CU-AND NI-CATALYZED DECARBOXYLATIVE BORYLATION REACTIONS

Abstract

The invention is directed to methods of converting a carboxylic acid group in a compound, via a redox active ester, to a corresponding boronic ester by treatment with bis(pinacolato)diboron-alkyllithium complex in the presence of a ligand, a Ni(II) salt or a copper salt, and an Mg(II) salt, in the presence of an alkyllithium or a lithium hydroxide or alkoxide salt. The product pinacolato boronate ester can be cleaved to provide a boronic acid. The invention is also directed to methods of preparing various compounds of medical value comprising boronic acid groups, and to novel boronic-acid containing compounds of medicinal value, including an atorvastatin boronic acid analog, a vancomycin aglycone boronic acid analog, and boronic acid containing elastase inhibitors mCBK319, mCBK320, mCBK323, and RPX-7009.

Claims

1. A method of converting an alkyl carboxylic acid compound RCO.sub.2H to a corresponding alkyl boronic pinacolato ester compound ##STR00225## wherein R is a hydrocarbyl group comprising an sp.sup.3 hybridized carbon atom bonded to the CO.sub.2H or the boron atom, respectively, R optionally further comprising alkyl or alkenyl groups, both optionally comprising heteroatoms, or optionally comprising aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups, or any combination thereof; the method comprising: a) forming a redox active ester (RAE) of the alkyl carboxylic acid compound; then, b) contacting the redox active ester of the alkyl carboxylic acid compound in an aprotic solvent, and bis(pinacolato)diboron (B.sub.2pin.sub.2), in the presence of at least 20 mole % of a Mg(II) salt and of at least one molar equivalent a lithium compound comprising a (C1-C4)alkyllithium, a (C1-C4)alkoxylithium, or lithium hydroxide, and at least 10 mole % of a Cu or Ni salt; in the presence of a 1,3-dicarbonyl ligand forming with the Cu a compound of formula (M) ##STR00226## wherein R.sub.1A and R.sub.2A are each independently selected (C1-C4)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, or phenyl; or in the presence of a ligand of formula (L) comprising a bipyridyl of formula ##STR00227## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkoxy, n1 and n2 are each independently 0, 1, or 2, or of a 1,10-phenanthroline of formula ##STR00228## wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy or phenyl; to provide the corresponding alkyl boronic pincolato ester compound ##STR00229##

2. The method of claim 1, comprising: a) forming a redox active ester (RAE) of the alkyl carboxylic acid compound; then, b) either: 1) contacting in aprotic solvent the redox active ester, bis(pinacolato)diboron (B.sub.2pin.sub.2), and effective amounts ofa Mg(II) salt in the present of lithium hydroxide or a lithium (C1-C4)alkoxide, and in the presence of a Cu(I) or a Cu(II) complex or both of a 1,3-dicarbonyl compound, the complex being of formula (M) ##STR00230## wherein R.sub.1A and R.sub.2A are each independently selected (C1-C4)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, or phenyl, or of a Cu(I) or a Cu(II) salt or both and an effective amount of a ligand (L) comprising a bipyridyl of formula ##STR00231## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkoxy, n1 and n2 are each independently 0, 1, or 2, or of a 1,10-phenanthroline of formula ##STR00232## wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy or phenyl; to provide the pinacolato ester of the corresponding alkyl boronic ester compound; or: 2) contacting in aprotic solution the redox active ester and effective amounts of a Ni(II) salt and a Mg(II) salt, in the presence of an effective amount of a ligand (L) comprising a bipyridyl of formula ##STR00233## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected (C1-C4)alkyl or (C1-C4)alkoxy, n1 and n2 are each independently 0, 1, or 2, or of a 1,10-phenanthroline of formula ##STR00234## wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy or phenyl; then, adding a premixed solution comprising an organolithium compound and at least one molar equivalent bis(pinacolato)diboron (B.sub.2pin.sub.2); to provide the pinacolato ester of the corresponding alkyl boronic ester compound.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the redox active ester of the alkyl carboxylic acid is an N-hydroxyphthalimide or a tetrachloro-N-hydroxyphthalimide ester.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the Cu(II) complex of a 1,3-dicarbonyl compound, of formula (M), is Cu(acac).sub.2 (M1).

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the Ni(II) salt is NiCl.sub.2.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the Mg(II) salt is MgBr.sub.2 or MgCl.sub.2.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein for a Ni catalyst the organolithium compound is methyllithium or wherein fora Cu catalyst the lithium compound is LiOH ora lithium (C1-C4)alkoxide.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the aprotic solvent comprises THF or dioxane, and DMF.

9. The method of claim 1 further comprising step c) cleaving under acidic conditions the pinacolato ester of the alkyl boronic acid compound ##STR00235## to provide the alkyl boronic acid compound RB(OH).sub.2.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of cleaving the pinacolato ester of the alkyl bornic acid compound comprises contacting the ester with BCl.sub.3 followed with methanol, or contacting the ester with trifluoroacetic acid, or contacting the ester with a boronic acid in aqueous HCl.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the boronic acid is phenylboronic acid or 2-methylpropylboronic acid.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the ligand (L) is of formula L1-L5 ##STR00236## wherein
R1=OMe, R2═H, L1
R1=tBu, R2═H, L2
R1=H, R2=H, L3
R1=Me, R2=H, L4
R1=OMe, R2=OMe, L5; or wherein the ligand (L) is of formula L7-L9 ##STR00237## wherein
R3═H, R4═H, L7
R3=Ph, R4═H, L8
R3═OMe, R4═H, L9.

13. The method of preparation of alkyl boronic compound ninlaro ##STR00238## from alkyl carboxylic acid compound ##STR00239## by carrying out the steps a), b), and c) of claim 9, starting with the alkyl carboxylic acid compound.

14. The method of preparing a boronate ester analog of atorvastatin ketal, comprising, first, a) forming the NHPI ester of atorvastatin ketal to provide the redox active ester ##STR00240## then, carrying out step b) of claim 1 on the redox activated ester, to provide the boronate ester of an analog of atorvastatin ketal ##STR00241##

15. The method of preparing a dimethyl-t-butylsilyl (TBS) hydroxyl-protected boronic acid analog of a vancomycin aglycone ##STR00242## comprising, first, a) converting carboxylic acid ##STR00243## to the corresponding NHPI redox activated ester; then, carrying out step b) of claim 2 on the redox activated ester to provide an O-protected boronate pinacolato ester of the boronic acid, then, cleaving the boronic ester group by contacting the ester with BCl.sub.3 followed with methanol, or by contacting the ester with trifluoroacetic acid, or by contacting the ester with a boronic acid in aqueous HCl, to provide the O-protected boronic acid compound of formula ##STR00244##

16. The method of preparing boronic acid mCBK319 elastase inhibitor compound ##STR00245## comprising carrying out steps a), b), and c) of claim 9, starting with compound ##STR00246##

17. The method of preparing boronic pinacolato ester compound of formula ##STR00247## comprising carrying out step b), of claim 1, starting with compound ##STR00248## to provide the Boc-protected boronic pinacolato ester compound ##STR00249##

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising cleaving the Boc group of the Boc-protected boronic pinacolato ester compound with trifluoroacetic acid, followed by condensation of the resulting free amino group with compound of formula ##STR00250## followed by cleavage of pinacolato boronate ester group with phenylboronic acid in aqueous HCl to provide the boronic acid mCBK320 elastase inhibitor compound of formula ##STR00251##

19. The method of claim 17, further comprising cleaving the Boc group and the boronate ester of the Boc-protected boronic pinacolato ester compound with trifluoroacetic acid, followed by condensation of the resulting free amino group with a compound of formula ##STR00252## followed by cleavage of the t-Bu ester, to provide a boronic acid mCBK323 elastase inhibitor compound of formula) ##STR00253##

20. The method of preparation of an arylomycin sidechain analog boronic acid ##STR00254## comprising carrying out the conversions of claim 9, followed by removal of the N-Boc groups with acid, starting with an arylomycin sidechain analog carboxylic acid of formula ##STR00255##

21. The method of preparation of claim 1 of a compound of formula ##STR00256## wherein TBDMS signifies a t-butyldimethylsilyl protecting group, comprising first, a) forming a redox active ester of a carboxylic acid of formula ##STR00257## then carrying out step b) of claim 1 to provide the compound of formula ##STR00258##

22. The method of synthesis of a cyclic boronic acid β-Lactamase Inhibitor (RPX7009) of formula ##STR00259## comprising the method of claim 21.

23. A boronate ester analog of atorvastatin ketal of formula ##STR00260## or a boronic acid analog of atorvastatin ketal of formula ##STR00261## a hydroxyl-protected boronic acid analog of vancomycin aglycone ##STR00262## wherein TBS signifies a dimethyl-t-butylsilyl O-protecting group, or an OH-deprotected boronic acid analog of vancomycin aglycone of formula ##STR00263## an arylomycin sidechain analog boronic acid of formula ##STR00264##

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0055] FIGS. 1A and 1B. Development of the decarboxylative borylation reaction. (FIG. 1A) Carboxylic Acids to Boronic Acids: Strategic Value. (FIG. 1B) Decarboxylative Borylation: Invention and Optimization.

[0056] FIGS. 2A and 2B. Scope of the Ni-catalyzed decarboxylative borylation reaction of redox-active esters. FIG. 2A Standard Reaction conditions: Redox active NHPI ester (1.0 equiv), NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (10 mol %), L1 (13 mol %), MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (1.5 equiv), B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (3.3 equiv), MeLi (3.0 equiv), THF/DMF (2.5:1), 0° C.-RT, 2 h; examples of primary and secondary boronates; FIG. 2B examples of tertiary boronates and natural products.

[0057] FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C. Applications of the decarboxylative borylation reaction. (FIG. 3A) Decarboxylative borylation enabled late-stage diversification of Lipitor. (FIG. 3B) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a borono-vancomycin analog. (FIG. 3C) Synthesis and biological evaluation of human Elastase inhibitors.

[0058] FIGS. 4A and 4B. Discovery of novel human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitors, FIG. 4A compounds tested; FIG. 4B inhibitory activities of HNE inhibitors 50-58 as a function of concentration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0059] In this report, a simple method for nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative borylation is presented that is mild, scalable, and general across a range of primary, secondary, tertiary, peptidic, and even naturally occurring substrates. A diverse array of boronates which would otherwise require lengthy de novo synthesis were furnished directly from the corresponding carboxylic acids. This method's capacity to directly transform native peptides into α-amino boronic acids has led to the discovery of three potent small molecule elastase inhibitors.

[0060] Recent efforts in our laboratory revealed redox active esters (RAEs, e.g., N-hydroxyphthalimide ester 2) derived from alkyl carboxylic acids as convenient surrogates for alkyl halides in nickel or iron catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. These versatile intermediates, most commonly used in amide-bond forming reactions, have enabled practical means of C—C bond formation in various modalities, including decarboxylative Negishi (22-23), Suzuki (24), and Kumada (25) couplings, as well as Giese reactions (26). Although RAEs have yet to be used in carbon-heteroatom cross-coupling reactions, our earlier discoveries, coupled with Fu's (10) pioneering work on nickel catalyzed Miyaura borylation of alkyl halides (11-14), prompted us to investigate the possibility of harnessing them for C—B bond formation, thereby achieving direct conversion of alkyl carboxylic acids into boronic acid derivatives.

[0061] Realization of this seemingly straightforward transformation required considerable experimentation. FIG. 1B provides the optimal reaction parameters alongside an abbreviated picture of the optimization process on 2-methyl-4-phenylbutanoic acid. The simple NHPI ester (2) proved to be the optimal substrate for borylation with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B.sub.2pin.sub.2);

##STR00046##

other RAEs such as the tetrachloro-NHPI ester were less effective (entry 1). The inexpensive combination of NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O and bipyridine ligand L1 emerged as the best catalyst system after an exhaustive screening —use of alternative catalysts (see SI) or ligands (entries 3-5) have deleterious effects. Choice of solvent is critical: a binary mixture of THF and DMF gave the optimal result; lower yields were observed in the absence of DMF (entry 6). Pre-mixing methyl lithium with B.sub.2pin.sub.2 is necessary to activate the diboron species toward transmetalation; numerous other organometallic reagents surveyed (e.g., entries 8-10) were less effectual, affording borylation products in lower yields if at all. Magnesium salts were also indispensable to the reaction: in the absence of the MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2, virtually no products were attained (entries 11-13). Borono-ester product 3 can be accessed directly from the carboxylic in comparable yields using a one-pot procedure wherein RAE 2 is formed in situ in a similar vein to amide coupling (entry 14). Overall, the reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature over the course of 2 hours.

[0062] With the optimized conditions in hand, the scope of this methodology was subsequently explored. RAEs derived from a broad selection of primary, secondary, and tertiary carboxylic acids were all found to be viable substrates (FIG. 2). These encompass acyclic, cyclic, caged, bridgehead, fluoroalkyl, and benzylic acids which were transformed to the corresponding Bpin boronate esters smoothly. Scalability of the reaction is evident through the preparation of 29 on a gram scale. Additionally, 12 of the products (3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, 19, 25, 29, 35, 38) were obtained in comparable yields when only 2.5 mol % of nickel catalyst (3.3 mol % of ligand) was used, further attesting to the adaptability of this method in a process setting.

[0063] As the methyl lithium was pre-mixed with B.sub.2pin.sub.2to form ate-complexes, strongly nucleophilic/basic organometallic species were sequestered from the substrate: a gamut of functionalities such as ethers (30, 31, 35, 37, 41), esters (5, 8, 21, 22, 39, 41), carbamates/amides (8, 15, 28, 36, 37, 1), ketones (34, 38, 39, 40), olefins (39, 40, 41), and hydroxyl (40, 41) were left unscathed under the mild reaction conditions. Indeed, even the highly base-sensitive Fmoc group was tolerated (see 8). The compatibility with alkyl bromides (7) and chlorides (33) points to the orthogonality of this reaction to halide-based Miyaura borylations. Enoxolone derived boronates 39 and 40 were obtained with similar yields, suggesting that the free hydroxyl group had minimal influence on the reaction. The discrete isolation of RAEs, as alluded to earlier, is not necessary. Tertiary and secondary boronate esters can be prepared directly from carboxylic acids when RAEs are generated in situ. This one-pot procedure also pertains to primary substrates, albeit at lower yields.

[0064] Although some of the products presented herein (e.g., 4, 17, 19, 20, 23) can be synthesized from the analogous halides via Miyaura borylation reactions, the starting organohalides are oftentimes not commercially available and require extraneous steps to prepare (usually from the corresponding alcohols). Conversely, the use of readily available carboxylic acids largely circumvents this problem. A great majority of products in FIG. 2 are derived directly from commercially available acids. For instance, 21 was conveniently prepared from a cubane-based carboxylic acid whereas the reported synthesis of the analogous halide enlisted a harsh Hundsdiecker reaction (Br.sub.2 and HgO) on the same acid (29). Furthermore, the scope of this borylation protocol can be extended to amino acid derivatives to furnish a-amino boronate esters such as 15. Synthesis of 15 through halide-based Miyaura borylation is simply not feasible as the corresponding α-amino halide starting material would be unstable. In this regard, the decarboxylative borylation strategy allows explorations of previously elusive chemical space

[0065] The prevalence of alkyl carboxylic acids is demonstrated by their presence in over 450 approved drug molecules (30). To this end, the impressive chemoselectivity of this reaction offers the unique opportunity to pursue late-stage modifications of bioactive molecules that are densely adorned with reactive functionalities. Over 10 carboxylate containing drug molecule/natural products have been successfully converted into pinacol boronate esters (28-41) which would otherwise only be accessible through multi-step functional group interconversions or de novo syntheses.

[0066] The boronate esters can be conveniently hydrolyzed into the corresponding boronic acids (e.g., 4a, 3a, 33a, 1) (FIG. 2). This allows the transformation of bioactive carboxylic acids into their borono-bioisoteres to identify compounds with superior potency or pharmacokinetic properties. Alternatively, boronate esters could be diversified into a variety of structural motifs (31-33). As an illustrative example, the Lipitor derived Bpin ester (36) can be expediently elaborated into the corresponding alcohol (36a) or carbamate (36b) (34) upon treatment with appropriate oxidants (FIG. 3A). Under conditions reported by Aggarwal, 36c and 36d were directly accessed through reaction with aryllithium species (35). Decarboxylative borylation could also convert RAEs, which are electrophiles in cross-couplings, into Bpin esters that serve as nucleophiles in Suzuki reactions (e.g., 36 to 36e and 36 to 360 (36). This “umpolung” approach is particularly strategic in the case of 36e whereby the 2-pyridylboronic acid or organozinc species are often not viable Suzuki substrates owing to a lack of stability.

[0067] Moreover, selective decarboxylative borylation at the C-terminus of native peptides allowed rapid access to coveted α-amino boronic acids which are privileged medicinal chemistry motifs (18, 37). Ninlaro (1), for example, was obtained in three steps from a simple peptide (FIG. 2). This opens up a distinct dimension to the study of peptide-based therapeutics: in perhaps the most striking example, vancomycin was converted into a boronic acid analogue (44) through the decarboxylative borylation of 42 (FIG. 3B) (38). This process proceeded smoothly in the presence of four methylated phenoxy groups, two TBS-protected hydroxyls, two aryl chlorides, six secondary amides, one primary amide, one secondary amine, and seven epimerizable stereocenters. Although 44 showed less activity compared to the parent acid 43, such remarkable chemoselectivity still attests to the potential utility of this reaction.

[0068] Unpredictable stereoselectivity of radical processes oftentimes presents a hurdle to their broad adoption in late-stage modifications of drug leads or natural products. Complex α-amino boronic acid 44 was obtained as a single diastereomer in this radical-based decarboxylative borylation reaction. This result prompted us to investigate the stereoselectivity of the decarboxylative borylation on several dipeptides (FIG. 3D). We found that increased steric bulk on the N-terminal residue resulted in better diastereoselectivity: though both diastereomers were furnished in almost equal quantities for 45, higher selectivities were observed for 46 and 47. Meanwhile, 46 was obtained in the same diastereomeric ratio from Boc-I-Val-I-Val and Boc-I-Val-d-Val. Lower reaction temperatures could also be used to enhance the stereoselectivity. At −15° C., 48 was furnished in greater than 5 to 1 d.r., enabling a stereoselective synthesis of Velcade (49) in a short sequence.

[0069] By wedding the rich medicinal potential of boronates to the ubiquity of alkyl carboxylic acids, the decarboxylative borylation reaction has the potential to open up new vistas in drug development. For example, application of the decarboxylative borylation reaction to readily available dipeptides allowed the expedient preparations of 50-52 which were formed as single diastereomers and found to be potent inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) (FIGS. 4A and B). Notably, the carboxylic acid precursor to 50 (50b) was found to be devoid of any inhibitory activities while 50 and 51 displayed substantially enhanced potency compared to their trifluoroketones congeners (50a and 51a), which have been examined in phase II clinical trials for lung diseases such cystic fibrosis (39 -45). HNE, a highly active serine protease, plays a pivotal role in the immune response, tissue remodelling, and the onset/resolution of inflammation by breaking down mechanically important structures of the body's cellular matrix as well as proteins of foreign origin (46). While five generations of HNE inhibitors have been evaluated clinically in multiple inflammatory lung diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis), none have been overwhelmingly efficacious in humans to make a significant impact in these conditions (46).

[0070] Toward this end, 52 exhibited an IC.sub.50=15 pM (Ki=3.7 pM) while 51 exhibited an IC.sub.50=30 pM (Ki=34 pM) against purified HNE. The IC.sub.50 values were determined head-to-head with other pre-clinically and clinically validated HNE inhibitors (53-57), including BAY 85-8501 (54, a leading clinical candidate with reported Ki=80 pM) (47), 55 (POL6014, a phase I peptide-based clinical candidate for cystic fibrosis) (48) as well as 56 and 57 (reported by Chiesi Pharmaceuticals) (49). Additionally, 51 and 52 retained much of their inhibitory activities in sputum samples of cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, underscoring their potency in the context of a more patho-physiologically relevant environment than the traditional biochemical assay. Conversely, while dimeric compound 58 from AstraZeneca (IC50=11 pM, Ki=2.7 pM) (50), and BAY 85-8501 (54) showcased low IC.sub.50 values, their potencies diminished drastically in patient derived sputum. Comparison of the LipE values in COPD sputum revealed that the superior potency of 52 is not driven by increased lipophilicity (10.2 versus 9.45 for 57) (51).

[0071] Additionally, the IC.sub.50 value of 52 was found to remain unchanged with increasing incubation times (between 5-60 minutes) while that of 58, a non-covalent inhibitor exhibited a 55-fold increase in potency under the same conditions. These data retain the profile that is expected: compound 52 is behaving like a partial mechanism-based inhibitor (or a covalent reversible inhibitor) likely due to the potentially slow off-rate of the a-amino boronic acid. This correlates with tighter binding and potentially long residence time seen in other amino boronic acid compounds unlike the many reversible elastase inhibitors (i.e. 58) (52). Clinically, this mechanism has been proven successfully through Velcade (49), which inhibits the catalytic site of the 26S proteasome—covalent reversible bonding between the boronate and the nucleophilic oxygen results in a slow disassociation rate (53-54). As most clinical elastase inhibitors (such as 54, BAY 85-8501, one of the most potent molecules reported to date) are non-reactive, reversible, transition state inhibitors, 52′s high potency and the inherent mechanism of the amino boronic acids could help address these limitations. Through this “hybrid” enzymatic inhibitory approach (based upon Fischer's Lock and Key model/Ehrlich's Pharmacophore Model), boronic acids such as 52, which combine a rapid, potent binding with a slow off-rate, may effectively restore the protease versus anti-protease balance in a clinical setting. They could therefore be tuned toward lung-specific clinical applications rapidly.

[0072] To further evaluate the therapeutic potential of 51 and 52, the in vitro ADME properties were probed to determine if any deleterious effects of the boronate replacements of the ketone would be revealed (FIG. 4C). These amino boronic acids displayed comparable kinetic solubility to the trifluoromethyl ketone analog (51a). A substantial portion (90% and 79% respectively) of 51 and 52 were found to be intact in CD-1 mouse plasma over 2 hours. 51 and 52 exhibited similar metabolic stability as the trifluoroketone 51a. 51 and 51a also demonstrated similar levels of permeability in Caco-2 cells (See Page 176 of the supplementary information). These data suggest that the novel boronates simply improve potency without changing the drug-like properties of their ketone congeners.

Method Summary:

[0073] Procedurally, the conversion of redox active esters into boronate esters is achieved in three stages: namely, the preparation of catalyst mixture, the preparation of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li complex and the nickel catalyzed decarboxylative borylation reaction. An abbreviated experimental protocol is presented herein with a graphical guide. Comprehensive information on the commercial source and purity of chemicals or variations in experimental details for different substrate classes can be found in the supplementary information.

Preparation of NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/ligand stock solution or suspension:

[0074] A flask charged with NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (1.0 equiv.) and ligand (L1 or L2, 1.3 equiv.) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. THF (the concentration of NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O was 0.025 M) or DMF (the concentration of NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O was 0.050 M) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (or until no granular NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O was observed) to afford a green solution or suspension. [Note: All the solutions or suspensions kept under argon can be used for several days without appreciable deteriorations in reaction yields.]

Preparation of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li Complex:

[0075] To a solution of B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (1.1 equiv.) in THF (the concentration of B.sub.2pin.sub.2 was 1.1 M) was added MeLi (1.6 M in Et.sub.2O, 1.0 equiv.) at 0° C. under argon. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h to afford a milky white suspension.

Ni-catalyzed Decarboxylative Borylation:

[0076] A flask charged with the redox-active ester (1.0 equiv.) and MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (1.5 equiv.) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. Catalyst solution or suspension (containing 10 mol % of NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O and 13 mol % of ligand) was added via a syringe. When a catalyst suspension/solution in DMF was used, an additional portion of THF (twice the volume of the DMF suspension/solution needed) was added to the reaction vessel prior to the addition of the catalyst mixture [this process can be exothermic on large scales and cooling (with ice/water bath) may be necessary]. The resulting mixture was stirred vigorously until no visible solid was observed at the bottom of the reaction vessel [this was found to be accelerated by sonication]. This mixture was cooled to 0° C. before a suspension of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li in THF (3 equiv.) was added in one portion. After stirring for 1 hour at 0° C., the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 1 hour. When thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis indicated the completion of the reaction, the reaction was quenched with aqueous HCl (0.1 M) or saturated aqueous NH.sub.4Cl and extracted with diethyl ether (Et.sub.2O) or ethyl acetate (EtOAc). Alternatively, on larger scales, as is the case shown in FIG. 5, the reaction mixture was directly poured onto Et.sub.2O and the resulting suspension was filtered through a pad of silica gel and celite. Purification by column chromatography afforded the desired boronate ester.

[0077] Through the exclusive use of N-hydroxy-phthalimide redox active esters, a simple means to interconvert two functional groups of paramount importance in organic chemistry has been enabled. The practicality and chemoselectivity are illustrated through numerous complex substrates including drug molecules. The broad scope, epitomized by the ability to directly transform native peptides into borono-isosteres in good stereoselectivities, is unmatched by halide-based Miyaura-Suzuki protocols. Alkyl boronates can be introduced at any stages of a synthesis, reshaping the strategic paradigm toward their preparations. By wedding the rich medicinal potentials of boronates to the ubiquity of alkyl carboxylic acids, this method will likely open up new vistas in drug development. This is already evident from the discovery of mCBK 320, a highly potent elastase inhibitor with potentials in cancer therapy.

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EXAMPLES

Boronic Acid Inhibitors of Human Neutrophil Elastase Prepared by Method of the Invention

Compounds for Disclosure (IC.SUB.50 .on Human Neutrophil elastase)

[0146] ##STR00047##

Synthetic Routes to Boronic Acid Inhibitors of Human Neutrophil Elastase

Preparation of mCBK319

[0147] ##STR00048##

Preparation of mCBK320 and mCBK323

[0148] ##STR00049##

[0149] All three compounds (mCBK319, mCBK320, and mCBK323) were found to possess a high propensity toward trimerization at the boronic acid motif. The bioactivities of these trimers may warrant further investigations. These novel elastase inhibitors have potential applications as therapeutics for cancer, cycstic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis.

[0150] The compounds have displayed enhanced potency compared to lead compounds screened (100-1000 fold increase compared to the analogous trifluoroketone lead compounds) as elastase inhibitors. The unique physiochemical properties of the boronic acid motif may give rise to favorable pharmacokinetic attributes. The processes for preparation disclosed herein are concise and easily amenable for scale up.

General Information

[0151] Tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile (CH3CN) dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) were obtained by passing the previously degassed solvents through activated alumina columns. Other solvents and reagents were purchased at the highest commercial quality and used without further purification, unless otherwise stated. Yields refer to chromatographically and spectroscopically (1H-NMR) homogeneous material, unless otherwise stated. Reactions were monitored by GC/MS, LC/MS, and thin layer chromatography (TLC). TLC was performed using 0.25 mm E. Merck silica plates (60E-254), using short-wave UV light as visualizing agent, as well as potassium permanganate (KMnO.sub.4) or ceric ammonium molybdate (CAM) and heat as developing agents.. NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker DRX-600, DRX-500 or DPX-400 instruments and are calibrated using residual undeuterated solvent (1H: δ 7.26 for CDCl3, δ 3.31 for MeOH-d4, δ 3.58, 1.73 for THF-d8, δ 2.50 for DMSO-d6, δ 2.05 for acetone-d6; 13C: δ 77.16 for CDCl3, δ 49.0 for MeOH-d4, δ 67.6, 25.5 for THF-d8, δ 39.50 for DMSO-d6, δ 29.84 for acetone-d6). The following abbreviations were used to explain multiplicities: s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet, br=broad. Column chromatography was performed using E. Merck silica gel (60, particle size 0.043-0.063 mm), and preparative TLC was performed on 0.25 mm E. Merck silica plates (60E-254). High resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on an Agilent LC/MSD TOF mass spectrometer by electrospray ionization time of flight reflectron experiments. Preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using an Agilent SD-1 prepstar system equipped with Phenomenex Gemini 10 μm C18 column with dimension 200×50 mm. Melting points were recorded on a Fisher-Johns 12-144 melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. All X-ray diffraction data were collected and analyzed by the UCSD small molecule X-ray facility. The deactivated silica gel (35 wt % H.sub.2O) was prepared by mixing silica gel and deionized water, followed by vigorous shaking until a fluffy powder was observed. B.sub.2pin.sub.2 is bis(pinacolato)diboron.

##STR00050##

NHPI is N-hydroxyphthalimide. TCNHPI is tetrachloro-N-hydroxyphthalimide. Standard abbreviations for chemical groups such as are well known in the art are used; e.g., Me=methyl, Et=ethyl, i-Pr=isopropyl, Bu=butyl, t-Bu=tert-butyl, Ph=phenyl, Bn=benzyl, Ac=acetyl, Bz=benzoyl, TBS=dimethyl-t-butylsilyl, Boc=t-butoxycarbonyl, and the like.

[0152] Preparative HPLC was performed using an Agilent SD-1 prepstar system equipped with Phenomenex Gemini 10 μm C18 column with dimension 200×50 mm. Melting points were recorded on a Fisher-Johns 12-144 melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. All X-ray diffraction data were collected and analyzed by the UCSD small molecule X-ray facility. The deactivated silica gel (35 wt. % H2O) was prepared by mixing silica gel and deionized water, followed by vigorous shaking until a fluffy powder was observed.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Redox-Active Esters (RAEs) (General Procedure A)

[0153] A round bottom flask was charged with the carboxylic acid (1.0 equiv), N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI, 1.0 equiv) or tetrachloro-N-hydroxyphthalimide (TCNHPI, 1.0 equiv) and DMAP (0.1 equiv). CH2Cl2 (0.2 M) was added, followed by N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC, 1.1 equiv), both at room temperature. The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature until all the acid was consumed (as indicated by TLC). The resulting mixture was quickly filtered and the solid residue was rinsed with more CH2Cl2. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash column chromatography to afford the corresponding redox-active esters, which were used without further purification unless otherwise noted.

Optimization Details

[0154] All reactions were screened based on 0.1 mmol scale. The optimization started with S1. TCNHPI esters were used in the initial screening since earlier conditions indicated better performance than NHPI esters (NHPI esters were used in the optimized conditions in the end.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 [00051] embedded image [00052] RAEs Yield* X = H 31% X = Cl 45% *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 [00053] embedded image [00054] Base Yield* w/o base 0 MeLi 58% (54%.sup.†) MeLi•LiBr 58% nBuLi 45% tBuLi 36% MeMgBr 11% MeMgBr (w/o MgBr.sub.2) 7% EtMgBr 10% EtOK 0 tBuOK 0 MeOLi 0 NaHMDS 0 KHMDS 0 LiHMDS 0 KF 0 CsF 0 *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 [00055] embedded image [00056] Additive (equiv.) Yield* w/o 4% Mg(OAc).sub.2 (1.5 equiv.) <1% Mg(acac).sub.2 (1.5 equiv.) <1% MgCl.sub.2 (1.5 equiv.) 13% MgSO.sub.4 (1.5 equiv.) <1% LiBr (3.0 equiv.) 34% ZnCl.sub.2 (1.5 equiv.) 14% MgBr.sub.2•OEt.sub.2 (0.2 equiv.) 23% MgBr.sub.2•OEt.sub.2 (0.6 equiv.) 53% MgBr.sub.2•OEt.sub.2 (1.0 equiv.) 64% MgBr.sub.2•OEt.sub.2 (1.5 equiv.) 67% (63%.sup.†) MgBr.sub.2•OEt.sub.2 (2.0 equiv.) 66% MgBr.sub.2•OEt.sub.2 (2.5 equiv.) 57% *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 [00057] embedded image [00058] Nickel source Yield* NiCl.sub.2•.sup.6H.sub.2O 67% (63%.sup.†) NiCl.sub.2•glyme 58% NiBr.sub.2•glyme 63% Nil.sub.2 14% Ni(acac).sub.2•2H.sub.2O 17% Ni(ClO.sub.4).sub.2 3% Ni(PCy).sub.3Cl.sub.2 4% w/o nickel 0 *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 [00059] embedded image [00060] Ligand Yield* L2 67% (63%†) L2 (20 mol %) 57% L1 51% L3 23% L4 26% L5 4% L6 0 L7 13% L8 11% L9 17% L10 0 L11 0 L12 1% L13 1% L14 0 L15 1% L16 1% w/o ligand 0 *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

##STR00061##

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 [00062] embedded image [00063] B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (equiv.), MeLi (equiv.) Yield* B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (2.2 equiv.), MeLi (2.0 equiv.) 51% B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (2.75 equiv.), MeLi (2.5 equiv.) 65% B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (3.3 equiv.), MeLi (3.0 equiv.) 67% (63%.sup.†) B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (3.85 equiv.), MeLi (3.5 equiv.) 60% B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (4.4 equiv.), MeLi (4.0 equiv.) 57% *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 [00064] embedded image [00065] Concentration Yield* 0.025M 44% 0.033M 58% 0.05M 67% 0.10M 67% (63%.sup.†) 0.15M 65% *yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

[0155] However, under the aforementioned optimized conditions for S1, decarboxylative borvlation of S2a proceeded in lower yield than the NHPI ester of S2.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 [00066] embedded image RAEs Yield* X = H 39% X = Cl 28% *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard.

[0156] In order to identify a more general set of conditions, further optimization efforts were undertaken on the NHPI ester S2.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 [00067] embedded image Nickel/ligand Yield* NiCl.sub.2•6H.sub.2O/L1 67% (65%.sup.†) NiCl.sub.2•6H.sub.2O/L2 28% NiCl.sub.2•6H.sub.2O/L3 32% NiCl.sub.2•6H.sub.2O/L4 55% NiCl.sub.2•glyme/L1 53% NiBr.sub.2•glyme/L1 64% Ni(OAc).sub.2•4H.sub.2O/L1 61% Ni(acac).sub.2/L1 46% Ni(ONO.sub.3).sub.2•6H.sub.2O/L1 58% *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 [00068] embedded image Solvent Yield* THF (0.4 mL) 54% DMF (0.4 mL) 44% THF/DMF (0.2/0.2 mL) 67% THF/DMF (0.4/0.2 mL) 67% (65%.sup.†) THF/DMF (0.6/0.2 mL) 67% THF/DMF (1.0/0.2 mL) 62% THF/DMF (1.4/0.2 mL) 57% dioxane/DMF (0.4/0.2 mL) 41% glyme/DMF (0.4/0.2 mL) 49% diglyme/DMF (0.4/0.2 mL) 43% Et.sub.2O/DMF (0.4/0.2 mL) 38% THF/DMA (0.4/0.2 mL) 39% THF/CH.sub.3CN (0.4/0.2 mL) 8% THF/HMPA (0.4/0.2 mL) 63% THF/DMPU (0.4/0.2 mL) 45% THF/DMSO (0.4/0.2 mL) 10% THF/NMP (0.4/0.2 mL) 45% *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

[0157] This optimized set of condition for the decarboxylative borylation of S2 (1° RAE) was more general, and was also suitable for 2 (2° RAE).

##STR00069##

[0158] Further screening indicated that employing THF as sole solvent gave the best yield for tertiary carboxylic acids (3° RAEs).

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 [00070] embedded image X Ligand Solvent Yield* H L2 THF (0.4 mL) 26% H L1 THF (0.4 mL) 74% (68%.sup.†) H L1 THF/DMF (0.4/0.2 mL) 66% H L5 THF (0.4 mL) 62% Cl L2 THE (0.4 mL) 70% Cl L1 THE (0.4 mL) 52% *Yields determined by GC-FID with dodecane as internal standard. .sup.†Isolated yield.

General Procedure for Ni-Catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters

Part I. Preparation of NiCl.SUB.2..6H.SUB.2.O/Ligand Stock Solution or Suspension

[0159] (1) Suspension A: NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy (L1) in THF (0.025 M).

[0160] A screw-capped culture tube charged with NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (23.8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine (L1, 28.1 mg, 0.13 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. THF (4.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (or until no granular NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O was observed) to afford a pale green suspension.

(2) Suspension B: NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy (L1) in DMF (0.05 M).

[0161] A screw-capped culture tube charged with NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (23.8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine (L1, 28.1 mg, 0.13 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. DMF (2.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight to afford a pale green suspension.

(3) Suspension C: NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy (L2) in THF (0.025 M).

[0162] A screw-capped culture tube charged with NiCl.sub.2.6H2O (23.8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (L2, 34.8 mg, 0.13 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. THF (4.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (or until no granular NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O was observed) to afford a pale green suspension.

(4) Solution D: NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy (L2) in DMF (0.05 M).

[0163] A screw-capped culture tube charged with NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (23.8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (L2, 34.8 mg, 0.13 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. DMF (2.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h to afford a green solution.

Note: All the solutions or suspensions kept under argon can be used for several days without appreciable deteriorations in reaction yields.
Part II. Preparation of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li Suspension

[0164] To a solution of B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (168 mg, 0.66 mmol) in THF (0.6 mL) was added MeLi (0.38 mL, 1.6 M in Et.sub.2O, 0.6 mmol) at 0° C. under argon. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h to afford a suspension (sometimes we also experienced to obtain this complex as a clear solution).

Note: The resulting mixture can be stored with stirring for several hours without appreciable deterioration.

Part III. Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction

General Procedure B

[0165] A screw-capped culture tube charged with the redox-active ester (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (77 mg, 0.3 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. THF (0.8 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred until no granular MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2was observed (ca. 10min) before suspension B (0.4 mL, NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (10 mol %)/di-MeObipy (13 mol %) in DMF), or solution D (0.4 mL, NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (10 mol %)/di-tBubipy (13 mol %) in DMF) was added via a syringe. The resulting mixture was stirred vigorously until no visible solid was observed on the bottom of the reaction vessel (ca. 10 min). This mixture was cooled to 0° C. before a suspension of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li in THF (3 eq, 1.1 mL) was added in one portion (note: do not add it dropwise!). After stirring for 1 h at 0° C., the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 1 h before quenched with 0.1 N HCl (10 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with Et.sub.2O or EtOAc (3 mL×2). The combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo, and the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography. For acid labile substrate, the reaction was alternatively quenched with saturated aqueous NH.sub.4Cl (10 mL).

General Procedure C

[0166] A screw-capped culture tube charged with the redox-active ester (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (77 mg, 0.3 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. Suspension A (0.8 mL, NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (10 mol %)/di-MeObipy (13 mol %) in THF) or C (0.8 mL, NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (10 mol %)/di-tBubipy (13 mol %) in THF) was added via a syringe. The mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature until no granular MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2was observed (ca.15 min). This suspension was cooled to 0° C. before a suspension of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li was added in one portion (note: do not add it dropwise!). After stirring for 1 h at 0° C., the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with Et.sub.2O (10 mL), filtered through a short pad of silica gel and celite (top layer: celite, bottom layer: silica gel, v/v celite:silica gel=1:1), washed with Et.sub.2O (50 mL). The filtrate was concentrated, and the crude product was purified by column chromatography.

[0167] For polar substrates, such as peptides, the reaction was quenched either with 0.1 N HCl (10 mL) or sat. aqueous NH.sub.4Cl (10 mL) followed by extraction with EtOAc (3 mL×2). The combined organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash column chromatography.

General Procedure for Gram-Scale Ni-Catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters (Borylation of Ibuprofen).

[0168] The gram-scale procedure was slightly modified from General Procedure C. A flame-dried round bottom fask charged with B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (2.57 g, 10.1 mmol, 3.3 equiv) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. THF (9.2 mL) was added, and the clear solution was cooled to 0° C. when MeLi (5.8 mL, 1.6 M in Et.sub.2O, 9.3 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was then warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h.

[0169] The NHPI redox-active ester of ibuprofen S18 (1.08 g, 3.07 mmol) and MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (powder, 792 mg, 3.07 mmol, 1.0 equiv) were sequentially added to another flame-dried round-bottom flask. This flask was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times and was cooled to 0° C. THF (12 mL) was added, the mixture was sonicated until no granular MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2was observed. A suspension of NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (73 mg, 0.31 mmol) and di-MeObipy (L2, 86 mg, 0.40 mmol) in THF (12 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was sonicated again until there was no visible solid on the bottom of the flask. The mixture was then cooled to 0° C. before a suspension of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li in THF was added in one portion. After stirring for 1 h at 0° C., the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 1 h.

[0170] The reaction mixture was then poured into Et.sub.2O (100 mL), and the flask was rinsed with additional Et.sub.2O (100 mL). The resulting mixture was filtered through a plug of silica gel and celite (top layer: celite, bottom layer: silica gel, v/v celite:silica gel=1:1), the solid residue was washed with Et.sub.2O (350 mL), and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O: hexanes) afforded product (709 mg, 80%) as a colorless oil.

General Procedure for Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Borylation of Alkyl Carboxylic Acids Via In Situ Generated RAEs (General Procedure D)

[0171] ##STR00071##

[0172] A screw-capped culture tube with a stir bar was charged with alkyl carboxylic acid (0.2 mmol), N-hydroxyphthalimide or tetrachloro-N-hydroxyphthalimide (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (77 mg, 0.3 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was added. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. Suspension A (0.8 mL, NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (10 mol %)/L1 (13 mol %) in THF) or suspension C (0.8 mL, NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (10 mol %)/L2 (13 mol %) was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 15 min (or until no granular MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2was observed) and was subsequently cooled to 0° C. before a suspension of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li in THF (1.1 mL) was added in one portion (note: do not add it dropwise!). After being stirred for 1 h, the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 1 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched with 0.1 N HCl (10 mL) and extracted with Et.sub.2O (5 mL×2). The combined organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography to give the desired product.

Examples of Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Borylation of Alkyl Carboxylic Acids Via In Situ Generated RAEs

[0173] This in situ procedure was demonstrated on six alkyl carboxylic acids following

General Procedure D.

[0174] ##STR00072##

General procedure D is less effective for primary carboxylic acids (typically ˜20% yield).
General Procedure for Ni-Catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters with 2.5 mol % Nickel
Part I. Preparation of NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/ligand Stock Solution or Suspension
(1) Suspension E: NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy (L1) in THF (6.25 mM).

[0175] A screw-capped culture tube charged with NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (23.8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine (L1, 28.1 mg, 0.13 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. THF (16.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (or until no granular NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O was observed) to afford a pale green suspension.

(2) Solution F: NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy (L1) in DMF (12.5 mM).

[0176] A screw-capped culture tube charged with NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (23.8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine (L1, 28.1 mg, 0.13 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. DMF (8.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight to afford a light green solution.

(3) Suspension G: NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy (L2) in THF (6.25 mM).

[0177] A screw-capped culture tube charged with NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (23.8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (L2, 34.8 mg, 0.13 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. THF (16.0 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (or until no granular NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O was observed) to afford a pale green suspension.

Note: All the solutions or suspensions kept under argon can be used for two weeks without appreciable deteriorations in reaction yields.

Part II. Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction

[0178] Borylation of redox-active esters with 2.5 mol % nickel loading followed General Procedure B/C with Suspension E/Solution F/Suspension G.

Examples of Ni-Catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters with 2.5 mol % Nickel

[0179] ##STR00073## ##STR00074##

Standard Reaction conditions: Redox active NHPI ester (1.0 equiv), NiCl.sub.2.6H2O (2.5 mol %), L1 (3.3 mol %), MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (1.5 equiv), B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (3.3 equiv), MeLi (3.0 equiv), THF/DMF (2.5: 1), 0° C.-RT, 2 h.

Copper-Catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters

[0180] In further embodiments of the invention, the copper-catalyzed borylation of alkyl carboxylic acids to yield alkyl boronic acids, is disclosed and claimed herein. This invention entails the conversion of carboxylate functionalities into the corresponding boronic derivatives via copper-catalyzed decarboxylative borylation of redox active esters. In various embodiments, this transformation enables late-stage modifications of pharmaceuticals or analogs thereof; it allows the expedient syntheses of boron-containing bioactive molecules, including FDA-approved drugs; it allows for the preparations of boron-containing building blocks which have been broadly used in the syntheses of pharmaceutical ingredients. Compared with other methods, it allows simple procedure and inexpensive reagents which can be readily adopted in process chemistry.

[0181] Cu(II) salts were screened for borylation catalytic activity comprising copper complexed with various ligands, including bipyridyl-type ligands of formula L (e.g., 4,4′-di-t-Bu-2,2′-bipyridyl, L2, see above), and 1,3-dicarbonyl-type ligands that form with a copper ion (Cu(I) or Cu(II)) a complex of formula M (e.g., acetonylacetonate, M1).

##STR00075##

[0182] Table 12, below, shows initial screening results using Cu salts (Cu(I) or Cu(II)) with various bases and ligands in carrying out the borylation reaction of the invention. As can be seen, use of phosphine ligands such as PPh.sub.3 and PCy.sub.3, even in combination with tBubipy (ligand L2) resulted in zero percent product or low yields, but Cu(I) salts with tBubipy with and without MgBr.sub.2 gave a better result.

[0183] Table 13 shows a study of results using varying loads of MgBr.sub.2, and various Cu salts. As can be seen, MgBr.sub.2 appears to inhibit the reaction; best results were obtained with tBubipy as ligand, no MgBr.sub.2, and CuCl, CuCl2, CuCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O, CuI, and Cu(OAc).sub.2 as copper sources; both Cu(I) and Cu(II) states were catalytically active in this system.

[0184] Table 14 shows the effect of solvent on the copper-catalyzed borylation reaction using lithium t-butoxide, Cu(OAc).sub.2 (i.e., a Cu(II) salt) in the presence of the tBubipy ligand L2. the most effective solvent mixtures seem to be DMF plus an ether, such as dioxane, THF, or glyme, diglyme or diethyl ether, although DMF mixtures with other solvents such as CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, EtOAc, or toluene, were also effective. Interestingly, pure DMF gave a lower yield.

[0185] Table 15 shows significant increases in yield obtained using LiOH and LiOtBu, even in the presence of MgBr.sub.2, with Cu(OAc).sub.2 as the copper source and tBubipy L2 as the ligand.

[0186] Table 16 shows the effect on yield of solvent using variants of the preferred dixoxane/DMF solvent system, with the Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy catalytic complex, in the presence of LiOH/MgBr.sub.2-Et.sub.2O. As a replacement for dioxane, other ethers and esters seem to be most effective. As a replacement for DMF, other dipolar aprotic solvents were effective, as were pyridine and acetone.

[0187] Table 17 shows the effect on yield of catalysts and copper sources using Cu(OAc).sub.2 as a copper source in the presence of LiOH and MgBr.sub.2-Et.sub.2O in dioxane-DMF solvent system. The effective ligands were much as seen before, the bipyridyl ligand L2 being more effective than phosphine type ligands, but interestingly it was noted that adding the 1,3-dicarbonyl ligand acetonylacetonate (acac) increased the yield when tBubipy L2 was the primary ligand for the copper complex.

[0188] Tables 18 and 19 show the effect on yield using various 1,3-dicarbonyl type ligands, M1-M7, as defined above, in the dioxane-DMF solvent system in the presence of LiOH and MgBr.sub.2.Et.sub.2O. Ligand M1, copper acetonylacetonate itself, along with other 1,3-dicarbonyl ligands M2-M7, were broadly effective, while when Cu(acac).sub.2 was the primary catalyst, the presence of other Cu salts did not bring about large changes in the yields obtained.

[0189] Table 20 shows the yields of the copper-catalyzed borylation reactions in the dioxane-DMF solvent system, in the presence of LiOH and in the absence of any bipyridyl ligand L2, with various Mg sources and LiOH loadings. It was found that MgCl.sub.2 could be substituted for the more expensive MgBr.sub.2 with no loss in yield, while LiOH loadings beyond about 15 equivalents did not produce a significant yield increase.

[0190] Table 21 shows a final optimization of the reaction using Cu(acac).sub.2 M1 in the presence of LiOH and MgCl.sub.2 in dioxane/DMF, with production cost estimate comparisons.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters; Ligand Screening [00076] embedded image [00077] Entry Result Conditions (tBuOLi (1.5 eq) as base) 1 CuTc/tBubipy (10/10 mol %), THF/NMP 0% 2 CuTc/tBubipy/PPh.sub.3 (10/10/10 mol %), THF/NMP 0% 3 CuTc/tBubipy/PCy.sub.3 (10/10/10 mol %), THF/NMP 0% tBuOLi (1.5 eq) as base 1 Cul/PPh.sub.3, THF 0% 2 Cul/PPh.sub.3, THF/DMF trace 3 Cul/PPh.sub.3, THF, w/MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O 0% 4 Cul/PPh.sub.3, THF/DMF, w/MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O 0% 5 Cul/tBubipy, THF 14% 6 Cul/tBubipy, THF/DMF 4% 7 Cul/tBubipy, THF, w/MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O 21% 8 Cul/tBubipy, THF/DMF, w/MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O 17%

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters; Effect of MrBr.sub.2 Loading and Cu Salt [00078] embedded image [00079] Entry Result Conditions (w/Cul/tBubipy) 1 MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O, 0 eq 14% 2 MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O, 0.2 eq 6% 3 MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O, 0.5 eq 3% 4 MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O, 1.0 eq 0% 5 MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O, 1.5 eq 0% tBubipy as ligand, no MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O 1 CuCl 12% 2 CuBr 9% 3 CuCN trace 4 Cu(MeCN).sub.4PF.sub.6 8% 5 CuCl.sub.2 11% 6 CuCl.sub.2•2H.sub.2O 19% 7 CuBr.sub.2 9% 8 CuF.sub.2 0% 9 CuSO.sub.4•5H.sub.2O trace 10 Cu(OAc).sub.2 19% 11 Cul (10 mol %), tBubipy (15 mol %) 16% 12 Cul (10 mol %), tBubipy (20 mol %) 19%

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters [00080] embedded image [00081] Entry Result Conditions (Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy (10/10 mol %)) 1 THF only 11% 2 THF/DMA 4/1 10% 3 THF/NMP 4/1 11% 4 THF/NMP 9/1 18% 5 THF/CH.sub.3CN 4/1 11% 6 dioxane/DMF 4/1 24% 7 glyme/DMF 4/1 20% 8 DMF only 5% Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy (10/20 mol %) 1 THF/DMF 4/1 22% 2 dioxane/DMF 9/1 25% 3 ether/DMF 9/1 19% 4 glyme/DMF 9/1 21% 5 diglyme/DMF 9/1 17% 6 hexane/DMF 9/1 9% 7 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/DMF 9/1 17% 8 toluene/DMF 9/1 23% 9 EtOAc/DMF 9/1 25%

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters; LiOH vs. LiOtBu, Second Ligand Effect [00082] embedded image [00083] Entry Result Conditions (Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy (10/10 mol %)) 1 tBuOLi (4 eq, batch 1), MgBr2∞Et.sub.2O (0.8 eq) 40% 2 LiOH (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0 eq) 27% 3 LiOH (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0.2 eq) 47% 4 LiOH (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0.5 eq) 26% 5 LiOH (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0.8 eq) 25% 6 LiOH∞H.sub.2O (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0 eq) 27% 7 LiOH∞H.sub.2O (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0.1 eq) 43% 8 LiOH∞H.sub.2O (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0.2 eq) 48% 9 LiOH∞H.sub.2O (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0.3 eq) 39% LiOH∞H.sub.2O (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2∞Et.sub.2O (0.2 eq) 1 Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy/PPh.sub.3 (10/10/10 mol %) 35% 2 Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy/PCy.sub.3 (10/10/10 mol %) 35% 3 Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy/PCy.sub.3∞HBF.sub.4 (10/10/10 mol %) 34% 4 Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy/dppe (10/10/10 mol %) 19% 5 Cu(OAc).sub.2/dppe (10/10 mol %) 34% 6 Cu(OAc).sub.2/dppe (10/15 mol %) 16% 7 Cu(OAc).sub.2/dppe (10/20 mol %) trace

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters; Solvent Effect [00084] embedded image [00085] Entry Sol A/DMF (6/1) Result Entry Dioxane/sol B (6/1) Result 1 THF 23% 1 DMA 32% 2 Et.sub.2O 26% 2 NMP 22% 3 glyme 12% 3 HMPA 6% 4 TBME 35% 4 DMSO 24% 5 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 23% 5 CH.sub.3CN 27% 6 toluene 18% 6 DMPU 10% 7 EtOAc 26% 7 pyridine 29% 8 acetone 6% 8 TMEDA 9% 9 DMF 9% 9 acetone 31% 10 CH.sub.3CN 5% 10 Et.sub.3N 7% 11 DMSO 11%

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters; Catalysts and Copper Sources [00086] embedded image [00087] Entry Result Cu(OAc).sub.2/ligand (10/10 mol %) 1 tBubipy 42% 2 PPh.sub.3 36% 3 PCy.sub.3 22% 4 PnBu.sub.3 10% 5 P(Nap).sub.3 29% 6 SPhos 23% 7 dppe 45% 8 dppp 9% 9 dppb trace 10 dppbz trace 11 dppf 0% 12 BINAP 9% 13 Xantphos 10% 14 IMes•HCl 20% 15 IPr•HCl 0% 16 IAd•HCl 8% 17 bathocuproine 29% Copper/tBubipy (10/10 mol %) 1 CuOAc 3% 2 Cul 35% 3 CuCl 39% 4 CuCl.sub.2•2H.sub.2O 36% 5 Cu(TFA).sub.2 29% 6 Cu(OTf).sub.2 40% 7 Cu(ClO.sub.4).sub.2•6H.sub.2O 40% 8 Cu(acac).sub.2 41% Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy (10/10 mol %) 1 additive K.sub.2CO.sub.3 28% 2 EtOH 13% 3 TBAB 22% 4 TBAF 8% 5 pyridine (2 eq) 26% 6 DMAP 12% 7 4-CN pyridine 14% 8 FeBr.sub.2 19% 9 NiBr•3H.sub.2O <5% 10 MnBr.sub.2•4H.sub.2O 27%

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters; 1,3-dicarbonyl ligands [00088] embedded image [00089] Entry Result Conditions (LiOH•H.sub.2O (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O (0.2 eq)) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %) R.sub.1A = R.sub.2A = tBu (10 mol %) R.sub.1A = R.sub.2A = tPr (10 mol %) R.sub.1A = R.sub.2A = Ph (10 mol %) R.sub.1A, R.sub.2A = tBu, Me (10 mol %) R.sub.1A = R.sub.2A = CF.sub.3 (10 mol %) R.sub.1A, R.sub.2A = tBu, CF.sub.3 (10 mol %) [00090] embedded image 47% 45% 35% 45% 48% 31% 30% LiOH•H.sub.2O (10 eq), MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O (0.8 eq) 1 Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy (10/10 mol %) 62% 2 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %) 51% 3 Cu(acac).sub.2 (20 mol %) 62% 4 Cu(acac).sub.2 (30 mol %) 63% 5 Cu(acac).sub.2 (20 mol %), additive H.sub.2O (50 uL, 28 eq) 59% 6 Cu(acac).sub.2 (20 mol %), additive tBuOLi (2 eq) 60% 7 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %), Cul (10 mol %) 66% 8 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %), CuCl (10 mol %) 59% 9 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %), Cu(OAc).sub.2 (10 mol %) 50% 10 Cu(acac).sub.2/Cu(ClO.sub.4).sub.2•6H.sub.2O (10/10/10 mol %) 48% 11 Cu(acac).sub.2/CuCl/tBubipy (10/10/10 mol %) 59% 12 Cu(acac).sub.2/Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy (10/10/10 mol %) 59% tBubipy compound L2; acac = acetylacetonate

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters [00091] embedded image [00092] Entry Result Conditions (LiOH•H.sub.2O (4 eq), MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O (0.2 eq)) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %) R.sub.1A = R.sub.2A = tBu (10 mol %) R.sub.1A = R.sub.2A = tPr (10 mol %) R.sub.1A = R.sub.2A = Ph (10 mol %) R.sub.1A, R.sub.2A = tBu, Me (10 mol %) R.sub.1A = R.sub.2A = CF.sub.3 (10 mol %) R.sub.1A, R.sub.2A = tBu, CF.sub.3 (10 mol %) [00093] embedded image 47% 45% 35% 45% 48% 31% 30% LiOH•H.sub.2O (10 eq), MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O (0.8 eq) 1 Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy (10/10 mol %) 62% 2 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %) 51% 3 Cu(acac).sub.2 (20 mol %) 62% 4 Cu(acac).sub.2 (30 mol %) 63% 5 Cu(acac).sub.2 (20 mol %), additive H.sub.2O (50 uL, 28 eq) 59% 6 Cu(acac).sub.2 (20 mol %), additive tBuOLi (2 eq) 60% 7 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %), Cul (10 mol %) 66% 8 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %), CuCl (10 mol %) 59% 9 Cu(acac).sub.2 (10 mol %), Cu(OAc).sub.2 (10 mol %) 50% 10 Cu(acac).sub.2/Cu(ClO.sub.4).sub.2•6H.sub.2O (10/10/10 mol %) 48% 11 Cu(acac).sub.2/CuCl/tBubipy (10/10/10 mol %) 59% 12 Cu(acac).sub.2/Cu(OAc).sub.2/tBubipy (10/10/10 mol %) 59%

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Redox-Active Esters; Mg source and LiOH Loading [00094] embedded image [00095] Entry Result Conditions (LiOH•H.sub.2O (10 eq), Cu(acac).sub.2 (20 mol %)) 1 MgCl.sub.2 61% 2 Mg(Otf).sub.2 19% 3 Mg(ClO.sub.4).sub.2 12% 4 MgO trace 5 Mg(OAc).sub.2•4H.sub.2O 24% Cu(acac).sub.2 (20 mol %), MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O (0.8 eq) 1 15 eq LiOH•H.sub.2O (63 mg) 69% 2 20 eq LiOH•H.sub.2O (84 mg) 69% 3 30 eq LiOH•H.sub.2O (126 mg) 67% [00096] embedded image [00097] Entry Conditions Result 1 10 eq LiOH•H.sub.2O (42 mg) 55% 2 15 eq LiOH•H.sub.2O (63 mg) 61%

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Reaction Condition Optimization and Cost Estimate Comparison, Cu-catalyzed versus Ni-catalyzed Borylation [00098] embedded image [00099] Entry Final conditions w/MgCl.sub.2 Result 1 MgCl.sub.2 (0.8 eq) 59% 2 MgCl.sub.2 (1.5 eq) 61% 3 MgCl.sub.2 (1.5 eq), dioxane/DMF 4/1 64% 4 MgCl.sub.2 (1.5 eq), dioxane/DMF 4/1, PPh.sub.3 (20 mol %) 59% B.sub.2Pin.sub.2 LiOH•H.sub.2O Cu(acac).sub.2 Mg source Total Cost (/mol) $137 $66 $13 $280 (MgBr.sub.2•Et.sub.2O) $496 $8 (MgCl.sub.2) $224 [00100] embedded image [00101] 52%, Scripps (Ni) 48%, Scripps (Ni) 41%, Aggarwal unknown, Aggarwal 69%, Scripps (Cu) 64%, Scripps (Cu) 55% isolated on gram scale (3.5 mmol) 60% isolated on gram scale (2.5 mmol)

Copper-Catalyzed Borylation Procedure: Optimized

[0191] ##STR00102##

[0192] Procedure: To a 15 mL culture tube equipped with a stir bar were added redox-active ester (0.2 mmol), B.sub.2Pin.sub.2 (76 mg, 1.5 eq), LiOH.H.sub.2O (126 mg, 15 eq), Cu(acac).sub.2 (10.4 mg, 20 mol %) and MgCl.sub.2 (28.5 mg, 1.5 eq). The tube was evacuated and backfilled with argon for 3 times. Degassed dioxane/DMF (from Acros extra-dry bottles, 4/1, 1.4 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred under 1000 rpm at RT for 30 min before diluted with EtOAc (7 mL) and washed with saturated NH.sub.4Cl (7 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, evaporated and purified by silica gel chromatography to give the desired product.

[0193] Gram scale procedure: To a 50 mL flask equipped with a stir bar were added redox-active ester (1.2 g, 2.5 mmol), B.sub.2Pin.sub.2 (953 mg, 1.5 eq), LiOH.H.sub.2O (1.58 g, 15 eq), Cu(acac).sub.2 (130 mg, 20 mol %) and MgCl.sub.2 (356 mg, 1.5 eq). The flask was evacuated and backfilled with argon for 3 times. The solid in the flask was stirred for 2 min before degassed dioxane/DMF (from Acros extra-dry bottles, 4/1, 17.5 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred under 1000 rpm at RT for 30 min before diluted with Et.sub.2O (50 mL) and washed with saturated NH.sub.4Cl (30 mL) and brine (30 mL) successively. The organic phase was collected, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, evaporated and purified by silica gel chromatography to afford the borylation product (625 mg, 60%).

##STR00103##

[0194] For the adipic acid substrate, shown above, 69% GC yield was obtained on 0.2 mmol scale while 55% isolated yield on 3.5 mmol scale. The graphic, below, shows additional substrates and yields obtained in this reaction system.

##STR00104##

Arylomycin Sidechain Analog Boronic Acid

[0195] Experimental: The starting carboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.044 mmol) and N-hydroxyphalmide (6.0 mg, 0.047 mmol, 1.1 eq) was placed in an oven dried culture tube fixed with a stirbar. This was evacuated and backfilled with argon 3 times. To this was added DCM (0.5 mL) via syringe, creating a suspension. While stirring, N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (9.54, 7.7 mg, 0.047 mmol, 1.1 eq.) was added via syringe. After consumption of starting material as monitored by TLC (˜1 h), the solvent was blown off under a stream of nitrogen, and placed on high vacuum for 2 hours. After this, Cu(acac).sub.2 (11.5 mg, 0.044 mmol, 1.0 eq.), B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (83.8 mg, 0.33 mmol, 7.5 eq.), LiOH.H.sub.2O (55.4 mg, 1.32 mmol, 30 eq.), and MgCl.sub.2 (31.4 mg, 0.33 mmol, 7.5 eq.) were quickly added to the tube and resealed. It was evacuated and backfilled with argon 3 times. A 6:1 mixture of dioxane/DMF (0.5 mL) was added to the reaction tube. The resulting mixture was then stirred vigorously for 45 mintues at room temperature. It was then quenched with 2 mL of saturated aqueous NH.sub.4Cl. This was extracted three times with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were rinsed with brine and dried over MgSO.sub.4. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by a swift flash chromatography column (SiO.sub.2-3% DCM in MeOH) to provide 31.2 mg semi-pure product as an off-white solid (˜50% yield). This material was dissolved in 0.4 mL of dioxane. To this was added 3 mL of 3M HCl (aq.). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The resulting residue was dissolved in 3 mL of 1:1 MeCN/H.sub.2O and purified by preparatory HPLC (C.sub.18; gradient of H.sub.2O to MeCN each containing 0.1% formic acid) providing 2.1 mg.

Copper-Catalyzed Borylation Examples

[0196] ##STR00105##

Experimental Procedures and Characterization Data for Redox-Active Esters

[0197] ##STR00106##

[0198] 1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-methyl-4-phenylbutanoate (2)

[0199] On 8.75 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 2-methyl-4-phenylbutanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished 2 (2.31 g, 82%).

[0200] Physical State: Colorless Oil;

[0201] R.sub.f=0.60 (silica gel, 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0202] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.92-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.81-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.20 (m, 1H), 2.90-2.74 (m, 3H), 2.20-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.96-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.40 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0203] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.7, 162.2, 141.3, 134.9, 129.2, 128.7, 128.6, 126.2, 124.1, 36.7, 35.7, 33.1, 17.2 ppm;

[0204] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.19H.sub.18NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 324.1230; found 324.1230.

##STR00107##

4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-methyl-4-phenylbutanoate (S1)

[0205] On 13 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 2-methyl-4-phenylbutanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:10 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished a yellow product. This compound was then recrystallized from CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/MeOH to yield S1 (4.12 g, 69%).

[0206] Physical state: white solid;

[0207] m.p.=80-81° C.;

[0208] R.sub.f=0.63 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0209] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.32-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.19 (m, 3H), 2.89-2.72 (m, 3H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 1 H), 1.95-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0210] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.3, 157.8, 141.1, 141.0, 130.6, 128.6, 126.3, 124.9, 36.6, 35.5, 33.1, 17.3 ppm;

[0211] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.19H.sub.14Cl.sub.4NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 459.9671; found 459.9659.

##STR00108##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 3-(2-bromophenyl)propanoate (S3)

[0212] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 3-(2-bromophenyl) propanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S3 (1.63 g, 87%).

[0213] Physical state: white solid;

[0214] m.p.=158-160° C.;

[0215] R.sub.f=0.36 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0216] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.90-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.56 (dd, J=1.2 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=7.8 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dt, J=7.8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dt, J=7.8 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) ppm;

[0217] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 168.8, 162.0, 138.5, 134.9, 133.1, 130.1, 129.0, 128.7, 127.9, 124.4, 124.1, 31.2, 31.0 ppm;

[0218] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.17H.sub.13BrNO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 374.0022; found 374.0022.

##STR00109##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 6-bromohexanoate (S4)

[0219] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 6-bromohexanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:10 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S4 (1.52 g, 89%).

[0220] Physical state: white solid;

[0221] m.p.=60-62° C.;

[0222] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0223] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.89-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.77 (m, 2H), 3.42 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.94-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.57 (m, 2H) ppm;

[0224] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 169.4, 162.0, 134.9, 129.0, 124.1, 33.3, 32.3, 30.9, 27.5, 24.0 ppm;

[0225] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.14H.sub.15BrNO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 340.0179; found 340.0178.

##STR00110##

1-(tert-butyl) 5-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl) (((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)-L glutamate (S5)

[0226] On 3.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with Fmoc-Glu-O.sup.tBu. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S5 (1.53 g, 89%).

[0227] Physical state: white foam;

[0228] R.sub.f=0.49 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0229] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.90-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.76 (m, 4H), 7.67-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.31 (dt, J=7.2 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 5.52 (br d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (dd, J=10.8 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.36 (m, 2H), 4.23 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.82-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H) ppm;

[0230] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 170.6, 169.1, 162.0, 156.2, 143.9, 141.5, 134.9, 129.0, 127.9, 127.2, 125.4, 125.2, 124.2, 120.1, 83.1, 67.2, 53.7, 47.4, 28.1, 28.0, 27.6 ppm;

[0231] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.32H.sub.30N.sub.2NaO.sub.8 [M+Na].sup.+ 593.1894; found 593.1895; [α].sub.D.sup.20=+5.4 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00111##

4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-(4-bromophenyl)acetate (S6)

[0232] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 2-(4-bromophenyl)acetic acid. After completion of the reaction, reaction mixture was fitered through a short pad of silica gel and washed with EtOAc/hexanes (1:8). The filtrate was concentrated, and S6 was obtained after recrystallization with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/MeOH (1.52 g, 61%).

[0233] Physical state: pale yellow solid;

[0234] m.p.=212-213° C.;

[0235] R.sub.f=0.57 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0236] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): δ 7.61-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.35 (m, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H) ppm;

[0237] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): δ 167.7, 157.5, 139.3, 131.7, 131.6, 131.6, 129.0, 125.2, 120.9, 35.8 ppm;

[0238] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.16H.sub.7BrCl.sub.4NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 495.8307; found 495.8323.

##STR00112##

4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoate (S7)

[0239] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:10 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished a yellow product which was recrystallized from CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/MeOH to yield S7 (1.45 g, 65%).

[0240] Physical state: pale yellow solid;

[0241] m.p.=127-128° C.

[0242] R.sub.f=0.63 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0243] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.35-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.23 (m, 3H), 3.25 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.14-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.82 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0244] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 171.9, 157.7, 141.2, 137.8, 130.6, 129.2, 128.8, 127.0, 124.9, 39.3, 39.0,16.6 ppm;

[0245] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.12Cl.sub.4NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 445.9515; found 445.9516.

##STR00113##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl2-phenylpropanoate (S8)

[0246] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 2-phenylpropanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:10 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S8 (1.19 g, 81%).

[0247] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0248] R.sub.f=0.21 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0249] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.87-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 4.13 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) pm;

[0250] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 170.9, 162.0, 138.5, 134.9, 129.1, 129.1, 127.9, 127.7, 124.1, 43.1, 19.1 ppm;

[0251] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.17H.sub.14NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 296.0917; found 296.0920.

##STR00114##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2,2-diphenylacetate (S9)

[0252] On 1.5 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with diphenylacetic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S9 (0.46 g, 86%). Physical state: white solid;

[0253] m.p.=135-137° C.;

[0254] R.sub.f=0.33 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes)

[0255] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.89-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.37 (m, 8H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 2H), 5.42 (s, 1H) ppm;

[0256] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 169.2, 162.0, 136.9, 134.9, 129.1, 129.0, 128.9, 128.0, 124.1, 54.2 ppm;

[0257] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.22H.sub.16NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 358.1074; found 358.1078.

##STR00115##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate (S10)

[0258] On 3.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (mixture of endo and exo). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:19 to 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S10 (0.75 g, 88%) as mixture of exo/endo isomers.

[0259] Physical state: white solid;

[0260] R.sub.f=0.41 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0261] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.90-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.77 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.11 (m, 0.82H), 2.81 (br s, 0.82H), 2.77 (br d, J=4.2 Hz, 0.18 H), 2.70 (dd, J=9.6 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 0.18H), 2.38 (br t, J=4.2 Hz, 0.18 H), 2.35-2.33 (br, m, 0.82H), 2.00-1.96 (m, 0.18H), 1.86-1.81 (m, 0.82H), 1.74-1.70 (m, 0.82H), 1.63-1.67 (m, 3.28H), 1.51-1.44 (m, 1.64H), 1.38-1.25 (m, 1.26H) ppm;

[0262] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ171.5, 162.3, 134.8, 129.2, 124.0, 43.4, 41.0, 40.5, 37.0, 32.7, 29.0, 24.9 ppm (major isomer); 172.3, 162.3, 134.8, 129.2, 124.0, 43.7, 41.7, 36.7, 36.2, 34.6, 29.5, 28.6 ppm (minor isomer).

[0263] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.16H.sub.16NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 286.1074; found 286.1071.

##STR00116##

4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl trans-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate (S11)

[0264] On 3.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with trans-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Upon complete consumption of starting material (TLC), the reaction mixture was filtered through celite, washed with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (100 mL), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by crystallization (CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/MeOH) to furnish S11 (949 mg, 71%).

[0265] Physical state: pale yellow needle;

[0266] m.p.=203-205° C.;

[0267] R.sub.f=0.48 ((silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0268] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.34-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.25 (m, 1 H), 7.18-7.16 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.77 (m, 1 H), 2.22-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.84 (dt, J=10.2 Hz, 5.4 Hz, 1 H), 1.69-1.66 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0269] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 169.4, 157.7, 141.2, 138.3, 130.6, 128.8, 127.4, 126.5, 124.8, 28.8, 21.0, 18.6 ppm;

[0270] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.10Cl.sub.4NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 443.9358; found 443.9356.

##STR00117##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanoate (S12)

[0271] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 2, 2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:10 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S12 (1.36 g, 84%).

[0272] Physical state: white solid;

[0273] m.p.=70-72° C.;

[0274] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0275] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.92-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.81-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.29-7.26 (m, 1H), 3.10 (s, 2H), 1.40 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0276] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 173.7, 162.2, 136.5, 134.8, 130.6, 129.1, 128.3, 127.0, 124.0, 45.8, 43.3, 25.0 ppm;

[0277] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.19H.sub.18NO.sub.4[M+H].sup.+ 324.1230; found 324.1232.

##STR00118##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (S13)

[0278] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with 2-phenylpropanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S13 (1.64 g, 81%).

[0279] Physical state: white solid;

[0280] m.p.=108-109° C.;

[0281] R.sub.f=0.39 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0282] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.87-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 2.64 (br d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 1.89-1.73 (m, 7H), 1.37-1.30 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0283] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 171.8, 162.2, 142.3, 134.8, 129.2, 128.9, 127.7, 126.1, 124.0, 51.3, 35.5, 25.6, 23.6 ppm;

[0284] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.21H.sub.20NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 350.1387; found 350.1387.

##STR00119##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl2-methyl-2-phenylpropanoate (S14)

[0285] On 5.0 mmol scale, general procedure A was followed with 2-methyl-2-phenylpropanoic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:8 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S14 (1.32 g, 85%).

[0286] Physical state: white solid;

[0287] m.p.=73-74° C.;

[0288] R.sub.f=0.36 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0289] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 1.79 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0290] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 173.4, 162.1, 142.7, 134.8, 129.1, 128.8, 127.5, 125.9, 124.0 46.5, 27.0 ppm;

[0291] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.16NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 310.1074; found 310.1082.

##STR00120##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-(1-(((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)methyl)cyclohexyl)acetate (S15)

[0292] On 0.44 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with Boc protected gabapentin. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:5 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S15 (165 mg, 85%).

[0293] Physical state: white solid;

[0294] m.p.=76-79° C.;

[0295] R.sub.f=0.32 (silica gel, 1:5 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0296] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.90-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.82-7.77 (m, 2H), 4.95 (br t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 1.65-1.43 (m, 10H), 1.44 (s, 9H) ppm;

[0297] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 168.3, 162.1, 156.6, 135.0, 129.0, 124.2, 79.3, 46.9, 39.1, 37.8, 33.9, 28.5, 26.0, 21.6 ppm;

[0298] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.22H.sub.29N.sub.2O.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+ 417.2020; found 417.2022.

##STR00121##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoate (S16)

[0299] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with ibuprofen. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S16 (1.48 g, 84%).

[0300] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0301] R.sub.f=0.42 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0302] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.87-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.31 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.91-1.84 (m, 1 H), 1.67 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H) ppm;

[0303] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 171.1, 162.0, 141.4, 135.7, 134.8, 129.8, 129.1, 127.4, 124.0, 45.2, 42.7, 30.3, 22.5, 19.2 ppm;

[0304] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.21H.sub.22NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 352.1543; found 352.1544.

##STR00122##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoate (S17)

[0305] On 1.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with gemfibrozil. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:25 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S17 (0.33 g, 84%).

[0306] Physical state: white solid;

[0307] m.p.=65-67° C.;

[0308] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes)

[0309] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.90-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 4.02 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.95-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.46 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0310] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 173.9, 162.2, 157.1, 136.6, 134.8, 130.4, 129.2, 124.0, 123.8, 120.8, 112.1, 67.9, 42.1, 37.5, 31.7, 25.3, 25.1, 21.5, 15.9 ppm;

[0311] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.23H.sub.26NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 396.1805; found 396.1803.

##STR00123##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoate (S18)

[0312] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with naproxen. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:7 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S18 (1.65 g, 88%). Physical state: white solid;

[0313] m.p.=110-111° C.;

[0314] R.sub.f=0.53 (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0315] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.86 (br s, 2H), 7.80-7.75 (m, 5H), 7.49 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 1.75 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0316] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 171.1, 162.0, 158.0, 134.9, 134.1, 133.6, 129.6, 129.1, 127.7, 126.5, 126.0, 124.1, 119.3, 105.8, 55.5, 43.1, 19.2 ppm;

[0317] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.22H.sub.18NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 376.1179; found 376.1183.

##STR00124##

bis(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)nonanedioate (S19)

[0318] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with azelaic acid (5.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv), NHPI (10 mmol, 2.0 equiv), DIC (11 mmol, 2.2 equiv) and DMAP (1 mmol, 0.2 equiv). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:10 EtOAc:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) furnished S19 (1.52 g, 64%).

[0319] Physical state: white solid;

[0320] m.p.=103-105° C.;

[0321] R.sub.f=0.55 (silica gel, 1:1 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0322] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.90-7.87 (m, 4H), 7.81-7.78 (m, 4H), 2.69 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 4H), 1.85-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.48 (m, 4H), 1.45-1.42 (m, 2H) ppm;

[0323] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 169.1, 161.5, 134.3, 128.5, 123.5, 30.5, 28.1, 28.0, 24.1 ppm;

[0324] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.25H.sub.23N.sub.2O.sub.8 [M+H].sup.+ 479.1449; found 479.1451.

##STR00125##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 4-(4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)butanoate (S20)

[0325] On 1.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with chlorambucil. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S20 (431 mg, 96%).

[0326] Physical state: yellow oil;

[0327] R.sub.f=0.23 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0328] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.91-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.81-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (AB t, J=6.7 Hz, 4H), 3.63 (BA t, J=6.7 Hz, 4H), 2.67 (dt, J=7.5 Hz, 16 Hz, 4H), 2.09-2.02 (m, 2H) ppm;

[0329] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 169.6, 162.1, 144.7, 134.9, 130.0, 129.1, 124.1, 112.4, 53.8, 40.7, 33.6, 30.3, 26.6 ppm;

[0330] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.22H.sub.23Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 449.1029; found 449.1009.

##STR00126##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoate (S21)

[0331] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with ketoprofen. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S21 (1.91 g, 96%).

[0332] Physical state: white solid;

[0333] m.p.=118-120° C.;

[0334] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0335] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.88-7.84 (m, 5H), 7.80-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.67 (dt, J=8.4 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.48 (m, 3H), 4.20 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.71 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0336] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 196.4, 170.6, 161.9, 138.7, 138.4, 137.5, 134.9, 132.7, 131.7, 130.3, 129.8, 129.5, 129.1, 129.1, 128.5, 124.1, 43.0, 19.0 ppm;

[0337] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.24H.sub.18NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 400.1179; found 400.1181.

##STR00127##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propanoate (S22)

[0338] On 5.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with fenoprofen. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:8 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S22 (1.83 g, 94%).

[0339] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0340] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes)

[0341] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.89-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.16 (dt, J=7.8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.09 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.95 (ddd, J=7.8 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H). 1.67 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0342] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 170.6, 161.9, 157.8, 157.1, 140.3, 134.9, 130.3, 129.9, 129.1, 124.1, 123.5, 122.5, 119.2, 118.4, 118.2, 42.9, 19.0 ppm;

[0343] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.23H.sub.18NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 388.1179; found 388.1178.

##STR00128##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl 2-((4R,6R)-6-(2-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)acetate (S23)

[0344] On 0.5 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with ketal ester of atorvastatin. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S23 (0.35 g, 95%).

[0345] Physical state: yellow foam;

[0346] R.sub.f=0.35 (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0347] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.90-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.81-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.15 (m, 9H), 7.08 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.02-6.97 (m, 3H), 6.88 (br s, 1H), 4.33-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.56 (m, 1H), 2.85 (dd, J=15.6 Hz, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (dd, J=15.0 Hz, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.53 (m, 7H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.18 (dd, J=12.0 Hz, 5.4 Hz, 1H) ppm;

[0348] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 166.9, 164.9, 162.4 (d, J=247.8 Hz), 161.9, 141.6, 138.5, 134.9, 134.8, 133.3 (d, J=8.0 Hz), 130.6, 129.0, 128.9, 128.8, 128.4, 128.3 (d, J=3.6 Hz), 126.7, 124.1, 123.6, 121.9, 119.7, 115.5 (d, J=21.3 Hz), 99.2, 66.4, 65.6, 40.9, 38.4, 38.1, 35.8, 29.9, 26.2, 21.9, 21.7, 19.7 ppm;

[0349] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ −113.91 ppm;

[0350] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.44H.sub.43FN.sub.3O.sub.7 [M+H].sup.+ 744.3080; found 744.3061.

[0351] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+25.1 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00129##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl (2S,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aS,12bR,14bR)-10-acetoxy-2,4a,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-13-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a, 12b,13,14b-icosahydropicene-2-carboxylate (S24)

[0352] On 1.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with acetyl enoxolone. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:5 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded S24 (0.49 g, 75%).

[0353] Physical State: white solid;

[0354] m.p.=264° C.;

[0355] R.sub.f=0.57 (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0356] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.89-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.77 (m, 2H), 5.76 (s, 1 H), 4.51 (dd, J=11.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (dt, J=13.7, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.45 (ddd, J=13.7, 4.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (s, 1H), 2.15-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.86 (td, J=13.7, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.79 (t, J=13.7 Hz, 1H), 1.74-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.40 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.20 (ddd, J=13.8, 4.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 1.10-1.01 (m, 3H), 0.90 (s, 3H), 0.87 (s, 6H), 0.80 (dd, J=11.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H) ppm;

[0357] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 200.0, 172.7, 171.1, 168.5, 162.2, 134.8, 129.2, 129.0, 124.0, 80.8, 61.9, 55.2, 47.9, 45.5, 44.0, 43.3, 41.3, 38.9, 38.2, 37.4, 37.1, 32.9, 32.0, 31.6, 28.5, 28.2, 28.1, 26.6, 26.6, 23.7, 23.4, 21.5, 18.8, 17.5, 16.8, 16.6 ppm;

[0358] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.40H.sub.52NO.sub.7 [M+H].sup.+ 658.3738; found 658.3736;

[0359] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+191.0 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00130##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl (E)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoate (S25)

[0360] On 1.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with mycophenolic acid. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S25 (0.36 g, 78%).

[0361] Physical state: white solid;

[0362] m.p.=126-128° C.;

[0363] R.sub.f=0.40 (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0364] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1 H), 5.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.42 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.76 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.45 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.85 (s, 3H) ppm;

[0365] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 173.0, 169.3, 163.8, 162.0, 153.8, 144.2, 134.9, 133.1, 129.0, 124.1, 123.9, 122.0, 116.8, 106.5, 70.2, 61.2, 34.1, 29.9, 22.8, 16.2, 11.7 ppm;

[0366] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.25H.sub.24NO.sub.8 [M+H].sup.+ 466.1496; found 466.1499.

[0367] The preparation and spectral data of the following RAEs have been reported..sup.i 22-26

##STR00131## ##STR00132##

[0368] Experimental Procedure and Characterization Data for Borylation Products

##STR00133##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3)

[0369] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (2) and suspension B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:35 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 3 (32.7 mg, 63%).

[0370] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0371] R.sub.f=0.49 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0372] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.28-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.14 (m, 3H), 2.66-2.58 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.62-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.25 (s, 12H), 1.10-1.05 (m, 1H), 1.02 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0373] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 143.2, 128.6, 128.3, 125.6, 83.0, 35.5, 35.4, 25.0, 24.9, 15.7 ppm;

[0374] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature..sup.2

##STR00134##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-phenylbutyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4)

[0375] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S2) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O: hexanes) afforded 4 (34.0 mg, 65%).

[0376] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0377] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc: Hexane);

[0378] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.28-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.15 (m, 3H), 2.61 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.24 (s, 12H), 0.82 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H) ppm;

[0379] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 143.1, 128.5, 128.3, 125.6, 83.0, 35.9, 34.3, 25.0, 23.9 ppm; Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature. .sup.3

##STR00135##

Methyl 5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pentanoate (5)

[0380] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S26) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:100 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:hexanes) afforded 5 (25.2 mg, 52%).

[0381] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0382] R.sub.f=0.55 (silica gel, 1:6 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0383] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 3.64 (s, 3H), 2.29 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.64-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.23 (s, 12H), 0.78 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H) ppm;

[0384] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 174.4, 83.1, 51.6, 34.1, 27.7, 25.0, 23.8 ppm; HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.12H.sub.24BO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 243.1762; found 243.1765.

##STR00136##

2-(2-bromophenethyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (6)

[0385] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S3) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 6 (34.3 mg, 55%).

[0386] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0387] R.sub.f=0.55 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0388] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.50 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.24 (s, 12H), 1.15 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H) ppm;

[0389] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 143.7, 132.8, 129.9, 127.4, 127.4, 124.5, 83.32, 30.6, 25.0 ppm;

[0390] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.14H.sub.21BBrO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 313.0798; found 313.0799.

##STR00137##

2-(5-bromopentyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (7)

[0391] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S4) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 7 (36.0 mg, 65%).

[0392] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0393] R.sub.f=0.55 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes)

[0394] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 3.40 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.88-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.42 (m, 4H), 1.24 (s, 12H), 0.80-0.77 (m, 2H) ppm;

[0395] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 83.1, 34.2, 32.8, 31.0, 25.0, 23.4 ppm;

[0396] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.11H.sub.23BBrO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 277.0969; found 277.0968.

##STR00138##

tert-butyl 2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)butanoate (8)

[0397] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S5) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes to 1:6 EtOAc:hexanes to 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 8 (37.6 mg, 37%).

[0398] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0399] R.sub.f=0.40 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes)

[0400] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.76 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.30 (m, 2H), 5.53 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.34-4.24 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.19 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.23 (s, 12H), 0.89-0.78 (m, 2H) ppm;

[0401] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 171.8, 156.2, 144.2, 144.1, 141.4, 127.8, 127.2, 125.3, 120.1, 83.5, 81.9, 67.0, 56.1, 47.4, 28.2, 27.0, 25.0, 24.9 ppm;

[0402] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.29H.sub.38BNNaO.sub.6 [M+Na].sup.+ 530.2684; found 530.2685;

[0403] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+2.3 (c 0.35, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00139##

2-(4-bromobenzyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (9)

[0404] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with TCNHPI ester (S6) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:40 to 1:20 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 9 (30.5 mg, 51%).

[0405] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0406] R.sub.f=0.30 (silica gel, 1:19 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0407] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.35-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.06-7.04 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 2H), 1.23 (s, 12H) ppm;

[0408] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 137.8, 131.4, 130.9, 118.7, 83.7, 24.9 ppm;

[0409] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature. .sup.4

##STR00140##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (10)

[0410] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with TCNHPI ester (S7) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:35 Et2O:hexanes) afforded 10 (33.1 mg, 67%).

[0411] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0412] R.sub.f=0.53 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0413] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.26-7.13 (m, 5H), 2.81 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.41-1.34 (m, 1H), 1.19 (s, 6H), 1.18 (s, 6H), 0.97 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0414] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 142.5, 129.0, 128.1, 125.7, 83.1, 39.1, 24.9, 15.3 ppm; Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature..sup.5

##STR00141##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1-phenylethyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (11)

[0415] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S8), MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (52 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 equiv) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 11 (33.8 mg, 73%).

[0416] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0417] R.sub.f=0.33 (silica gel, 1:19 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0418] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.27-7.21 (m, 4H), 7.15-7.12 (m, 1 H), 2.44 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.20 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0419] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 145.1, 128.4, 127.9, 125.2, 83.4, 24.8, 24.7, 17.2 ppm;

[0420] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature. .sup.2

##STR00142##

2-benzhydryl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (12)

[0421] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S9) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 12 (41.0 mg, 69%).

[0422] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0423] R.sub.f=0.41 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0424] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.30-7.25 (m, 8H), 7.19-7.15 (m, 2H), 3.88 (s, 1 H), 1.24 (s, 12H) ppm;

[0425] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 142.2, 129.2, 128.5, 125.7, 83.9, 24.7 ppm;

[0426] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature. .sup.6

##STR00143##

2-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (13)

[0427] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with TCNHPI ester (S27) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:45 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 13 (23.0 mg, 47%).

[0428] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0429] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0430] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 2.02-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.23 (s, 12H), 1.00-0.96 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0431] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 123.9 (t, J=239.9 Hz), 83.4, 34.5 (t, J=23.3 Hz), 24.9, 24.4 (t, J=4.6 Hz) ppm;

[0432] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): High-resolution mass spec data could not be obtained for this compound.

##STR00144##

2-(heptan-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (14)

[0433] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with TCNHPI ester (S26) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:40 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 14 (25.6 mg, 57%).

[0434] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0435] R.sub.f=0.42 (silica gel, 1:19 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0436] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 1.45-1.22 (m, 20H), 0.90-0.86 (m, 7H) ppm;

[0437] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 82.9, 31.7, 30.8, 25.0, 24.4, 23.1, 14.3, 13.9 ppm;

[0438] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature..sup.7

##STR00145##

tert-butyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (15)

[0439] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S29) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (first flash column chromatography: deactivate silica gel, hexanes to 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes; second flash column chromatography (deactivated silica gel, CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 15 (39.2 mg, 66%).

[0440] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0441] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0442] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 3.42-2.99 (m, 3H), 2.09-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.26-1.22 (m, 12H) ppm;

[0443] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 155.1, 83.6, 79.1, 46.1, 28.7, 27.9, 27.3 25.2, 25.0, 24.6 ppm;

[0444] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.15H.sub.29BNO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 298.2184; found 298.2179;

[0445] [α].sub.D.sup.20=0 (c 0.3, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00146##

2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (16)

[0446] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S10) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:40 Et.sub.2O:hexanes to 1:20 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 16 (24.4 mg, 55%) as mixture of exo/endo isomers.

[0447] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0448] R.sub.f=0.38 (silica gel, 1:19 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0449] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 2.28-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.21 (m, 1 H), 1.56-1.44 (m, 3H), 1.37-1.33 (m, 1H), 1.26-1.21 (m, 14H), 1.20-1.14 (m, 2H), 0.89-0.86 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0450] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 82.9, 38.9, 38.3, 36.8, 32.4, 32.3, 29.4, 24.9 ppm (exo); 83.0, 41.1, 39.1, 37.2, 32.3, 30.0, 28.0, 25.1, 25.0 ppm (endo);

[0451] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature. .sup.8

##STR00147##

2-adamantan-2-yl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (17)

[0452] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S28) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 17 (30.9 mg, 59%).

[0453] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0454] R.sub.f=0.55 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0455] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 2.06-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.67 (m, 12H), 1.37-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.25 (s, 12H) ppm;

[0456] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 82.9, 39.5, 37.9, 36.4, 29.5, 28.4, 28.3, 25.0 ppm; Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature. .sup.2

##STR00148##

trans-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-phenylcyclopropyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (18)

[0457] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with TCNHPI ester (S11) and solution D (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 18 (11.3 mg, 23%, dr>20:1).

[0458] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0459] R.sub.f=0.48 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0460] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.25-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.11 (m, 1 H), 7.09-7.06 (m, 2H), 2.10 (dt, J=7.8 Hz, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.25 (s, 6H), 1.24 (s, 6H), 1.17-1.14 (m, 1H), 1.02-0.99 (m, 1 H), 0.32-0.29 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0461] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 143.5, 128.4, 125.8, 125.7, 83.3, 24.9, 24.8, 22.0, 15.2 ppm;

[0462] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.15H.sub.22BO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 245.1707; found 245.1714.

##STR00149##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (19)

[0463] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S12) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 19 (35.3 mg, 68%).

[0464] Physical State: colorless solid;

[0465] m.p.=36-37° C.;

[0466] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0467] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.24-7.19 (m, 4H), 7.17-7.14 (m, 1 H), 2.61 (s, 2H), 1.21 (s, 12H), 0.94 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0468] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 140.6, 130.3, 127.8,125.8, 83.24, 46.5, 24.9 ppm.

[0469] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature. .sup.2

##STR00150##

2-adamantan-1-yl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (20)

[0470] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S31) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:60 Et.sub.2O:hexanes to 1:40 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 20 (29.2 mg, 56%).

[0471] Physical State: white amorphous solid;

[0472] R.sub.f=0.60 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0473] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 1.84 (br s, 3H), 1.75 (br t, J=3.6 Hz, 12H), 1.20 (s, 12H) ppm;

[0474] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 82.7, 38.1, 37.6, 27.7, 24.8 ppm;

[0475] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature..sup.2

##STR00151##

methyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cubane-1-carboxylate (21)

[0476] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S32) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:15:15 Et.sub.2O:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:hexanes) afforded 21 (26.2 mg, 46%).

[0477] Physical State: white solid;

[0478] m.p.=152-155° C.;

[0479] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:6 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0480] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 4.30-4.28 (m, 3H), 4.03-4.01 (m, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 1.26 (s, 12H);

[0481] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.8, 83.4, 55.4, 51.6, 47.0, 45.2, 24.9 ppm;

[0482] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.16H.sub.22BO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 289.1606; found 289.1607.

##STR00152##

Methyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylate (22)

[0483] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S34) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:9 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 22 (31.1 mg, 53%).

[0484] Physical State: colorless solid;

[0485] Sublimation at 100° C.;

[0486] R.sub.f=0.39 (silica gel, 1:5 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0487] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 3.62 (s, 3H), 1.72-1.65 (m, 6H), 1.62-1.54 (m, 6H), 1.19 (s, 12H) ppm;

[0488] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 179.0, 83.0, 51.7, 38.6, 27.9, 26.7, 24.8 ppm;

[0489] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.16H.sub.28BO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 295.2075; found 295.2077.

##STR00153##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (23)

[0490] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S33) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 23 (27.8 mg, 62%).

[0491] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0492] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0493] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 1.84-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.57 (m, 3H), 1.29-1.21 (m, 14H), 1.16-1.08 (m, 1H), 0.92-0.87 (m, 5H) ppm;

[0494] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 82.9, 37.2, 26.6, 26.0, 25.7, 24.8 ppm;

[0495] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature..sup.2

##STR00154##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (24)

[0496] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S13) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 24 (28.5 mg, 50%).

[0497] Physical State: white solid;

[0498] m.p.=87-88° C.;

[0499] R.sub.f=0.60 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0500] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.36-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.11 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.49-1.38 (m, 4H), 1.21-1.14 (m, 1H), 1.17 (s, 12H) ppm;

[0501] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 147.6, 128.2, 126.3, 125.1, 83.4, 35.0, 26.4, 25.9, 25.7 ppm;

[0502] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.28BO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 287.2177; found 287.2184.

##STR00155##

tert-butyldimethyl(2-methyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propoxy)silane (25)

[0503] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S30) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 25 (41.2 mg, 66%).

[0504] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0505] R.sub.f=0.40 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0506] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 3.39 (s, 2H), 1.22 (s, 12H), 0.90 (s, 6H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0507] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 83.0, 72.0, 26.1, 24.9, 21.4, 18.5, -5.34 ppm;

[0508] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.16H.sub.36BO.sub.3Si [M+H].sup.+ 315.2521; found 315.2523.

##STR00156##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (26)

[0509] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S14) and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 26 (23.3 mg, 47%).

[0510] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0511] R.sub.f=0.51 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0512] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.33-7.27 (m, 4H), 7.15-7.12 (m, 1 H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.20 (s, 12H) ppm;

[0513] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 148.8, 128.2, 126.4, 125.1, 83.4, 25.7, 24.7 ppm; Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature..sup.9

##STR00157##

2-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (27)

[0514] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S34) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 27 (32.9 mg, 59%).

[0515] Physical State: White solid;

[0516] m.p.=83-85° C.;

[0517] R.sub.f=0.37 (silica gel, 1:19 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0518] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.19 (s, 4H), 1.21 (s, 12H), 1.11 (dd, J=6.0 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 0.87 (dd, J=6.0 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 2H) ppm;

[0519] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 143.5, 131.0, 130.5, 128.2, 83.6, 24.7, 13.6 ppm; HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.15H.sub.21BClO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 279.1318; found 279.1319.

##STR00158##

tert-butyl((1-((4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)methyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamate (28)

[0520] On 0.1 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S15) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:20 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 28 (22.5 mg, 64%).

[0521] Physical State: white solid;

[0522] m.p.=92-96° C.;

[0523] R.sub.f=0.28 (silica gel, 1:20 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0524] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 5.32 (br s, 1H), 3.08 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 1.52-1.41 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.38-1.31 (m, 6H), 1.25 (s, 12H), 0.81 (s, 2H) ppm;

[0525] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 156.5, 83.4, 78.7, 50.0, 36.7, 36.3, 28.6, 26.4, 25.0, 21.9 ppm;

[0526] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.19H.sub.37BNO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 354.2810; found 354.2809.

##STR00159##

2-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (29)

[0527] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S16), MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (52 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 equiv) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 29 (43.0 mg, 75%).

[0528] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0529] R.sub.f=0.59 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0530] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.12-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.02 (m, 2H), 2.42 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.79-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.20 (s, 6H), 0.89 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 6H) ppm;

[0531] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 142.1, 138.4, 129.2, 127.6, 83.4, 45.2, 30.4, 24.8, 24.7, 22.6, 17.2 ppm;

[0532] Spectroscopic data matches that reported in the literature..sup.10

##STR00160##

2-(5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2-methylpentan-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (30)

[0533] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S17) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 30 (36.3 mg, 55%).

[0534] Physical State: colorless solid;

[0535] m.p.=59-61° C.;

[0536] R.sub.f=0.60 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0537] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 6.99 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 3.92 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.78-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.23 (s, 12H), 0.96 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0538] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 157.3, 136.5, 130.4, 123.8, 120.6, 112.2, 83.1, 68.8, 37.4, 26.6, 25.0, 24.9, 21.6, 16.0 ppm;

[0539] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.20H.sub.34BO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+ 333.2595; found 333.2598.

##STR00161##

2-(1-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)ethyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane

[0540] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S18), MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (52 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 equiv) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:25 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 31 (50.0 mg, 80%).

[0541] Physical State: white solid;

[0542] m.p.=82-84° C.;

[0543] R.sub.f=0.62 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0544] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.64-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.57 (s, 1 H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.11 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.57 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.41 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.20 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0545] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 157.1, 140.3, 132.8, 129.5, 129.1, 127.8, 126.7, 125.3, 118.5, 105.8, 83.5, 55.4, 24.8, 24.8, 17.1 ppm;

[0546] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.19H.sub.26BO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+ 313.1969; found 313.1970.

##STR00162##

1,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)heptane (32)

[0547] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S19) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (20 mol %)/di-MeObipy (26% mol %) in DMF (0.8 mL)). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:20 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 32 (26.5 mg, 38%).

[0548] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0549] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:8 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0550] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 1.41-1.36 (m, 4H), 1.29-1.24 (m, 6H), 1.24 (s, 24H), 0.75 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 4H) ppm;

[0551] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 83.0, 32.5, 29.4, 25.0, 24.2 ppm;

[0552] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.19H.sub.39B.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 353.3029; found 353.3030.

##STR00163##

N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)aniline 33)

[0553] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S20) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:19 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 33 (20.7 mg, 26%).

[0554] Physical State: yellow oil;

[0555] R.sub.f=0.36 (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0556] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.09-7.04(m, 2H), 6.63-6.59 (m, 2H), 3.69 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 3.61 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 2.54-2.48 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.68 (p, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.24 (s, 12H), 0.81 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H) ppm;

[0557] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 144.2, 132.2, 129.9, 112.2, 83.1, 53.8, 40.7, 37.6, 26.5, 25.0 ppm;

[0558] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.19H.sub.31BCl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 386.1819; found 386.1815.

##STR00164##

phenyl(3-(1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)methanone (34)

[0559] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S21), MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (52 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 equiv) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:15 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 34 (51.9 mg, 77%).

[0560] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0561] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:6 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0562] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.83-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.66 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.38 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.35 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.21 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0563] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 197.2, 145.4, 138.0, 137.7, 132.4, 132.2, 130.3, 129.7, 128.4, 128.3, 127.2, 83.6, 24.8, 24.8, 17.1 ppm;

[0564] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.21H.sub.26BO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+ 337.1969; found 337.1971.

##STR00165##

4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1-(3-phenoxyphenyl)ethyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (35)

[0565] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S22), MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 (52 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 equiv) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:30 Et.sub.2O:hexanes) afforded 35 (52.6 mg, 81%).

[0566] Physical State: colorless oil;

[0567] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 1:12 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0568] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.32 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (dd, J=7.8 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (s, 6H), 1.19 (s, 6H) ppm;

[0569] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 157.7, 157.2, 147.3, 129.7, 129.6, 123.0, 123.0, 118.8, 118.7, 115.9, 83.5, 24.8, 24.7, 17.0 ppm;

[0570] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.20H.sub.26BO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+ 325.1969; found 325.1970.

##STR00166##

1-(2-((4R,6S)-2,2-dimethyl-6-((4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)methyl)-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)ethyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-N,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (36)

[0571] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S23) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 36 (77.4 mg, 57%).

[0572] Physical State: white foam;

[0573] R.sub.f=0.52 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0574] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.21-7.14 (m, 9H), 7.07 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.97 (m, 3H), 6.85 (br s, 1H), 4.08-4.03 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.55 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.55 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.53 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (dt, J=13.2 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 12H), 1.08-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.94 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0575] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 165.0, 162.4 (d, J=247.6 Hz), 141.7, 138.6, 134.8, 134.5, 133.3 (d, J=8.2 Hz), 130.7, 128.9, 128.8, 128.5, 128.4 (d, J=3.8 Hz), 126.7, 123.8, 123.6, 121.8, 119.7, 115.4 (d, J=21.3 Hz), 98.6, 83.3, 66.7, 66.7, 41.0, 38.4, 38.3, 30.3, 26.2, 24.9, 24.9, 21.9, 21.7, 20.0 ppm;

[0576] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.41H.sub.51BFN.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 681.3870; found 681.3870;

[0577] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+4.0 (c 0.68, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00167##

(4-chlorophenyl)(5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-((4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)methyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)methanone (37)

[0578] On 0.1 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S37) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:17 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 37 (22.1 mg, 50%).

[0579] Physical State: yellow oil;

[0580] R.sub.f=0.5 (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0581] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.64 (dt, J=9.0 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (m, dt, J=8.4 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 6.96-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.64 (dd, J=9.0 Hz, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 2H), 1.23 (s, 12H) ppm;

[0582] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 168.3, 156.0, 138.8, 134.7, 133.2, 132.0, 131.2, 131.1, 129.1, 116.7, 115.0, 111.3, 101.7, 83.7, 55.8, 29.9, 25.0, 13.9 ppm;

[0583] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.24H.sub.28BClNO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 440.1794; found 440.1794.

##STR00168##

(5S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-((R)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)butan-2-Modecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,7,12(2H,4H)-trione (38)

[0584] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S38) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:5 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 38 (63.0 mg, 65%).

[0585] Physical State: white solid;

[0586] R.sub.f=0.40 (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0587] m.p.=230-232° C.;

[0588] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 2.92-2.82 (m, 3H), 2.35-2.19 (m, 6H), 2.14-2.09 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.35-1.12 (m, 16 H), 1.06 (s, 3H), 0.87-0.81 (m, 4H), 0.68-0.62 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0589] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 212.1, 209.2, 208.9, 83.0, 57.1, 51.9, 49.2, 47.0, 45.8, 45.7, 45.1, 42.9, 38.8, 38.2, 36.6, 36.1, 35.4, 29.4, 27.8, 25.4, 25.0, 24.9, 22.1, 18.6, 12.0 ppm;

[0590] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.29H.sub.45BO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 485.3433; found 485.3435.

[0591] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+16.9 (c 0.62, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00169##

(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aR,11S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-11-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-ylacetate (39)

[0592] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S24) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:12:3 EtOAc:hexanes:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 39 (82.0 mg, 69%, d.r.=11.8:1).

[0593] Physical State: colorless film;

[0594] R.sub.f=0.34 (silica gel, 1:5 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0595] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): Major isomer δ 5.57 (s, 1H), 4.51 (dd, J=11.8, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (dt, J=13.7, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (s, 1H), 2.20 (ddd, J=13.3, 4.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (td, J=13.7, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.96 (t, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 1.80 (td, J=13.7, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.38 (m, 7H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.27-1.13 (m, 5H), 1.20 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 12H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.12 (s, 3H), 1.02 (td, J=13.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.94 (ddt, J=13.7, 4.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 0.87 (s, 6H), 0.84 (s, 3H), 0.81-0.76 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0596] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): Major isomer δ 200.1, 171.1, 171.1, 128.3, 83.0, 80.8, 61.8, 55.2, 45.5, 45.3, 43.6, 38.9, 38.5, 38.2, 37.1, 34.2, 32.9, 32.7, 29.1, 28.2, 27.8, 26.7, 26.6, 24.8, 24.7, 23.7, 23.4, 21.5, 18.9, 17.7, 17.6, 16.8, 16.6 ppm;

[0597] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.37H.sub.60BO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 595.4528; found 595.4520;

[0598] [α].sub.D.sup.20 =+65.8 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00170##

(2S,4aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aS,12bR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,4a,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,14b-octadecahydropicen-13(2H)-one (40)

[0599] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with NHPI ester (S39) and suspension A (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, first flash column chromatography: 1:5.7 to 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes; second flash column chromatography, 1:6:3 to 2:6:3 EtOAc:hexanes:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 40 (72.1 mg, 65%, d.r.=11.3:1).

[0600] Physical State: colorless film;

[0601] R.sub.f=0.46 (silica gel, 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0602] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): Major isomer δ 5.59 (s, 1H), 3.27-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.81 (dt, J=13.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (s, 1H), 2.22 (ddd, J=13.5, 4.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (td, J=13.7, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (t, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J=13.7, 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 1.74-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.55 (td, J=13.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.51-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.33-1.15 (m, 7H), 1.22 (s, 6H), 1.22 (s, 6H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.02 (s, 3H), 1.01 (s, 3H), 1.00-0.94 (m, 1H), 0.86 (s, 3H), 0.82 (s, 3H), 0.71 (dd, J=11.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H) ppm;

[0603] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): Major isomer δ 200.3, 171.1, 128.3, 83.0, 79.0, 61.9, 55.2, 45.5, 45.3, 43.6, 39.3, 39.3, 38.5, 37.2, 34.2, 33.0, 32.7, 29.1, 28.3, 27.8, 27.5, 26.7, 26.6, 24.8, 24.7, 23.5, 18.9, 17.7, 16.5, 15.7 ppm;

[0604] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.35H.sub.58BO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 553.4422; found 553.4423;

[0605] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+73.4 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00171##

[0606] A culture tube charged with 40 (30 mg, 0.054 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride (50 mg, 0.22 mmol, 4.1 equiv.), and DMAP (1.3 mg, 0.011 mmol, 0.2 equiv.). CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.3 mL) and Et.sub.3N (30 μL, 0.22 mmol, 4.1 mmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was loaded directly onto a silica gel column for purification by flash column chromatography (1:11 EtOAc: hexanes) to afford 40a (39.0 mg, 96%, d.r.=11.3:1). The pure product was crystallized from hexanes/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2.

[0607] Physical State: pale yellow solid (major isomer is a white solid);

[0608] m.p. decompose at 295° C.;

[0609] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 1:5.7 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0610] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): Major isomer δ 9.22 (t, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.13 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 4.88 (dd, J=11.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (dt, J=13.7, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (s, 1H), 2.26-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.13 (td, J=13.7, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.98 (t, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 1.95-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.59 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.45 (dt, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.30-1.09 (m, 5H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.16 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 3H), 1.00 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 3H), 0.97-0.94 (m, 1H), 0.89 (dd, J=11.8, 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 0.86 (s, 3H) ppm;

[0611] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): Major isomer δ 199.9, 171.4, 162.3, 148.8, 134.8, 129.5, 128.3, 122.4, 84.3, 83.1, 61.7, 55.3, 45.6, 45.3, 43.6, 38.9, 38.6, 38.5, 37.1, 34.2, 32.8, 32.7, 29.2, 28.5, 27.8, 26.7, 26.6, 24.8, 24.7, 23.8, 23.4, 18.9, 17.7, 17.6, 17.2, 16.6 ppm;

[0612] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.42H.sub.60BN.sub.2O.sub.9 [M+H].sup.+ 747.4386; found 747.4385;

[0613] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+60.5 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00172##

(E)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methyl-6-(3-methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pent-2-en-1-yl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (41)

[0614] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure B was followed with NHPI ester (S25) and solution B (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-MeObipy in DMF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 1:6:6 EtOAc:hexanes:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 41 (37.0 mg, 46%).

[0615] Physical State: white solid;

[0616] m.p.=122-124° C.;

[0617] R.sub.f=0.40 (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0618] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.64 (s, 1H), 5.21-5.18 (m, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.37 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.08 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (s, 3H), 1.17 (s, 12H), 0.86 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H) ppm;

[0619] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 173.1, 163.9, 153.8, 143.9, 137.8, 122.8, 120.6, 116.8, 106.4, 83.0, 70.1, 61.1, 33.6, 24.9, 22.7, 16.3, 11.7 ppm;

[0620] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.22H.sub.32BO.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+ 403.2286; found 403.2289.

[0621] Experimental Procedure and Characterization Data for Boronic Acids

##STR00173##

(4-phenylbutyl)boronic acid (4a)

[0622] Pinacol boronate ester 4 (70 mg, 0.27 mmol) was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (5 mL) under argon and the solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath. BCl.sub.3 (0.81 mL, 1.0 M in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, 3.0 equiv) was added dropwise, after which the mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. The mixture was then allowed to warm up to room temperature, and the volatiles were removed in vacuo. Anhydrous methanol (5 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minutes when methanol was removed in vacuo. An additional portion of methanol (5 mL) was added; the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes before it is concentrated in vacuo. This process was repeated for additional three times. The resulting crude product was then purified with preparative thin layer chromatography to afford 4a as a white solid (41.8 mg, 87%).

[0623] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6/D.sub.2O 100/1): δ 7.28-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.15 (ddt, J=13.9 Hz, 6.9 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 2.56-2.51 (m, 2H), 1.51 (tt, J=7.8, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.38-1.28 (m, 2H), 0.60 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H).

[0624] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6/D.sub.2O 100/1): δ 142.60, 128.32, 128.27, 125.58, 35.26, 34.21, 23.98, 15.27 (br);

[0625] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.10H.sub.16BO.sub.2[M+H].sup.+ 179.1238; found 179.1236.

##STR00174##

(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)boronic acid (3a)

[0626] Pinacol boronate ester 3 (30 mg, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 mL) under argon and the solution was cooled to -78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath. BCl.sub.3 (0.36 mL, 1.0 M in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, 3.0 equiv) was added dropwise, after which the mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. The mixture was then allowed to warm up to room temperature, and the volatiles were removed in vacuo. Anhydrous methanol (5 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minutes before methanol was removed in vacuo. An additional portion of methanol (5 mL) was added; the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes before it was concentrated in vacuo. This process was repeated for additional three times. The resulting crude product was then purified with preparative thin layer chromatography to afford 4a as a white solid (15.4 mg, 75%).

[0627] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6/D.sub.2O 100/1): δ 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.18-7.10 (m, 3H), 2.53-2.48 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.42 (ddt, J=13.0 Hz, 9.9 Hz, 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 0.90 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.89-0.81 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0628] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6/D.sub.2O 100/1): δ 143.03, 128.34, 125.61, 35.65, 35.05, 20.33 (br), 16.35 ppm;

[0629] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.10H.sub.16BO.sub.2[M+H].sup.+ 179.1238; found 179.1232.

##STR00175##

(3-(4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)propyl)boronic acid (33a)

[0630] To a solution of pinacol boronate ester 34 (76.2 mg, 0.2 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1 mL) was added BCl.sub.3 (0.79 mL, 1.0 M in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) dropwise at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes followed by another 30 minutes at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with methanol (2 mL) and was concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was added MeOH (2 mL) which was subsequently removed in vacuo; this process was repeated for additional three times. Purification of the resulting residue by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (20-80% CH.sub.3CN/H.sub.2O over 30 min, both CH.sub.3CN and H.sub.2O containing 0.1% TFA) afforded 33a (27 mg, 50%) as a colorless oil.

[0631] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6/D.sub.2O 10/1): δ 7.00 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 2H), 3.71-3.65 (m, 8H), 2.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.53 (m, 2H), 0.59 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H) ppm;

[0632] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6/D.sub.2O 10/1): δ 144.2, 130. 9, 129.3, 111.8, 52.3, 41.2, 37.2, 26.6 ppm;

[0633] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.13H.sub.21BCl.sub.2NO.sub.2[M+H].sup.+ 304.1037; found 304.1030.

Scheme S1. Synthesis of Ninlaro (ixazomib)

Synthesis of Ninlaro (ixazomib)

[0634] ##STR00176##

##STR00177##

(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycylleucine (S41)

[0635] Deprotection of Boc: To a solution of Boc-Gly-Leu-OMe.sup.11 (3.1 g, 10.26 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (30 mL) was added TFA (15 mL) at room temperature, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h before concentrated in vacuo. The residue was used directly in the next step.

[0636] Amide bond formation: To a solution 2.5-dichlorobenonic acid (2.94 g, 15.4 mmol) in THF (70 mL) was added 4-methylmorpholine (4.0 mL, 35.9 mmol) at −15° C., the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min at that temperature. To the resulting white suspension was added isobutyl chloroformate (2.0 mL, 15.4 mmol) dropwise and the mixture was stirred for another 30 min at −15° C. The crude TFA salt (from the deprotection step) in THF (35 mL) was added slowly at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 6 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with water (100 mL), sat. aqueous NaHCO.sub.3 (100 mL), and brine (100 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated. Purification by a flash column chromatography (silica, 3:2 Hexane/EtOAc) afforded the desired ester which is not very pure but can be used in next step without further purification.

[0637] Hydrolysis of methyl ester: To a solution of the aforementioned ester in THF (50 mL) was added aqueous LiOH (1 M, 50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and was then washed with EtOAc (60 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified with 1N HCl (65 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL) whereby the aqueous layers were back-extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The combined organic phase was concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was added CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (30 ml) when the desired product S41 precipitated out and was collected by filtration (2.31 g, 63% over 3 steps).

[0638] m.p.=137-138° C.;

[0639] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d4): δ 7.63 (dd, J=1.8 Hz, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.48 (m, 2H), 4.50 (dd, J=9.6 Hz, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J=37.8 Hz, 16.8 Hz, 2H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 2H), 0.98 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0640] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, MeOH-d4): δ 175.8, 170.9, 168.7, 138.4, 134.0, 132.6, 132.3, 130.6, 130.2, 52.1, 43.6, 41.9, 26.0, 23.4, 21.9 ppm;

[0641] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.15H.sub.19Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4[M+H].sup.+ 361.0716; found 361.0706;

[0642] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−14.0 (c 1.0, MeOH).

##STR00178##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl (2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycylleucinate (S42)

[0643] On 2.0 mmol scale, general procedure A was followed with S41. Purification by flash column chromatography (deactivated silica gel, 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S42 (940 mg, 79%).

[0644] Physical state: white solid;

[0645] m.p.=164° C.;

[0646] R.sub.f=0.55 (silica gel, 3:2 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0647] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, THF-d8): δ 8.05 (br s, 1H), 7.99-7.97 (m, 1H), 7.91-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.87-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.58 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.38 (m, 2H), 5.10-5.06 (m, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J=16.8 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=16.8 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 1.92-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.02 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0648] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, THF-d8): δ 170.5, 169.4, 166.0, 162.4, 139.2, 135.9, 133.5, 132.3, 131.5, 130.7, 130.5, 130.2, 124.7, 49.7, 43.6, 42.3, 25.8, 23.4, 22.1 ppm;

[0649] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.23H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.6[M+H].sup.+ 506.0880; found 506.0875;

[0650] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−1.0 (c 1.0, THF).

##STR00179##

[0651] On 0.2 mmol scale, general procedure C was followed using suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF) with S42. Flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes to 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes to 4:1 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded pinacol aminoboronate ester S43 which was used in the next step without further purification.

[0652] The pinacol aminoboronate ester S43 was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (5 mL) under argon and the solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath. BCl.sub.3 (0.6 mL, 1.0 M in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, 3.0 equiv.) was added dropwise, after which the mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. The mixture was then allowed to warm up to room temperature, and the volatiles were removed in vacuo. Anhydrous methanol (5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes when the methanol was removed in vacuo. An additional portion of methanol (5 mL) was added; the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes before it is concentrated in vacuo. This process was repeated for three times. The resulting residue was then purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (10-60% CH.sub.3CN/H.sub.2O over 35 min, both CH.sub.3CN and H.sub.2O containing 0.1% TFA) to afford Ninlaro (1, 23.0 mg, 32% over 2 steps).

[0653] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 7.60 (t, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 2H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 2.79 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (ddt, J=14.7 Hz, 13.0 Hz, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (tdd, J=13.8 Hz, 10.4 Hz, 5.9 Hz, 2H), 0.94 (dd, J=6.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 6H);

[0654] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 175.6, 168.8, 138.0, 134.0, 132.7, 132.5, 130.7, 130.2, 44.7 (br, a to boron), 40.9, 40.2, 27.1, 23.7, 22.4.

[0655] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18BCl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M−H.sub.2O+H].sup.+343.0782; found 343.0779;

[0656] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−0.6 (c 1.0, MeOH).

[0657] Decarboxylative Borylation Enabled Late-Stage Diversification of Lipitor

##STR00180##

5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-((4R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)ethyl)-2-isopropyl-N,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (36a)

[0658] To a solution of 36 (50 mg, 0.073 mmol) in THF/H.sub.2O (1:1, 0.73 mL) at room temperature open to air was added NaBO.sub.3.4H.sub.2O (56 mg, 0.37 mmol). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 3 h before H.sub.2O (10 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×3). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 36a (40 mg, 86%).

[0659] m.p.=166-170° C.;

[0660] R.sub.f=0.27 (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0661] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.21-7.15 (m, 9H), 7.07 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.02-6.96 (m, 3H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 4.13-4.05 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.73-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.45 (dd, J=11.4 Hz, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.74-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.74-1.61 (m, 2H);

[0662] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 164.9, 162.4 (d, J=247.6 Hz), 141.7, 138.5, 134.8, 133.3 (d, J=8.0 Hz), 130.6, 128.9, 128.8, 128.5, 128.4 (d, J=3.5 Hz), 126.7, 123.6, 121.9, 119.7, 115.5 (d, J=21.4 Hz), 98.9, 69.4, 66.2, 66.0, 41.0, 38.3, 31.9, 30.0, 26.2, 21.9, 21.7, 20.0;

[0663] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, acetone-d6): δ −114.00 ppm;

[0664] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.35H.sub.40FN.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 571.2966; found 571.2963;

[0665] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−4.6 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00181##

tert-butyl (((4R,6R)-6-(2-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (36b)

[0666] The amination was performed following the literature procedure.sup.12 with slight modifications. A solution of O-methylhydroxylamine (63 μL, 2.8 M in THF, 6.0 equiv) was diluted with THF (1 mL). n-BuLi (72 μL, 2.45 M in hexanes, 6.0 equiv) was added at −78° C., and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at that temperature. A solution of pinacol boronate 36 (20 mg, 0.03 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added dropwise at −78° C. After warming up to room temperature, the reaction mixture was heated to 65° C. and stirred for 36 h. Upon cooling to room temperature, Boc.sub.2O (66 mg, 10.0 equiv) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. Purification of the resulting residue by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica gel, 15:1 DCM:Et.sub.2O) afforded 36b (10.7 mg, 54%) as colorless oil.

[0667] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0668] R.sub.f=0.4 (silica gel, 1:3 hexane: EtOAc);

[0669] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.24-7.09 (m, 9H), 7.07 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.04-6.94 (m, 3H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 4.84 (s, 1H), 4.07 (ddd, J=15.3 Hz, 10.7 Hz, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (ddt, J=15.1 Hz, 10.3 Hz, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (tt, J=8.2 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (ddd, J=13.8 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.70-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.53 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 6H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.27-1.20 (m, 1 H), 1.07 (q, J=12.0 Hz, 1H);

[0670] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 164.9, 162.4 (d, J=247.9 Hz), 156.2, 141.6, 138.5, 134.8, 133.3 (d, J=8.1 Hz), 130.6, 128.9, 128.8, 128.5, 128.4 (d, J=3.5 Hz), 126.7, 123.6, 121.9, 119.7, 115.5 (d, J=21.3 Hz), 98.8, 79.6, 68.2, 66.3, 45.4, 41.0, 38.3, 33.4, 30.5, 30.0, 28.5, 26.2, 21.9, 21.7, 20.0;

[0671] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ −113.93 ppm;

[0672] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.40H.sub.49FN.sub.3O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 670.3651; found 670.3646; [α].sub.D.sup.20=−2.0 (c 0.74, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00182##

1-(2-((4R,6R)-2,2-dimethyl-6-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)ethyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-N,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (36c)

[0673] To a solution of thiophene (23 μL, 0.28 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added n-BuLi (0.1 mL, 2.5 M in hexanes, 0.25 mmol) at −78° C. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h when some of the resulting yellow solution (0.33 mL) was transferred to a reaction tube. A solution of 36 (12.4 mg, 0.018 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) was added dropwise at −78° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1.5 h when a solution of NBS (14.4 mg, 0.081 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 h at the same temperature, the reaction was quenched with sat. aqueous Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3 (1 mL) before warming up to room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (1 mL×3). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) and PTLC (silica gel, 1:6 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 36c (6.5 mg, 56%). Physical state: white foam;

[0674] R.sub.f=0.61 (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0675] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.29 (br s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.24 (dd, J=5.4 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.20 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.09 (m, 6H), 7.08-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=5.4 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.85-6.84 (m, 1 H), 4.11-4.06 (m, 1 H), 4.05-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.39 (m, 1H), 2.93-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.83 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.47 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 3H), 1.36 (dt, J=12.6 Hz, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 3H) 1.05-0.99 (m, 1 H) ppm;

[0676] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 166.4, 163.1 (d, J=245.6 Hz), 140.9, 140.6, 139.4, 136.1, 134.5 (d, J=8.2 Hz), 130.8, 129.9 (d, J=3.3 Hz), 129.3, 128.9, 128.6, 127.3, 126.7, 126.7, 124.9, 123.8, 122.4, 120.2, 118.0, 116.0 (d, J=21.6 Hz), 99.2, 70.2, 67.3, 41.3, 39.1, 37.3, 36.5, 30.5, 26.9 22.4, 22.3, 20.1 ppm;

[0677] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, acetone-d6): δ −114.91 ppm;

[0678] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.39H.sub.42FN.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+ 637.2895; found 637.2892; [α].sub.D.sup.20=+19.2 (c 0.5, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00183##

1-(2-((4R,6R)-6-(benzofuran-2-ylmethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)ethyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-N,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (36d)

[0679] To a solution of 2,3-benzofuran (30 μL, 0.27 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added n-BuLi (0.1 mL, 2.5 M in hexanes, 0.25 mmol) at −78° C. The resulting solution was warmed up to room temperature. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h when some of the resulting yellow solution (0.33 mL) was transferred to a reaction tube. A solution of 36 (12.0 mg, 0.018 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) was added dropwise at −78° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 h when a solution of NBS (14.4 mg, 0.081 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 hat the same temperature, the reaction was quenched with sat. aqueous Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3 (1 mL) before warming up to room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (1 mL×3). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) and preparative thin layer chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 36d (6.1 mg, 52%). Physical state: colorless oil;

[0680] R.sub.f=0.64 (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0681] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.29 (br s, 1H), 7.54-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.17 (m, 4H), 7.13-7.05 (m, 7H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.58 (dd, J=1.2 Hz, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.24 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.85 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.37 (m, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J=15.6 Hz, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (dd, J=15.6 Hz, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.46-1.51 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H), 1.27 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H), 1.14-1.08 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0682] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 166.4, 163.1 (d, J=245.7 Hz), 156.5, 155.5, 140.6, 139.4, 136.1, 134.5 (d, J=8.3 Hz), 130.8, 129.9 (d, J=3.3 Hz), 129.9, 129.3, 128.9, 128.6, 126.7, 124.2, 123.8, 123.4, 122.4, 121.3, 120.2, 120.1, 118.0, 116.0 (d, J=21.6 Hz), 111.4, 104.6, 99.3, 68.1, 67.3, 41.3, 39.1, 37.0, 36.2, 30.4, 26.9, 22.4, 22.3, 20.1 ppm;

[0683] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, acetone-d6): δ −114.95 ppm;

[0684] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.43H.sub.44FN.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 671.3280; found 671.3274;

[0685] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+28.5 (c 0.5, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00184##

1-(2-((4R,6S)-6-((3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)ethyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-N,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (36e)

[0686] To a screw-capped culture tube was added Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (1.9 mg, 0.0022 mmol, 0.1 equiv), p-anisyldiphenylphosphine (3.7 mg, 0.0132 mmol, 0.6 equiv), 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (35 mg, 0.22 mmol, 10 equiv), and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (47 mg, 0.22 mmol, 10 equiv). This tube was then evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. 1,4-dioxane (0.4 mL) was then added via a syringe and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. A solution of 36 (15.0 mg, 0.022 mmol) in dioxane (0.6 mL) and degassed DI water (0.5 mL) were added sequentially. The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 15 h, after which it was cooled to room temperature and treated with brine (4 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 mL×3). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:6 to 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes) and PTLC (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 36e (7.9 mg, 54%).

[0687] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0688] R.sub.f=0.38 (silica gel, 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0689] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.45 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (br s, 1H), 7.79 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 3H), 7.20 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.05 (m, 7H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 1H), 4.46-4.41 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.81 (m, 1 H), 3.44-3.39 (m, 1H), 3.13 (dd, J=14.4 Hz, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (dd, J=14.4 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.47 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H), 1.38 (dt, J=12.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.16-1.10 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0690] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 166.4, 163.1 (d, J=245.5 Hz), 156.2, 148.3, 140.6, 139.3, 137.6, 136.2, 134.5 (d, J=8.3 Hz), 132.2, 130.8, 129.9 (d, J=3.3 Hz), 129.3, 128.9, 128.6, 126.7, 123.8, 123.8, 122.4, 120.2, 118.0, 116.0 (d, J=21.6 Hz), 99.2, 68.7, 67.3, 42.3, 41.3, 39.2, 37.0, 30.5, 26.9, 22.4, 22.3, 20.1 ppm;

[0691] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, acetone-d6): δ −114.92 ppm;

[0692] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.40H.sub.42ClFN.sub.3O.sub.3[M+H].sup.+ 666.2893; found 666.2884;

[0693] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+26.2 (c 0.5, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00185##

1-(2-((4R,6S)-2,2-dimethyl-6-(4-nitrobenzyl)-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)ethyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-N,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (36f)

[0694] To a screw-capped culture tube was added Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (1.9 mg, 0.0022 mmol, 0.1 equiv), p-anisyldiphenylphosphine (3.7 mg, 0.0132 mmol, 0.6 equiv), 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (35 mg, 0.22 mmol, 10 equiv), and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (47 mg, 0.22 mmol, 10 equiv). This tube was tevacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. 1,4-dioxane (0.4 mL) was added via a syringe and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. A solution of 36 (15.0 mg, 0.022 mmol) in dioxane (0.6 mL) and degassed DI water (0.5 mL) were added sequentially. The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 15 h after which it was cooled to room temperature and treated with brine (4 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 mL×3). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 to 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes) and PTLC (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 36f (10.5 mg, 72%).

[0695] Physical state: yellow oil;

[0696] R.sub.f=0.45 (silica gel, 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0697] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 8.28 (br s, 1H), 8.15 (dt, J=9.0 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (dt, J=9.0 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.20 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.14-7.10 (m, 6H), 7.09-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.13 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.06 (m,1H), 3.92-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.81 (m, 1 H), 3.44-3.37 (m, 1H), 2.87 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.73-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.46 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H), 1.36 (dt, J=12.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.09-1.03 (m, 1H) ppm;

[0698] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, acetone-d6): δ 166.4, 163.1 (d, J=245.5 Hz), 147.6, 147.5, 140.5, 139.4, 136.1, 134.5 (d, J=8.3 Hz), 131.4, 130.8, 129.9 (d, J=3.8 Hz), 129.3, 128.9, 128.7, 126.7, 123.9, 123.8, 122.4, 120.2, 118.0, 116.0 (d, J=21.4 Hz), 99.2, 69.8, 67.3, 42.9, 41.2, 39.1, 36.7, 30.4, 26.9, 22.4, 22.3, 20.1 ppm;

[0699] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, acetone-d6): δ −114.92 ppm;

[0700] HRMS (ESI-TOF) Calcd for C.sub.41H.sub.43FN.sub.3O.sub.5[M+H].sup.+ 676.3181; found 676.3182;

[0701] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+10.8 (c 0.5, CHCl.sub.3).

Synthesis of Borono-vancomycin Analog

[0702] ##STR00186## ##STR00187## ##STR00188##

##STR00189##

[0703] To S44 [synthesized according to literature report (38, 62)] (600 mg, 0.43 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in CH.sub.3CN (5.1 mL) was added N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA, 2.4 mL, 10.2 mmol, 23.7 equiv.), the resulting mixture was heated to 50° C. After 30 h, the reaction mixture was poured onto a mixture of sat. aqueous citric acid (50 mL)/EtOAc (20 mL) and stirred vigorously at room temperature for 12 h. The organic layer was separated and washed with sat. aqueous NaHCO.sub.3 (50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The aqueous layers were then back-extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 to 4:1 EtOAc:hexanes) and preparative TLC (7:93 MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded the desired product S45 (440 mg, 63%).

[0704] Physical state: white film;

[0705] R.sub.f=0.31 (silica gel, 7:93 MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2);

[0706] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, acetone-d.sub.6): δ 9.43 (br s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (dd, J=8.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (br s, 3H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.26 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (br s, 1H), 6.31 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (br s, 1H), 5.85 (s, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (s, 1H), 5.51(s, 1H), 5.39 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (br s, 1H), 5.10 (br s, 1H), 4.96 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 2.59 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (d, J=16.3 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (s, 1H), 1.66-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.53 (s, 9H), 1.54-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.00 (s, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H) 0.86 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.17 (s, 6H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H) ppm;

[0707] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, acetone-d.sub.6): δ 172.3, 171.7, 171.3, 171.3, 171.1, 170.8, 168.9, 168.0, 161.1, 159.9, 158.1, 156.9, 154.5, 153.0, 151.5, 151.5, 141.5, 140.0, 138.4, 137.0, 136.9, 136.2, 135.7, 130.0, 129.3, 129.3, 129.0, 128.3, 127.9, 127.6, 126.1, 125.4, 124.7, 124.1, 122.1, 113.8, 106.5, 106.1, 105.4, 99.6, 80.3, 74.6, 74.0, 67.2, 64.3, 61.5, 60.0, 57.5, 56.5, 56.2, 56.1, 55.7, 55.4, 55.2, 52.0, 38.1, 37.2, 28.9, 28.6, 26.5, 26.3, 26.3, 25.7, 23.7, 23.3, 22.8, 19.1, 19.1, −4.4, −4.6, −4.8, −4.8.

[0708] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.81H.sub.103Cl.sub.2N.sub.8O.sub.19Si.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 1617.6249; found 1617.6248.

##STR00190##

[0709] To a solution of S45 (600 mg, 0.37 mmol) in EtOH/EtOAc (4/1, 50 mL) was added Pd/C (240 mg, 5% Pd/C, 50% wetted powder); the resulting black suspension was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered through celite and washed with EtOH/EtOAc (4:1, 150 mL). The filtrate was concentrated uder reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (85%-100% CH.sub.3CN/H.sub.2O over 30 min, 100% CH.sub.3CN for 30 min, both CH.sub.3CN and H.sub.2O containing 0.1% TFA) to afford 42 (450 mg, 79%) as a TFA salt.

[0710] Note: The Boc group was found to cleaved during the purification process.

[0711] Physical state: pale yellow film;

[0712] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 8.68 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (br s, 1H), 7.42 (br s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) 7.40-7.35 (br m, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.68 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (br s, 2H), 5.77 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (br s, 1H), 5.46 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 1 H), 5.30 (br s, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 4.60 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 4.10 (br s, 1H), 3.93-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 2.83-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.42 (dd, J=16.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.74 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.93 (m, 24H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H) ppm;

[0713] .sup.13C NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 175.3, 174.0, 172.3, 171.9, 171.8, 171.4, 170.4, 169.4, 169.2, 162.0, 160.4, 159.0, 155.2, 154.2, 153.3, 152.1, 142.2, 140.0, 139.4, 137.3, 136.8, 135.4, 130.6, 129.2, 128.5, 128.5, 128.0, 127.2, 126.1, 125.2, 124.9, 122.5, 114.1, 107.3, 106.7, 106.4, 99.4, 74.9, 65.0, 62.5, 62.4, 61.1, 58.2, 56.6, 56.1, 56.0, 55.6, 52.4, 40.8, 37.0, 33.2, 26.8, 26.5, 25.3, 23.7, 22.0, 19.7, 19.5, −4.3, −4.5, −4.7, −4.7 ppm;

[0714] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ −77.2 ppm;

[0715] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.69H.sub.89Cl.sub.2N.sub.8O.sub.17Si.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 1427.5256; found 1427.5258.

##STR00191##

[0716] To a solution of 42 (15.0 mg, 0.0097 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in CH.sub.3CN (1.5 mL) was added a solution of tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate (TASF) in DMF (120 μL, 1.0 M, 12.4 equiv.). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h before it was concentrated to a final volume of ca. 0.1 mL under reduced pressure. This residue was purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (30%-45% CH.sub.3CN/H.sub.2O over 40 min, both CH.sub.3CN and H.sub.2O containing 0.1% TFA) to afford 43 (9.3 mg, 73%) as a TFA salt.

[0717] Physical state: white film;

[0718] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4) δ 9.01 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 0.6H), 8.73 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 0.4H), 7.86 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.65 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H) 7.61 (ddd, J=8.5, 2.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.68 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (br s, 1H), 6.06 (s, 1H), 5.87 (s, 1H), 5.40 (dd, J=2.2, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (s, 1H), 5.27 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J=9.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (s, 1H), 4.11 (s, 3H), 4.02 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.03 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 2.03 (dd, J=15.7, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 1.90 (dt, J=14.0, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.69-1.57 (m, 2H), 0.88 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H).

[0719] .sup.13C NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 175.8, 174.6, 172.8, 171.7, 170.0, 169.9, 169.4, 169.0, 161.9, 160.4, 158.7, 154.2, 153.0, 152.3, 151.1, 142.7, 141.7, 138.1, 136.8, 136.7, 136.6, 130.2, 129.0, 129.0, 128.9, 128.5, 127.6, 127.3, 125.3, 125.3, 124.8, 122.4, 113.8, 109.8, 106.7, 106.3, 99.2, 74.3, 73.4, 63.9, 62.1, 61.9, 59.5, 58.5, 56.6, 56.3, 56.2, 56.0, 55.2, 53.0, 52.9, 40.2, 38.7, 36.4, 33.0, 25.5, 23.2, 22.8 ppm;

[0720] .sup.19F NMR (376 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ −76.9 ppm;

[0721] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.57H.sub.61Cl.sub.2N.sub.8O.sub.17 [M+H].sup.+ 1199.3526; found 1199.3521.

##STR00192##

[0722] To a suspension of 42 (45 mg, 0.029 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), N-hydroxyphthalimide (26 mg, 0.16 mmol, 5.5 equiv.), and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (0.4 mg, 0.0033 mmol, 0.11 equiv.) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.5 mL) was added N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (25 μL, 0.16 mmol, 5.5 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h before AcOH (10 μL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for another 2 h and was subjected to flash column chromatography directly (silica gel, column: d 1.6 cm×/7.5 cm, 3:2 EtOAc:hexanes (200 mL) to 1:19 MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (120 mL)). The combined fractions eluted with MeOH—CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 were concentrated under reduced pressure, and the S46 residue (31 mg) was used in next step without further purification.

[0723] Note:

[0724] (1) LC/MS indicated that the desired redox-active ester (S46) only eluted with MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2. Nonpolar impurities, such as 1,3-diisopropylurea, were found to elute with EtOAc:hexanes.

[0725] (2) Additional amounts of DMAP or longer reaction time have deleterious effects on the reaction yield.

[0726] (3) This redox-active ester (S46) was rather unstable and should be used in next step within 3 h after purification. Alternatively, it can be stored at −20° C.

##STR00193##

[0727] A screw-capped culture tube containing S46 (31 mg), MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2 powder (38 mg, 0.15 mmol) was evacuated and backfilled with argon for three times. Suspension C (0.4 mL, NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF) was added next and the mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 15 min (or sonicated until no granular MgBr.sub.2.OEt.sub.2was observed). The resulting suspension was cooled to 0° C., and the suspension of [B.sub.2pin.sub.2Me]Li in THF (0.55 mL) was added in one portion. After stirring for 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (5 mL), filtered through a short pad of silica gel and celite, washed with 5% MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (50 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was subjected to flash column chromatography directly (silica gel, column: d 1.6 cm×I 7.5 cm, 1:1 EtOAc:hexanes (200 mL) to 1:19 MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (120 mL)). The MeOH—CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 elution was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the S47 residue (16 mg) was used in next step without further purification.

[0728] Note:

[0729] (1) The pinacol ester was found to hydrolyze during the reaction based on LC/MS analysis.

[0730] (2) LC/MS indicated that S47 only elutes with MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 based on LC/MS analysis. Nonpolar impurities, such as B.sub.2pin.sub.2, were found to elute with EtOAc:hexanes.

[0731] (3) Not all impurities can be removed through flash chromatography in this step; instead the unpure materials were carried forward to the next step.

##STR00194##

[0732] To a solution of S47 (16 mg) in CH.sub.3CN (1.3 mL) was added a solution of tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate (TASF) in DMF (120 μL, 1.0 M). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h and was concentrated to a final volume of ca. 0.3 mL under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (20%-50% CH.sub.3CN/H.sub.2O over 30 min, both CH.sub.3CN and H.sub.2O containing 0.1% TFA) to afford 44 (4.1 mg, 11% over 3 steps) as a TFA salt.

[0733] Note: This compound was not stable in neat condition due to its propensity toward polymerization. Therefore, the purified compound was dissolved immediately. Solutions in MeOH were used for HRMS; solutions in MeOH-d.sub.4 were used for for NMR study; solutions in DMSO were used for biological studies.

[0734] Physical state: white film;

[0735] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 9.05 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.65-7.58 (m, 4H), 7.31 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J=9.0 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.97-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.81 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (s, 1H), 5.65 (s, 1H), 5.54 (s, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (br s, 1H), 5.04 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (s, 1H), 4.32 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (s, 3H), 4.03 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.96 (d, J=15.6, 1H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.34 (dd, J=16.2 Hz, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.86-1.82 (m, 1 H), 1.79-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.01 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0736] .sup.11B NMR (500 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ −0.87 (s) ppm;

[0737] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.56H.sub.62BCl.sub.2N.sub.8O.sub.17 [M+H].sup.+ 1199.3698; found 1199.3698.

[0738] Experimental Procedure for Antibiotic Evaluation of 43, 44, Vancomycin and Vancomycin Aglycon.

[0739] Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method (63). Briefly, antibiotics were prepared as 2-fold dilutions in 96-well plates containing cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (S. aureus strains) or brain-heart infusion broth (Enterococcus strains). Stock solutions of antibiotics were made in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Wells were inoculated from a fresh plate scrape diluted to a final concentration of 5×10.sup.5 CFU/mL and incubated at 37° C. Growth observed visually at 20 h. All MICs are an average of at least three independent determinations.

TABLE-US-00022 S. E. E. E. Compd. aureus.sup.a MRSA.sup.b faecium.sup.c faecalis.sup.d faecalis.sup.e vancomycin 0.5 0.5 >64 >64 16 vancomycin 1 1 >64 >64 32 aglycon 43 2 2 >64 >64 8 44 16 16 >64 >64 16 .sup.aStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) .sup.bStaphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant, ATCC 43300) .sup.cEnterococcus faecium (Van A, ATCC BAA-2317) .sup.dEnterococcus faecalis (VanA, BM4166) .sup.eEnterococcus faecalis (Van B, ATCC 51299) Note: compound 44 was not very stable in H.sub.2O at 37° C. under air. Under such conditions, ca. 20% of 44 was found to have decomposed after 24 h as indicated by LC/MS analysis (254 nM UV detector).

[0740] Probing the Stereoselectivity on Peptide Substrates

##STR00195##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanyl-L-valinate (S48)

[0741] N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 422 mg, 2.2 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) was added into a solution of Boc-L-Ala-L-Val-OH (2.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and NHPI (359 mg, 2.2 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (30 mL) at −10° C. After stirring for 1 hat room temperature, the mixture was washed with water and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 for three times. The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes to EtOAc) afforded S48 (591 mg, 62%).

[0742] Physical state: white foam;

[0743] R.sub.f=0.36 (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0744] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.88 (dd, J=5.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (dd, J=5.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 6.93-6.79 (br, 1H), 5.02-4.88 (m, 2H), 4.28-4.14 (br, s, 1 H), 2.48-2.32 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.38 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0745] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.6, 168.4, 161.6, 155.9, 135.0, 129.0, 124.2, 80.5, 55.6, 50.0, 31.8, 28.4, 18.9, 17.5 ppm;

[0746] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.21H.sub.28N.sub.3O.sub.7 [M+H].sup.+ 434.1922; found 434.1930.

##STR00196##

tert-butyl((2S)-1-((2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)prop-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate (45)

[0747] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Flash column chromatography (silica gel, 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 45 as a mixture of inseparable diastereomers (50 mg, dr=1:1, 67%)

[0748] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0749] R.sub.f=0.22 (silica gel, 3:7 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0750] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6): δ 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.56 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 1H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.05 (s, 2H), 2.10-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.25-0.92 (m, 42H) ppm;

[0751] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6): δ 174.7, 174.2, 156.0, 155.9, 82.8, 82.6, 79.4, 74.7, 49.1, 49.0, 37.0, 30.3, 28.4, 25.3, 25.3, 25.2, 25.0, 20.7, 20.7, 20.0, 19.9, 17.9, 17.7 ppm;

[0752] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.36BN.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 371.2712; found 371.2710.

##STR00197##

[0753] On a 2.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with Boc-L-Val-L-Val-OH (S49).

[0754] Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded S50a (187 mg, 20%) and S50b (395 mg, 43%).

##STR00198##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-valyl-L-valinate (S50a)

[0755] Physical state: white foam;

[0756] R.sub.f=0.40 (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0757] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.90-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.81-7.79 (m, 2H), 6.48 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (dd, J=8.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J=8.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.14 (br s, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.11 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 6H), 0.97 (dd, J=16.5, 6.8 Hz, 6H) ppm;

[0758] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 171.9, 168.4, 161.6, 156.1, 135.0, 129.0, 124.2, 80.2, 60.4, 55.6, 31.7, 30.6, 28.4, 19.4, 18.9, 18.2, 17.7 ppm;

[0759] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.24N.sub.3O.sub.5 [M-Boc+H].sup.+ 362.1710; found 362.1705;

[0760] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−31.8 (c 0.96, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00199##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-valyl-L-valinate (S50b)

[0761] Physical state: white foam;

[0762] R.sub.f=0.4 (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0763] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.87-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.77 (m, 2H), 6.60 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (dd, J=8.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (dd, J=8.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.10 (br s, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.09 (dd, J=6.9, 4.6 Hz, 6H), 0.97 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0764] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.0, 168.4, 161.6, 156.1, 134.9, 128.9, 124.1, 80.1, 60.3, 55.6, 31.6, 30.6, 28.4, 19.4, 18.9, 18.2, 17.7 ppm;

[0765] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.24N.sub.3O.sub.5 [M-Boc+H].sup.+ 362.1710; found 362.1714;

[0766] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−31.2 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00200##

tert-butyl ((S)-3-methyl-1-(((S)-2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaboro-lan-2-yl)propyl)amino)-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate (46)

[0767] From S50a:

[0768] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF) from S50a (1.0 equiv. of MgBr.sub.2.Et.sub.2O was used in this case). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 46 as a mixture of inseparable diastereomers (37.1 mg, d.r.=1.7:1, 47%)

[0769] From S50b:

[0770] On 0.2 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF) from S50b (1.0 equiv. of MgBr.sub.2.Et2O was used in this case). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc: hexanes) afforded 46 as a mixture of inseparable diastereomers (36.5 mg, d.r.=1.7:1, 46%).

[0771] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0772] R.sub.f=0.30 (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0773] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 6.30 (br d, J=5.5 Hz, 0.78H), 6.22 (br s, 0.22H), 5.10 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.03 (br s, 1H), 2.10 (br s, 1H), 1.96-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.28-1.16 (m, 12H), 0.95 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H) ppm;

[0774] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.48 (minor), 172.46, 155.92, 83.37, 79.91, 59.57 (minor), 59.25, 44.96 (br), 31.10, 31.02 (minor), 30.01, 29.91 (minor), 28.51, 28.44, 25.18, 25.12, 25.10 (minor), 25.03 (minor), 24.97, 20.42, 20.37 (minor), 20.12, 20.03, 19.35, 19.21 (minor), 18.13 (minor), 17.90 ppm;

[0775] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.20H.sub.40BN.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 399.3025; found 399.3028.

##STR00201##

tert-butyl (R)-2-(((S)-1-((1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)oxy)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (S51)

[0776] On 1.0 mmol scale (based on Boc-L-Pro-L-Leu-OH), the same procedure as in the synthesis of S48 was used. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded S51 (308 mg, 67%).

[0777] Physical state: white foam;

[0778] R.sub.f=0.4 (silica gel, 1:1 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0779] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.87 (br s, 0.6H), 7.79-7.77 (m, 2H), 6.63 (s, 0.4H), 4.99-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.30 (m, 1 H), 3.61-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.47 (br s, 0.4H), 2.43-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.16 (br s, 0.6H), 2.03-1.76 (m, 3H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 9H), 1.12-1.03 (m, 6H); (complex spectrum was observed due to mixture of rotamers);

[0780] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.7, 172.0, 168.4, 161.6, 156.3, 154.9, 140.9, 137.2, 134.9, 130.1, 129.0, 124.1, 115.6, 110.4, 81.4, 80.7, 61.3, 59.5, 55.7, 55.1, 47.0, 31.5, 28.5, 27.1, 24.8, 19.0, 17.5; (complex spectrum was observed due to mixture of rotamers);

[0781] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.22N.sub.3O.sub.5 [M-Boc+H].sup.+360.1554; found 360.1554.

##STR00202##

tert-butyl 2-(((S)-2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (47)

[0782] On 0.28 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with S51 and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2. 6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:1 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 47 as a mixture of diastereomers (70.5 mg, d.r.=2.6:1, 63%). Diastereomeric ratio was determined by .sup.1H NMR and NOESY in DMSO-d.sub.6 at 65° C.

[0783] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0784] R.sub.f=0.30 (silica gel, 2:1 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0785] .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): δ 8.37 (s, 0.72H), 8.28 (s, 0.28H), 4.25 (dd, J=8.5, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.44-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.27 (m, 1 H), 2.46 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 0.28H), 2.40 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 0.72H), 2.19-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.13 (s, 3.36H), 1.12 (s, 8.64H), 0.93-0.85 (m, 6H) ppm;

[0786] .sup.13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): δ 174.9, 153.0, 80.6 (minor), 80.4, 78.5, 57.5 (minor), 57.3, 46.2, 28.9 (minor), 28.7, 27.8, 27.7, 24.9 (minor), 24.8, 24.7, 20.1, 20.0 (minor), 19.2 ppm; HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.20H.sub.38BN.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 397.2868; found 397.2864.

Stereoselective Synthesis of bortezomib (Velcade)

[0787] ##STR00203##

##STR00204##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalanylleucinate (S53)

[0788] On 3.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with Boc-L-Phe-L-Leu-OH (64) (S62). Purification by flash column chromatography (deactivated silica gel, 1:5.6 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded S53 as a mixture of inseparable diastereomers (1.42 g, d.r.=3:2, 90%). Diastereomeric ratio was determined by .sup.1H NMR and NOESY.

[0789] Physical state: White foam;

[0790] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0791] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d4): Minor isomer: δ 7.94-7.89 (m, 4H), 7.29-7.15 (m, 5H), 4.78 (dd, J=9.5 Hz, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.35 (m, 1H), 3.05 (dd, J=13.7 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (dd, J=13.6 Hz, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) ppm; Major isomer: δ 7.94-7.89 (m, 4H), 7.29-7.15 (m, 5H), 4.92 (dd, J=9.6 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.35 (m, 1 H), 3.13 (dd, J=14.4 Hz, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.83 (m, 3H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 1.02 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0792] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, MeOH-d4): Minor isomer: δ 174.4, 170.4, 163.1, 157.3, 138.3, 136.3, 135.5, 130.4, 130.1, 129.5, 127.7, 124.9, 124.0, 80.7, 57.4, 50.2, 41.2, 39.6, 28.6, 28.4, 25.7, 25.5, 23.2, 21.7 ppm; Major isomer: δ 174.6, 170.4, 163.1, 157.6, 138.4, 136.4, 135.5, 130.4, 130.1, 129.4, 127.6, 124.9, 124.0, 80.6, 57.1, 50.2, 41.5, 39.1, 28.6, 28.4, 25.7, 25.5, 23.2, 21.8 ppm;

[0793] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.23H.sub.26N.sub.3O.sub.5 [M-Boc+H].sup.+ 424.1867; found 424.1871.

##STR00205##

tert-butyl ((S)-1-(((R)-3-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)butyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (48)

[0794] On 0.6 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF) and S53. The reaction was started from □15° C. and warmed to room temperature over 3 h. Flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:9 EtOAc:hexanes to 1:4 EtOAc:hexanes) afforded 48, which was dissolved in hexanes and filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford 48 as a mixture of inseparable diastereomers (151 mg, d.r.=5.1:1, 55%).

[0795] Physical state: Pale yellow oil;

[0796] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0797] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): Major isomer: δ 7.31-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.21 (m, 3H), 6.19 (br s, 1H), 5.00 (br s, 1H), 4.35 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.10-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.98 (ddd, J=8.8 Hz, 6.3 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.49-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.37-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.24 (s, 6H), 1.23 (s, 6H), 0.86 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0798] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): Major isomer: δ 172.6, 155.5, 134.4, 129.6, 128.8, 127.1, 83.0, 80.3, 54.8, 39.9, 38.3, 28.4, 25.6, 25.1, 25.0, 23.3, 22.0 ppm;

[0799] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.25H.sub.42BN.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 461.3181; found 461.3179.

##STR00206##

(3-methyl-1-((S)-3-phenyl-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)propanamido)butyl)boronic acid (49)

[0800] Bortezomib (49) was synthesized from 48 using the literature procedure (19) with slight modifications.

[0801] Boc deprotection: To a screw-capped culture tube charged with 48 (151 mg, 0.33 mmol) was added HCl in EtOAc (14 wt %) at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h and room temperature for an additional 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and the resulting solid was washed with hexanes. The desired product was afforded as a white solid and was used in next step without further purification.

[0802] Esterification: CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1.2 mL, 0.5 M) was added to a screw-capped culture tube containing the hydrochloride salt obtained from the previous step. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. Diisopropylethylamine (0.15 mL, 0.86 mmol) was added dropwise, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min. 2-Pyrazine carboxylic acid (56 mg, 0.45 mmol) was then added to the solution in one portion. O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU, 118 mg, 0.37 mmol) was then added to the reaction mixture which was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and room temperature for additional 1 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL) and transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic layer was washed with deionic H.sub.2O (2×10 mL), 1% phosphoric acid (2×10 mL), 2% K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2×10 mL), and brine (2×10 mL) successively. Each aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting pale yellow foam was carried on to the next step without further purification.

[0803] Boronate ester exchange: Pentane (0.8 mL) and MeOH (0.8 mL) were added to a screw-capped culture tube containing the pinacol boronate obtained from the previous step. 2-Methylpropaneboronic acid (125 mg, 1.2 mmol) was then added to the solution. 1 N aq. HCl (0.6mL) was added to the reaction mixture, and the resulting biphasic solution was stirred vigorously for 16 h. Stirring was then stopped and the biphasic mixture was allowed to separate. The aqueous layer was washed with pentane (2×10 mL) and was then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting film was partitioned between CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and 1 N aq. NaOH (10 mL). The aqueous layer was washed with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3×10 mL) and the organic phase was back-extracted with 1 N aq. NaOH (2×10 mL). 1 N aq. HCl was added to the combined aqueous layers until the pH=6 when the desired product was extracted into the organic layer with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3×10 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was dissolved in EtOAc (2 mL), and the solution was subsequently concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was then added hexanes (2 mL), and the suspension was concentrated in vacuo to afford the product 49 (64 mg, d.r.=5.1:1, 51% over 3 steps).

[0804] Physical state: white solid;

[0805] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CD.sub.3CN:D.sub.2O=4:1): Major isomer: δ 9.10 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.74 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H)), 8.61 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.17 (m, 1H), 4.78 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dd, J=13.8 Hz, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J=10.2 Hz, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.44-1.33 (m, 2H), 1.26-1.21 (m, 1 H), 0.80 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.78 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0806] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CD.sub.3CN:D.sub.2O=4:1): Major isomer: 172.4, 164.5, 148.7, 145.0, 144.7, 144.4, 137.7, 130.4, 129.5, 127.8, 54.9, 40.2, 40.2 (br s), 38.5, 25.9, 23.6, 22.0 ppm;

[0807] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.19H.sub.24N.sub.4O.sub.3 [M−H.sub.2O+H].sup.+ 367.1936; found 367.1950.

Synthesis of Elastase Inhibitor 50

[0808] ##STR00207##

##STR00208##

(methoxycarbonyl)-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-valine (50a)

[0809] Cbz deprotection: A 100 mL flask equipped with a stirrer bar was charged with Z-L-Pro-L-Val-OtBu (65) (S54, 2.55 g, 6.3 mmol), 10% Pd/C (128 mg, 5 wt %), and MeOH (30 mL). The flask was then evacuated and backfilled with H.sub.2 from a balloon for three times. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h and was filtered through a short pad of celite which was then rinsed with MeOH (10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give the corresponding amine as colorless oil.

[0810] Amide bond formation: The aforementioned amine was treated successively with S55 (1.1 g, 6.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), HOBt.H.sub.2O (96 mg, 0.07 mmol, 0.11 equiv.), and CH.sub.2C1.sub.2 (25 mL). The resulting solution was cooled to 0° C. before DCC (1.43 g, 6.9 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 30 min and then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad a celite; the filtrate was redissolved in EtOAc and washed with 0.1 N aq. HCl, 0.1 M aq.NH.sub.4OH, and brine successively. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo to give S56 (2.2 g) as colorless oil, which was used in the next step without further purification.

[0811] tBu deprotection: In a 25 mL flask equipped with a stirrer bar, S56 (428 mg, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3 mL). TFA (3 mL) was added and the resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 5 h. After the volatiles were removed in vacuo, the crude mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:1 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished 50a (359 mg, 80% over 3 steps).

[0812] Physical state: white foam;

[0813] R.sub.f=0.35 (silica gel, 1:2 hexanes: EtOAc);

[0814] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.43 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.17 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.64 (dd, J=7.8 Hz, 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.48 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.84 (dd, J=16.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.63 (m, 4H), 2.33-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.92 (m, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0815] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 174.5, 173.5, 171.1, 157.8, 60.6, 58.1, 57.8, 52.5, 48.3, 31.4, 31.2, 27.7, 25.2, 19.4, 19.0, 18.1, 17.8 ppm;

[0816] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.17H.sub.30N.sub.3O.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+ 372.2129; found 372.2126;

[0817] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−62.9 (c 0.79, CHCl.sub.3)

##STR00209##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl(methoxycarbonyl)-L-valyl-L-prolylvalinate (S57)

[0818] On 2.34 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with (methoxycarbonyl)-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-valine. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S57 (640 mg, 53%).

[0819] Physical state: white foam;

[0820] R.sub.f=0.40 (silica gel, 1:2 hexanes: EtOAc);

[0821] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.88-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (dd, J=8.5, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (dd, J=8.1, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J=9.3, 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.79-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.64-3.61 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.17 (dt, J=12.3, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.01-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0822] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 172.5, 171.2, 168.4, 161.7, 157.3, 134.9, 129.0, 124.1, 60.0, 57.7, 56.0, 52.4, 48.0, 31.6, 31.4, 27.4, 25.3, 19.5, 18.8, 17.8, 17.7 ppm;

[0823] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.25H.sub.33N.sub.4O.sub.8 [M+H].sup.+ 517.2293; found 517.2289;

[0824] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−61.0 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00210##

methyl ((S)-3-methyl-1-((S)-2-(((R)-2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxab-orolan-2-yl)propyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxobutan-2yl)-carbamate (S58)

[0825] On 0.33 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF). MgBr.sub.2.Et.sub.2O (1.0 equiv.) was used in this case. Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes to 20:1 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:MeOH) furnished S58 (72 mg, 48%) as slightly yellow oil.

##STR00211##

((R)-1-((S)-1-((methoxycarbonyl)-L-valyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-methylpropyl)boronic acid (50)

[0826] Aminoboronate ester S58 (24 mg, 0.053 mmol) was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 mL) under argon; the solution was cooled to −78° C. with a dry ice/acetone bath when BCl.sub.3 (0.16 mL, 1.0 M in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, 3.0 equiv.) was added dropwise, after which the mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. The reaction was then allowed to warm up to room temperature, and the volatiles were removed in vacuo. Anhydrous methanol (4 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minutes prior to concentration in vacuo. The resulting residue was treated with methanol (4 mL) for 10 minutes and was concentrated in vacuo. This process was repeated for three times. The resulting crude product was then purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (10-40% CH.sub.3CN/H.sub.2O over 25 min, both CH.sub.3CN and H.sub.2O containing 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized to afford 50 as a white floppy powder (15.0 mg, 76%).

[0827] Physical state: white powder;

[0828] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 4.61 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 2.33-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.05 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0829] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 179.3, 173.5, 159.4, 59.7, 57.9, 52.7, 31.7, 31.0, 29.8, 26.2, 21.4, 21.2, 19.6, 18.8 ppm;

[0830] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.16H.sub.29BN.sub.3O.sub.5 [M-H.sub.2O+H].sup.+354.2195; found 354.2189;

[0831] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−81.1 (c 0.44, MeOH).

Synthesis of Elastase Inhibitors mCBK320 (51) and mCBK323(52)

[0832] ##STR00212##

##STR00213##

(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-valine (S60)

[0833] Cbz deprotection: A 100 mL flask equipped with a stirrer bar was charged with Z-L-Pro-L-Val-OMe (66) (S59, 1.95 g, 5.4 mmol), 10% Pd/C (98 mg, 5 wt %), and MeOH (25 mL). This flask was then evacuated and backfilled with H.sub.2 from a balloon for three times. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h and was filtered through a thin pad of celite which was then rinsed with MeOH (10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give the corresponding amine as colorless oil.

[0834] Amide bond formation: The aforementioned amine was treated sequentially with Boc-L-Valine (1.17 g, 5.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), HOBt.H.sub.2O (83 mg, 0.61 mmol, 0.11 equiv.), and CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (25 mL). The resulting solution was cooled to 0° C. before DCC (1.23 g, 6.0 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 30 min and then at room temperature overnight. The resulting mixture was filtered through a pad of celite; the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, redissolved in EtOAc, and washed with 0.1N aq. HCl, 0.1 M aq. NH.sub.4OH, and brine successively. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:1 EtOAc:hexanes) to give Boc-L-Val-L-Pro-L-Val-OMe (1.32 g) as a colorless oil.

[0835] Hydrolysis of ester: A 25 mL flask equipped with a stirrer bar was charged with Boc-L-Val-L-Pro-L-Val-OMe (1.32 g) and THF (3 mL). LiOH (4 mL, 1 M aqueous solution) was added and the resulting solution was allowed to stir vigorously at room temperature for 12 h. 1 N HCl was added to the reaction mixture until pH=2-3 and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo to give S60 (1.24 g, 53% over 3 steps) as a white foam, which was used in the next step without further purification.

##STR00214##

1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-valyl-L-prolylvalinate (S61)

[0836] On 3.0 mmol scale, General Procedure A was followed with Boc-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-valine (S60). Purification by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S61 (920 mg, 55%).

[0837] Physical state: white foam;

[0838] R.sub.f=0.50 (silica gel, 1:2 hexane: EtOAc);

[0839] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.84 (dd, J=8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (dd, J=7.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J=9.6, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 3.71-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.60 (dt, J=8.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.88-2.02 (m, 3H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.08 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0840] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.9, 171.1, 168.3, 161.7, 156.0, 134.9, 129.0, 124.1, 79.7, 60.0, 57.0, 56.1, 47.9, 31.6, 31.6, 28.5, 27.1, 25.4, 19.7, 18.9, 17.8, 17.6 ppm;

[0841] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.28.sub.39N.sub.4O.sub.8 [M+H].sup.+ 559.2762; found 559.2757.

[0842] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−86.2 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00215##

tert-butyl ((S)-3-methyl-1-((S)-2-(((R)-2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-diox-aborolan-2-yl)propyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate (S62)

[0843] On 1.1 mmol scale, General Procedure C was followed with S61 and suspension C (NiCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O/di-tBubipy in THF), 1.0 equiv. of MgBr.sub.2.Et.sub.2O was used in this case. Flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:3 EtOAc:hexanes to 3:1 EtOAc:hexanes) furnished S62 (257 mg, 47%) as a slightly yellow oil.

[0844] Physical state: slight yellow oil;

[0845] R.sub.f=0.65 (silica gel, 1:2 hexanes: EtOAc);

[0846] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 7.08 (br s, 1 H), 5.22 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (dd, J=8.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J=9.3, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (q, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (ddd, J=9.7, 8.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.97-2.86 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.25 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 12H), 0.97 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0847] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): δ 172.8, 171.8, 156.0, 83.3, 79.8, 59.0, 56.9, 47.7, 31.6, 29.8, 28.5, 27.0, 25.3, 25.2, 25.1, 20.6, 20.3, 19.7, 17.5 ppm;

[0848] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.25H.sub.47BN.sub.3O.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+ 496.3552; found 496.3550.

[0849] [α]D.sup.20=−73.6 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00216##

(1-((S)-1-((4-(((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)carbamoyl)benzoyl)-L-valyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)-2-methylpropyl)boronic acid (51)

[0850] Boc deprotection: In a culture tube equipped with a stir bar, S62 (55 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1 mL). TFA (1 mL) was added at 0° C. and the resulting solution was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 2 h. The volatiles were removed in vacuo using a rotary evaporator (water bath temperature <25° C.), and the residue was used in next step without purification.

[0851] Esterification: Benzoic acid S63 (45 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and PyBOP (69 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) were then added and the mixture was dissolved in DMF (2.0 mL). N-methyl morpholine (49 μL, 0.45 mmol, 4.0 equiv.) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 10:1 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:MeOH) to give the pinacol boronate of 51 (69 mg) contaminated with some tripyrrolidinophosphine oxide. This mixture was used in the next step without further purification.

[0852] Boronate ester exchange: In a culture tube equipped with a stir bar, the aforementioned mixture (53 mg) and PhB(OH).sub.2 (14 mg) was dissolved in Et.sub.2O (3 mL). 2 N HCl (3 mL) was added and the resulting biphasic mixture was allowed to stir vigorously at room temperature for 36 h when it was extracted with EtOAc (5 mL×3). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (20-80% CH.sub.3CN/H.sub.2O over 35 min, both CH.sub.3CN and H.sub.2O containing 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized to afford 51 (14.0 mg, 26% for 3 steps).

[0853] Physical state: white powder;

[0854] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 8.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.94-7.90 (m, 4H), 7.66 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.64 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dt, J=9.6 Hz, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (dt, J=9.6 Hz, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.19 (m, 2H), 2.14-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.16 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) ppm;

[0855] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, MeOH-d.sub.4): δ 179.2, 173.0, 169.1, 166.9, 141.3, 139.5, 139.4, 135.9, 131.2, 130.3, 129.5, 128.9, 59.0, 57.9, 31.8, 31.1, 29.8, 26.3, 21.4, 21.2, 19.5, 19.5 ppm;

[0856] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.28H.sub.35BClN.sub.4O.sub.7S [M-H.sub.2O+H].sup.+ 617.2003; found 617.2002.

[0857] [α].sub.D.sup.°=−72.2 (c 0.36, MeOH).

##STR00217##

(4-(((2S)-1-((2S)-2-((1-borono-2-methylpropyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzoyl)glycine (52)

[0858] Boc deprotection: In a culture tube equipped with a stir bar, S62 (55 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1 mL). TFA (1 mL) was added at 0° C. and the resulting solution was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 2 h. The volatiles were removed in vacuo using a rotary evaporator (water bath temperature <25° C.), and the residue was used in next step without purification.

[0859] Esterification: Benzoic acid S64 (37 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and PyBOP (69 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) were then added and the mixture was dissolved in DMF (2.0 mL). N-methyl morpholine (49 μL, 0.45 mmol, 4.0 equiv.) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 10:1 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:MeOH) to give the pinacol boronate (63 mg, 86%) which was used in the next step without further purification.

[0860] Global deprotection: In a culture tube equipped with a stir bar, the aforementioned pinacol boronic ester (32 mg) was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1 mL). TFA (1 mL) was added at 0° C. and the resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were removed in vacuo using a rotary evaporator (water bath temperature <25° C.), and the residue was purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (20-80% CH.sub.3CN/H.sub.2O over 40 min, both CH.sub.3CN and H.sub.2O containing 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized to afford 52 (13.0 mg, 52% over 3 steps).

[0861] Physical state: white powder;

[0862] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, Methanol-d.sub.4): δ 7.96-7.90 (m, 4H), 4.66-4.59 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.07 (m, 3H), 3.83 (dt, J=10.1, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.14-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.17 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) ppm;.

[0863] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, Methanol-d.sub.4): δ 179.3, 173.1, 173.0, 169.50, 169.48, 138.1, 138.0, 128.8, 128.6, 59.0, 58.0, 42.3, 31.8, 31.1, 29.8, 26.3, 21.4, 21.2, 19.6, 19.5 ppm;

[0864] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.24H.sub.34BN.sub.4O.sub.7 [M-H.sub.2O+H].sup.+501.2515; found 501.2516;

[0865] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−97.3 (c 0.26, MeOH).

[0866] Stereochemistry Assignment of the Peotidic Boronic Acids 50. 51 and 52

##STR00218##

[0867] The pinacol α-amino boronate S66a/S66b was prepared using the literature procedure (67) with slight modifications.

##STR00219##

(R)-2-methyl-N—((R)-2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)propane-2-sulfinamide (S66a)

[0868] A culture tube equipped with a stirrer bar was charged sequentially with PCy.sub.3.HBF.sub.4 (12 mg, 0.033 mmol, 1.2 mol %) , toluene (0.55 mL), aqueous CuSO.sub.4 (1.1 mL, 0.03 M, 1.2 mol %) and benzylamine (15.3 μL, 0.14 mmol, 5 mol %). The mixture was stirred for 10 min at the room temperature when a solution of aldimine S65 (480 mg, 2.74 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in toluene (5.0 mL) was added, followed by B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (1.39 g, 5.5 mmol, 2.0 equiv.). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 14 h, diluted with EtOAc and filtered through a silica gel plug eluting with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes) to give S66a (1.07 g, d.r.>20:1) that was contaminated with impurities originating from B.sub.2pin.sub.2 which could be removed in the next step.

##STR00220##

(R)-2-methyl-N—((S)-2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propyl)propane-2-sulfinamide (S66b)

[0869] To a culture tube equipped with a stirrer bar were added a solution of P(OPh).sub.3 (0.33 mL, 0.1 M in toluene, 1.2 mol %), aqueous CuSO.sub.4 (1.1 mL, 0.03 M, 1.2 mol %), and benzylamine (15.3 μL, 0.14 mmol, 5 mol %) sequentially. The mixture was stirred for 10 min, after which a solution of aldimine S65 (480 mg, 2.74 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in toluene (5.0 mL) and B.sub.2pin.sub.2 (1.39 g, 5.5 mmol, 2.0 equiv.) were added sequentially. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 14 h, diluted with EtOAc, and filtered through a silica gel plug eluting with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:3 EtOAc:hexanes) to give S66b (857 mg, d.r.=6.1:1) contaminated with impurities originating from B.sub.2pin.sub.2 which could be removed in the next step.

[0870] The α-boronic amine hydrochloride S67a/S67b was prepared using the literature procedure (19)

##STR00221##

(R)-2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propan-1-amine hydrochloride (S67a)

[0871] S66a (190 mg, contaminated with B.sub.2pin.sub.2 impurities) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (1.2 mL) and methanol (0.1 mL) under argon. HCl (80 μL, 4.0 M in 1,4-dioxane) was added at room temperature and the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The resulting solid was triturated with a 2:1 mixture of hexanes and Et.sub.2O to give S67a (48 mg, 42% over 2 steps).

[0872] Physical state: white solid;

[0873] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.23 (s, 3H), 2.79 (br s, 1H), 2.26 (pd, J=6.9, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (br s, 12H), 1.11 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

[0874] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 85.2, 44.4 (br), 29.3, 25.2, 24.8, 20.4, 19.9.

[0875] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for C.sub.10H.sub.23BNO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 200.1816; found 200.1812.

[0876] [α].sub.D.sup.20=−3.0 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00222##

(S)-2-methyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)propan-1-amine hydrochloride (S67b)

[0877] S66b (350 mg, contaminated with Bpin impurities) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (2.4 mL) and methanol (0.2 mL) under argon. HCl (0.16 mL, 4.0 M in 1,4-dioxane) was added at room temperature and the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The resulting solid was triturated with a 2:1 mixture of hexanes and Et.sub.2O to give S67b (94 mg, 37% over 2 steps).

[0878] Physical state: white solid;

[0879] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.25 (s, 3H), 2.80 (q, J=5.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.26 (pd, J=6.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (br s, 12H), 1.12 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H);

[0880] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 85.2, 44.5 (br), 29.3, 25.2, 24.8, 20.4, 19.9;

[0881] HRMS (ESI-TOF, m/z): Calcd for for C.sub.10H.sub.23BNO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 200.1816; found 200.1817;

[0882] [α].sub.D.sup.20=+2.7 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3).

##STR00223##

[0883] To a culture tube charged with Boc-L-Val-L-Pro-OH (S68, 34 mg, 0.11 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 44 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1.3 equiv.) was added DMF (0.5 mL), followed by diisopropylethylamine (45 μL, 0.26 mmol, 2.9 equiv.). S67a (21 mg, 0.089 mmol) in DMF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C. After the completion of addition, the reaction was kept stirring at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with Et.sub.2O, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 EtOAc:hexanes to 3:1 EtOAc:hexanes) to give S62a (32.3 mg, 73%) as a colorless oil.

[0884] The NMR spectra of S62a are in agreements with those of S62 prepared via decarboxylative borylation. This confirms the configuration of the stereocenter a to boron in S62 to be R.

##STR00224##

[0885] To a culture tube charged with Boc-L-Val-L-Pro-OH (S68, 26 mg, 0.083 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 34 mg, 0.089 mmol, 1.3 equiv.) was added DMF (0.5 mL), followed by diisopropylethylamine (35 μL, 0.2 mmol, 2.9 equiv.). S67b (16 mg, 0.068 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DMF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C. After the completion of addition, the reaction was kept stirring at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with Et.sub.2O, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 EtOAc:hexanes to EtOAc) to give S62b (22 mg, 65%) as a colorless oil.

[0886] Physical state: colorless oil;

[0887] R.sub.f=0.60 (silica gel, 1:2 EtOAc:hexanes);

[0888] .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.08 (br s, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J=9.4 Hz, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (td, J=9.4 Hz, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (ddd, J=9.6 Hz, 8.1 Hz, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (td, J=5.7 Hz, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (ddd, J=12.8 Hz, 6.1 Hz, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.14-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.98 (dtd, J=12.3 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (tdd, J=11.3 Hz, 9.0 Hz, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.21 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 12H), 1.00 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H) ppm;

[0889] .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 172.9, 171.8, 156.0, 83.1, 79.8, 59.0, 56.9, 47.7, 45.5, 31.6, 29.8, 28.5, 27.2, 25.2, 25.12, 25.10, 20.4, 20.3, 19.9, 17.7 ppm.

[0890] The NMR spectra of S62b differ from those of S62.

[0891] Elastase inhibition assay

[0892] Compounds tested:

[0893] For chemical structures, see FIG. 4A. For pharmokinetic profiles, see FIG. 4B.

[0894] Materials and methods:

[0895] Compounds 50-58, 50a, 50b, and 51a were subjected to this assay.

[0896] Serially diluted compounds in DMSO were dispensed into a 384-well black opaque plate by Echo dispenser. 0.1 μg/mL human neutrophil elastase (EPC, Catalog# SE563, Owensville, Ms.) or human sputum diluted with assay buffer (100 mM HEPES, 500 mM NaCl, 0.02% Tween 20) was added into the 384-well plate, and was incubated with different compounds at different concentrations for 30 minutes at room temperature. The final concentration of DMSO in the reaction was 0.1%. Elastase substrate MeOSuc-AAPV-AMC (Bachem, Catalog #I-1270, Torrance, Calif.) of 100 μM final concentration was then added into the reaction system just before enzyme kinetics were read on PheraSTAR plate reader at excitation of 380 nm and emission of 460 nm with a 3-minutes interval for 30 minutes in total. Slope of fluorescence intensity vs. time representing the V.sub.max of enzyme activity was calculated with MARS software. % relative inhibition was calculated as:

[00001] $\frac{{Slope}_{DMSO} - {Slope}_{inhibitor}}{{Slope}_{DMSO}} \times 100 %$

[0897] IC.sub.50 was calculated based on the % relative inhibition curve using log(agonist) vs. response (three parameters) method with Prism software. All experiments were performed in triplicate for at least three independent times. The IC.sub.50 results of all experiments are shown as the average of triplicates with error bar indicating standard deviation as indicated in individual figures. For compounds 51, 52, and 58, the assay above was repeated with 2.5, 25, 50 and 100 μM of elastase substrate (MeOSuc-AAPV-AMC) and Ki/nM values were calculated based on these results using the mixed model (68).

Quantification of Elastase Concentration in Human Sputum:

[0898] Human sputum was purchased from Discovery Life Sciences (Los Osos, Calif.). Human sputum was diluted 1:10 in volume with assay buffer (100 mM HEPES, 500 mM NaCl, 0.02% Tween 20) followed by vigorous vortexing. The 1:10 diluted human sputum was further diluted into 1:30, 1:90, 1:270, 1:810, and 1:2430. The elastase concentration was determined by elastase inhibition assay as described above. Specifically, a series of standards of human neutrophil elastase (starting at 2 μg/mL and further diluted 1:2 in volume) were prepared in the assay buffer. The samples and standards were plated in a 384-well black solid bottom plate; the substrate MeOSuc-AAPV-AMC of 100 μM final concentration was then added into the reaction system just before enzyme kinetics were read on PheraSTAR plate reader as mentioned above. The slope of enzymatic kinetic reading was calculated by MARS software. The elastase levels of the human sputum were calculated based on the standard curve.

[0899] Results:

TABLE-US-00023 Purified NHE CF sputum COPD sputum Compound IC.sub.50/nM LipE IC.sub.50/nM LipE IC.sub.50/nM LipE 50-B(OH).sub.2 0.27± 0.02 8.37 0.51 ± 0.04 8.09 0.274 ± 0.004 8.36 50a-C(O)CF.sub.3 134.9 ± 12.2 4.57 358.3 ± 54.5 4.15 178.9 ± 15.0 4.45 50b-CO.sub.2H Not Active N.A. N.A. N.A N.A. N.A. 51-B(OH).sub.2 0.030 ± 0.002 7.33 0.096 ± 0.002 6.83 0.0223 ± 0.0006 7.46 51a-C(O)CF.sub.3 289.8 ± 32.1 1.95 833.4 ± 220.5 1.49 282.2 ± 23.1 1.96 52-B(OH).sub.2 0.015 ± 0.001 10.1 0.043 ± 0.002 9.62 0.0127 ± 0.0008 10.2 53 2.62 ± 0.39 7.32 4.08 ± 0.39 7.11 2.98 ± 0.82 7.22 54 0.031 ± 0.002 6.76 0.40 ± 0.04 5.87 0.024 ± 0.003 6.85 55 0.093 ± 0.008 18.6 0.48 ± 0.03 17.8 0.051 ± 0.004 18.8 56 1.34 ± 0.13 4.59 2.68 ± 0.04 4.29 1.12 ± 0.04 4.67 57 0.99 ± 0.13 9.46 2.04 ± 0.08 9.16 0.97 ± 0.14 9.45 58 0.0111 ± 0.0002 5.04 202.8 ± 31.2 0.77 16.23 ± 2.13 1.87 Note: Average ± SD, n = 3 plotted, representative of 3 independent, triplicate experiments. A non-linear, 3-parameter log inhibitor curve was used to calculate the IC.sub.50 values. Curve fit statistics: purified HNE, R.sup.2 ≥ 0.95, CF patient sputum, R.sup.2 ≥ 0.93, COPD patient sputum, R.sup.2 ≥ 0.93.

[0900] Ki Values:

TABLE-US-00024 Compound 51 52 58 Ki/nM 0.034 0.0037 0.0027 Standard 0.002 0.0005 0.0029 deviation Note: Measurements were performed in 3 replicates and average values were reported.

[0901] Time Dependence of Elastase Inhibition

[0902] Method:

[0903] The procedure for the elastase inhibition assay was followed with slight modifications. 0.1 μg/mL human neutrophil elastase was incubated with a range of concentrations of inhibitors for 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes before substrate MeOSuc-AAPV-AMC of 100 μM final concentration was added. Enzyme kinetics were read on PheraSTAR plate reader and IC.sub.50 was calculated with the method described above.

Results:

[0904]

TABLE-US-00025 51 52 58 Stan- Stan- Stan- Com- dard dard dard pound IC.sub.50/nM deviation IC.sub.50/nM deviation IC.sub.50/nM deviation 5 min 0.027 0.002 0.0040 0.0015 0.011 0.002 15 min 0.030 0.007 0.0047 0.0009 0.0040 0.0011 30 min 0.037 0.005 0.0042 0.0015 0.0026 0.0003 60 min 0.026 0.010 0.0042 0.00076 0.00029 0.00021 Note: Measurements were performed in 3 replicates and average values were reported.

Plasma Stability Assay

Materials:

[0905] 1) Compounds 50, 50a, 51, 51a and 52 were tested. Propantheline was used as the reference compound in this assay; all stock solutions were stored at −40° C. before use. [0906] 2) Test system: CD-1 Mouse Plasma from a minimum of 20 male individuals were obtained from BioreclamationlVT (Catalog #: MSEPLEDTA2-M; Batch #: MSE244515). EDTA-K2 was used as the anticoagulant.

Procedure:

[0907] The frozen plasma was thawed in a water bath at 37° C. prior to the experiments. The plasma was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min and the clots were removed if necessary.

[0908] The pH was adjusted to 7.4±0.1 as necessary. An intermediate solution (1 mM) was prepared and a 100 μM dosing solution was prepared by diluting 10 μL of the intermediate solution with 90 μL 45% MeOH/H.sub.2O. Duplicate of test samples were made by mixing 98 μL of blank plasma with 2 μL of dosing solution (100 μM) to achieve the final concentration of 2 μM. Samples were incubated at 37° C. At each time point (0, 10, 30, 60, and 120 min), 400 μL of stop solution (consisting of 200 ng/mL tolbutamide and 20 ng/mL buspirone in 50% MeOH/CH.sub.3CN) was added to precipitate protein under thorough mixing. The sample plates were then centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 min. An aliquot of supernatant (100 μL) was transferred from each well and mixed with 200 of μL ultrapure water. The samples were shaken at 800 rpm for about 10 min before LC-MS/MS analysis.

[0909] Data analysis: The % remaining of test compound after incubation in plasma was calculated using following equation:

Remaining=100×(P.sub.AR at T.sub.n/P.sub.AR at T.sub.0)

where P.sub.AR is the peak area ratio of analyte versus internal standard (IS) and The appointed incubation time points are T.sub.0 (0 min), T.sub.n (n=0, 10, 30, 60, 120 min).

[0910] LC-MS/MS condition: Each compound was analyzed by LC/MS using an ACE 5-phenyl 50×2.1 mm column (Part No. ACE-125-0502) with 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile as the mobile phases. Tobultamide was used as the internal standard. Data collected were processed by Analyst 1.6.2 software and MultiQuant 3.0.2 software.

[0911] Results:

TABLE-US-00026 Compound Species/Matrix Time Point (min) % Remaining (mean) 50 CD-1 Mouse 0 100.0 Plasma 10 100.5 30 105.2 60 88.0 120 76.7 50a CD-1 Mouse 0 100.0 Plasma 10 101.7 30 98.8 60 100.0 120 92.5 51 CD-1 Mouse 0 100.0 Plasma 10 90.0 30 79.4 60 84.1 120 90.3 51a CD-1 Mouse 0 100.0 Plasma 10 99.0 30 109.1 60 99.5 120 106.6 52 CD-1 Mouse 0 100.0 Plasma 10 116.1 30 104.8 60 96.4 120 79.2 Propantheline CD-1 Mouse 0 100.0 Plasma 10 76.8 30 39.1 60 21.7 120 7.7

[0912] Mouse Liver Microsomal Metabolic Stability Assay

[0913] Materials: [0914] 1) Compounds 50, 50a, 51, 51a, and 52 were tested in this assay. Testosterone, Dichlofenac, and Propafenone were used as control. [0915] 2) Buffers: [0916] 1. 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. [0917] 2. 10 mM MgCl.sub.2 [0918] 3) Compound Dilution:

[0919] Intermediate solution was prepared by diluting 5 μL of compound or control stock solution (10 mM in DMSO) with DMSO (45 μL) and 1:1 Methanol/Water (450 μL) (concentration=100 μM, 45% MeOH). Working solution was prepared by diluting 50 μL of the intermediate solution with 450 μL of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH=7.4 (centration=10 μM, 4.5% MeOH). [0920] 4) NADPH regenerating system (final Isocitric dehydrogenase concentration=1 unit/mL at incubation) comprised:

[0921] β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate acquired from Sigma (Catalog #N0505), isocitric acid from Sigma (Cat. No. 11252) and isocitric dehydrogenase from Sigma (Catalog #12002). [0922] 5) Liver microsome solution (final concentration of 0.5 mg protein/mL) was prepared using Mouse liver microsomes from Xenotech (Catalog #M1000, Lot #1310028). [0923] 6) Stop solution: Cold acetonitrile containing 100 ng/mL Tolbutamide and 100 ng/mL Labetalol as internal standards (IS)

[0924] Procedure:

[0925] 10 μL/well of compound working solution or control working solution was added to all plates (T0, T5, T10, T20, T30, T60, NCF60) except the matrix blank. 80 μL/well of microsome solution was added to every plate. The mixtures of microsome solution and compound were incubated at 37° C. for about 10 min. 10 μL/well of NADPH regenerating system (pre-warmed to 37° C.) was then added to every plate to start the reaction. The plates were incubated for the durations indicated (matrix blank: 1 h; T60: 1 h; T30: 31 min; T20: 40 min; T10 50min; T5: 55min). For NCF60 (abbreviation of no co-factor) no NADPH regenerating system was added, but was replaced by 10 μL/well of potassium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4); the resulting mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 1 h.

[0926] The reactions were then terminated with the stop solution (cold at 4° C.) containing 100 ng/mL Tolbutamide and 100 ng/mL Labetalol (300 pL/well). The sampling plates were shaken for approximately 10 minutes, then were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min at 4° C. While centrifuging, 8 new 96 well plates were loaded with 300 pL of HPLC grade water. 100 μL of supernatant was finally added to 300 μL of HPLC grade water and mixed for LC/MS/MS analysis.

[0927] Apricot pipetting robot was used for all additions, mixing, and transformations described above in 96-well plate format.

Data Analysis

[0928] The equation of first order kinetics was used to calculate T.sub.1/2 and CI.sub.int(mic):

[00002] $C_{t} = C_{o} .Math. e^{- k_{e} .Math. t}$ $when C_{t} = \frac{1}{2} C_{o}, T_{1 / 2} = \frac{\ln}{k_{e}} = 0.693 / k_{e}$ ${CL}_{int (mic)} = \frac{0.693}{in vitro T_{1 / 2}} .Math. (\frac{1}{\frac{mg}{mL} microsomal protein in reaction system})$ ${CL}_{int (liver)} = {CL}_{int (mic)} .Math. (\frac{mg microsomes}{g liver}) .Math. (\frac{g liver}{Kg body weight})$

Results:

[0929]

TABLE-US-00027 MLM 0.5 T.sub.1/2 CL.sub.int(mic) CL.sub.int(liver) Extraction Remaining Remaining Compounds R.sup.2 (min) (μL/min/mg) (mL/min/kg) ratio (T = 60 min) (*NCF = 60min) 50 0.8919 >145 <9.6 <38.0 <0.3 78.5% 99.0% 50a 0.6722 >145 <9.6 <38.0 <0.3 92.9% 82.3% 51 0.2713 >145 <9.6 <38.0 <0.3 85.8% 95.0% 51a 0.9190 71.6 19.4 76.6 0.5 52.2% 91.7% 52 0.4436 >145 <9.6 <38.0 <0.3 78.9% 103.6% Testosterone 0.9992 2.3 597.4 2365.5 1.0 0.0% 70.3% Diclofenac 0.9820 51.0 27.2 107.6 0.5 43.0% 88.0% Propafenone 0.9858 1.3 1.3 4188.4 1.0 0.2% 84.3% Notes: 1)* NCF: the abbreviation of no co-factor. No NADPH regenerating system was added into NCF samples (replaced by buffer) during the 60 min-incubation, if the NCF remaining is less than 60%, then Non-NADPH dependent occurs. 1) R.sup.2 is the correlation coefficient of the linear regression for the determination of kinetic constant. 2) T.sub.1/2 is half-life and CL.sub.int(mic) is the intrinsic clearance. [00003] $3) \frac{mg microsomes}{g liver} = 45 mg / g for five species .$ [00004] $4) \frac{g liver weigh}{Kg body weight} = 88 g / Kg for mouse .$ [00005] $5) Hepatic blood clearance (CLH) = \frac{CLint (liver) \times Qh}{CLint (liver) + Qh}$ [00006] $Hepatic extraction ratio (EH) = \frac{CLH}{QH} = \frac{Clint (liver)}{Clint (liver) + Qh}$ Whereby Qh(mL/min/Kg liver) = 90.0 mL/min/Kg for mouse liver

[0930] Kinetic Solubility Test

[0931] Materials:

[0932] Compounds 50, 50a, 51, 51a, and 52 were tested.

[0933] Procedure:

[0934] The stock solution of each compound (10 μL; 10 mM in DMSO) was diluted with phosphate buffer solution (490 μL; 50 mM, pH 6.8). The resulting mixture was shaken for 24 h. Samples were then filtered. Kinetic solubility was then determined by UV spectroscopy [calibrated by a standard curve (1, 20, and 200 μM)].

[0935] Results:

TABLE-US-00028 Kinetic Solubility pH = 6.8 Kinetic Solubility pH = 6.8 Compound (μg/mL) (μM) 50 >74.25 >200.00 50a >84.69 >200.00 51 >126.99 >200.00 51a 119.75 174.28 52 >103.67 >200.00

[0936] Caco-2 Permeability Assay

[0937] Materials: [0938] 1) Caco-2 culture: Caco-2 cells purchased from ATCC were seeded onto polyethylene membranes (PET) in 96-well BD Insert plates at 1×105 cells/ cm2, and refreshed medium every 4˜5 days until to the 21st to 28th day for confluent cell monolayer formation. [0939] 2) Compound information: compounds 51 and 51a were subjected to the assay. Digoxin, fenoterol, and propranol were used as standards respectively.

[0940] Transport Method:

[0941] The transport buffer used in the study was HBSS with 10 mM HEPES at pH 7.40±0.05. Compounds were tested at 2 μM bi-directionally in duplicates. Digoxin was tested at 10 pM bi-directionally in a duplicate, while fenoterol and propranolol were tested at 2 μM in A(apical) to B (basolateral) direction in duplicates. The final DMSO concentration was adjusted to less than 1%. The plate was incubated for 2 hours in a CO.sub.2 incubator at 37±1° C., with 5% CO.sub.2 at saturated humidity without shaking. All samples, after mixing with acetonitrile containing internal standard, were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min. Subsequently,100 μL supernatant solution was diluted with 100 μL distilled water for LC/MS/MS analysis. Concentrations of test and control compounds in starting solution, donor solution, and receiver solution were quantified by LC/MS/MS methodologies, using peak area ratio of analyte/internal standard. After transport assay, lucifer yellow rejection assay was applied to determine the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity. All data presented herein have passed this test.

[0942] Data analysis: The apparent permeability coefficient Papp (cm/s) was calculated using the equation:

[00007] $P_{app} = (\frac{{dC}_{r}}{dt}) .Math. V_{r} / (A .Math. C_{0})$

[0943] Where

[00008] $\frac{{dC}_{r}}{dt}$

is me cumulative concentration or compound in the receiver chamber as a function of time (μM/s); V.sub.r is the solution volume in the receiver chamber (0.075 mL on the apical side, 0.25 mL on the basolateral side); A is the surface area for the transport, i.e. 0.0804 cm.sup.2 for the area of the monolayer; C.sub.0 is the initial concentration in the donor chamber (μM).

[0944] The efflux ratio was calculated using the equation:

Efflux ratio=P.sub.app(BA)/P.sub.app(AB)

[0945] Percent recovery was calculated using the equation:

% Recovery=100×[(V.sub.r.Math.C.sub.r)+(V.sub.d.Math.C.sub.d)]/(V.sub.d.Math.C.sub.0)

Where V.sub.d is the volume in the donor chambers (0.075 mL on the apical side, 0.25 mL on the basolateral side); C.sub.d and C.sub.r are the final concentrations of transport compound in donor and receiver chambers, respectively.

[0946] LC/MS conditions: Each compound was analyzed by LC/MS using an ACE 5-phenyl 50×2.1 mm column (Part No. ACE-125-0502) with 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile as the mobile phases. Tobultamide was used as the internal standard. Data collected were processed by Analyst 1.6.2 software and MultiQuant 3.0.2 software.

[0947] Results:

TABLE-US-00029 Mean P.sub.app (10.sup.−6 Mean Recovery Compound cm/s) Efflux % ID A to B B to A Ratio A to B B to A Fenoterol 0.24 ND — 93.38 ND Propranolol 19.76 ND — 69.25 ND Digoxin <0.02 8.50 >364.02 <91.21 100.33 51 <0.16 0.61 >3.91 <88.25 99.12 51a <0.08 <0.12 NA <74.15 <90.87 Note: 1) For digoxin and test compound, the signal responses in receiver samples were lower than the limit of quantification. For the convenience of calculating P.sub.app values, 50 was used as the peak area of analyte in receiver samples instead. 2) The permeation was assessed over a 120-minute incubation at 37 ± 1° C. and 5% CO.sub.2 with saturated humidity.

[0948] Summary of ADME Data for Boronates 51 and 52 Compared to Trifluoromethylketone 51a

TABLE-US-00030 CD-1 Caco-2 Caco-2 Kinetic Mouse Microsomal (P.sub.app (P.sub.app solubility Plasma % stability A − B) B − A) (pH 6.8) Remaining (Mouse [10.sup.−6 [10.sup.−6 Compound [μm] @ 2 hr [%] ER) cm/s] cm/s] 51—B(OH).sub.2 >200 90.3% <0.3 <0.080 <0.12 51a—C(O)CF.sub.3 174.28 106.6% <0.3 <0.16 0.61 52—B(OH).sub.2 >200 79.2% <0.3

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CU-AND NI-CATALYZED DECARBOXYLATIVE BORYLATION REACTIONS

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Cpc classification

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C07F5/027

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A61K38/08

HUMAN NECESSITIES

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A61K31/69

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B01J2231/344

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

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Y02P20/55

GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

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C07K7/64

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C07F5/025

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International classification

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