam 3 is selected in a manner dependent on the temperature profiles characterizing the layer or layers lying under the upper layer. In particular, provision is made for the scanning path to be guided in such a way that hot regions are irradiated at a later stage in order to enable an intermediate equalization of the temperature gradients. This should avoid excessive regional heating.

(16) In order to generate largely homogeneous temperature profiles, provision is made for further process parameters to be adapted in a manner corresponding to the acquired thermographic data records. Thus, an energy influx per unit area imparted by the laser beam may be reduced in regions of high temperature by virtue of the scanning speed of the laser beam, the size of the focal point, the laser pulse frequency, the laser pulse duration and/or the laser power being modified accordingly.

(17) During the production process the image data contained in the thermographic data records are output by way of the display unit 13 such that manual intervention by operating staff is made possible where necessary. However, the method for generating largely homogeneous temperature profiles is suitable for being carried out fully automatically, for the purposes of which the control device 11 is equipped with corresponding evaluation electronics.

(18) In addition to adapting process parameters and the scanning path, provision is made for the start of the irradiation of a section of the upper layer to be delayed in the case of a possibly too high regional action of heat. If regions of high temperature are registered during the thermographic acquisition, an irradiation of the upper layer is delayed until the temperature has sunk below a predeterminable threshold.

(19) FIG. 3 schematically shows the irradiation plane 5 with an applied layer made of non-solidified building material 7 in a plan view. A contour 15 corresponds to the outline of a cross section of the component to be produced. Furthermore, a region 16 is depicted in a hatched manner in FIG. 3, said region corresponding to a region of increased temperature registered by the detector 12. In order to avoid too strong local fusion of the powdery building material 7, the scanning path 17 is selected in such a way that the region 16 is initially omitted. Proceeding from the initial point 18, the laser beam is initially guided along the contour 15 until the focal point of the laser beam 3 returns to the initial point 18. Then, the focus is guided along the zigzag-shaped scanning path 17 shown in FIG. 3 until the cross-sectional area of the object to be produced was completely covered with the exception of the region 16. Only then is the region 16, which has cooled down in the meantime, irradiated in a manner not depicted in any more detail.

(20) It is understood that it is not necessary for a continuous path as shown in FIG. 3 to be described by the scanning path 17. Thus, for example, it is also possible to irradiate in succession regions of the irradiation plane 5 which are arranged in a manner separated in space from one another.

(21) Furthermore, combinations of the shown exemplary embodiments are possible and envisaged within the scope of the present invention. In particular, it is possible to arrange a plurality of—stationary or movably mounted—thermographic detectors 12 for the purposes of acquiring the thermographic data records.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

(22) 1 Apparatus 2 Laser radiation source 3 Laser beam 4 Focal point 5 Irradiation plane 6 Scanning device 7 Building chamber 8 Building platform 9 Powder coating system 10 Storage device 11 Control device 12 Thermographic detector 13 Display unit 14 Acquisition region 15 Contour 16 Region 17 Scanning path 18 Initial point