NON-METALLIC SPLIT SET ROCKBOLT

Abstract

The various disclosed embodiments provide a split set type composite rockbolt which has a slot extending from a chamfered tip of a tubular body portion of the rockbolt and through a neck portion partway to a collar portion. The rockbolt is made of a composite material which has a resin medium with longitudinal and circumferential fibres.

Claims

1-36. (canceled)

37. A non-metallic split type friction composite rockbolt which includes: a non-metallic collar portion; a non-metallic tubular body having a split or a slot therein; and a non-metallic neck portion intermediate the collar portion and the tubular body, wherein rockbolt is made of one or more of a polymeric and a composite material, wherein the slot or split extends along at least a portion of the length of the body starting at one end of the body, referred to as a rockbolt tip and which, in use, will be a leading edge as the rockbolt is driven into a hole.

38. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 37, wherein the slot or split ends close to the opposite end of the body where the collar is positioned by means of an intermediate neck portion.

39. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 37, wherein the tubular body has a combination of resinous medium with longitudinal and circumferential fibres.

40. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 39, wherein the fibres of the tubular body have from 1% to 59% by count circumferential fibres with a balance of the fibres being longitudinal fibres.

41. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 39, wherein the tubular body is made of two or more layers of composite material, wherein one or more of the layers has longitudinal fibres and one or more further layers have circumferential fibres.

42. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 39, wherein the longitudinal fibres are continuous fibres in an 0-30 degree orientation relative to an longitudinal axis of the tubular body so as to accommodate high axial tensile and compressive loads along a length of the rockbolt.

43. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 39, wherein the circumferential fibres are continuous circumferential fibres.

44. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 42, wherein the fibre orientation along the length of the rockbolt varies from layer to layer.

45. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 44, wherein the composition of the composite material and wall thickness of the tubular body vary along the length.

46. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 37, wherein a zone where the collar portion and the neck portion meet is frangible so that the collar portion can break off during blasting.

47. A non-metallic split type friction composite rockbolt which includes a non-metallic collar portion, a non-metallic tubular body having a split or a slot therein, and a non-metallic neck portion intermediate the collar portion and the tubular body as claimed in claim 37 wherein the non-metallic collar portion is made from a polymeric or composite material.

48. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 47, wherein said collar is made of three or more layers, wherein a first inner layer includes circumferential fibres in a resinous medium creating a wedge, a second layer includes longitudinal fibres in a resinous medium extending over the wedge to a driving end of the collar where, in use, the rockbolt will be driven from by a driving force such as hammering, and a third layer which again includes circumferential fibres in a resinous medium creating a counter wedge or ring to enable clamping of the longitudinal fibres when pulling on the collar with a force.

49. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 48, wherein the first inner layer fibres include only circumferential fibres, the second layer fibres include from 1% to 69% by count of circumferential fibres and a balance of the fibres being longitudinal fibres, and the third outer layer fibres include only circumferential fibres

50. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 37, wherein the rockbolt is made of a combination of resinous medium with longitudinal and circumferential fibres, wherein the fibres are selected from the group including E-glass based fibres, basalt fibres, carbon fibres, aramid fibres, metal fibres or strands, natural fibres, and engineered thermoplastic fibres.

51. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 47, wherein the rockbolt is made of a combination of resinous medium with longitudinal and circumferential fibres, wherein the resin is selected from the group including epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, PET, cement, ceramic resin, and phenolic resin.

52. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 37, wherein the neck portion intermediate the collar portion and the tubular body has one end zone of greater diameter than another end zone.

53. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 52, wherein said neck portion is made of two or more layers of composite material, wherein one or more layers has longitudinal fibres and one or more further layers have circumferential fibres.

54. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 53, wherein the fibres of the neck portion are from 1% to 69% by count of circumferential fibres and a balance of the fibres being longitudinal fibres.

55. A non-metallic rockbolt as claimed in claim 54, wherein the wall thickness of the neck portion varies along a length thereof thereby to provide strength in the rockbolt between the collar and the tubular body.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0056] The invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings. In the drawings,

[0057] FIG. 1 shows a typical installation of a split-set friction composite rockbolt;

[0058] FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a tubular body of a rockbolt having a slot therethrough;

[0059] FIG. 3 shows the tubular body with spaced apart polymer inserts therein;

[0060] FIG. 4 shows a tubular collar portion of a rockbolt of the invention;

[0061] FIG. 5 shows an intermediate portion of a rockbolt which is located intermediate the tubular body and the collar;

[0062] FIG. 6 shows cross section detail of the rockbolt of the invention having the tubular body, collar portion and neck portion as shown in FIGS. 2 to 5;

[0063] FIG. 7 shows a solid collar portion of a rockbolt of the invention;

[0064] FIG. 8 shows the results from the insertion of a 46 mm outer diameter composite rockbolt into 44 mm hole in 200 mm granite block;

[0065] FIG. 9 shows a hoop stiffness test result for the rockbolt of the invention.

[0066] In FIG. 1, a split set type composite rockbolt 10 generally of the invention is shown driven into a hole 12 in a rock wall 14 which has a fault 16. The rockbolt 10 has a collar 18 which is used to hammer on when driving the rockbolt 10 into the hole 12 and to retain plate 19 against the rock wall 14.

[0067] In FIG. 2, the rockbolt 10 of FIG. 1 has a slot 22 extending from the chamfered tip 24 of a tubular body portion 26 of the rockbolt 10 and through a neck portion 28 partway to the collar 18.

[0068] A split set friction type composite rockbolt 10 (for insertion into a 44 mm hole 12 as example) is shown in FIG. 2 below. The composite bolt can be designed to work for any diameter hole, however, the split set friction type composite rock bolt of the example has a 10 ton pull out resistance.

[0069] FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of rockbolt 10 of FIG. 2 wherein resiliently deformable cylindrical polymeric inserts 32, for example made of polyurethane, are provided spaced apart within the tubular body portion 26 to increase the forces urging the tubular body against the hole 12 where it contacts the rockbolt 10.

[0070] FIG. 4 shows a collar 18 used with rockbolt 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2, wherein unidirectional fibres 36 are trapped between a ring shaped wedge portion 34 and a collar portion 38. The collar 18 is described further hereinbelow.

[0071] FIG. 5 shows the intermediate neck portion 40 which is located on rockbolt 10 between the collar 18 and the tubular body portion 26. The wall thickness and diameter of the neck portion 40 changes from where it extends away from the tubular body 26 to the collar 18 as is described further below.

[0072] FIG. 6 shows cross section detail of the rockbolt 10 of the invention having the tubular body portion 26 with three layers of which the inner and outer layers 42 have circumferential fibres which are continuous and a layer 44 inbetween the inner and outer layers in which the fibres are longitudinal fibres, collar 18 and neck portion 28 as shown in FIGS. 2 to 5;

[0073] FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of the rockbolt 10, here labelled as 50, which is solid, as opposed to rockbolt 10 which is hollow. The collar 52 is also solid and again unidirectional fibres 54 are trapped between a wedge portion 56 and a collar portion 58.

[0074] The result of the press force needed to insert the bolt into the granite block can be seen below in FIG. 8. It is understood that pull-out force of a split set type rockbolt is either equal to, or greater than the insertion force of an installed friction bolt, (Tomory, Grabinsky, Curran, Cavalho, “Factors influencing the effectiveness of split set friction stabilizer bolts”, Canadian Instit. Mining Melallurgy Petroleum, Vol 91, Pages 205-214, 1998). Therefore, the plot in FIG. 8 should be interpreted as pull-out strength of the installed composite bolt for a 200 mm long bond, the total height of the granite cube. FIG. 8 shows the results from the insertion of a 46 mm outer diameter composite rockbolt of the invention as described herein, of which the tubular body section has the maximum percentage circumferential fibres (59% by count) and the balance of the fibres being longitudinal fibres.

[0075] FIG. 9 shows the results of hoop stiffness test results which show a minimum of 10 kN hoop strength on the same rockbolt.

[0076] The descriptions which follow relate to the example shown in the figures.

[0077] Tensile Versus Hoop Fibre Orientation in the Rockbolt

[0078] In accordance with the invention generally, the split set type friction composite rockbolt 10 has been developed & tested that can withstand a high pull out force.

[0079] This specific rockbolt is tubular shaped and has a slot running through the length of the bolt starting at the chamfered tip (leading edge) of the rockbolt and ending close to the back end of the rockbolt where the collar is positioned. To enable the required pull out force in a typical hole diameter of 44 mm (for example), typically a 46 mm outer diameter tubular body rockbolt will be used.

[0080] The 46 mm tubular body rockbolt will then typically have a slot width of 15-16 mm wide. The tubular body compresses and the slot closes as the rockbolt gets hammered into a hole in the rock which creates friction that then results in a pull out force when the rockbolt is fully inserted into the hole.

[0081] This rockbolt has been designed with a specific optimised orientation of longitudinal and circumferential fibres to ensure that there is an optimal balance between hoop stiffness in the tube (for enabling friction) and tensile and compressive strength (for when an axial pulling load is placed on the bolt or when the bolt is hammered into the hole). The fibres can be pultruded, pull wound or filament wound. This lay-up has been found to give the optimal tensile versus hoop strength to also enable robustness for when the rockbolt is hammered into the hole. Typically the hole is then 2 mm smaller than the rockbolt outer diameter.

[0082] The longitudinal fibres are continuous fibres in the 0-30 degree orientation so as to accommodate high axial tensile and compressive loads along the length of the rockbolt. The axial fibres are continuous fibres in the circumferential orientation (70-110 deg relative to the longitudinal axis) thereby to permit high radial compressive loads which in turn provides high frictional clamping forces with the rock within the hole.

[0083] In this example. The fibres used were E-glass based and the resin is polyester resin.

[0084] The tip of the rockbolt's tubular body is chamfered to allow the rockbolt to direct itself deeper into the hole even if rock strata might have moved inside the hole causing misalignment of the rock strata along the length of the hole.

[0085] Design of the Collar

[0086] The collar design is crucial for the functioning of the split set friction composite rock bolt. A typical tubular collar generally in accordance with the invention is shown in FIG. 4 and a typical solid collar is shown in FIG. 7.

[0087] The collar design of FIG. 4 or 7 for the split set type friction composite rockbolt is required to permit clamping of the fibres in the body of the rockbolt to ensure that the collar will not break off when a pulling force is applied.

[0088] The collar in FIGS. 4 and 7 has been designed specifically not to break off from the rockbolt when being pulled by a high axial load or when a hammering action is applied.

[0089] The collar 18 of the example is made up of three layers, the first inner layer including resin and circumferential fibres creating a wedge, the second layer including resin and fibres in the body of the rockbolt running over the wedge to the back end of the rockbolt, and the third layer again including resin and circumferential fibres creating a counter wedge or ring to enable clamping of the unidirectional longitudinal fibres of the rockbolt when pulling on the collar with a force. The clamped or trapped longitudinal fibres end in the ring counter wedge or collar. The wedge would typically be from 5 degrees to 45 degrees measured from the bolt long axis.

[0090] Wall Thickness Variation where Slot Starts at Back End of Bolt

[0091] As can be seen from FIG. 6, the wall thickness reduces from the back end to the front end of the rockbolt to ensure strength of the rockbolt where the slot starts. It is believed that this variation in wall thickness ensures that the rockbolt is strong enough at the back end at the point where the slot starts for when the rockbolt is hammered into the hole. This is then an optimisation of strength of the bolt and minimising the amount of composite material in the bolt to minimise cost.

[0092] Material of Construction of Bolt

[0093] In the example, the fibres are E-glass based. The resin used in the example is phenolic resin for its flame resistant properties.

[0094] The rockbolt of the example is produced by filament winding.

[0095] Several advantages of the composite rockbolt of the invention include: [0096] All composite solution [0097] Contains no metallic materials [0098] High effectivity on grip and rock retention [0099] Very low weight [0100] Do not corrode [0101] Fully adaptable design for different application environments [0102] Composite materials have better physical properties than steel because of the tailored fibre orientation within. [0103] A wide variation of fibre and resins can be used to suit different application conditions [0104] Bolt can be cut by automated mining machines without damaging the equipment and conveyor belts [0105] No broken bolt residue left behind after blasting.