Two-phase steel and method for the fabrication of the same

Abstract

The invention describes a two-phase steel comprising 8-12 wt. % Mn, 0.3-0.6 wt. % C, 1-4 wt. % Al, 0.4-1 wt. % V, and a balance of Fe. The steel has martensite and retained austenite phases, and may include vanadium carbide precipitations. A method for making the two-phase steel involves the steps of (a) hot rolling the ingots of the composition to produce a plurality of thick steel sheets, (b) treating the steel sheets by an air cooling process, (c) warm rolling the steel sheets at a temperature in the range of 300-800° C. with a thicknesses reduction of 30-50%, (d) annealing the steel sheets a first time at a temperature in the range of 620-660° C. for 10-300 min, (e) cold rolling the steel sheets at room temperature with a thickness reduction of 10-30% to generate hard martensite, and (f) annealing the steel sheets a second time at a temperature in the range of 300-700° C. for 3-60 min to facilitate the partitioning of carbon and release the residual stress n martensite.

Claims

1. A two-phase steel, comprising: 8-12 wt. % Mn, 0.3-0.6 wt. % C, 1-4 wt. % Al, 0.4-1 wt. % V, and a balance of Fe, wherein a volume fraction of retained austenite phase contained in the two-phase steel before a tensile test is 10-30%, and a volume fraction of martensite phase contained in the two-phase steel before the tensile test is 70-90%; and wherein the two-phase steel has a yield strength of 1500 MPa or more.

2. The two-phase steel of claim 1, wherein the two-phase steel comprises 10 wt. % Mn, 0.47 wt. % C, 2 wt. % Al, 0.7 wt. % V, and a balance of Fe.

3. The two-phase steel of claim 1, wherein the volume fraction of austenite contained in two-phase steel before the tensile test is 15%, the volume fraction of martensite contained in the two-phase steel before the tensile test is 85%.

4. The two-phase steel of claim 1, wherein the volume fraction of austenite drops to 2-5% and the volume fraction of martensite increases to 95-98% when the two-phase steel is deformed to about 16.2% elongation at an initial strain rate of 5×10-4 s-1 at room temperature.

5. The two-phase steel of claim 1, wherein the two-phase steel includes vanadium carbide precipitations with a size of 10-30 nm.

6. The two-phase steel of claim 1, wherein the two-phase steel has an ultimate tensile strength of more than 2,000 MPa.

7. The dual-phase steel of claim 4, wherein the volume fraction of austenite drops to 3.6% and the volume fraction of martensite increases to 96.4%.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

(2) Many aspects of the present invention can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, the emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present invention. Moreover, in the drawings all the views are schematic and like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views, and wherein:

(3) FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for making the dual-phase, or more precisely the two-phase steel according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

(4) FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of various thermo-mechanical processing routes;

(5) FIG. 3 shows tensile testing results of the dual-phase steels according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the samples from steel sheets used to obtain these tensile curves in FIG. 3 have a chemical composition of 10 wt. % Mn, 0.47 wt. % C, 2 wt. % Al, 0.7 wt. % V with a balance of Fe.

(6) FIG. 4A presents the XRD results of the steel sheets according to the present invention prior to and after the cold rolling reduction of 30%. FIG. 4B presents the XRD results of the dual-phase steel used to obtain tensile curve (a) in FIG. 3 with varied strains of 0% strain, 5.9% strain, 11.4% strain and fracture.

(7) FIG. 5 is the TEM bright field image of the dual-phase steel used to obtain tensile curve (a) in FIG. 3 after tensile straining to fracture, where the upper right inset is the selected area diffraction pattern;

(8) FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are EBSD phase and orientation images of an initial microstructure of the dual-phase steel used to obtain tensile curve (a) in FIG. 3, wherein the austenite is in blue color and the martensite is in yellow color in FIG. 6A;

(9) FIG. 7 is a plot of yield strength versus uniform elongation of the dual-phase steel used to obtain tensile curve (a) in FIG. 3 as compared to other high strength metals and alloys.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(10) The present invention is illustrated by way of example with a dual-phase, or more precisely the two-phase steel for automotive applications comprising, by weight percent: 8-12 wt. % or 9-11 wt. % or 9.5-10.5 wt. % Mn, 0.3-0.6 wt. % or 0.38-0.54 wt. % or 0.42-0.51 wt. % C, 1-4 wt. % or 1.5-2.5 wt. % or 1.75-2.25 wt. % Al, 0.4-1 wt. % or 0.5-0.85 wt. % or 0.6-0.8 wt. % V, and a balance of Fe. In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the two-phase steel comprises or consists of, by weight percent: 10 wt. % Mn, 0.47 wt. % C, 2 wt. % Al, 0.7 wt. % V, and a balance of Fe. The dual-phase steel consists of martensite and retained austenite phases. The austenite phase contained in the two-phase steel is not only metastable, but also has proper stacking fault energy, so that both the TRIP and the TWIP effects can take place gradually in the retained austenite grains.

(11) Transformation induced plasticity or the TRIP effect can occur during plastic deformation and straining, when the retained austenite phase is transformed into martensite. Thus increases the strength of the steel by the phenomenon of strain hardening. This transformation allows for enhanced strength and ductility. Twinning induced plasticity or the TWIP effect can take place during plastic deformation and straining, when the austenite phase with proper stacking fault energy deforms by the mechanical twins. The mechanical twins can not only act as barriers, but also slip planes for the glide of lattice dislocations, therefore improving the strain hardening. Such TWIP effect can increase the strength without sacrificing the ductility of the steel.

(12) A volume fraction of the austenite contained in the dual-phase steel before a tensile test is 10-30%, a volume fraction of martensite contained in the dual-phase steel before the tensile test is 70-90%. In at least one preferred exemplary embodiment, the volume fraction of the austenite contained in the dual-phase steel before a tensile test is 15%, and the volume fraction of martensite contained in the preferred embodiment of the dual-phase steel before the tensile test is 85%. After the tensile test, the volume fraction of the austenite drops to 2-5%, suggesting an occurrence of the TRIP effect. After tensile test, some austenite is distributed with a significant amount of mechanical twins, suggesting an occurrence of the TWIP effect. The operation of TRIP effect and TWIP effect result in a high working hardening rate, high ultimate tensile strength and good uniform elongation. In at least one more preferred exemplary embodiment, after the deformation, the volume fraction of austenite drops to 3.6%, and the volume fraction of martensite increases to 96.4%.

(13) It is to be understood that, when the TRIP effect and TWIP effect occur in the steel they can improve the work hardening behavior of the steel. As a result, the strength of the steel can be increased without losing ductility. Furthermore, the formation of vanadium carbide precipitations during the annealing process can provide precipitation hardening to strengthen the steel.

(14) The vanadium carbide precipitations are nano-sized, with a diameter of about 10-30 nm. Such a proper size of the precipitations can efficiently increase the strength of steel by Orowan bypassing mechanisms. The dual-phase steel can have a high yield strength, high work hardening rate, high ultimate tensile strength and good uniform elongation. Nano-sized vanadium carbide precipitations contribute to the high yield strength of the dual-phase steel.

(15) It is to be understood that the introduction of martensite during cold rolling makes a significant contribution to the high yield strength of the dual-phase steel. It is also to be understood that the yield stress of the dual-phase steel is about 2205 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength of the dual-phase steel is about 2370 MPa, and the total elongation of the dual-phase steel is about 16.2%. See curve (a) in FIG. 3. It is noted that the uniform elongation of the dual-phase steel is almost the same as its total elongation. This is due to the collective contribution from the varied strengthening mechanisms including the TRIP effect and TWIP effect, which increase the strength and ductility simultaneously. Such large uniform elongation is desirable for making complex components using cold stamping technology.

(16) Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the invention relates to a thermo-mechanical method for making dual-phase steel. The method of FIG. 1 is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to create the steel according to the present invention. Each block shown in FIG. 1 represents one or more process, method or subroutine steps carried out in the method. Furthermore, the order of blocks is illustrative only and the blocks can change in accordance with the present disclosure. Additional blocks can be added or fewer blocks can be utilized, without departing from this disclosure.

(17) The method for making steel according to the present invention can begin at block 201 where ingots are provided. Specifically, the ingots can be prepared by using an induction melting furnace and was forged into a billet format. It is to be understood that, the ingots comprises or consists of, by weight: 8-12 wt. % or 9-11 wt. % or 9.5-10.5 wt. % Mn, 0.3-0.6 wt. % or 0.38-0.54 wt. % or 0.42-0.51 wt. % C, 1-4 wt. % or 1.5-2.5 wt. % or 1.75-2.25 wt. % Al, 0.4-1 wt. % or 0.5-0.85 wt. % or 0.6-0.8 wt. % V, and a balance of Fe. In another embodiment of the ingots according to the present invention, the content of C is higher than 0.3 wt. % and/or the content of Al is lower than 3 wt. %.

(18) At block 202, the ingots are hot rolled to produce a plurality of 3-6 mm thick steel sheets. This rolling is followed by an air cooling process. It is to be understood that, a starting hot rolling temperature is 1150-1300° C., and a finishing hot rolling temperature is 850-1000° C. In at least one preferred exemplary embodiment, the ingot was hot rolled to the final thickness of 4 mm with entry and exit of hot rolling temperature of 1200° C. and 900° C., respectively.

(19) At block 203, the steel sheets are warm rolled at a temperature of 300-800° C. with a thicknesses reduction of 30-50%. The warm rolling process can minimize the transformation of austenite to martensite, and can be employed to avoid the occurrence of cracks.

(20) At block 204, the steel sheets are then annealed at a temperature of 620-660° C. for 10-300 min. The vanadium carbide precipitations are formed during this annealing process.

(21) At block 205, the steel sheets are water quenched to the room temperature.

(22) At block 206, the steel sheets are cold rolled at room temperature with a thicknesses reduction of 10-30%. The cold rolling may stop just after the formation of cracks at the edge of the steel sheets.

(23) At block 207, the steel sheets are then annealed at a temperature of 300-700° C. for 3-60 min

(24) After the annealing process, there is a certain amount of the retained austenite grains, which are not only metastable, but also have the proper stacking fault energy. During tensile deformation, this retained austenite can transform to martensite or generate mechanical twins. The corresponding martensitic transformation and formation of mechanical twins provides the TRIP effect and TWIP effect, respectively, which results in a high work hardening rate, a high ultimate tensile strength and good uniform elongation.

(25) At block 208, the steel sheets are finally water quenched to room temperature.

(26) FIG. 2 is a temperature-time graph of the process of FIG. 1, where in the steps of FIG. 1 are indicated on the graph. The processing steps of warm rolling (203), first annealing (204), quenching to room temperature (205), cold rolling at room temperature (206), second annealing (207) and quenching (208) are indicated on FIG. 2.

(27) It is to be understood that, after the steel sheets are cold rolled, the steel sheets can be wire-cut from the rolled sheets with the tensile axis aligned parallel to the rolling direction to achieve a plurality of tensile test samples. Tensile test samples with a gauge length of 12 mm can be tested with a universal tensile test machine.

(28) To investigate the mechanical properties of the steel, uniaxial tensile tests were carried out at room temperature with an initial strain rate of about 5×10.sup.−4 s.sup.−1. Interrupted tensile tests were applied to the dual-phase steel at different engineering strains depending on the total elongation. For example, the sample used to obtain tensile curve (a) in FIG. 3 has a total elongation of 16.2% and therefore the corresponding interrupted tensile tests can be stopped at 0% strain, 5.9% strain, 11.4% strain and fracture. For microstructure observation, an electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) measurement was performed in an OXFORD NordlysNano EBSD detector in a JSM 7800F PRIME SEM at 25 kV. The data was processed by AZTEC software. For phase identification, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) using Cu K.sub.a radiation with a wavelength of 1.5405(6) Å was performed. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation was performed in a FEI Tecnai F20 at 200 kV. The TEM sample was prepared by Twin-jet machine using a mixture of 8% perchloric acid and 92% acetic acid (vol. %) at 20° C. with a potential of 40 V.

(29) FIG. 3 shows the tensile results of the dual-phase steels according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In detail, the samples used to obtain the tensile curves in FIG. 3 were prepared from the steel sheets which have a chemical composition of 10 wt. % Mn, 0.47 wt. % C, 2 wt. % Al, 0.7 wt. % V with a balance of Fe and were fabricated by the following steps:

(30) (a) the steel sheets with a thickness of 4 mm were warm rolled at the temperature of about 750° C. with a thicknesses reduction of 50% down to 2 mm,

(31) (b) then the steel sheets were annealed at a temperature of about 620° C. for 300 min and were air cooled,

(32) (c) then the steel sheets were cold rolled at room temperature with a thicknesses reduction of 30% down to 1.4 mm, and

(33) (d) finally the tensile test samples were wire cut from the steel sheets and the tensile test samples were respectively annealed at a temperature of 400° C. for 6 min (referring to curve (a) of FIG. 3), at a temperature of 400° C. for 15 min (referring to curve (b) of FIG. 3), at a temperature of 700° C. for 3 min (referring to curve (c) of FIG. 3), or at a temperature of 700° C. for 10 min (referring to curve (d) of FIG. 3) and quenched by water. It seems that the annealing at 400° C. for 6 min and 15 min provide a promising combination of high tensile strength and good ductility for the steel of the present invention.

(34) FIG. 4A shows the XRD results of the steel sheets prior to cold rolling (referring to curve (a) of FIG. 4A) and after cold rolling reduction of 30% (referring to curve (b) of FIG. 4A). The austenite peaks of (111)y, (200)y and (311)y decrease and correspondingly the martensite peaks of (211)a and (110)a increase after the cold rolling reduction of 30%, suggesting a significant formation of martensite during the cold rolling process.

(35) FIG. 4B presents XRD results of the dual-phase steel used to obtain tensile curve (a) in FIG. 3 with 0% strain (referring to curve (a) of FIG. 4B), 5.9% strain (referring to curve (b) of FIG. 4B), 11.4% strain (referring to curve (c) of FIG. 4B) and fracture (referring to curve (d) of FIG. 4B). The austenite (220)y peak gradually decreases with strain initially and dramatically decreases at a strain larger than 5.9%, suggesting that the TRIP effect is gradually active at large strain regimes. The formation of martensite leads to the generation of additional dislocations in the surrounding austenite matrix and therefore results in localized strain hardening, which delays the onset of the necking process.

(36) The formation of the mechanical twins in the retained austenite grains in the dual-phase steel used to obtain tensile curve (a) in FIG. 3 after fracture can be confirmed from TEM observation as shown in FIG. 5, where the upper right inset is a selected area diffraction pattern. The nano-twin boundaries can not only act as barriers to dislocation glide, but also act as slip planes for dislocation glide, leading to enhanced work hardening behaviour. Therefore, the TWIP effect operates in the present steel and contributes to its good uniform elongation.

(37) FIGS. 6A and 6B are the EBSD phase and orientation images of the initial microstructure of the dual-phase steel used to obtain tensile curve (a) in FIG. 3. FIG. 6A shows that the initial microstructure of the dual-phase steel consists of retained austenite and martensite matrix.

(38) FIG. 7 shows the comparison between the dual-phase steel of the present invention and other high strength metals and alloys disclosed in the public literature. The data of the dual-phase steel is from the curve (a) in FIG. 3. As FIG. 7 shows, the present dual-phase steel (large red star to the lower middle right) occupies a superior position and is clearly separated from other metallic materials with respect to the yield strength and uniform elongation combination.

(39) Although the features and elements of the present invention have been shown and described as embodiments in particular combinations, it should be understood that each feature or element can be used alone or in other various combinations within the principles of the present invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed. Further, various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.