POLYMERIC COMPOSITION FOR USE AS SOIL CONDITIONER WITH IMPROVED WATER ABSORBENCY DURING WATERING OF THE AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Abstract

The present invention relates to polymeric soil conditioner as a new water absorbing polymeric material and a process for the production of water absorbing materials consisting of a combination of synthetic polymers and biopolymers, with an improved high water absorbency at repeated watering, capable to reduce the effect of accumulation of salts in polymeric matrix as of multiple cycles of swelling-deswelling that occurs during all period of living of vegetable culture, by decreasing of crosslinking density of three dimensional network of the material caused by biochemical processes that developed in polymeric gels.

Claims

1. Polymeric soil conditioner for use in conjunction with soil irrigation, comprising superabsorbent polymer (SAP) mixture and protein degrading enzyme, said SAP mixture having a high stability absorbency after each watering cycle used for irrigations.

2. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, said SAP being in the form of solid granular particles with diameter in the range from 0.2 mm to 3.0 mm.

3. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the SAP comprises a mixture of three polymers A, B and C, with a mixture ratio A:B:C from 85:13:2 percent by dry weight of SAP to 95:4.5:0.5 percent by dry weight, preferable from 86:13:1 percent by dry weight to 92:6.5:1.5 percent by dry weight.

4. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein polymer A is a synthetic copolymer having a chemical skeleton consisting of carbon atoms; and free carboxylic groups.

5. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the synthetic polymer A is a copolymer made of two types of monomers M1 and M2, having the co-monomeric ratio M1:M2 of 50:50 by mol percent and a neutralization degree between 45-80%, wherein M1 is a co-monomer having free anhydride chemical groups, M2 is any monomer capable to copolymerize with monomer M1.

6. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein said synthetic copolymer A is in cationic form, said cations being K.sup.(+) and/or NH.sub.4.sup.(+).

7. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein polymer B is a protein biopolymer, preferred proteins being gelatin, albumin, casein or soybean protein galactomannans consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups

8. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein polymer C is a polysaccharide, preferably galactomannan having a mannose backbone with galactose side groups.

9. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, comprising an enzyme selected in correlation with the type of polymer B used in the soil composition.

10. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, wherein said enzyme is a protease, glycoside hydrolase or combinations thereof

11. A particulate material composition for use as soil conditioner composition, comprising an enzyme intermixed with particles of superabsorbent polymer, said polymer particles being of 0.2-3 mm diameter.

12. Polymeric soil conditioner according to claim 1, being capable of absorbing between 50 to over six hundred times its weight in water.

13. A water-absorbing soil conditioning composition for growing plants comprising: (a) SAP having a water absorbency of between 50 and 600 times its weight, said SAP being present in an amount from about 1% based on the total dry weight of the composition. and (b) protein degrading enzyme.

14. Method of preparing a polymeric soil conditioning composition, the method comprising: (i) preparing an aqueous solution of synthetic polymer A in cationic salt form, having a viscosity higher than 70,000 cPs. (ii) preparing an aqueous solution of biopolymer B, (iii) preparing an aqueous solution of biopolymer C, (iv) preparing an aqueous viscous solution of the polymers mixture composition (A:B:C), wherein polymer A is in salt form, said mixture of polymers in solution form having a viscosity higher than 100,000 cPs; (v) exposing the polymers viscous solution obtained in step (iv) to an extruder to obtain a solid material with a humidity content of 5-10%; (vi) grinding the resulting dried material to obtain a granular material with particles' dimensions in the range of 0.3-3 mm correlated with the intended use e.g. in agriculture as soil conditioner; (vii) exposing the dried polymer composition (A:B:C) obtained in step (vi) above to a thermal treatment that promotes a crosslinking reaction between the A, B and/or C polymers from which the composition is consisted; and (viii) cooling the granular mass to room temperature.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0066] FIG. 1. The water content from soils (from Art) a) humidity content in function of soil's degree of drying; b) water available from soil for plants in function of soil water suction; c) influence of soils' structure on water content available for plants.

[0067] FIG. 2. Typical water use curve for most agronomic crops (from Art)

[0068] FIG. 3. General Model for the Interactions between: SAP, PLANT, SOIL and WATER; A—Water distribution into soil, SAP and plant, B—The positive effects of polymeric material that is the object of the present invention comparative with Classic soil conditioners; W—total water; W1—water in polymer; W2—water for plant; W3—water in soil; W4—water evaporated; S—salts

[0069] FIG. 4. Simulation of influence of the cross-linking degree's variation of an ionic three dimensional network and of ionic strength of swelling media on absorbency of a material as SAP type. For calculations is used the relations (8)-(10) attributing to the other factors the following values: Flory polymer—solvent interaction parameter χ=0.495; specific volume of polymer (volume/mass) v.sub.sp,2=0.7407; molar volume of solvent (water, volume/mole) v.sub.m,1=0.18; first dissociation constants of diprotic acid from monomer as maleic acid K1=0.0114; second dissociation constants of diprotic acid from monomer as maleic acid K2=5.95E-08; pH of swelling media, pH=8; weight fraction of ionizable polymer in the gel system Ym=0.5

[0070] FIG. 5. Rheological property of gel given by Oscillation Stress Sweep test

[0071] FIG. 6. Comparatively influence of absorbency QTW in function of watering numbers for the product SCE-1 (with immobilized enzyme) and product SCC-1 (without immobilized enzyme)

[0072] FIG. 7. Absorbency stability (Field Capacity, FC, %) of mixtures of Aridisol with SC-5 and of mixtures of Aridisol with HydroSeeds, during 10 cycles of wetting-drying.

[0073] FIG. 8. Cumulative re-fill time (Crop Life Time of mixtures of Aridisol with SC-5 and of mixtures of Aridisol with HydroSeeds, during 10 cycles of wetting-drying.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

[0074] The present invention provides new polymeric soil conditioner, with high water absorbency and holding capacity and reduced accumulation of salts during use in soil.

[0075] The polymeric soil conditioning composition of the invention satisfies the required criteria of functioning e.g. swelling and degradation. The composition is a macromolecular entity comprising two or three types of polymers A; B and C (including the case of only two polymers, A and B and an enzyme. The enzyme present in the polymeric soil conditioning composition causes destruction of the three dimensional configuration of the polymeric material, due to degradative processes in the swelling medium e.g. in the soil.

[0076] Preferred mixture ratios A:B:C are from 50:30:20 percent by dry weight of composition? to 95:4:1 percent by dry weight, preferable from 60:25:15 percent by weight to 90:6:4 percent by weight and most preferable from 70:20:10 percent by weight to 85:10:5 percent by weight

[0077] Polymer A is a synthetic copolymer, with chemical backbone skeleton formed only from carbons. More preferably, A is a synthetic copolymer, that has free carboxylic groups, More preferably, the free carboxylic groups of polymer A can participate in degradation processes under adequate conditions of pH and temperature

[0078] Synthetic copolymers used in the invention may be commercially available and obtained by known polymerization methods such as free radical polymerization optionally followed by chemical modification (known as “polymer—analogous transformations”).

[0079] More preferred are binary copolymers, constituted by monomers M1 and M2, having the co-monomeric ratio M1:M2 with a value 50:50 by mol percent. Preferred copolymers are those in which M1 is a co-monomer with free chemical functions, which in contact with water confer to them an acid character. More preferred, in accordance with the invention's goal, are anhydrides, such as: maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, 2-octenylsuccinic anhydride and respectively, that provide corresponding acids upon hydrolysis of the anhydride groups (maleic acid, itaconic acid etc.). Particularly preferably are: maleic anhydride and maleic acid. Referring to co-monomer M2, this is any type of monomer that from thermodynamic point of view, copolymerize with co-monomer M1. Preferred M2 monomers are from vinylic class of aliphatic derivatives, such as: mono-olefins e.g. ethylene, propene, butylene and isobutylene; alkyl vinyl ethers e.g. methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether and butyl vinyl ether and alkyl vinyl esters e.g. vinyl formate; vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl butyrate. Particularly preferably are isobutylene and methyl vinyl ether.

[0080] Examples of synthetic co-polymers of type A used in this invention are isobutylene-maleic anhydride copolymers and methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer with molecular weight higher than 50,000 Da, preferable with molecular weight higher than 100,000 Da.

[0081] Free carboxylic chemical functions of synthetic copolymer A, which done the object of this invention, are in partial dissociate state, corresponding to a neutralization degree comprised between 55-95%, preferable between 60-90% and, most preferable between 65-85%.

[0082] For partial neutralization of free carboxylic chemical functions of synthetic copolymer A, inorganic substance with intense basic character as hydroxides, bicarbonate or carbonate of potassium and ammonium, preferred being the hydroxides, were used.

[0083] Monovalent cations K.sup.(+) and NH.sub.4.sup.(+), that are in composition of polymer A, which done the object of the present invention, confer to final product the quality of self—fertilizer, having an association ratio K.sup.(+):NH.sub.4.sup.(+) from 10:90 by weight to 90:10 by weight, preferable from 15:85 by weight to 85:15 by weight and more preferable from 20:80 by weight to 80:20 by weight, versus the value of neutralization degree adopted for carboxylic functions.

[0084] Synthetic SAP polymer is preferably in granular solid form with particles dimension of at least 0.2 mm, preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 0.8 mm or from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm or from 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm in correlation with using mode of the material in agriculture;

[0085] Polymer B within the soil composition represents protein biopolymers. More preferred are the protein biopolymers accepted by food industry and which are commercially available, such as: gelatin, albumin, casein or soybean protein. Particularly preferred is gelatin (food grade), obtained from resources such as: skin, bones, tendons, and other types of animal conjunctive tissues, having Bloom Index between about 20 and about 500, preferably between 100 and 300 bloom. Preferred isoelectric point (IP) of such proteins is between about 3.5 and about 9.5, preferably between about 4.5 to about 8.5.

[0086] The presence of protein biopolymers in the composition of the present invention, confers the quality of self fertilizer, and by this contribute to decreasing reduced consumption of traditional fertilizers, thus increasing the profit obtained from agricultural production. The quality and amount of self-fertilizer is controlled by the biodegradation process that occurs when the soil conditioning composition of the invention is in gel state

[0087] Polymer C used in the conditioning composition of the invention is a polysaccharide biopolymer. Preferred polysaccharide biopolymers are from galactomannans class, consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups (more specifically, a (1-4)-linked beta-D-mannopyranose backbone with branch points from their 6-positions linked to alpha-D-galactose, i.e. 1-6-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose). Preferred are: guar gum (mannose:galactose ˜2:1), tara gum, (mannose:galactose ˜3:1) and locust bean gum (mannose:galactose ˜4:1). More preferred is guar gum for agriculture application known in art as hydro seeding, with a viscosity of solutions of 1% concentration in range of 500-3,000 cps, preferable with viscosity in range of 1,000-2,000 cps.

[0088] The polymeric soil conditioning composition of this invention is prepared as follows:

[0089] (i) purification of commercial synthetic polymer A: when in a standard mixer type equipped with stirrer as anchor type and a heating-cooling mantle, polymer A is loaded in solid state as powder. A quantity of demineralized water with a conductivity less than 10 μS is added, to result a suspension of polymer with a concentration of solids between about 5% and about 35%, preferable between 15% and 25%. Aqueous suspension of polymer A, is stirred between 1 to 5 hours, preferably between 2 and 4 hours, at a temperature between 5° C. and 50° C., preferably between 10° C. and 40° C. In the end the aqueous dispersion is brought to room temperature, and the solid phase is separated by filtering under vacuum. The filtrate resulted is analyzed from the viewpoint of dissolved compounds content (represented by: non-reacted monomers, initiators or solvents used in polymer synthesis) using HPLC standard methods. In case when the concentration of sum of dissolved compounds is higher than 10 ppm, the purification operation described above is repeated for more times, until the content of compounds found in aqueous solution of supernatant has a concentration less than 10 ppm. After the last filtration is obtained a wet solid of polymer A, with a humidity content of 15-25% by weight; [0090] preparation of the aqueous solution of carboxyl synthetic polymer A in salt form, when in an equipment of kneader type, with a heating-cooling mantle, is loaded the quantity of wet solid of synthetic polymer A that resulted after purification operation, a quantity of demineralized water, so in the final, to result a suspension of polymer with a concentration of 25-30% by weight, by stirring with a rotor speed not higher than 60 rpm, at room temperature, during a period of 0.5 hours. Further, at the homogenous aqueous suspension resulted is added the quantity of solution of ammonium hydroxide of 25-28% concentration, that correspond to the chemical composition and neutralization degree adopted for the final product. The alkaline suspension of polymer is mixed at room temperature a period of time of 2-8 hours, preferable 3-7 hours and more preferable 4-6 hours until it is obtaining a viscous solution, perfect transparent. At resulted solution is added a quantity of solution of potassium hydroxide of 50% concentration, that correspond to chemical composition and neutralization degree for final product and is mixed further for 30 minutes, at room temperature for system's homogenization. Is obtained a transparent solution of salt of synthetic polymer, with a concentration of solid of 25-30%, that has a viscosity higher than 70,000 cPs.

[0091] (ii) preparation of an aqueous solution of biopolymer B: in an equipment similar with that has been described above at the purification of synthetic polymer A, is loaded the quantity of biopolymer B in solid state, as powder and a quantity of demineralized water, so in the end, a suspension of polymer B is obtained, with a concentration of 15% by weight, by stirring with a rotor speed not higher than 60 rpm, during a period of 1 hour. Further, the mixture is heated under stirring at temperature of 40-80° C., preferable at 45-85° C., and most preferable at temperature of 50-90° C., after that the mixing regime and temperature is maintained to a constant value for a period of 30-180 minutes, preferable of 45-150 minutes, and most preferable of 60-120 minutes. In the end, the mixture resulted is cooled to temperature of 35-40° C., when is obtained a transparent solution of biopolymer B.

[0092] (iii) preparation of the aqueous solution of biopolymer C: in a blender equipment, biopolymer C is loaded in solid state, as powder and a quantity of demineralized water is added, to obtain a suspension of biopolymer C with a concentration of 1-5% by weight, preferable with a concentration of 2-4% by weight. Suspension transformation in solution is obtained by system mixing during 15-30 minutes at room temperature and at rotor speed of blender of 500-1000 rpm. Solution resulted is de-foamed at vacuum.

[0093] (iv) preparation of the aqueous solution of polymer mixture composition (A:B:C): to a solution of synthetic polymer A as ammonium or potassium salt and pre-heated at temperature of 35-40° C., a solution of biopolymer B is added and the resulting viscous media is mixed during 30-60 minutes, at 35-40° C. temperature. Subsequently, to the solution of A and B, the solution of biopolymer C is added and the system is mixed further during 30-60 minutes at the same temperature. In the end, a transparent solution of polymers A, B and C is obtained, with a solid content of 15-20% by weight, and a viscosity higher than 100,000 cPs;

[0094] (v) the polymers viscous solution (A:B:C is cooled at room temperature, evacuated from kneader and profiled by an extruder that contain a holed plate from stainless steel with holes which has a diameter with a value not less than 2 mm and not higher than 10 mm, preferable between 4 mm and 8 mm, thus to obtain material pieces in cylindrical shape, with an element of cylinder not less than 5 mm and not higher than 25 mm, preferable between 10 mm and 15 mm. The cylindrical pieces of material are discharged on a metallic frame covered with a wire net from stainless steel, with holes of 100 microns. The frame with wire net that contain the material pieces is introduced in an oven with circulation of hot air to eliminate the water excess by evaporation. The material drying occurs in hot air current with temperature not less than 40° C. and not higher than 100° C., preferable between 50° C. and 90° C. The time of drying is adjusted so that at the end of the process to obtain a solid material with a humidity content of 5-10%.

[0095] (vi) the resulting dried material is grinded in equipment of cone mill type so to obtain a granular material with particles' dimensions in range of 0.3-3 mm correlated with the intended use e.g. in agriculture as soil conditioner.

[0096] (vii) the dried polymer composition (A:B:C) obtained in step (vi) above, is exposed to a thermal treatment, that promotes a crosslinking reaction between the A, B and C polymers from which the composition is consisted. Such crosslinking may also be termed de-hydrothermal crosslinking. In the current case the granular mass of ABC-dry composition obtained in step (vi) is loaded in a rotary vacuum dryer, in which the air has been pre-heated at temperature of 90-160° C., preferable at temperature of 100-150° C., and most preferable at temperature of 110-140° C. and mixed slowly with a rotation speed of 20-40 rpm during a period of 30-180 minutes, preferably 45-150 minutes, and most preferably 60-120 minutes. In the end, the granular mass is cooled to room temperature, after that is packed in polyethylene sacks under vacuum.

[0097] The soil conditioner obtained as per the above process has a three-dimensional chemical structure obtained through the thermal crosslinking described above. Upon use as soil conditioner, the crosslinking density of the initial product is diminished after each cycle of swelling-deswelling due to the enzymatic degradation of the protein ingredient in the conditioner. As a result, the accumulation effect of electrolytes inside the three-dimensional soil conditioner material, is reduced.

[0098] Generally, in known processes of plastics biodegradation, microorganisms attack nonwater-soluble polymer-based materials (plastics) [Muller, 2003]. This implies that the biodegradation of plastics is usually a heterogeneous process. Because of a lack of water-solubility and the size of the polymer molecules, microorganisms are unable to transport the polymeric material directly into the cells where most biochemical processes take place; rather, they must first excrete extracellular enzymes which depolymerize the polymers outside the cells. As a consequence, if the molar mass of the polymers can be sufficiently reduced to generate water-soluble intermediates, these can be transported into the microorganisms and fed into the appropriate metabolic pathway(s). As a result, the end-products of these metabolic processes include water, carbon dioxide and methane (in the case of anaerobic degradation), together with a new biomass.

[0099] As opposed to known plastic biodegradation processes, it is suggested that the biodegradation that takes place in the soil conditioner polymeric composition of the present invention, differs from known processes by the following aspects: [0100] the enzyme present in the polymeric composition causes degradative processes due to the destruction of the three dimensional configuration of the polymeric material that is present in dissolved/hydrogel state in the swelling medium e.g. in the soil; [0101] the intensity of the degradative processes varies with each? swelling-deswelling cycle underwent by the degrading polymeric composition; [0102] the degradation rate is controlled and adapted per required application requests [0103] the concentration of the degradation products increases inside of the hydrogel volume because of accumulation of the degradation products that occurs after each cycle of swelling-deswlling [0104] material biodegradation is complete after 8-12 month

[0105] Test Methods

1. Free Absorbency for Polymeric Materials

1.1. Swelling Media Types.

[0106] For characterization of polymeric material samples, which are the object of the present invention, their swelling was measured in a few types of media and the results are presented in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Swelling media types Solid content Conductivity Swelling media pH [g/100 ml] [dS/m] Demineralized water (DW) 5.4 0 0.004 Tap water (TW) 6.7 0.59 0.71 Salt water, (SW) 5.9 0.9 4.85 Histosol soil solution, (HSS) 7.4 6.33 1.42 Water:soil = 2:1 Sterilized histosol soil solution (SHSS) 7.3 6.21 1.46 Water:soil = 2:1 Spodosol soil solution (SSS) 7.1 0.83 0.59 Water:soil = 2:1 Aridisol soil solution, (ASS) 6.8 0.62 0.87 Water:soil = 2:1

[0107] For preparation of soil solution has been chosen three categories of soils having the characteristics presented in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Soil Types Soil characteristics Soil-1 Soil-2 Soil-3 Soil Type (USDA Soil Histosol soil Spodosol soil Aridisol soil Taxonomy) Usually name “organic soil” “Podzol soil” “Sandy soil” “peat soil” Field capacity, FC, % — 23.4 15.8 w/w Permanent Wilting — 12.5 6.3 Point.sup.1), PWP, % w/w Refill Point.sup.2), RP, % — 17.8 11 Soil Organic Matter.sup.3), 63.7 4.12 0.87 SOM, % w/w Moisture, % w/w 49.8 7.3 3.6 .sup.1), 2)have been evaluated with the apparatus Pressure Plate Extractor Model 1500 from Soilmoisture Equipment Corp., Santa Barbara CA. ,USA: PWP at 1500 kPa, and RP at 60 kPa; .sup.3)has been established by titration method (modified Walkley-Black procedure) [Brady 1990]

[0108] Soil solutions, representing aqueous extract of soil, has been prepared by mixing the available soil with distillate water at a ratio water:soil=2:1, stirring the system during 8 hours at room temperature, followed by filtration of the suspension under vacuum, using filter paper Whatman GF/A 40, and collecting the transparent liquid phase. The volume of 400-500 ml of soil solution resulted, has been characterized from properties viewpoint: pH and electrical conductivity, EC, using Laboratory Benchtop Meter Model 86505; pH/mV/ORP/Cond./TDS/SALT from MRC-Israel and respectively, the content in solid substance, using the gravimetric method.

[0109] Swelling experiments has been done with dilute soil solution with a corresponding volume of distillate water so to obtain the same value for electrical conductivity, EC=0.71 dS/m, equal with EC for tap water, having in view the elimination of ionic strength effect on absorbency and in the same time to evidence the signification of the presence of the other components from soil solution on swelling.

[0110] Sterilized soil solution, is referred to aqueous extract obtained from organic soil, that has been dried first at 125° C. during 6 hours, for destruction of microorganism collection which are present in this type of soil [Daley et al 0.2000]. In 300 ml of soil solution has been added 0.05 g sodium azide (NaN.sub.3), preservative and enzymatic inhibitor.

1.2. Swelling Tests

[0111] Has been done the following types of swelling tests: [0112] swelling for 0.5 hour, as classic test for all types of SAP only for swelling media DW; TW and SW [0113] swelling for 24 hours (1 day), in correlation with the time necessary for moisture equilibrium of soils after application of one watering cycle, that conduct to the corresponding value for field capacity, for tap water and soil solution [0114] swelling for 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 and 7 days, in correlation with the time between two watering, and which has the goal to evidence the presence of biodegradation phenomenon of polymeric material in gel state, for tap water and soil solution.

[0115] The swelling test has been done thus:

[0116] In a beaker of 150 ml capacity are introduced a mass of sample of 0.2±0.0001 sample of SAP (m.sub.day). Then is added 100 ml swelling media. The beaker is covered with Parafilm foil and then is maintained at room temperature, without stirring, for swelling a pre-established time. After the end of swelling time, the content of beaker is added quantitatively in a Buchner funnel, covered with nylon filtering cloth, 100 microns (that has been weighted at technical balance), to drain the excess solution during 15 minutes. The quantity of gel resulted (m.sub.wet) has been obtained as difference between the weight of funnel that contain the gel and the initial weight of it. The free absorbency of polymeric sample has been calculated with the relation:

Q=(m.sub.wet−m.sub.dry)/m.sub.dry, [g/g]

[0117] Absorbency value for a swelling test represented the average of three replicates.

[0118] Absorbency corresponding to different tests of swelling has been symbolized with general expression “Qx-t”, where:

x—is the symbol corresponding to swelling media: DW; TW; SW; HSS; SHSS; SSS and ASS,
t—is the symbol of swelling time: 1 h, for 1 hour, and respectively 1d; 2d; 3d; 4d; 5d; 6d and 7d for swelling processes of 1; 2; 3 . . . 6 and 7 days.
Examples of symbolizing for different absorbency are: QDW-1 h; QSW-1 h; QHSS-1d; QASS-5d etc.

2. Gel Rigidity of the Polymeric Gels

[0119] Value for gel rigidity GR, expressed in [Pa], of gels that resulted from swelling tests, is adopted as being equal with those corresponding to highest value of storage modulus [G′].sub.max, from high elastic domain of the material that is tested with Oscillation Stress Sweep, in domain of stress tensions of 0.5-500 Pa.

[0120] The test has been realized with gels using Rheometer RheoStress 1 from ThermoHaake company (Germany) with a cylinder sensor Z20DIN and the program of stress Oscillation Stress Sweep.

[0121] The test occurs as follows: in the fix cylinder of measurement of sensor has been added 8 grams of gel, and then it has been fit up at the measurement device of rheometer. Ulterior, it has been introduced the mobile cylindrical sensor in those fix and the system has been thermostated at the adopted testing temperature (25° C.). during 30 minutes. After thermostating, it is starting the test program. Experimental data have been processed with the software RheoWinPro—Data Manager of ThermoHaake. The graphical shape of a result of a test Oscillation Stress Sweep is given in FIG. 5.

3. Cross-Link Density of Polymeric Gels

[0122] Effective cross-linking density μ.sub.eff, of gels resulted after swelling of the polymeric material, that is the object of the present invention, has been achieved by calculation through the indexes-absorbency “Qx-t” and gel rigidity GR, that correspond to the swelling test from 1 to 7 days, using the relations [Muratore and Davis, 2000]:

[00001]${\mu }_{eff}=\frac{GR}{\mathrm{RT}{\varphi }_2^{1/3}};\left[\mathrm{mol}/m^3\right]{\varphi }_2=\frac{1}{Q\left[t\right]}$$\mathrm{GR}={\left[G^{\prime }\right]}_{\max },\mathrm{kPa}$$T,\mathrm{°K}$$R=8.31451,\left[Pa.m^3.K^{-1}.{\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}\right]$

4. Biodegradability

[0123] Relative biodegradability, RB-x, %, of polymeric material, that is the object of the present invention, has been defined by the ratio between effective cross-linking density of resulted gels after “x” days of swelling in soil solution and the effective cross-linking density of gels swelled only for 24 hours in tap water, expressed by relation:

[00002]$\mathrm{RB}-x=\frac{{\left({\mu }_{eff-xd}\right)}_{\mathrm{soilsol}}}{{\left({\mu }_{eff-1d}\right)}_{TW}}*100,\left[\%\right]$

5. Absorbency During Liquid Flow

[0124] In a filter funnel from glass funnel for filtering of 100 ml capacity (interior diameter 52 mm and 73 mm height) with a filtering medium from synthware glass with a porosity 2 (pores with dimension between 40-100 μm —catalog Brand) and tare made at analytical balance, is weighted 0.3 g of polymer particles and are distributed uniform on filtering surface. Then is attached at the inferior part of the filter a rubber tube with Hoffman claim adjusted at a closing thus can be assure a drain of liquid with 10 ml per minute. In funnel are putted 100 ml of swelling media and is waited its drain. After, the liquid was drained is weighted the funnel with gel. The quantity of gel obtained was expressed as absorbency under flow Q.sub.F, g/g.

6. Water Holding Capacity of Mixture Soil-Polymer in 10 Watering—Drying Cycles

[0125] The tests have been done only with Aridisol, and the experiments have been realized as follows:

1 kg of grinded soil, with maximum dimension of particles of 2 mm, (with known moisture m.sub.0, % w/w, determinate by gravimetric method) is mixed with 3 g of polymeric material with maximum dimension of particles of 1.5 mm, that is the object of the present invention, in a laboratory planetary mixer (MRC Laboratory Equipment Manufacturer, Israel.) during 15 minutes. Triplicate of 150 g portions of soil mixture were filled in 400 cm.sup.3 plastic pots with a filter paper placed at the bottom with a small hole. Then, soil mixture was saturated with 200 ml tap water by placing in containers for 24 hrs. The pots were raised to drain out the excess water gravimetrically. After 24 hours has been determinate by gravimetric method the moisture of soil and polymer mixture, and the average value corresponding to those three replicates is noted with FC.sub.p1, % w/w.

[0126] In parallel has been prepared (in the same conditions) triplicate pots that contain only soil, as control sample, when after watering and draining, the average soil moisture resulted is noted with FC.sub.c1, % w/w.

[0127] Triplicate pots for samples and triplicate pots of control samples were placed under laboratory conditions at 25° C., for free drying until is attain the moisture content corresponding to refill point, RP±0.5, % w/w. The necessary time to attain the RP is noted as (T.sub.RP).sub.p1, expressed in days. Same has been done for control sample, resulting (T.sub.RP).sub.c1, % w/w.

[0128] Further, the samples have been subdued to a new cycle of watering and drying, resulting FC.sub.p2 and (T.sub.RP).sub.p2, respectively FC.sub.c2 and (T.sub.RP).sub.c2.

[0129] The methodology presented above has been repeated for more 8 cycles of watering-drying, resulting the series of values FC.sub.p1-FC.sub.p10, respective (T.sub.RP).sub.p1-(T.sub.RP).sub.p10. For control sample has been obtained the series of values FC.sub.c1-FC.sub.c10, respective (T.sub.Rp).sub.cl-(T.sub.RP).sub.c10.

[0130] All the numerical values recorded represent the average of three replicates.

[0131] The sum of values corresponding to series (T.sub.RP).sub.p1-(T.sub.RP).sub.p10 and (T.sub.RP).sub.c1-(T.sub.RP).sub.c10 is called “Crop Life Time”, CLT, expressed in days, that represents practically for how many days of normal development of crop the water administrated is enough in a pre-established number of watering (watering number, WN), and have been calculated with relation:

[00003]$CLT=\underset{i=1}{\overset{WN}{.Math.}}\left(T_{RP-i}\right),\mathrm{days}$

[0132] For the present description of invention has been used the value corresponding after 7 watering, AS.sub.W7, as indicator for performance of polymeric materials with different chemical structure.

EXAMPLES

[0133] The following examples are intended only to further illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the claims.

Example 1

[0134] In a reaction vessel of 1 Liter, equipped with a stirring rod of anchor type with four blades, thermostatic jacket and thermometer are introduced 600 ml demineralized water with a conductivity of 4.3 μS and 150 g of ISOBAM 18, poly(isobutylene-co-maleic anhydride) with a molecular mass of 350,000 Da, from Kuraray Co. Ltd, Japan as synthetic polymer A. Aqueous suspension of polymer A, is stirring 4 hours at temperature of 40° C. In the end the aqueous dispersion is brought to ambient temperature, and the solid phase is separated by filtration at vacuum. The wet solid is washing three times with 100 ml demineralized water each time. The supernatant is analyzed from the viewpoint of content of dissolved substances using HPLC. The wet solid is subdued to another extraction in similar conditions described above. After 3 extractions, content of dissolved substances in supernatant has been of 8 ppm. Finally, are obtained 192 g of wet solid, with a humidity content of 22.9% by weight.

[0135] Further, in an laboratory equipment as kneader type (Batch Mixer Model LNG 0.25 from AARON Process Equipments, Bensenville, Ill., USA) with a working volume of 1200 ml, with a heating-cooling mantle, are introduced 192 grams of purified synthetic polymer A and is mixed with 121 grams of solution of ammonium hydroxide of 28% concentration (ACROSS catalog no. 20584-0025). The alkaline suspension of polymer is mixed at ambient temperature during 6 hours. At the resulted solution is added 27 grams of potassium hydroxide solution of 50% concentration prepared from pellets (ACROSS catalog no. 42414-0025) and is continue the mixing for 30 minutes at room temperature for system homogenization. Are obtained 340 grams of transparent solution of salt of ammonium and potassium with a solid concentration of 57.29% of synthetic polymer A and which has a neutralization degree of 76.92% in relation to the content of carboxylic functions.

[0136] While preparing the synthetic polymer solution, the solutions of gelatin and trypsin are prepared. Thus, [0137] a) in a beaker of 250 ml with a magnetic stirrer is preparing 150 grams solution of gelatin by dissolving 25 g of gelatin solid type A, 175 Bloom, from swine (Aldrich, catalog no. 27,161-6), in 125 ml of demineralized water with a conductivity of 4.3 μS with temperature of 50° C. [0138] b) in a beaker of 250 ml with a magnetic stirrer is preparing 100 grams solution of trypsin by dissolving 15 grams of trypsin sold (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog no. T1426) in 85 ml of demineralized water with a conductivity of 4.3 μS at temperature of 25° C. After 60 minutes is obtaining a solution of enzyme of 15% concentration.

[0139] Next, over the solution of synthetic polymer in the form of salt of ammonium and potassium existing in Kneader, preheated at temperature of 60° C., is added the gelatin solution and is mixed the system for 60 minutes at the mentioned temperature.

[0140] Then, the solution of polymer mixture composition (A:B) is profiled by an extruder (Kitchen Aid Mixer manufactured by the Hobart Manufacturing Company, USA) that contain a holed plate from stainless steel with holes which has a diameter of 6 mm, thus to obtain material pieces in cylindrical shape, with a height of cylinder of 15 mm. The material is discharged on a metallic frame covered with a wire net from stainless steel, with holes of 100 microns.

[0141] The frame with wire net that contain the material pieces is introduced in an oven with circulation of hot air to eliminate the water excess by evaporation. The material drying occurs in hot air current with temperature of 80° C. for 6 hours. Are obtained 258 grams of dry polymeric composition (A:B), with a humidity content of 12.79% by weight.

[0142] Next, the polymeric composition of (A:B) wands are crushed in the laboratory cone mill, when a granular mass is produced with particle sizes in the range of 0.5-1.5 mm.

[0143] Further the granular mass is loaded in a powder flask of 1000 ml which is mounted to a laboratory rotary evaporator after that the flask is immersed in an oil bath with silicon pre-heated at 110° C. In regime of rotation with 50 rpm and under the vacuum of 150 mbar, the granular mass is maintained at mentioned temperature during 90 minutes, when occurs the crosslinking of the polymeric composite (A:B) and its transformation into water absorbing material, as soil conditioner, which is the object of this invention. The crosslinked polymer material is cooled at ambient temperature, in mixing regime at atmospheric pressure. Are obtained 237.34 grams of intermediary product as superabsorbent constituted from composite (A-B) with a humidity content of 5.2%.

[0144] From the polymeric composite (A-B) thermic crosslinked, 118 grams are called Soil Conditioner Control (SCC-1) respective polymeric that does not contain the immobilized enzyme.

[0145] Further over 119 grams from the rest of composite (A-B) crosslinked existent in the powder flask is sprayed 8 ml enzyme solution of 15% concentration when occurs the immobilization of enzyme on the mass of superabsorbent (A-B) by absorption and ionic complexation, immobilization process is continue during 2 hours at temperature of 25° C. It resulted 127 grams of granular mass with dry look with a humidity content of 9.81%. The obtained material was called Soil Conditioner with Enzyme (SCE-1).

[0146] Finally, the SAP mass with immobilized enzyme is packed in polyethylene bags sealed under vacuum.

[0147] The polymer material corresponding to example 1, as soil conditioner, which is the object of the present invention, was further subjected to tests for the evaluation of its properties.

[0148] Absorbency properties of polymeric material SCE-1 are shown in table 4.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Absorbency properties of sample SCE1 Swelling Qx-0.5 h Qx-1 d GRx-1 d μ.sub.eff × 10.sup.3 Q.sub.F media [g/g] [g/g] [kPa] [mol/m.sup.3] [g/g] DW 426 512 0.590 1.45 247 TW 204 263 0.643 1.48 108 SW 88 123 0.728 1.46 46 HSS 172 206 0.59 1.39 101 SSS 168 197 0.602 1.41 97 ASS 171 190 0.612 1.42 98

[0149] Degradation by trypsin of the three-dimensional network of polymeric material consisting from ISOBAM crosslinked with gelatin has been highlighted using an experiment in which the product SCE-1 that turned into a hydrogel after its treating with tap water with absorbency Q.sub.TW-1d of 263 g/g is maintained in this phase for another 6 days at the 25° C. and with the sample protected against water loss by evaporation when everyday has been measured GR-TW [kPa] and then has been evaluated by calculation μ.sub.eff [mol/m.sup.3] and finally has been calculated the value for relative biodegradability RB [%]

[0150] The alteration of the three-dimensional structure of the gels corresponding to the polymer material SCE-1 is sustained by the data from table 5.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Properties of gel (SCE-1) during swelling time Time GR.sub.DW μ.sub.eff RB [days] [kPa] [mol/m.sup.3] [%] 1 0.590 1.39 6.08 2 0.548 1.33 10.01 3 0.505 1.27 14.18 4 0.473 1.21 18.24 5 0.427 1.12 24.32 6 0.378 0.97 34.45 7 0.308 0.76 48.64

[0151] From the experimental data presented in Table 5 it is noted that the SE-1 product after 7 days suffers an alteration of the three-dimensional structure of the crosslinked polymeric material in proportion of 48.6% which demonstrates the existence of the biodegradation process of the SAP with enzyme immobilized when the material is in the form of hydrogel.

[0152] The absorbency improvement of a SAP material with the immobilized enzyme versus a soil conditioner without enzyme during several drying-watering cycles has been shown by using the samples of SCE-1 and SCC-1.

[0153] For this purpose, at the beginning the two samples were used to obtain Q.sub.−TW-1d (0.2 grams+150 ml TW). After 3 days each sample has been dried at 30° C. in the current of air using a laboratory oven, until each has a moisture content of 15% (which simulates the permanently wilting point PWP). Further, the dry samples were treated with 150 ml TW, and Q.sub.−TW-1d was measured. After 3 days each sample was dry and have been performed the operations mentioned after the first watering. The experimental methodology mentioned for the first two watering has been repeated over the course of another 8 watering. The results obtained are presented in FIG. 6.

[0154] The experimental data in FIG. 6 shows the product SCE-1, that is the object of this invention, after 10 cycles of drying-watering with tap water and it still has an absorbency that represents 64.25% from the absorbency value after the first watering. The SCC-1 sample that has no immobilized enzyme has an absorbency value which represents only 11.78% from the absorbency value after the first watering.

[0155] Soil solutions resulted as aqueous extract from non-organic soils (Spodosoil SSS, and Aridisoil, ASS), in contact with polymeric material SCE-1, causes only the continue increasing of absorbency, during the seven days of testing, which can be seen from the data presented in table 6. Supplementary, these data show the significance of soil type on efficacy of using of the polymeric materials as soil conditioner.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Influence of the soil type on absorbency and relative biodegradation of polymeric material SCE-1 Time Soil solution SSS Soil solution ASS [days] Q.sub.SSS, [g/g] RB, [%] Q.sub.ASS, [g/g] BR, [%] 1 197 4.73 190 4.05 2 200 5.41 190 4.72 3 207 6.08 191 5.11 4 216 6.75 193 5.87 5 225 7.43 196 6.23 6 234 10.13 203 7.55 7 242 15.54 211 8.78

Example 2

[0156] The same method of preparation and the same equipment as in Example 1 with the difference that: at the homogenous aqueous suspension of synthetic polymer A is added 84 grams of solution of ammonium hydroxide concentration 28%, and at the resulted solution after 6 hours is added 58 grams of potassium hydroxide solution of concentration 50%. Is obtained 634 grams of transparent solution of ammonium and potassium salt of synthetic polymer A, which has a degree of neutralization of 64.91% in relation to the content of carboxylic functions content, with a solid concentration of 31.5% and which has a viscosity of 106, 000 CP. Finally, 184 grams of polymeric material called SCE-2, with a moisture content of 5.8%, are obtained.

Example 3

[0157] The same method of preparation and the same equipment as in Example 1 with the difference that is used ISOBAM-10, with molecular mass of 160,000 Da, and the cross-linking of polymeric composition (A:B:C) occurs at 130° C. during 45 minutes. In the end are obtained 198 grams of polymeric material called SC-3, with dimensions of particles in the range of 0.5-1.5 mm, and a moisture content of 4.7%

Example 4

[0158] The same method of preparation and the same equipment as in Example 1 with the difference that over the solution of synthetic polymer A in salt form of ammonium and potassium existed in kneader, pre-heated at temperature of 40° C., is added first 115 grams of gelatin solution as biopolymer B, by dissolving of 15 g of gelatin type A, 100 Bloom, from swine (Aldrich, catalog no. 27,161-6) in 100 ml of demineralized water with a conductivity of 4.3 μS with temperature of 50° C. and the system is mixed during 60 minutes, at temperature of 40° C. Ulterior, over solution that contains the polymers A and B, from kneader are added 450 grams of guar solution of 4% concentration by weight and is mixed continue the system for another 60 minutes at the same temperature. Is obtained a transparent solution, with a solid content of 16.3% by weight, and a viscosity of 109,000 cPs. After thermal cross-linking are obtained 203 grams of polymeric material called SC-4, with a moisture content of 6.1%

[0159] Representative properties of polymeric materials as soil conditioner SC-2; SC-3 and SC-4, that is the object of the present invention, are presented in table 7.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Properties of samples SCE-2; SCE-3 and SCE-4 Properties SCE-2 SCE-3 SCE-4 Q.sub.SSS-1 d, [g/g] 178 195 181 GR.sub.SSS-1 d, [kPa] 0.695 0.523 0.712 μ.sub.eff [mol/m.sup.3] 1.57 1.22 1.62 Q.sub.F, [g/g] 91 108 85 [RB-7].sub.SSS, [%] 16.12 12.45 18.51 CLT.sub.Spodosol, [days] 102 96 98 [AS.sub.10].sub.Spodosol, [%] 58.5 67.3 61.8

Example 5

[0160] In a reaction vessel of 1 Liter, equipped with a stirring rod of anchor type with four blades, thermostatic jacket and thermometer are added 600 ml demineralized water with a conductivity of 4.3 μS and 50 grams GANTREZ AN139, poly(vinyl methyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) with a molecular mass of 1,000,000 Da, from ISP as synthetic polymer A.

[0161] The aqueous suspension of polymer A is stirred for 4 hours at temperature of 40° C. In the end the aqueous dispersion is brought to ambient temperature, and the solid phase is separated by vacuum filtration. The wet solid is washed 3 times with 100 ml demineralized water. The supernatant is analyzed from the viewpoint of dissolved substances content using HPLC. The wet solid is subdued to another extractions in similar conditions described above. After 3 extractions, the content of dissolved substances in the supernatant was 8 ppm. Finally, 192 g of wet solid with a moisture content of 22.9% by weight is obtained.

[0162] Further, in an laboratory equipment as kneader type (Batch Mixer Model LNG 0.25 from AARON Process Equipments, Bensenville, Ill., USA) with a working volume of 1200 ml, with a heating-cooling mantle, are introduced 192 grams of purified synthetic polymer A which is mixing with 121 grams of solution of ammonium hydroxide of concentration 28% (ACROSS catalog no. 20584-0025). The alkaline suspension of polymer is mixed at ambient temperature for 6 hours. At the resulted solution is added 27 grams of hydroxide potassium solution of concentration 50% (ACROSS catalog no. 42414-0025) and continue the mixing for 30 minutes at room temperature for homogenizing the system. Is obtained 340 grams of transparent solution of salt of ammonium and potassium of synthetic polymer A with a solid concentration of 57.29% and which has a degree of neutralization of 71.06% in relation to the content of carboxylic functions.

[0163] While preparing the synthetic polymer solution, the solutions of gelatin and trypsin are prepared also. Thus, [0164] a) in a beaker of 250 ml, in which there is a magnetic stirrer is preparing 150 grams solution of gelatin by dissolving 25 g of gelatin solid type A, 175 Bloom, from Swine (Aldrich, Catalog No. 27,161-6), in 125 ml of demineralized water with a conductivity of 4 3 μS with the temperature of 50° C.; [0165] b) in a beaker of 250 ml, in which is a magnetic stirrer is prepared 100 grams trypsin solution by dissolving 15 grams of trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog no. T1426) in 85 ml of demineralized water with a conductivity of 4.3 μS at 25° C. temperature. After 60 minutes is obtained a 15% concentration enzyme solution.

[0166] Then, the solution of polymer mixture composition (A:B) is profiled by an extruder (Kitchen Aid Mixer manufactured by the Hobart Manufacturing Company, USA) that contain a holed plate from stainless steel with holes which has a diameter of 6 mm, thus to obtain material pieces in cylindrical shape, with a height of cylinder of 15 mm. The material is discharged on a metallic frame covered with a wire net from stainless steel, with holes of 100 microns.

[0167] The frame with wire net that contains the material pieces is introduced in an oven with circulation of hot air to eliminate the water excess by evaporation. The material's drying occurs in hot air current with temperature of 80° C. for 6 hours. Are obtained 258 grams of dry polymeric composition (A:B), with a humidity content of 12.79% by weight.

[0168] Next, the polymeric composition of (A:B) wands are crushed in the laboratory cone mill, when a granular mass is produced with particle sizes in the range of 0.5-1.5 mm.

[0169] Further the granular mass is then loaded into a 1000 ml powder flask which is fitted to a laboratory rotary evaporator after which, the flask is immersed in a bath with pre-heated silicone oil at 110° C. In rotation regime with 50 rpm and under the action of a vacuum of 150 mbar, the granular mass is maintained at the temperature mentioned for 90 minutes, when the polymer composition (A:B) is crosslinked and occurs its transformation into water absorbing material, as soil conditioner, which is the object of this invention. The crosslinked polymer material is cooled at ambient temperature, in mixing regime at atmospheric pressure. 237.34 grams of intermediate product as superabsorbent are obtained from composite (A-B) with a moisture content of 5.2%. Further, over 119 grams of (A-B) crosslinked material existed in the flask powder is sprayed 8 ml of 15% concentration of enzyme solution when immobilization of enzyme occurs on the superabsorbent (A-B) mass by absorption and ionic complexation, the immobilization process is continue for 2 hours at temperature of 25° C. Is resulted 127 grams of dry-looking granular mass with a moisture content of 9.81%. The obtained material was called Soil conditioner with Enzyme (SCE-5). Finally, the mass of SAP with the enzyme immobilized is packed in polyethylene bags sealed under vacuum.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Properties of sample SC-5 and HydroSeeds Swelling media SC-5 HydroSeeds Q.sub.TW-0.5 h, [g/g] 216 148 Q.sub.TW-1 d, [g/g] 258 174 Q.sub.ASS-1 d, [g/g] 193 138 GR.sub.ASS-1 d, [kPa] 0.652 1.326 μ.sub.eff [mol/m.sup.3] 1.52 2.76 Q.sub.F, [g/g] 112 49 [RB-7].sub.HSS, [%] 78.6 0 [RB-7].sub.ASS, [%] 39.3 0 CLT.sub.Aridisol, [days] 103 75 [AS.sub.10].sub.Aridisol, [%] 63.2 37.8

[0170] The experimental data contained in table 8 shows that the commercial HydroSeed product, which belongs to the class of polyacrylate SAP, shows absorptive properties inferior to the polymeric materials that are the object to the present invention. Also, in swollen state, the product represents a much more rigid gel than the SC-5, and the crosslinked density of the three-dimensional network is superior. In the same context, it is noted that the commercial product is not biodegradable, the characteristics of the gels remain the same during 7 days of interaction with soil solution obtained from organic soil.

[0171] Water holding capacity of mixture soil-polymer in 10 watering—drying cycles and absorbency stability of polymeric material SC-5 and HydroSeeds are presented in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8.

[0172] There is a remarkable difference between the commercial product and the polymeric material that is the object of this invention, caused by reduced stability in the accumulation of electrolytes during the 10 watering applied (AS.sub.10=37.8% compared to 63.2% for SC-5) and which is reflecting on the life time of agricultural culture (HydroSeed ensure CLT=75 days of development, while SC-5 allows normal development at CLT=103 days). Basically, the SC-5 polymer material allows a significant reduction in water consumption for an agricultural culture being much more effective than the tested commercial product.

[0173] While the invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the particular form set forth, but on the contrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the inventions as disclosed and claimed herein.

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