DEVICE AND METHOD OF FEEDING A THERMOPLASTIC FILAMENT

Abstract

An extrusion-based production system (300), comprising: a filament roll with a thermoplastic filament (2); at least one assembly with: an entrance (3) for receiving the filament; an exit (4) for delivering the filament, a channel (5) between the entrance and exit; a first and second rotatable component (10, 20), respectively rotatable about a first/second axis (12, 22), and having first/second external ridges (11, 21), wherein, when a filament is introduced into the channel, and the at least one assembly is rotated with respect to the filament (2), the rotatable components rotate about their respective axis, and the axes move about the filament such that the components mainly roll over the filament, and the external ridges (11) penetrate at least partially into the filament (2). A method for feeding a thermoplastic filament.

Claims

1-23. (canceled)

24. An extrusion-based production system comprising: a filament roll with a thermoplastic filament to be extruded; and at least one assembly adapted to supply the thermoplastic filament, the at least one assembly comprising: an entrance adapted to receive the thermoplastic filament; an exit adapted to deliver the thermoplastic filament, the entrance and the exit defining a channel within which the thermoplastic filament is movable; at least two rotatable components comprising a first rotatable component and a second rotatable component, wherein: the channel is at least partially located between the first rotatable component and the second rotatable component; the first rotatable component is rotatable about a first axis and has first external ridges; the first axis is located at a first distance from the channel such that the first external ridges penetrate at least partially into the channel; the second rotatable component is rotatable about a second axis different from the first axis and has second external ridges; the second axis is located at a second distance from the channel such that the second external ridges penetrate at least partially into the channel; the first rotatable component and the second rotatable component are mounted such that, when the thermoplastic filament is inserted into the channel and when the assembly is rotated relative to the thermoplastic filament, the first rotatable component rotates about the first axis, and the second rotatable component rotates about the second axis, and the first axis and the second axis move about the thermoplastic filament in such a manner that the first rotatable component and the second rotatable component roll over a surface of the thermoplastic filament while the first external ridges and the second external ridges penetrate the thermoplastic filament about 0.05 mm to about 0.25 mm.

25. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, wherein each of the at least two rotatable components is in contact with the thermoplastic filament by at least three different ridge segments that are axially offset with respect to each other.

26. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, wherein: the at least one assembly further comprises a ring gear; and each of the at least two rotatable components further comprise a gearwheel that engages the ring gear to cause at least the first rotatable component and the second rotatable component to rotate synchronously about their respective axes.

27. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, wherein: the at least one assembly further comprises a central gearwheel with a central opening for passage of the thermoplastic filament; and each of the at least two rotatable components comprise a gearwheel that engages the central gearwheel to cause the first rotatable component and the second rotatable component to rotate synchronously around their respective axes.

28. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, wherein: the at least one assembly further comprises a third rotatable component and a fourth rotatable component positioned such that the channel is at least partially located in the space between the first rotatable component, the second rotatable component, the third rotatable component, and the fourth rotatable component; and the third rotatable component and the fourth rotatable component each have a surface that touches the channel.

29. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, wherein: the first axis of the at least one assembly is substantially parallel to the channel; and the second axis is substantially parallel to the channel; and the first external ridges form a first external screw thread; and the second external ridges form a second external screw thread; and the at least one assembly further comprises gearwheels that synchronize the movements of the at least two rotatable components.

30. The extrusion-based production system of claim 29, wherein: the at least one assembly further comprises a third rotatable component with a third external screw thread, the third rotatable component being rotatable about a third axis different from the first axis and the second axis, wherein the third axis is substantially parallel to the channel and is situated at such a distance from the channel that the third external screw thread penetrates at least partially into the channel; the channel is located at least partially between the first rotatable component, the second rotatable component, and the third rotatable component; and the third rotatable component is mounted such that, when the thermoplastic filament is inserted into the channel and when the assembly is rotated relative to the thermoplastic filament, the third rotatable component rolls over a surface of the thermoplastic filament.

31. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, wherein: the first axis of the at least one assembly is arranged to cross the thermoplastic filament at an angle of 1.0° to 9.0°; the second axis is arranged to cross the thermoplastic filament at an angle of 1.0° to 9.0°; and the first external ridges form a plurality of first rings; and the second external ridges form a plurality of second rings.

32. The extrusion-based production system of claim 31, wherein: the at least one assembly further comprises a third rotatable component rotatable about a third axis different from the first axis and the second axis; and the third axis is arranged to cross the thermoplastic filament at an angle of 1.0° to 9.0°.

33. The extrusion-based production system of claim 32, wherein: the third rotatable component has third external ridges; and the first rotatable component, the second rotatable component, and the third rotatable component are shaped and positioned such that at least one groove formed by the first external ridges, the second external ridges, and the third external ridges form a single helix, or two individual helices, or three individual helices.

34. The extrusion-based production system of claim 31, wherein the rings of each rotatable component, considered separately, are at a constant distance from each other.

35. The extrusion-based production system of claim 31, wherein: the plurality of rings all have a same external diameter; or at least one of the plurality of rings has a first outer diameter and wherein at least one other of the plurality of rings has a second outer diameter different from the first outer diameter.

36. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, further comprising at least one rotation limiting unit positioned at the entrance or at the exit of the at least one assembly to limit torsion of the filament.

37. The extrusion-based production system, of claim 24, further comprising at least one pressure roller assembly positioned at the entrance or at the exit of the at least one assembly to limit filament torsion.

38. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, wherein the filament roll is arranged such that the thermoplastic filament from the filament roll is inserted into the entrance of the at least one assembly according to a bent curve.

39. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, further comprising at least one drive mechanism adapted to rotate the at least one assembly relative to the thermoplastic filament.

40. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, wherein the at least one assembly comprises: a first assembly adapted to move the thermoplastic filament in a first direction; and a second assembly, adapted to move the thermoplastic filament in the first direction; and wherein the extrusion-based production system further comprises a drive mechanism adapted to rotate the rotatable components of the first assembly in a first direction relative to the thermoplastic filament, and further adapted to rotate the rotatable components of the second assembly in a second direction relative to the thermoplastic filament, opposite to the first direction, so as to reduce or substantially eliminate torsional forces exerted by the first assembly.

41. The extrusion-based production system of claim 39, wherein the drive mechanism further comprises an electric motor adapted to rotate the at least one assembly relative to the thermoplastic filament.

42. The extrusion-based production system of claim 41, wherein the drive mechanism further comprises a drive belt that couples the at least one assembly to the electric motor.

43. The extrusion-based production system of claim 41, wherein the electric motor is a motor having a hollow shaft, wherein the hollow shaft is configured to receive the thermoplastic filament, and the motor is configured to rotate the at least one assembly relative to the thermoplastic filament.

44. The extrusion-based production system of claim 38, further comprising a control unit that is communicatively connectable with an external computer and is adapted to receive information for controlling the at least one drive mechanism.

45. The extrusion-based production system of claim 24, further comprising a heating element adapted to melt the thermoplastic filament leaving the exit.

46. A method of feeding through a thermoplastic filament in an extrusion-based production system comprising: a filament roll with a thermoplastic filament to be extruded; and at least one assembly, the at least one assembly comprising: an entrance adapted to receive the thermoplastic filament to be extruded; an exit adapted to deliver the thermoplastic filament, wherein the entrance and the exit define a channel within which the thermoplastic filament is movable; and at least two rotatable components comprising a first rotatable component and a second rotatable component; wherein: the channel is at least partially located between the first rotatable component and the second rotatable component; the first rotatable component is rotatable about a first axis and has first external ridges; the first axis is located at a first distance from the channel such that the first external ridges penetrate at least partially into the channel; the second rotatable component is rotatable about a second axis different from the first axis and has second external ridges; and the second axis is located at a second distance from the channel such that the second external ridges penetrate at least partially into the channel; the method comprising: introducing the thermoplastic filament into the channel; rotating the first rotatable component about the first axis; rotating the second rotatable component about the second axis; and moving the first axis and the second axis around the thermoplastic filament in such a way that the first rotatable component and the second rotatable component roll over a surface of the thermoplastic filament while the first external ridges and the second external ridges penetrate approximately 0.05 mm to approximately 0.25 mm into the thermoplastic filament.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0082] With specific reference to the drawings, it is emphasised that the details shown serve only as an example and only for the illustrative discussion of the various embodiments of the present invention. They are proposed for the purpose of providing what is regarded as the most useful and immediate description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this respect, no attempt is made to show more structural details of the invention than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention. The description in combination with the drawings makes it clear to a person skilled in the art how the various forms of the invention can be carried out in practice.

[0083] FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a known extrusion-based system. It comprises a feed mechanism based on two pinch rollers or gripping rollers.

[0084] FIG. 2 shows a problem that can occur with the system of FIG. 1 under particular circumstances.

[0085] FIG. 3 to FIG. 5 illustrate another known extrusion-based system.

[0086] FIG. 3 shows a front view of an extrusion-based digital production system known in the art, with a drive mechanism using a rotatable component having an internal threaded surface.

[0087] FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the drive mechanism of FIG. 3, wherein a motor drives a component with an internal screw thread.

[0088] FIG. 5 shows an enlarged view of how the internal screw thread engages the filament, makes grooves in the filament, thereby advancing the filament.

[0089] FIG. 6 to FIG. 12 and FIG. 14 to FIG. 19 illustrate a first illustrative embodiment of an assembly, as can be used in embodiments according to the present invention.

[0090] FIG. 6 shows an arrangement of three rotatable components with edges (or protruding parts) in the form of external screw thread in engagement with a filament. The axes of the rotatable components are parallel to the channel.

[0091] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view and shows how the screw thread of the components of FIG. 6 engages the filament.

[0092] FIG. 8 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 7.

[0093] FIG. 9 shows an exploded view of the three rotatable components of FIG. 6 and an assembly comprising these three rotatable components, with bearings and gearwheels.

[0094] FIG. 10 shows (left) an assembly based on the components of FIG. 9, in assembled form. Together with the motor and the belt and the grip rollers, the whole forms a filament feed system.

[0095] FIG. 11 shows a cross section of the feed mechanism of FIG. 10 in the planes alpha and beta.

[0096] FIG. 12 shows an example of a filament feed system as can be used in embodiments of the present invention.

[0097] FIG. 13 shows an example of a planetary gear drive, known in the technical field of variable transmission systems.

[0098] FIG. 14(a) shows a top view (direction A-A in FIG. 9) of the rotatable components and the filament.

[0099] FIG. 14(b) shows an enlarged view of how the screw threads engage the filament.

[0100] FIG. 15 shows how, in the first embodiment, the movements of the rotatable components (rotation about their axis+displacement of the axis about the filament) can be synchronised by means of gearwheels and a ring gear.

[0101] FIG. 16 to FIG. 19 are screenshots of a computer simulation which represent the movement of one of the components. As shown, the component is rotated about its own axis, and the axis itself is displaced around the filament.

[0102] FIG. 20 to FIG. 24 show a second illustrative embodiment of a feed mechanism according to the present invention, as a variant of the first embodiment, without a ring gear but with a central gearwheel. The central gearwheel has an opening. This embodiment also has three rotatable components with external screw thread.

[0103] FIG. 20 is a top view of the three components and of the central gearwheel.

[0104] FIG. 21 is a perspective view showing the relative position of the components and the filament and the central gearwheel.

[0105] FIG. 22 shows an exploded view of the three rotatable components and the central gearwheel of FIG. 22, and an assembly comprising these three rotatable components, as well as bearings, and gearwheels.

[0106] FIG. 23 shows a top view on FIG. 22 in which two planes alpha and beta are defined, and wherein a portion is cut away for illustrative purposes.

[0107] FIG. 24 shows a cross section of the assembly of FIG. 22 in the planes alpha and beta shown in FIG. 23.

[0108] FIG. 25 shows a filament feed system comprising a light variant of the assembly of FIG. 24, namely with a timing-belt pulley.

[0109] FIG. 26 to FIG. 29 show some examples of single-start thread, and multiple-start thread, with different pitch, that can be used in embodiments according to the present invention.

[0110] FIG. 30 and FIG. 31 show examples of how rotatable components with single-start or multiple-start thread engage the filament, and form rings on the filament.

[0111] FIG. 32 and FIG. 33 illustrate a third illustrative embodiment of (a portion of) an assembly according to the present invention, as a variant of the first embodiment. It contains only two rotatable components with screw thread, but two additional holders or mechanical guides.

[0112] FIG. 34 to FIG. 42 illustrate a fourth illustrative embodiment of an assembly and a filament feed system, as proposed by the present invention.

[0113] FIG. 34 shows an arrangement of three rotatable components comprising a plurality of ridges (or protruding parts) in the form of rings. The axes of the rotatable components are not parallel to the channel, but are at a small angle.

[0114] FIG. 35 shows, by means of an unfolding, how the rings of the rotatable components can be set up (with an axial shift) so that they run in the same grooves of the filament. This can also be regarded as a timeline, which clearly shows that the points of engagement with the filament shift in axial direction of the filament over time.

[0115] FIG. 36 and FIG. 37 show examples of how rotatable components with rings arranged as in FIGS. 34 and 35 engage the filament, and form one or more spirals or helixes on the filament, thereby advancing the filament.

[0116] FIG. 38(a) and FIG. 38(b) show an illustrative filament drive system based on the arrangement of FIG. 34, in front view and in cross sectional view.

[0117] FIG. 39 shows the filament drive system of FIG. 38(a) with synchronous drive.

[0118] FIG. 40 shows in perspective view a filament drive system having two assemblies according to the fourth embodiment, driven in the opposite direction. (the drive wheel of the upper assembly is driven clockwise with respect to the rest of the assembly, while the drive wheel of the lower assembly is driven anticlockwise with respect to the rest of the assembly, or vice versa).

[0119] FIG. 41 shows a cross section of the filament drive system of FIG. 40.

[0120] FIG. 42 is a front view of the filament drive system of FIG. 40. It clearly indicates that the axes of the rotatable components slope in a different direction. The two assemblies are synchronised by being driven by a single motor.

[0121] FIG. 43 shows a test rig with a filament drive system according to FIG. 10, in perspective view.

[0122] FIG. 44 to FIG. 46 shows a top view of some illustrative pressure rollers or pinch rollers such as may be used in embodiments according to the present invention.

[0123] FIG. 47 shows a graph showing the ratio of the amount of material delivered to the requested amount of material, based on data measured with the test rig of FIG. 43.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0124] The invention will be further elucidated with reference to illustrative embodiments. However, the invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims.

[0125] In the present invention, the terms ‘rolls’ and ‘rotatable components’ are used as synonyms.

[0126] In this document, the term ‘filament engagement mechanism’ or, in short, ‘engagement mechanism’ is used to refer to an arrangement of at least two or at least three rotatable components arranged around a cylindrical channel, as shown, for example, in FIG. 6 (first embodiment) or FIG. 22 (second embodiment) or FIG. 32 (third embodiment) or FIG. 34 (fourth embodiment).

[0127] In this document, the terms ‘pinch rollers’, ‘grip rollers’ and ‘pressure rollers’ are used as synonyms.

[0128] FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a known extrusion-based system. It contains a feed mechanism based on two pressure rollers or pinch rollers (a so-called ‘pinch roller system’ or ‘pinch feeder system’) 107, 108. The operating principle of the system 100 of FIG. 1 has already been discussed in the background section.

[0129] FIG. 2 shows a problem that can occur with the system of FIG. 1 under particular circumstances, e.g., when the pinch rollers want to propel the filament 102, but instead, scrape material off of the filament.

[0130] The dotted curve of FIG. 47 shows a typical curve of such a feed system. The X-axis shows the requested amount of material (e.g. the set amount of material to be deposited, as requested by an external computer (not shown)). The Y axis shows the ratio of the amount of material supplied (exit flow rate) to the amount of material requested (requested flow rate). As can be seen, this ratio (with the necessary corrections and compensations) is substantially 100% for relatively low flow rates (in the example lower than about 3 mm.sup.3/s), but at higher flow rates the ratio decreases, for example because slip occurs, for example because the heating element 104 with nozzle 105 cannot follow sufficiently, and exert an upward pressure force on the filament 102. As shown, the deviation depends on the speed. The pinch rollers 107, 108 can follow to a certain value (in the example to the force that occurs at 3 mm.sup.3/s), but from a certain value ‘slip’ occurs, and the teeth of the pinch rollers start scraping material away from the filament 102 to a greater or lesser extent. As a result, the amount of material supplied will be less than the requested amount of material, which is of course detrimental to the quality and finishing of the workpiece to be produced. In practice, this means that the maximum extrusion rate of the feed system shown in FIG. 1 with the curve of FIG. 47 is limited to a maximum of about 3 mm.sup.3/sec for optimum quality, and to about 5 mm.sup.3/sec for a deviation of 5%. For higher rates, the quality of the product produced decreases very rapidly.

[0131] FIG. 3 to FIG. 5 illustrate another known extrusion-based system. FIG. 3, FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 of the present invention is a replica of FIG. 1 and FIG. 11 and FIG. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,896,209 B2, respectively.

[0132] The system of FIG. 3 has already been discussed in the background section. FIG. 4 shows that the system 300 includes a drive mechanism with a motor 334 which drives a rotatable component 330 with internal screw thread via a belt. FIG. 5 shows how the internal screw thread 332 of the rotatable component 330 engages the filament 324, thereby advancing the filament.

[0133] Further investigation has shown that this system has several disadvantages. For example, among other things, there is high friction between the rotatable component 330 and the filament 324, because the screw thread cuts into the filament like a knife, and is pulled through it, as a result of which the filament 324 heats up and can melt locally even before it has arrived in the heating unit. This requires a fairly strong motor, the molten material may clog up parts of the feed system, the amount of material supplied is less well defined, and when the system is stopped, the molten material will cure, which may cause the rotatable component to get stuck.

[0134] The inventors propose a completely different solution, namely a solution based on rotatable components with external ridges (e.g. external screw thread or with rings or discs), the rotatable components and the ridges being dimensioned and mounted in such a way that the external ridges penetrate to some extent into the filament, but apart from these ridges, that the rotatable components mainly roll over the surface of the filament.

[0135] More specifically, the inventors propose an assembly, for use in an extrusion-based production system, the assembly comprising the following: [0136] an entrance for receiving a filament to be extruded; [0137] an exit for delivering the filament, the entrance and exit defining a channel within which the filament will move; [0138] at least two rotatable components comprising a first rotatable component and a second rotatable component; [0139] wherein the channel is at least partially located between the first component and the second component; [0140] wherein the first rotatable component is rotatable about a first axis and has first external ridges, said first axis being located at a first distance from the channel such that the first external ridges at least partially penetrate the channel; [0141] wherein the second rotatable component is rotatable about a second axis different from the first axis and has second external ridges, said second axis being located at a second distance from the channel such that the second external ridges at least partially penetrate the channel; [0142] wherein the first and second rotatable components are mounted such that, when a thermoplastic filament is inserted into the channel and when the assembly is rotated relative to the filament, the first rotatable component rotates about its axis (the first axis), and the second rotatable component rotates about its axis (the second axis), and the first and second axes move about the thermoplastic filament in such a manner that the first and second rotatable components mainly roll over a surface of the thermoplastic filament, and that the first and second external ridges penetrate at least 0.05 mm into the thermoplastic filament thereby forming at least one groove in the filament, and axially displacing the filament.

[0143] Such an assembly can be used to form a filament feed system, or a complete extrusion-based production system, e.g. in a so-called 3D printer.

[0144] Various embodiments based on these principles are possible. Four embodiments will be discussed in more detail below, but of course the invention is not limited thereto and is limited only by the claims.

First Embodiment

[0145] FIG. 6 to FIG. 12 and FIG. 14 to FIG. 19 show the main aspects of a first illustrative filament feed system 900.

[0146] FIG. 6 shows an arrangement of three rotatable components 10, 20, 30 with respective axes 12, 22 and 32, and with respective external screw threads 11, 21, 31 in engagement with the filament 2. In a variant, the assembly may for instance comprise four or five or six rotatable components.

[0147] The external screw thread partially penetrates the filament, which usually comprises a thermoplastic material. As a result, there is a good grip on the filament, and the risk of unintended axial slip is minimal.

[0148] In contrast to the system of FIG. 5, where the screw thread penetrates into the filament at only one position (right in FIG. 5), the filament is penetrated at at least two or at least three different positions in the system of the present invention.

[0149] The main advantage, however, is due to the displacement of the axes relative to the filament. Where the axis of the rotatable component in the system of FIG. 5 has a fixed position, the axes of the system of the present invention move over an imaginary cylinder surface. The main effect of this is that the friction between the rotatable components on the one hand, and the filament on the other hand is mainly a ‘rolling friction’, comparable to a wheel that rolls over a road surface. This offers several advantages. For example, a less powerful engine is required (which translates into a lower cost), and the filament is heated (much) less, reducing the risk of the filament melting, clogging of the feed mechanism, and the engine jamming.

[0150] During operation, the filament 2 will move axially in the space between the rotatable components in the direction of the arrow. (see also FIG. 15b).

[0151] FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the first rotatable component 10 with screw thread 11, and shows how the ends of the screw thread 11 engage in the filament 2. The same naturally also occurs for the other rotatable components 20, 30.

[0152] FIG. 8 is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 7.

[0153] It is noted that in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 only one type of external screw thread 11 is shown, namely with an isosceles triangular cross-section, but of course the invention is not limited thereto, and other suitable cross-sections can also be used, e.g. screw thread with a scalene triangle, or screw thread with a pointed end but curved flanks, or screw thread with an end having a circular cross-section, or screw thread with a trapezoidal cross-section, etc.

[0154] It is important that the radial end of the screw thread can partially penetrate and thus engage with the filament. This can be achieved by placing the rotatable components at a suitable distance from the filament. In practice, a plastic deformation will occur as a result of the pressure of the ridges against the filament, as a result of which the filament will get permanent recesses or grooves 6 or notches. It has been found that these notches surprisingly form individual rings, e.g. circular rings, and therefore not a helix shape.

[0155] Although not shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, the screw thread may also be slightly conical, e.g. in a manner in which the screw thread does not or hardly penetrates into the filament 2 near the entrance of the feed mechanism (e.g. near position X in FIG. 7) so that the filament can easily be positioned between the components, and gradually penetrates deeper near the exit of the feed mechanism (e.g., near position Y in FIG. 7), so that there is a very good grip between the rotatable components and the filament 2, so that the risk of accidental shifting (‘slip’) is reduced, or is minimal.

[0156] FIG. 9 shows an exploded view of the three rotatable components of FIG. 6 and an assembly comprising these three rotatable components 10, 20, 30. The components 10, 20, 30 are mounted at the top and bottom by means of bearings 43, 45, e.g. ball bearings. These bearings, in turn, are mounted in corresponding recesses 51 in a lower portion 46 and upper portion 41 of a carrier structure. The upper portion 41 can for instance be attached to the lower portion 46 by means of bolts.

[0157] The components 10, 20, 30 further each include at the top (or at the bottom) a gearwheel 44 that engages an internally toothed gearwheel, further referred to herein as a ‘ring gear’ or ‘gearwheel’ 42. The gearwheels 44 move in a similar manner to the ring gear 42 as is the case with known planetary gearwheel transmissions (as shown, for example, in FIG. 13), where gearwheel 1301 can rotate freely about its axis, and the sun gear 1302 is omitted.

[0158] The assembly 900 can be rotated in different ways relative to the filament: e.g. (i) by rotating the upper portion 41 of the carrier structure relative to grip rollers 55, or e.g. (ii) by rotating the lower portion 46 of the carrier structure relative to grip rollers 55, or e.g. (iii) by rotating the ring gear 42 relative to the grip rollers. As shown (in dotted line), the filament 2 is clamped sideways between pinch rollers or grip rollers or pressure rollers 55, to prevent or limit torsion of the filament.

[0159] The grip rollers 55 ensure that the filament cannot be twisted limitlessly as a result of the engagement of the screw threads of the rotatable components. The grip rollers 55 counteract torsion of the filament about its longitudinal axis, but allow linear displacement of the filament in the longitudinal direction. Although not the main focus of the present invention, the pinch rollers 55 may optionally have additional features to counteract such torsion, e.g., as shown in FIG. 44 to FIG. 46.

[0160] In contrast to the system 100 of FIG. 1, in embodiments of the present invention, the pinch rollers are not driven, and they do not determine the throughput speed. When the filament comes from a filament spool (as is usually the case), and when the filament is guided under an arc to the entrance, the arc shape helps to limit torsion of the filament.

[0161] FIG. 10 shows (left) an assembly based on the components of FIG. 9, in assembled form. Together with the motor 53, e.g. a stepper motor, and the toothed belt 52 and the grip rollers 55, the whole forms a filament feed system. In alternative embodiments, the toothed belt 52 may also be replaced with a chain drive or gearwheel drive or the like.

[0162] FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 10. Herein it is clearly visible how the axis of the rotatable component 30 is mounted in bearing 43 and bearing 45. In this example, the axis of the rotatable component projects beyond the cylindrical body with the screw thread. Alternatively, it is also possible, if the diameter of the rotatable component is sufficiently large, to incorporate the bearing into the cylindrical body, as shown in FIG. 24.

[0163] In the example of FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, the ring gear 42 is rotatably arranged with respect to the carrier structure 46, 41 by means of one or more bearings (e.g. sliding bearing or ball bearing). A person skilled in the art familiar with planetary gears will understand that, in the presence of the filament 2, rotation of the upper portion 41 relative to the carrier structure will cause rotation of the three components 10, 20, 30 around their respective axes 12, 22, 32, as well as a displacement of these axes about a virtual cylinder circumference around the central channel 5 or around the filament 2, but also that the ring gear 42 rotates around its own axis at a speed different from the rotational speed of the carrier structure 41, 46. For professionals not familiar with planetary gears, this is much harder to understand.

[0164] Even so, the aforementioned mainly ‘rolling motion’ of the rotatable components 10, 20, 30 over the circumference of the filament 2 is obtained in this way. By appropriate dimensioning, e.g. choice of dimensions (e.g. a suitable outer diameter of the rotatable element) and suitable positions (e.g. with an equal angular distance of 120°, and a distance ‘d1’ from the channel 5 which ensures that the screw thread penetrates the filament to a desired depth, e.g. from about 0.05 mm to about 0.25 mm, e.g. about 0.06 mm, or about 0.08 mm, or about 0.10 mm, or about 0.11 mm, or about 0.12 mm, or about 0.13 mm or about 0.14 mm, or about 0.15 mm, or about 0.18 mm or about 0.20 mm, or about 0.22 mm), the filament 2 is clamped radially with an appropriate tension between the rotatable components 10, 20, 30. This tension must be sufficiently large for the screw thread to penetrate at least partially into the filament, e.g. as shown in FIG. 8.

[0165] The part that is driven, in the example of FIG. 10, timing-belt pulley 58, may be provided with an external serration or grooves for engagement of a toothed belt 52 (see FIG. 10). In this way the risk of slip between motor shaft 54 of motor 53 (e.g. a stepper motor) and the driven component is greatly reduced, or even completely eliminated.

[0166] In alternative embodiments, another synchronous drive may also be used, such as, for example, a chain drive, or a reduction gear or a gear box or the like.

[0167] FIG. 12 shows an example of a filament feed system 1200 that comprises a motor 53 and an assembly 900 as described above, built into a housing 57.

[0168] In the example, the filament 2 is fed over a bent curve and stretched between two pinch rollers 55 to the entrance 3. As a result, torsion of the filament is substantially avoided or largely restricted. In the example, timing-belt pulley 58 is driven by a toothed belt 52. By means of the drive mechanism 53, 52 and the internal gear mechanism 42, 44, the three rotatable components 10, 20, 30 mainly roll over the surface of the filament, but because the screw threads 11, 21, 31 of the rotatable components penetrate slightly into the filament, a certain moment of force is nevertheless exerted on the filament, as a result of which the filament will twist slightly (estimated to be less than 45°), but this has no noticeable influence on the axial offset of the filament 2 and thus on the throughput speed of the filament.

[0169] As will become clearer with reference to FIG. 16 to FIG. 19, it is a great advantage of this drive mechanism that the rotatable components 10, 20, 30 have to make a relatively large displacement for only a small axial displacement 55 (see FIG. 18) of the filament 2.

[0170] Indeed, to move the filament 2 over the distance 55, the axis 12 has to rotate a number N of times around the filament. This number N is approximately equal to d_roll/d_filament, where d_roll is the outer diameter of the rotatable component, and where d_filament is the outer diameter of the filament. In the prototype of FIG. 33, this value is approximately equal to 6.4. After this, the rotatable component was rotated about 1.0 times around its own axis.

[0171] This large angular displacement (in the example: 6.4 revolutions) contributes to the high accuracy and high transmission ratio of the filament feed system, which is favourable for the motor selection. The feed mechanism actually acts as a built-in reduction gear, whereby an external gear transmission can be avoided, resulting in a reduced cost and reduced weight.

[0172] Referring back to FIG. 12. Another major advantage is that the motor 53 can run at a relatively high speed, and only needs to supply a small torque (e.g., less than 0.13 Nm, e.g., less than 0.10 Nm, e.g. less than 0.08 Nm, e.g. less than 0.05 Nm, e.g. less than 0.2 Nm). This is extremely beneficial for relatively small motors, both stepper motors and brushless DC motors as well as brushless AC motors.

[0173] As is known, the power supplied (P) is equal to the product of the torque (T) and the speed (w). For example, compared to the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,896,209 B2, the required torque will be much lower due to rolling friction (in the present invention) versus dragging or abrasive friction and heating (in US '209 B2). The net result is that an engine with a smaller power rating can be chosen, which is again favourable in terms of price and weight. The reduced weight of the feed mechanism in turn contributes to a higher accuracy and/or a higher speed of the total system, due to the lower inertia (e.g. less vibration).

[0174] FIG. 13 shows an example of a planetary gear drive, known in the technical field of variable transmission systems. The first and second embodiments of the present invention show similarities with this system.

[0175] In the example of FIG. 13, three gear wheels 1304 are rotated about their axis due to engagement of the gear wheels 1304 with a ring with internal teeth, herein referred to as ‘ring gear’, and the axes of the gear wheels 1304 will move across a virtual circle. The relative angular rotations of the three gear wheels 1304 are synchronised with each other, which is advantageous for having the screw threads run in the same track on the filament. The relative positions of the gear wheels 1304 is (in this example) determined by rotating the triangular component 1303, which is called ‘carrier’.

[0176] The planetary drive of FIG. 13 has both a central gear wheel 1302 and a ring gear 1301. However, that is not necessary for the present invention. In a simplified form, the central gearwheel 1302 can be omitted, and the ring gear 1301 ensures that the gearwheels 1304 (read: rotatable components) move synchronously. Alternatively, the ring gear 1301 can be omitted, and the central gear 1302 provides for the synchronous movement of the gearwheels 1304 (read: rotatable components).

[0177] FIG. 14(a) and FIG. 14(b) illustrate how the three rotatable components 10, 20, 30 of FIG. 6 can be rotated and displaced relative to the filament 2.

[0178] The gear wheels 44a, 44b, 44c of the rotatable components 10, 20, 30 of the filament feed mechanism of FIG. 15 perform a similar movement relative to the ring gear 42 as the gear wheels 1304 relative to the ring gear 1301 of the conventional planetary gear drive 1300 of FIG. 13, in the sense that the axes 12, 22, 32 of the gear wheels 44a, 44b, 44c move synchronously over a virtual circumference, and that these gear wheels 44a, 44b, 44c rotate synchronously about their respective axes 12, 22, 32.

[0179] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of FIG. 14(a), from a different perspective than FIG. 6.

[0180] The ring gear 42 preferably has a number of teeth that is an integer multiple of the number of rotatable components (in the example of FIG. 15: three). This has the effect that the rotatable components can be easily ‘mounted’ with a mutual angular rotation of their screw threads of 360°/3=120°, according to their physical position.

[0181] In the case of four rotatable components (not shown), these rotatable components are preferably located at 90° around the filament, and their respective screw threads are also preferably rotated through 90°. This is simple when the number of teeth of the gear wheels 44 is a multiple of four.

[0182] In the specific example of FIG. 6 and FIG. 15, the number of teeth of the gear wheels 44 is equal to twenty-one (21), which is an integer multiple of 3, and the number of teeth of the ring gear is equal to fifty-one (51), also a multiple of 3.

[0183] FIG. 16 to FIG. 19 have already been discussed above.

Second Embodiment

[0184] FIG. 20 to FIG. 25 illustrate a second illustrative embodiment of an assembly, and a filament feed system that comprises such an assembly.

[0185] The second embodiment can be seen as a variant of the first embodiment, with as main similarities: [0186] it also comprises three rotatable components with screw thread, [0187] that the movements of the three rotatable components are synchronised by means of gear wheels;

[0188] and with as main differences: [0189] that ring gear 42 is omitted, and [0190] that a central gear wheel 48 with a central opening is added.
Everything described above for the first embodiment also applies to the second embodiment, mutatis mutandis.

[0191] The movements of the rotatable components 10, 20, 30 around their respective axes and around the filament 2 are identical as described for the first embodiment, with as greatest advantage that ‘rolling friction’ occurs, and virtually no ‘sliding friction’.

[0192] The four gear wheels 44a-44c and 48 ensure that the movements of the rotatable components remain synchronised. This is important for the screw threads 11, 21, 31 of the rotatable components 10, 20, 30 to engage in the same grooves of the filament, or if one or more rolls are to form their own track, that the screw threads remain in their own track, and the different tracks maintain their mutual distance on the filament. Without synchronisation of the rollers, the screw threads of the rollers may eventually run outside the grooves that have already been formed, as a result of which the grooves can be damaged, and the accuracy of the system can be greatly reduced.

[0193] FIG. 20 is a top view of the three rotatable components 10, 20, 30 and the central gear wheel 48 with the central opening 49. This opening 49 has a diameter that is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the filament 2. This opening may, for example, have an inner diameter in the range of 2 to 8 mm, or 3 to 5 mm, so that the filament can slide through it without significant friction.

[0194] FIG. 21 is a perspective view showing the relative position of the rotatable components 10, 20, 30 and of the filament 2 and of the central gear wheel 48.

[0195] In this example, the central gear wheel 48 has exactly the same dimensions as the gear wheels 44a-44c of the rotatable components, and they all have 24 teeth, but this is not strictly necessary, and the system will also work if the central gear wheel 48 has different dimensions and would have a different number of teeth. If the rotatable components occupy a position of 120° relative to each other around the filament (see FIG. 20), then the number of teeth of both the central gearwheel 48 and the gearwheels 44 of the rotatable components is preferably an integer multiple of three. This makes it possible to mount the rotatable components with a mutual angular rotation of 0°, 120° and 240°, respectively (see also FIG. 31).

[0196] FIG. 22 shows an exploded view of the three rotatable components and the central gearwheel of FIG. 22, and an assembly comprising these three rotatable components. Here too, the rotatable components 10, 20, 30 are preferably mounted in bearings 43 (top), 45 (bottom), which bearings are fixedly mounted in a carrier structure (also referred to as ‘carrier’). In the example of FIG. 22, the carrier structure comprises a lower portion 41 and an upper portion 46 that can be attached to each other by means of bolts. As can now be understood, also in the second embodiment, the rotatable components are not driven directly, but indirectly. Since the ring gear 42 has been omitted, the components can still be driven in two ways: [0197] (i) by rotating the central gearwheel 58 around the filament (or in practice: with respect to the pressure rollers, not shown in FIG. 22); or [0198] (ii) by rotating the lower portion 46 or the upper portion 41 of the assembly around the filament (or in practice: relative to the pressure rollers).

[0199] In both cases, the rotatable components will, as a result, rotate around their respective axes, and these axes will move around the filament.

[0200] FIG. 23 shows a top view of FIG. 22 in which two planes alpha and beta are defined, and wherein a portion is cut away for illustrative purposes.

[0201] FIG. 24 shows a cross section of the assembly of FIG. 22 in the planes alpha and beta shown in FIG. 23.

[0202] FIG. 25 shows a filament feed system 2500 comprising an assembly according to the second embodiment, very similar to that of FIG. 20 to FIG. 24. As shown, the filament feed system 2500 comprises a motor 53 (e.g., a stepper motor) that drives a toothed belt 52, which in turn drives a timing-belt pulley 58, which in this example is connected to the upper portion 41 of the carrier structure.

[0203] As shown, here too, the filament 2 is guided through a rotation-limiting unit, e.g., between two pinch rollers 55, to limit or prevent rotation of the filament. These pinch rollers 55 are free-running, and therefore do not determine the speed at which the filament is advanced.

[0204] Preferably, the filament 2 is also supplied via a bent curve from a filament spool (not shown). This bent curve also contributes to preventing torsion of the filament 2.

[0205] The embodiments have hitherto only been shown with a single-start thread (one helix), but the invention is not limited thereto, and the invention will also work with a multiple-start thread (multiple helixes).

[0206] FIG. 26 to FIG. 28 show some examples of a rotatable component with a single-start thread, with a pitch of 0.5 mm or 1.0 mm or 1.5 mm respectively.

[0207] FIG. 29 shows a variant of the component of FIG. 28 with a pitch of 1.5 mm but with a multiple-start thread, in the example shown a triple-start thread.

[0208] FIG. 30(a) is a schematic representation of an arrangement with three rotatable components, each with a single-start thread with lead 1.5 mm, the three components being oriented at the same angle in the carrier structure (as shown with a black dot). Since the components themselves are offset by 120° with respect to the filament, the screw threads of the different components engage with the filament at different heights, as shown in FIG. 30(b). In other words, in this embodiment, three sets of tracks are formed in the filament. Thanks to the synchronisation, these tracks remain at a predetermined distance from each other.

[0209] In a variant of FIG. 30(a), (not shown) wherein the second component is rotated through 120° with respect to the first, and the third component through 240° with respect to the first, the screw threads of the three components will all run in the same series of circular tracks of the filament 2.

[0210] In another variant of FIG. 30(a), (not shown), wherein the second component is rotated by 0° with respect to the first, and the third component is rotated by 240° with respect to the first, the screw threads of the first and the third component will run in the same series of circular tracks of the filament 2, but the second component will form its own series of tracks in the filament.

[0211] FIG. 31(a) is a schematic representation of an arrangement with three rotatable components, each with a triple-start thread of 1.5 mm. In the example, the three components are rotated 120° to each other, but since there are three helixes, it makes no difference whether the components are rotated 0° or 120° or 240° relative to each other.

[0212] FIG. 31(b) shows that there are many more engagement points between each component and the filament, and that the teeth of the screw threads of all components run in all tracks.

[0213] Depending on the deformation properties of the thermoplastic filament (e.g.: plastic or elastic), a deeper penetration over a smaller number of engagement points may or may not be better than a less deep penetration over a larger number of engagement points, but the operation is essentially the same.

[0214] From this it can be understood that as long as the screw threads continue to run in the tracks despite an upward pressure force from the melting unit, there will be no significant ‘slip’ between the rollers and the filament, resulting in a perfectly linear behaviour of the curve of FIG. 47, regardless of the filament speed set. Only when the opposing force becomes so large that the teeth of the screw threads are pressed out of the tracks, will slip occur. In the test rig of FIG. 43 with an ABS filament of 1.75 mm diameter, a nozzle of 0.4 mm and a temperature of 230° C., the behaviour was substantially perfectly linear to a flow rate of approximately 13 mm.sup.3/s.

Third Embodiment

[0215] FIG. 32 and FIG. 33 show a third illustrative embodiment of a feed mechanism 3200 according to the present invention. Not all parts are shown in FIG. 32 and FIG. 33, so as not to overload the figure.

[0216] This third embodiment can be seen as a variant of the first embodiment, with as main differences: [0217] (i) that this embodiment comprises only two rotatable components with screw thread, arranged such that the filament is positioned exactly in the centre between the first and second axis, and [0218] (ii) that the system further has two mechanical guides 30, 50 to hold the filament within the channel. These guides are not rotatable about their axis, but do rotate relative to the gearwheel 42. The filament 2 is substantially clamped between the two rotatable components 10, 20, with screw thread, and is moved by the screw threads of these two components in a similar manner as described above.

[0219] The two guides 30 and 50 are preferably at a small distance from the filament 2, and preferably exhibit very low friction with the filament 2. The latter can be realised in known ways, e.g. by choice of material (e.g. by using a plastic that exhibits low friction with the material of the filament 2), and/or by using smooth or polished or coated guides, or in other known ways.

[0220] Everything described above for the first embodiment also applies to this third embodiment, mutatis mutandis. The most important advantage, namely that there is mainly rolling friction between the rotatable components 10, 20 and the filament 2, also applies here.

[0221] Although some sliding friction occurs between the filament and the two guides 30, 50, the filament is preferably not clamped between these guides 30, 50. These guides only serve to hold the filament in place in the channel. The lateral force with which the filament is pressed against the mechanical guides is only a fraction of the radial force with which the first and second component press their screw threads into the filament.

[0222] Although not explicitly shown, an assembly similar to that of FIG. 9 and a filament drive system similar to that of FIG. 10 can also be constructed for this arrangement with only two rotatable components.

[0223] Although not explicitly shown, a variant of the arrangement of FIG. 32 and FIG. 33 without ring gear 42 but with an internal gear with an opening (as in the second embodiment) is also possible. This embodiment is especially suitable for filament diameters of at least 2.50 mm.

Fourth Embodiment

[0224] FIG. 34 to FIG. 42 show a fourth illustrative embodiment of an arrangement and assembly and filament feed system according to the present invention. Not all parts are shown in every drawing, so as not to overload the drawings.

[0225] When for the first, second and third embodiments it was said that the axes of the rotatable components are ‘substantially parallel’ to the channel, this means: perfectly parallel within a tolerance of at most ±0.5°, or at most ±0.4°, or at most ±0.3°, or at most ±0.25°, or at most ±0.20°.

[0226] The fourth embodiment can be seen as a variant of the first embodiment, with as main similarities that: [0227] i) there are several points of engagement (different in the height direction) between each rotatable component and the filament (e.g. at least three or at least four or at least five); [0228] ii) the filament is clamped between three rotatable components that are positioned relative to each other with an angular displacement of approximately 120°, whereby an automatic centring takes place; [0229] iii) mainly ‘rolling friction’ occurs between the rotatable components (or ‘rolls’) and the filament, so that only a small moment of force is required to cause the rotatable components to roll substantially over the filament; [0230] iv) that the ‘sliding friction’ is minimal or small, so that the filament is locally not or hardly heated by contact with the rotatable components, so that the tracks remain virtually intact and are not eroded.

[0231] The main differences with the first embodiment are: [0232] i) that the rotatable components do not have a spiral or helical ridge or elevation, but a plurality of equidistant annular ridges or elevations, e.g. at least two, or at least three, or at least four or at least five ridges; [0233] ii) that the axes of the rotatable components are not parallel to the channel, but that their carriers deliberately form crossing lines with an angle in the range from 1.0° to 9°, or in the range of 1.25° to 8°, or in the range from 1.5° to 8.0°, or in the range from 2.0° to 5.0°, e.g. approximately equal to 1.75°, or approximately equal to 2.0°, or approximately equal to 2.25°, or approximately equal to 2.5°, or approximately equal to 2.75°, or approximately equal to 3.0°, or approximately equal to 3.25°, or approximately equal to 3.5°, or approximately equal to 3.75°, or approximately equal to 4.0°, or approximately equal to 5° or approximately equal to 6° or approximately equal to 7°;

[0234] iii) that the angular rotations of the rotatable components about their axis do not have to be synchronised to prevent them from (slowly) forming warped grooves on the filament. It is sufficient that their positions show a fixed ‘offset’ (see FIG. 35). This is also one of the biggest advantages of this fourth embodiment, because it allows for a much simpler assembly. More specifically, both the ring gear 42 and the central gearwheel 48 can be omitted, as well as the gearwheels 44a-44c;

[0235] iv) the grooves on the filament will not form circular rings, but one or more spiral shapes.

[0236] With reference to FIG. 35, a person skilled in the art will appreciate that in an assembly according to the fourth embodiment, the filament will not substantially differ in the contact points with the ‘ridges’ of the three rotatable components of FIG. 34 or in the ‘screw threads’ of the three rotatable components of FIG. 6. In both cases, the filament experiences a penetration of a disc-shaped or dish-shaped object at a certain angle of inclination (e.g. in the range from 1.0° to 8.0°).

[0237] Depending on the implementation there may be a slight difference in penetration depth, because ‘straight’ screw threads in principle engage equally deeply at the top and bottom, which is not the case for ‘equally large circular ridges’, but the penetration depth can be adjusted in both cases. In the case of screw threads, the thread may, for example, be conical. In the case of the circular ridges, rings with different diameters may be used (e.g., smaller diameter in the middle, larger diameter at the bottom and top of the rotatable component).

[0238] Regarding accuracy, it is important with single-start threaded rotatable components that the components exhibit an angular offset (as explained in FIG. 31a) in order to run in the same circular grooves on the filament. For the rotatable components with rings, the angular position of the component around its axis is not important, but the axial offset (see FIG. 35) is. If the three rotatable components are identical, and no offset is applied in the height direction (Z) between the rotatable components, then each rotatable component will form its own spiral groove (by rolling depression) on the filament, with the result that several such spiral grooves will be formed in the filament. If the grooves are too close together, they can warp and be damaged. This is detrimental to the accuracy.

[0239] By choosing a suitable offset in the height direction (Z) between the rotatable components, it is possible to make the rotatable components run in one and the same spiral groove. This allows the ridges to penetrate deeper into the filament, and thus to exert a higher radial pressure on the filament.

[0240] If the ridges are tapered (e.g. with a triangular or a truncated triangle or trapezoidal cross-section), then the filament will also show a greater tendency here to centre the (spiral) grooves relative to the ridges. In this way all engagement points work together to achieve the same axial displacement of the filament.

[0241] Further optimisation is possible by not giving the ridges of a rotatable component all the same outer diameter, but by using ridges with different outer diameters. Indeed, if all ridges have the same outer diameter, then one ridge will penetrate deeper into the filament than the other ridges, due to the angle of inclination between the axes and the filament. If desired, the penetration depth can be made approximately the same for the different ridges by appropriately changing the diameters.

[0242] It is of course also possible to choose the diameters such that the penetration depth gradually increases from the entrance to the exit of the channel. A person skilled in the art who has the advantage of the present disclosure can easily choose suitable diameters. Other considerations are of course also possible.

[0243] Regarding maximum throughput speed and linearity between requested (set) and actual obtained speed (or flow rate), the graph of FIG. 47 also applies to the fourth embodiment, as long as the ridges continue to run in the tracks. Only when the opposing force (e.g. from the melting unit) becomes so large that the ridges begin to run outside the already formed tracks, will the linearity be lost.

[0244] Referring to the figures of the fourth embodiment.

[0245] FIG. 34 shows the mutual position and orientation of three identical rotatable components 10, 20, 30 with a plurality of circular ridges, without vertical offset.

[0246] FIG. 35 shows the mutual position and orientation of three rotatable components 10, 20, 30, with vertical offset (drawn in an exaggerated manner for illustrative purposes), or of three different components with built-in offset. The offset can be selected such that the ridges of the various components 10, 20, 30 engage in the same spiral groove on the filament. It is noted that the ridges of the components of FIG. 35 are fairly close to each other, but that does not necessarily have to be the case.

[0247] FIG. 36 and FIG. 37 show examples of how rotatable components with rings arranged as in FIGS. 34 and 35 engage the filament, and form one or more spirals or helixes on the filament, thereby moving the filament.

[0248] FIG. 38(a) and FIG. 38(b) show an illustrative filament drive system based on the arrangement of FIG. 34, in perspective view and in cross sectional view. This assembly or filament drive system can be made more compact than that according to the first embodiment, because the gear wheels can be omitted.

[0249] FIG. 39 shows the filament drive system of FIG. 38(a) with synchronous drive.

[0250] FIG. 40 to FIG. 42 show a variant of the filament drive system of FIG. 39, having two assemblies according to the fourth embodiment, driven in opposite direction. The drive wheel of the upper assembly is driven clockwise with respect to the rest of the assembly, while the drive wheel of the lower assembly is driven anticlockwise with respect to the rest of the assembly, or vice versa. An advantage of this drive system is that the torsion exerted on the segment by the upper assembly is largely offset by the torsion exerted by the lower assembly.

[0251] FIG. 40 shows the filament drive system in perspective view.

[0252] FIG. 41 shows a cross section of the filament drive system of FIG. 40.

[0253] FIG. 42 is a front view of the filament drive system of FIG. 40. It clearly indicates that the axes of the rotatable components slope in a different direction. The two assemblies are synchronised by being driven by the same motor. Depending on a shift between the first and second assembly, it can be chosen that the lower assembly runs in the same tracks as the upper assembly or not.

[0254] In the figures shown, the filament is supplied in a bent curve from a filament roll. Optionally also here two pinch rollers (not shown) can be added to the system to further limit the torsion.

[0255] FIG. 43 shows a test rig of a filament feed system according to an embodiment of the present invention, in perspective view. The filament feed system of FIG. 43 comprises a base plate 64 to which is attached an assembly 67, which is driven by a stepper motor 62 by means of a synchronous drive belt 63.

[0256] A filament of a thermoplastic plastic material (e.g. ABS) is supplied from a filament roll (not shown), preferably via a bent curve (not shown) to a pressure roller assembly or pinch roller assembly 66. The system further comprises a heating element 68 (‘liquefier’) to melt the filament, with a temperature sensor and a nozzle. Although not strictly necessary for operation, the filament feed system also has an optional encoder 61 (e.g., an optical encoder) to measure the filament throughput speed. This was used to measure the graph shown in FIG. 47. Furthermore, the system of FIG. 43 comprises two optional connections 65 for water cooling. The filament feed system can be movably arranged in known ways (see e.g. FIG. 3) in a three-dimensional space, e.g. to form a 3D printer. In this way, a 3D object can be printed layer by layer, under the control of an external computer.

[0257] FIG. 44 to FIG. 46 show a top view of some illustrative pressure rollers or pinch rollers such as may be used in embodiments according to the present invention.

[0258] The pinch rollers of FIG. 44 and FIG. 45 are configured to make at least one raised groove in the filament, and due to engagement with this groove, the pinch rollers can prevent the torsion from extending beyond (e.g. above) the pinch rollers.

[0259] The pinch rollers of FIG. 46 have a V shape configured to clamp the filament between four surface segments.

[0260] FIG. 47 shows a graph showing the ratio of the delivered amount of filament material based on the requested (or set) amount of material, based on data measured with the test rig of FIG. 43, using a filament feed mechanism according to the first embodiment.

[0261] Probably one of the most important advantages of the present invention is that the supply system remains linear (or the ratio of delivered quantity of material to requested quantity of material remains constant) regardless of the throughput speed, up to a certain value (approximately equal to 13 mm.sup.3/s in the example). This maximum throughput speed may differ when using a different type of material, and/or a different filament thickness, and/or when choosing a different nozzle of the heating element, but the fact is that the measured throughput speed shows almost 100% linearity up to a certain value.

[0262] The same test rig with the same heating element and the same nozzle and the same filament but with a supply system with pressure rollers (pinch feeder system) showed the behaviour according to the dotted curve.

[0263] It will be clear that a higher speed, but in particular also a higher quality can be obtained by using a filament feed system according to the present invention. As far as known to the inventors, the majority of 3D printers work with a pressure roller system, perhaps even more than 90%. The importance of the present invention should therefore not be underestimated.

[0264] FINALLY,

[0265] In all the aforementioned embodiments, the rotatable components may be made of, for example, brass, steel, hardened steel, aluminium alloys, titanium, or titanium alloys. A coating can optionally be applied to increase the service life, for example a hard coating that offers good resistance to wear.

REFERENCES

[0266] 100, 300 extrusion-based production system [0267] 3200, 3400 arrangement [0268] 900, 2200, 3800 assembly [0269] 1000, 1200, 2500, 3900, 4000 filament feed system [0270] 3400 test rig [0271] 101 filament spool [0272] 102 filament [0273] 103 extruder [0274] 104 heating unit (‘liquefier’) [0275] 105 nozzle [0276] 106 substrate [0277] 312 building chamber [0278] 314 substrate [0279] 316 gantry [0280] 318 extrusion head [0281] 320 filament feed source [0282] 322 drive mechanism [0283] 324 filament [0284] 330 rotatable component [0285] 332 internal screw thread surface [0286] 334 electric motor 334 [0287] 2 filament [0288] 3 entrance [0289] 4 exit [0290] 5 channel [0291] 6 groove (in filament) [0292] 7 curved segment (of the filament) [0293] 10 first component [0294] 11 first external screw thread [0295] 12 first axis [0296] 13 first gear [0297] d1 distance from first axis to channel [0298] 20 second component [0299] 21 second external screw thread [0300] 22 second axis [0301] 23 second gearwheel [0302] d2 distance from second axis to channel [0303] 30 third component [0304] 31 third external screw thread [0305] 32 third axis [0306] 33 third gearwheel [0307] d3 distance from third axis to channel [0308] 41 (first portion of) carrier [0309] 42 ring gear (also called ‘toothed ring’) [0310] 43 bearings or bushes or sleeves [0311] 44 planet gear or planet gears [0312] 45 bearings or bushes or sleeves [0313] 46 (second portion of) carrier [0314] 47 planetary-gear carrier [0315] α, β plane [0316] 48 central gearwheel [0317] 49 central opening or central passage [0318] 50 fourth component [0319] 51 recesses in the carrier [0320] 52 toothed belt [0321] 53 motor (e.g. stepper motor) [0322] 54 motor shaft [0323] 55 pinch rollers [0324] 56 bearing(s) [0325] 57 housing [0326] 58 timing-belt pulley [0327] 61 encoder (to measure speed) [0328] 62 stepper motor [0329] 63 synchronous drive belt [0330] 64 base plate, housing [0331] 65 water cooling connection [0332] 66 pressure roller assembly (or: pinch roller assembly) [0333] 67 filament feed mechanism [0334] 68 heating element (with temperature sensor and nozzle) [0335] 1300 planetary gear drive