Coupon Design for Enhanced Color Sensitivity for Colorimetric-Based Chemical Analysis of Liquids

Abstract

A system for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid is provided. The system includes a coupon comprising an absorbent body with a window through the absorbent body wherein the liquid is maintained in said window by capillary action and surface tension. A reactant is in the absorbent body wherein the reactant is capable of diffusing into the window to react with an analyte in the liquid, or the reactant is able to react with the analyte within the coupon itself, with color-indicating by-products of the reaction diffusing into the window, wherein the analyte is present in an analyte concentration, to form a reactant with a color wherein the color has an intensity which correlates to the analyte concentration. A light source is provided which is capable of passing light into the window wherein the light is attenuated by the color proportional to the analyte concentration to form attenuated light. A detector is provided which is capable measuring an intensity of the attenuated light. Alternatively, the color change can be read by eye and compared to a color chart relating the color to an analyte concentration.

Claims

1. A system for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid comprising: a coupon comprising an absorbent body, which may be translucent or opaque such to transmit light, not transmit light, or to transmit light to a limited degree, with a window through said absorbent body wherein said liquid is maintained in said window by capillary action and surface tension; a reactant in said absorbent body wherein said reactant is capable of reacting with the designated analyte to induce a color change in proportion to the concentration of the analyte, with the reactant diffusing into said window to react with an analyte in said liquid, or with the reactant reacting with the analyte within the absorbent body itself, with the color-indicating by-product of this reaction diffusing into said window induce a color change in the contained liquid, wherein said analyte is present in said analyte concentration to form a reactant with a color wherein said color has an intensity which correlates to said analyte concentration; and a light source capable of passing light into said window wherein said light is attenuated by said color proportional to said analyte concentration to form attenuated light.

2. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 further comprising a system capable measuring an intensity of said attenuated light.

3. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 2, wherein said intensity measurement is by a device selected from the group consisting of a color-sensing instrument, a light-sensing instrument and a human eye.

4. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 3 further comprising a color chart comprising a color correlated to a concentration of said analyte.

5. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said liquid is urine.

6. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said analyte is phenylpyruvic acid.

7. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said reactant is a ferric salt.

8. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 7 wherein said ferric salt is selected from ferric ammonium sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate and ferric carbonate.

9. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said liquid further comprises creatinine in a creatinine concentration.

10. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 9 further comprising a device for measuring said creatinine concentration.

11. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 10 further comprising a device for correlating said creatinine concentration to said analyte concentration.

12. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 10 wherein said device comprises a second coupon.

13. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said light source comprises red light.

14. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said detector detects red light.

15. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said light source comprises color other than red or multiple colors.

16. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said detector detects color other than red or multiple colors.

17. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein the color is determined by eye.

18. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 17 comprising comparing said color to a control color on a chart wherein said control color is correlated to said analyte concentration

19. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 1 wherein said analyte concentration is less than 50 mM.

20. The system for monitoring an analyte in liquid of claim 17 wherein said analyte concentration is at least 1 μM.

21. A method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid comprising: providing a coupon comprising an absorbent body with a window through said absorbent body; placing said liquid in said window; allowing said reactant in said absorbent body to diffuse into said window to react with an analyte in said liquid to form a color wherein said color has an intensity which correlates to said analyte concentration; passing light into said window wherein said light is attenuated by said color proportional to said analyte concentration to form attenuated light; and measuring an intensity of said attenuated light.

22. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21, wherein said absorbent body is selected from the group consisting of translucent and opaque.

23. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21, wherein said attenuated light is measured by a device selected from the group consisting a color-sensing instrument, a light-sensing instrument, and an eye.

24. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 23 wherein said method comprises comparing said attenuated light to a control.

25. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said liquid is urine.

26. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said liquid remains in said window by capillary action and surface tension.

27. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said analyte is phenylpyruvic acid.

28. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said reactant is a ferric salt.

29. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 28 wherein said ferric salt is selected from ferric ammonium sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate and ferric carbonate.

30. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said liquid further comprises creatinine in a creatinine concentration.

31. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 30 further comprising a device for measuring said creatinine concentration.

32. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 23 further comprising a device for correlating said creatinine concentration to said analyte concentration.

33. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 32 wherein said device comprises a second coupon.

34. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said light source comprises red light.

35. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said detector detects red light.

36. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said light source comprises color other than red or multiple colors.

37. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said detector detects color other than red or multiple colors.

38. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein the color is determined by eye.

39. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 38 further comprising comparing said color to a chart relating said color to an analyte concentration.

40. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 21 wherein said analyte concentration is less than 50 mM.

41. The method for monitoring an analyte concentration in liquid of claim 40 wherein said analyte concentration is at least 1 μM.

42. A system for controlling phenylketonuria comprising: a coupon comprising an absorbent body with a window through said absorbent body wherein; a reactant in said absorbent body wherein said reactant is capable of reacting with phenylpyruvic acid to induce a color change in proportion to the concentration of phenylpyruvic acid, with the reactant diffusing into said window to react with phenylpyruvic acid in liquid contained in said window, or with the reactant reacting with phenylpyruvic acid within the absorbent body itself, with the color-indicating by-product of this reaction diffusing into said window to induce a color change in the contained liquid, wherein said phenylpyruvic acid is present in a phenylpyruvic acid concentration and said reactant reacts with said phenylpyruvic acid to form a color wherein said color has an intensity which correlates to said phenylpyruvic acid concentration; a light source capable of passing light into said window wherein said light is attenuated by said color proportional to said phenylpyruvic acid concentration to form attenuated light; and a detector capable measuring an intensity of said attenuated light wherein said intensity is correlated a concentration of the phenylpyruvic acid.

43. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42, wherein said absorbent body is selected from the group consisting of translucent and opaque.

44. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42, wherein said attenuated light is measured by a device selected from the group consisting a color-sensing instrument, a light-sensing instrument, and an eye.

45. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 44 wherein said method comprises comparing said attenuated light to a control.

46. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein said liquid is urine.

47. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein said reactant is a ferric salt.

48. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 47 wherein said ferric salt is selected from ferric ammonium sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate and ferric carbonate.

49. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein said liquid further comprises creatinine in a creatinine concentration.

50. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 49 further comprising a device for measuring said creatinine concentration.

51. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 49 further comprising a device for correlating said creatinine concentration to said analyte concentration.

52. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 49 wherein said device comprises a second coupon.

53. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein said light source comprises red light.

54. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 53 wherein said detector detects red light.

55. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein said light source comprises color other than red or multiple colors.

56. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein said detector detects color other than red or multiple colors.

57. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein the color is determined by eye.

58. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 57 further comprising comparing said color to a control.

59. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein said analyte concentration is less than 50 mM.

60. The system for controlling phenylketonuria of claim 42 wherein said analyte concentration is at least 1 μM.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0020] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the invention.

[0021] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the invention.

[0022] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the invention.

[0023] FIG. 4 is a graphical representation illustrating an embodiment of the invention.

[0024] FIG. 5 is a photographic image of an embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION

[0025] The present invention is directed to a coupon, and method, for detecting analytes in a liquid sample by colorimetric processes with improved precision. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a coupon, and method, for detecting PPA and CRE in urine by colorimetric processes with improved precision. Even more specifically, the present invention is directed to a coupon, and method, wherein PPA and CRE can be measured in urine thereby correlating with Phe blood levels with improved accuracy, and improved precision, in a significantly reduced time and at a low cost thereby providing an at-home, or point-of-care, method for determining Phe blood levels for improved dietary control for patients with PKU.

[0026] The present invention provides an improved colorimetric technique, based in one embodiment, on the reaction of an appropriate color-indicating compound with phenylpyruvic acid or creatinine, wherein a coupon is provided which allows for an increase in the path length of light transmission, preferably with minimal structural interference thereby increasing the amount of reactant in the light path and subsequently increased sensitivity.

[0027] The colorimetric indicator, or reactant, may be organic or inorganic, but in any event will be suitable for the analyte to be measured. Accordingly, the indicator and other test additives may advantageously be substantially soluble or insoluble in the liquid being analyzed.

[0028] The coupon design significantly enhances the sensitivity and uniformity of color change upon exposure to a target analyte in a test solution compared to conventional color-indicating substrates. This coupon consists of an absorbent outer layer with the outside dimension ranging from a few millimeters to a few tens of millimeters and up to several millimeters thick or more. The coupons can be made out of a layer of absorbent material, such as cotton or cellulose (e.g., paper), with a central hole up to several millimeters in diameter (or width) formed perpendicular to the surface plane of the coupon. The coupons can also be made of materials that are translucent or opaque such to transmit light, not transmit light, or transmit light to a limited degree. Such coupons can be made by punching out disks of thick blotting filter paper, which may be pre- or post-treated to alter their light transmitting characteristics, followed by using a hole punch to create the inner open hole. Such coupons can also be made by winding a thin sheet of absorbent material that is capable of wicking liquids (e.g., paper towel) around a cylindrical mandrel, which may be pre- or post-treated to alter their light transmitting characteristics, followed by the removal of the mandrel, securing the rolled-up material to prevent it from unwinding (i.e., with an outer wrap or adhesive), and slicing the resulting cylinder to obtain a desired coupon thickness. In this second instance, the dimension of the internal hole will be determined by the diameter of the mandrel after its removal. By this design, when exposed to a test liquid, the hole (or cavity) is capable of supporting a column of liquid by a combination of liquid surface tension and the wicking properties of the surrounding absorbent coupon material. It is this cavity where the enhancement of the color change is observed when compared to the color change in the bulk of the coupon. It is important to emphasize that traditional and commercially available colorimetric tests focus on color changes that take place for a film of color-indicating reagent formed on a substrate material or impregnated in the bulk of a porous medium without enhancement by the entrapment of a column of pure liquid. Contrary to conventional coupons for colorimetric analyses, the invention focuses on providing significantly enhanced color change and enhanced color uniformity that take place in the liquid column held within the internal cavity of the coupon. The role of the surrounding porous medium is to rapidly wick the test liquid up into the coupon and support a column of liquid within the coupon by surface tension. It is also to contain the color-indicating reagent that the coupon is impregnated with that will cause a uniform color in the supported column of test liquid as the color indicating agent reacts with the test liquid that is wicked up into the absorbent material of the coupon to cause the color change and subsequently diffuse into and equilibrate with the supported column of liquid to likewise cause it to change color in proportion to the concentration of the analyte that is being tested for. This method essentially enables chemical spectroscopy to be conducted for the quantitative measurement of the concentration of targeted analytes without the use of expensive laboratory spectroscopy equipment, thus facilitating its use in the field or at home for chemical analysis. Alternatively, the color response of the coupon can be read using a laboratory spectroscopy instrument.

[0029] An embodiment of the invention can be demonstrated in a urine analysis test to quantitatively determine the concentration of PPA and CRE in urine. PPA is a metabolic byproduct of unusually high concentrations of the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood stream, which is important for the dietary management of a rare genetic disease called phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency, or also known as phenylketonuria (PKU). For the measurement of PPA in urine (or simulated urine substitutes), a ferric chloride compound, derived from a 1950s product called Phenistix, has been used, which is dried on various absorbent test substrates to produce color-indicating test coupons. When exposed to a test liquid containing PPA, this compound changes from a clear or light yellowish-orange color to a greenish-blue color in proportion to the concentration of PPA in the test liquid. The greatest sensitivity and uniformity to PPA (i.e., darkest and most uniform color change for a given concentration of PPA in the test liquid), is provided by a liquid solution of the Phenistix compound.

[0030] To demonstrate the invention a substrate, or test coupon, can be formed from a very absorbent material, with a thickness greater than about 2 mm, and with a 1-3 mm diameter window formed with its central axis normal to the surface plane of the coupon. The test coupon is impregnated with the reactant, which is a color-indicating agent, dried, and then immersed in the liquid to be tested, removed, and placed on a relatively hydrophobic surface. Alternatively, the test fluid can be poured over the coupon. The coupon then retains a column of liquid within the window due to the absorbent material rapidly wicking the test liquid into the coupon combined with the surface tension of this wicked liquid supporting the column of pure liquid within the central cavity. The fluid in the supported column of liquid then exchanges with the liquid in the absorbent coupon by diffusion causing it to rapidly equilibrate and change color in response to the concentration of the analyte in the test solution. The intensity of color change provided by the color-indicating coupons is as strong and uniformly presented as in a pure liquid-solution.

[0031] The invention will be described with reference to the figures forming an integral non-limiting component of the description. Throughout the description similar elements will be numbered accordingly.

[0032] An embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. A coupon is illustrated in top perspective view in FIG. 1 and partial cut-away top perspective view in FIG. 2. In FIGS. 1 and 2 the coupon, generally represented at 10, comprises an absorbent body, 12, with a preferably centrally located window, 14, extending through the coupon within which the sample to be measured will reside and through which the colorimetric results will be read as will be realized from further discussion. At least one reactant, 20, preferably ferric salt for PPA measurement, is embedded in the absorbent body. Upon filling the window with a sample to be tested, preferably urine comprising at least one analyte, the reactant migrates into the sample wherein a reaction occurs between the reactant and analyte resulting in a color with an intensity correlated to the analyte concentration in the sample. A particular feature of the invention is the size of the coupon which is chosen such that the height (H) is sufficiently long to achieve sufficient color intensity such that the light, 16, is attenuated sufficiently to monitor a loss of light intensity at a detector, 18, which can be a light-detecting instrument or detected by eye, preferable a human eye, for optical comparison with a standard such as a color chart, color density chart or optical density chart comprising a control color or control density wherein the control color or control density is correlated to analyte concentration. Although the detector is illustrated opposite of the light source in FIG. 1 for transmission spectroscopy, it can also be placed on the same side of the coupon as the light source to perform reflectance spectroscopy.

[0033] The coupon can similarly be applied for any type of colorimetric analysis for the determination of a targeted analyte in a liquid sample where a color-indicating chemical is deposited within the absorbent portion of the coupon. This coupon design provides enhanced sensitivity and uniformity to a designated analyte compared to similar coupon or test strip designs without the window for retaining a liquid column of fluid within the coupon.

[0034] The coupon comprises an absorbent outer layer surrounding an inner window with the absorbent outer layer being thick enough to support a column of the test liquid within the window. Accordingly, instead of a circular window the surrounding outer absorbent material and the inner cavity could be different shapes and windows do not need to be centered or oriented normal to the coupon surface plane but could be offset and/or angled from the central axis of the coupon. For example, the absorbent material could be in the form of an absorbent sheet of material with or without a series of impermeable boundaries formed within the sheet to separate various compartments, with each compartment having its own window. The absorbent material of separate compartments could then be impregnated with either the same or different color-indicating reagents. The whole absorbent sheet could then be wetted with the same test liquid to perform multiple analyses at once for the same test liquid with each separate compartment providing its own colorimetric response, or different test liquids could be added to different compartments to analyze multiple test liquids at one time.

[0035] Ferric salts for the colorimetric measurement of PPA concentration are chosen to be stable to ambient conditions, easily absorbed into the coupon and capable of diffusing from the coupon to the sample in a reasonable period of time such as less than five minutes. Preferred ferric salts include ferric ammonium sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate or ferric carbonate.

[0036] The cross-sectional size of the window, reported as a window width (W.sub.w) reported herein as a diameter of a circle with the same cross-sectional area or equivalent diameter, is preferably sufficiently small to allow the sample to remain in the window by surface tension yet sufficiently wide to allow the light to pass there through without obstruction by the body. The coupon width (We), reported herein as a diameter of a circle with the same cross-sectional area or equivalent diameter, is limited between the bounds of being large enough to reversibly absorb sufficient reagent therein to ensure all analyte is reacted or that the reaction between the analyte and reagent is not reagent limited. A coupon which is as small as possible may be advantageous in some embodiments, such as for small liquid sample sizes. It is preferred that the window width be at least 0.1 mm to no more than 10 mm, and more preferably at least 1 mm to no more than 5 mm. It is preferred that the coupon width be at least 1 mm to no more than 20 mm and more preferably at least 2 mm to no more than 10 mm.

[0037] An embodiment is illustrated in cross-sectional schematic view in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3 a coupon, 10, comprises a sample, 22, within the window wherein the sample has a color intensity correlated to the reacted analyte concentration. The column of liquid remains in the window by a combination of capillary action and surface tension. For transmission spectroscopy, the light, 16, passes through the sample, to be received by the detector, 18, as attenuated light wavelength specific wherein the attenuation is correlated to the amount of reacted analyte in the window. For reflectance spectroscopy, the detector can be placed on the same side of the coupon as the light source. A transparent plate can be used to seal one or both sides of the window.

[0038] FIG. 5 shows an example of this coupon design for analysis of PPA concentration in simulated urine for coupons with and without a central window (all other conditions being identical). These coupons are made from 2.45 mm thick blotting filter paper with 10 mm outer diameter. The central window in the coupons is formed using a simple 3-mm hole punch. As clearly evident, the intensity of color change is proportional to the concentration of PPA in the test fluid for both types of coupon, but the color change is much more intense and much more uniformly presented in the column of fluid held within the coupon with the window compared to the coupon without the window. Though not limited thereto, a cylindrical body is preferred due to the consistent distance across the window and therefore minimization of diffusion gradients of the reactant into the sample.

[0039] The cylinder body is formed from a material capable of absorbing, and releasing, the reactants. While not limited thereto, cellulose based materials, such as paper, are particularly suitable for demonstration of the invention due to the suitability, wide availability and cost. Filter papers are particularly suitable for demonstration of the invention. The coupons can also be made of materials that are translucent or opaque such to transmit light, not transmit light, or transmit light to a limited degree.

[0040] Another embodiment of this invention could be a sheet of material with holes punched through. The whole sheet could be impregnated with the color indicating reagent. As another example, a whole sheet of absorbent material could be used with impermeable divisions that isolate subsections of the sheet, with each subsection having a different color-indicating compound and each section having its own window for holding the column of liquid.

[0041] While described, for simplicity, with a single analyte and single reactant the invention can be utilized with multiple analytes to be sampled in the liquid and multiple reactants in the coupon. It would be apparent that the color intensity associated with each reacted analyte would be distinguishable from the other reacted analytes. Without limit thereto, in a particularly preferred embodiment would incorporate a reactant suitable for detection of PPA, such as ferric salts, and a reactant suitable for creatinine (CRE), wherein the reaction provides distinguishable color intensity.

[0042] The detector is any colorimetric sensor with sufficient sensitivity to measure the red-green-blue (RGB) absorbance color analysis for quantification or any other color-model including but not limited to HSV, HSL, and/or CMYK. Digital photography under controlled lighting conditions, is suitable for demonstration of the invention. The detector can be a photodiode or a camera comprising software sufficient to determine light intensity at a given wavelength or wavelengths. A microprocessor, either integral to a camera or as a distinct component, may be utilized for data collection and analysis. A conventional iPhone 5S is suitable for demonstration of the invention and capable of a measurement of PPA levels in urine down to as low as 5.0 μM which is 120× lower than the previous limitation for Phenistix strips. The intensity of red light, 400-700 nm, is suitable for measurement of the PPA level, however, other wavelengths can be used to augment the measurement or to measure additional reaction products.

[0043] An inherent problem with a urine test is the variability of the composition of urine caused by dilution effects due to the level of patient hydration. It is known that the renal clearance of creatinine is essentially invariant on an individual basis. Therefore, creatinine level can be used to normalize urine constituent concentrations that occur due to varying levels of patient hydration. For example, when normalized by creatinine, Phe levels in urine can be correlated to Phe levels in blood with the relationship between the two being sufficiently predictable enough for the urine analysis to be a sufficiently accurate representation of blood Phe levels. This relationship has a highly significant correlation between the ratio of mmole Phe/mol creatinine in urine and blood Phe levels over all concentrations when age was accounted for (i.e., 0-6 yrs. vs.>6 yrs), with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.89-0.93 for these two patient populations. Similarly, because PPA is produced in the body in proportion to the Phe levels in blood, normalizing urine PPA concentration by urine creatinine concentration is similarly able to account for differences in patient hydration, thus enabling it to be used to estimate Phe levels in the blood stream. Colorimetric urine creatinine test strips are commercially available as AdultaCheck® test strips available from Sciteck Diagnostics and the chemical reaction employed in test strips can be employed as a parallel, or simultaneous, test for the instant invention. Alternatively, coupons with a central hole can be impregnated with any color-indicating reagents for creatinine to provide improved sensitivity and uniformity in the color change as compared to the AdultaCheck® test strips or the equivalent. Digital photography, controlled lighting, and RGB-scale readout can be used quantitatively to determine creatinine concentration in simulated urine samples spiked with known levels of creatinine over the physiological range of 0-400 mg/dL to demonstrate the invention.

[0044] The manner in which the lighting is controlled is not limited herein with the proviso that the lighting must be sufficient to not interfere with the results. White light can be used or a light with a specific wavelength range can be used. In one embodiment a monochromatic, or combination of monochromatic, lights can be employed.

The present invention has the potential to provide the PKU community a very simple, low-cost, noninvasive at-home method to enable daily monitoring of blood Phe levels as a supplement to regular blood testing. Not only would this method provide an extremely useful at-home test to help patients maintain blood Phe levels while awaiting blood test results, but its simple, low-cost, noninvasive features have the potential to enhance patient compliance particularly for the non-maternal adult patient population, which has a tendency to forgo routine blood testing and clinical visitations as they get older.

[0045] The present invention could utilize the Phenistix formula test by redesign of the test with a novel substrate, using a light-controlled environment for color determination, using a smartphone to obtain a digital photograph of the test samples, and an RGB color app, such as ColorHelper, to provide a quantitative measure of the color intensity of the samples. In one embodiment the coupon could comprise a thick and highly absorbent white-paper-towel-based substrate wrapped in Parafilm M® approximately 8 mm in diameter and 4 mm thick, which would be found to provide color intensity as strong as in pure liquid samples. The test coupons could be soaked in Phenistix formula and then dried. The Phenistix formula based on the composition described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,475 which is incorporated herein by reference could be used wherein the formulation comprises 20 mL of ethanol, 80 mL nanopure water, 5.8 grams ferric ammonium sulfate, 8.9 grams magnesium sulfate and 6.5 grams of N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid. A simulated urine composition composed of urea and salts dissolved in nanopure water suitable for demonstration of the invention would comprise 13.4 grams of urea, 8.00 grams of NaCl, 2.61 grams of potassium sulfate, 1.64 grams of potassium chloride, 0.78 grams of magnesium sulfate, 0.23 grams of potassium bicarbonate, 0.23 grams of potassium phosphate, 0.14 grams of magnesium carbonate and 0.06 grams of calcium phosphate dissolved in 1.0 L of water. Phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) could be added to the simulated urine samples at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 μM to demonstrate the invention. The test substrates could be dipped in the simulated urine samples and placed on a white background sample tray and positioned inside a light-controlled enclosure. The inside of the enclosure could be lit by white light emitting diodes (LEDs), such as those available from SopoTek, with internal baffling to provide diffuse lighting conditions for the samples and to prevent glare. The light-box enclosure could have a small opening at the top to allow a photograph to be taken of the enclosed samples. A smartphone could be used to take digital photographs of the samples one minute after exposure to the simulated urine, with an RGB color app used to provide quantitative RGB values for each sample between 0-255 each for R, G, and B. Similar testing would be conducted using the simulated urine spiked with creatinine over the range of 0-200 mg/dL (0-18 mM) with color change indicated using AdultaCheck® 4 creatinine test strips available from Sciteck Diagnostics. Representative calibration plots for red (R) color intensity for PPA and CRE, the most strongly indicating color, are presented in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 graphically illustrates the expected results using colorimetric coupons for the measurement of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and creatinine concentration in urine samples for individuals with PKU with a ratio of urine PPA/CRE concentration plotted against blood plasma phenylalanine (Phe) concentration. The coefficient of determination for the best-fit polynomial line to the data set would be expected to be calculated as R=0.9011. For PPA and CRE levels higher than 500 μM and 200 mg/dL, respectively, urine samples could be diluted with water, such as 5× dilution, to shift their R absorbance values to lie within the respective calibration plot. Alternatively, calibration plots for PPA and CRE could be created for simulated urine spiked over a higher range of concentration of PPA and CRE. In practice analyte concentrations of at least 1 μM to less than 50 mM can be measured.

[0046] Urine creatinine measurement is preferably done using alkaline picric acid, picric acid in solution with sodium hydroxide, which reacts with creatinine to form a colored product via the Jaffe reaction. The concentration of this product can then be measured using spectrophotometry. By comparing the absorbance of a standard with a known creatinine concentration to the absorbance of a patient's urine sample, the creatinine concentration in the patient's urine can be calculated.

[0047] The comparative phenylalanine concentration in dried blood spots could be measured using stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) wherein a 3 mm punch from a dried blood spot mixed with a solvent solution containing stable isotope-labeled internal standards of various amino acids. Blood from the spot would be eluted during a 30 minute incubation in an orbital shaker. The filter paper would be removed and the eluate dried under nitrogen. Organic solvent would be added and the mixture injected into a Quattro Micro MS/MS system. Quantification would be performed by comparing the area of the phenylalanine to the area of the stable isotope label.

[0048] These measured values shown in FIG. 4 could then be entered into a smartphone app that would predict a corresponding blood Phe level from a new urine test based on the ratio of PPA/CRE concentrations. Devices could be employed which plot urine PPA/CRE vs. DBS blood Phe values over time and the values and the correlation between these two metrics could be continually updated on a dynamic basis. This capability would then automatically adjust for changes in an individual PKU patient as they grow older. Wireless communication capability could also be incorporated within the app to transmit the patient's predicted values to a designated clinical facility for improved patient monitoring.

[0049] The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments without limit thereto. One of skill in the art would realize additional embodiments and alterations which are not specifically set forth but which are within the scope of the invention as more specifically set forth in the claims appended hereto.