METHOD FOR OPERATING A POWER PLANT IN ORDER TO GENERATE ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY COMBUSTION OF A CARBONACEOUS COMBUSTIBLE, AND CORRESPONDING SYSTEM FOR OPERATING A POWER PLANT

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for operating a power plant (1) for generating electrical energy for delivery to at least one consumer (16) by combustion of a carbonaceous combustible, wherein carbon dioxide (19) is separated from the flue gas (7) of the power plant (1), the separated carbon dioxide (19) is converted at least in part into a fuel (20), characterized in that the fuel (20) is combusted at least temporarily in at least one heat engine (4) so as to form a waste gas (8), and electrical energy is generated by the heat engine (4) and is delivered to at least one consumer (16), at least some of the thermal energy of the waste gas (8) being used in at least one of the following processes: a) for heating combustion air (10) of a power plant (1); b) for heating a process medium (14) of the power plant (1); c) in a drying of the combustible of the power plant (1); and d) in carbon dioxide separation.

Claims

1. A method for operating a power plant for generating electrical energy for delivery to at least one consumer by combustion of a carbonaceous combustible, carbon dioxide being separated from the flue gas of the power plant, the separated carbon dioxide being converted at least in part into a fuel, characterized in that the fuel is combusted at least temporarily in at least one heat engine so as to form a waste gas, electrical energy being generated by the heat engine and being delivered to at least one consumer, at least some of the thermal energy of the waste gas being used in at least one of the following processes: a) for heating combustion air of a power plant; b) for heating a process medium of the power plant; c) in drying of the combustible of the power plant; and d) in carbon dioxide separation.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the waste gas is supplied to the flue gas of the power plant, in particular before said waste gas is supplied to at least one of the following processes: i) heating the combustion air of the power plant; ii) heating at least one process medium of the power plant; and iii) carbon dioxide separation.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process medium comprises water.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fuel comprises at least one of the following substances: methanol; methane; and dimethyl ether.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one consumer of the electrical energy is connected to the power plant via a power grid.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the heat engine is operated based on the electrical load in the power grid.

7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the conversion of the carbon dioxide into fuel is operated based on the electrical load in the power grid.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat engine comprises a diesel engine, an Otto engine and/or a gas turbine.

9. A system for operating a power plant comprising the power plant, a carbon dioxide separator, a synthesis installation for the synthesis of a fuel from carbon dioxide, characterized in that a heat engine is formed, by means of which the fuel can be combusted while generating electrical energy and waste gas, the heat engine being thermally connectable at least temporarily to at least one of the following elements in order to transmit at least some of the waste heat of the waste gas: A) an air preheater for heating combustion air of a power plant; B) a process medium preheater for heating a process medium of the power plant; C) a drying installation for drying the combustible of the power plant; and D) the carbon dioxide separator.

10. A system according to claim 9, further comprising at least one mixer for mixing waste gas and a flue gas of the power plant.

Description

[0056] The invention and the technical environment will be explained in more detail with reference to the figures. It should be noted that the invention should not be limited by the embodiments shown. In particular, unless explicitly stated otherwise, it is also possible to extract partial aspects from the facts explained in the figures and to combine them with other components and/or insights from other figures and/or from the present description. In the drawings, shown schematically:

[0057] FIG. 1 shows a system consisting of a power plant combined with carbon dioxide separation and a heat engine;

[0058] FIG. 2 shows an example of a carbon dioxide separator as part of a system for operating a power plant;

[0059] FIG. 3 shows an example of a drying installation as an optional element of a system for operating a power plant;

[0060] FIG. 4 to 8 show details of a power plant;

[0061] FIG. 9 shows an example of a power grid together with consumers; and

[0062] FIG. 10 shows an example of a system comprising a power plant.

[0063] In the following, the same elements are provided with the same reference signs. FIG. 1 schematically shows a power plant 1. In this power plant 1, a carbonaceous fuel is combusted, thereby generating steam, which in turn is used to generate electrical energy by releasing pressure via at least one turbine. The resulting flue gas of the power plant 1 contains carbon dioxide. The power plant 1 is preferably a fossil-fuel power plant in which fossil fuels such as coal, in particular lignite or hard coal, crude oil and/or gas are combusted, and/or a power plant for combusting biomass. In this case, the configuration as a dry lignite power plant is preferred. The scheme shown in FIG. 1 does not relate to the design of the power plant 1 as such, which is known, rather FIG. 1 shows the thermal interaction of certain elements of the power plant 1 and other elements. In addition to the power station 1, the overall system has a carbon dioxide separator 2 and a drying installation 3. The system shown also includes a heat engine 4.

[0064] Various processes are known for separating carbon dioxide, for example a typical carbon dioxide separation method is based on what is known as amine scrubbing, in which the gas containing carbon dioxide (i.e., the flue gas of power plant 1) is replaced by an alkaline aqueous solution of amines, e.g., of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), piperazine (PZ), aminomethylpropanol (AMP) and/or diglycolamine (DGA), and the carbon dioxide is separated from the gas by alternating absorption and desorption processes.

[0065] An example of a carbon dioxide separator 2 is shown schematically in FIG. 2; this corresponds to the prior art. The carbon dioxide separation system 2 comprises an absorber 201 and a desorber 202. Flue gas 7 of the power plant 1 flows through the absorber 201. The waste gas 203, which substantially consists of nitrogen, leaves the absorber 201; the carbon dioxide is dissolved in a solvent, an aqueous solution of at least one amine, in the absorber 201. For this purpose, the absorber 201 is coated with a first solvent inflow 204; a first solvent outflow 205 is discharged from the absorber 201. The first solvent inflow 204 is low in carbon dioxide, while the first solvent outflow 205 is rich in carbon dioxide. The first solvent inflow 204 is supplied to the absorber 201 at a comparatively low temperature of approximately 40-60° C.

[0066] The first solvent outflow 205 is conducted to a heat exchanger 206 which is designed as a countercurrent heat exchanger. The first solvent outflow 205 is heated in the heat exchanger 206 by a heat exchange with a second solvent outflow 207. This second solvent outflow 207 then leaves the desorber 202. The second solvent outflow 207 is likewise low in carbon dioxide, but is at a significantly higher temperature level than the first solvent inflow 204 when flowing into the absorber 201. As a result, the second solvent outflow 207 heats the second solvent outflow 205, which after heating is supplied to the desorber 202 as a second solvent inflow 208, via the heat exchanger 206. In the desorber 202, hot steam (desorber vapors 212) which is generated from solvent in a reboiler 209 flows against the solvent flow. For this purpose, a partial flow of the solvent which is drawn off in the desorber bottom 214 of the desorber 202 is heated by steam 213, here low-pressure steam. At the higher temperatures of the solvent, the solvent releases the carbon dioxide again, this is drawn off as carbon dioxide flow 210 at the top in the desorber 202 and then cooled by a cooler 211 and supplied for further use.

[0067] FIG. 3 shows an example of conventional drying for lignite in a drying plant 3. Here, crude lignite 301 is supplied to a crude lignite bunker 302 and from this, as required, supplied to a dryer 304 via various mills 303. The dryer 304 is heated by means of steam 305 which gives off its heat to the lignite, which is to be dried and is finely ground in the mills 303, and leaves the dryer 304 again as condensate 306. The dried lignite, also referred to as dry lignite 307, is discharged from the dryer 304 via a cooler 308. After any subsequent grinding in a mill 309, the dry lignite 307 produced in this way can be supplied for further use, for example for combustion in a power plant 1.

[0068] The vapors 310 produced in the dryer 304 are cleaned in a filter 311 to remove the pulverized lignite contained therein; this pulverized lignite is also added to the dry lignite 307. After filtering, the vapors 310 are condensed in a vapor condenser 312 through which, for example, a process medium (boiler feed water) or combustion air flows and are heated as a result. The resulting vapor condensate 313 is discharged. The vapor 310 can optionally be compressed by means of a vapor compressor 314.

[0069] Referring again to FIG. 1, the power plant 1 has, viewed from a thermal perspective, heat sources, i.e., process regions which provide heat or from which heat, which can be used in other processes, is to be removed. In addition to the flue gas, which is not shown in FIG. 1, this is, for example, a turbine 5 (see FIG. 1) by means of which a generator (not shown) is driven to generate electricity. The turbine 5, in particular in modern power plants 1, is often a combination of a high-pressure turbine in which the steam generated is initially released from a high pressure level to a medium pressure level, and at least one additional turbine connected thereto, for example a low-pressure turbine, in which the steam is released from a medium pressure level to a low pressure level or a combination of a medium-pressure and a low-pressure turbine.

[0070] A generator for generating electricity is driven by each of the turbines. The steam present when it leaves the turbine 5 is comparatively warm, in particular has temperatures of from 100° C. [degrees Celsius] to 300° C. It is supplied to heat sinks, i.e., used in endothermic process steps, i.e., to process steps which require the supply of thermal energy, which the supplied steam delivers, in order to be carried out. This is necessary, for example, as part of the carbon dioxide separation 2 in the washing agent regeneration 6. Alternatively or additionally, the steam can be supplied to a drying installation 3. Another heat source in the system is, for example, the desorber vapors 212 of the carbon dioxide separator 2 (see description of FIG. 2 above) which can be supplied to heat sinks in the power plant 1, for example to a process medium preheater 13, by means of which a process medium such as the feed water of the boiler of the power plant 1 can be preheated, to a condensate preheater or to a preheater of the steam supplied to a high-pressure or low-pressure turbine. Alternatively or additionally, the desorber vapors 212 can be used to preheat the combustion air of the power plant 1 by the desorber vapors 212 being supplied to an air preheater 11.

[0071] Further heat sources are, for example, the vapors 310 of the drying installation 3, depending on the use of a vapor compressor 314, as non-compressed vapor 17 or as compressed vapor 18. The corresponding vapors 310 can serve as a heat source, for example, for preheating the feed water of the boiler of the power plant 1, preheating condensate or preheating the steam supplied to a high-pressure or low-pressure turbine. Alternatively or additionally, the vapors 310 can be used to preheat the combustion air of the power plant 1.

[0072] According to the present invention, the system also has at least one heat engine 4 which can increase the electrical power output of the power plant 1 in times of increased load. This is an internal combustion engine, a diesel engine, a gas engine and/or a gas turbine. This heat engine 4 is operated by a fuel which is generated from the carbon dioxide which is separated in the carbon dioxide separator 2 and then converted into a fuel, for example into DME.

[0073] The combustion of the fuel produces a waste gas 8 which is also a heat source, at least some of the thermal energy of the waste gas 8 being used in at least one of the processes a) to d) described.

[0074] Thus, FIG. 4 schematically shows a detail of a power plant 1 having a combustion appliance 9 in which pulverized coal is preferably burned. A boiler system (not shown) is operated by the combustion appliance 9 in order to generate and optionally at least temporarily overheat steam. In order to increase the efficiency of the power plant, combustion air 10, which is to be supplied to the combustion appliance 9, is heated. For this purpose, an air preheater 11 is formed which comprises a heat exchanger by means of which the combustion air 10 is usually heated by means of heat exchange with the flue gas 7 of the power plant 1. According to the present invention, waste gas 8 from the heat engine 4 is mixed with the flue gas 7 upstream of the air preheater 11 at least at times. This brings about an increase in the efficiency of the power plant 1 by increasing the temperature of the combustion air 10 reached in the air preheater 11.

[0075] FIG. 5 shows an alternative situation in which the air preheater 11 is operated exclusively using waste gas 8 from the heat engine 4. A mixing device (not shown here) is preferably formed by means of which the waste gas 8 is mixed with the flue gas 7 and the mix ratio between the flue gas 7 and the waste gas 8 can be varied.

[0076] FIG. 6 schematically shows a further section of a power plant 1 which is designed as a coal-fired power plant having a pulverized coal furnace as a combustion appliance 9. A drying installation 3 is formed here, which is designed in principle as shown in FIG. 3, for example. Reference is made to the statements made about this figure. The corresponding dryer 304 is usually operated by steam 305. According to the invention, the corresponding dryer 305 can be operated at least partly by waste heat 12 which is transferred from the waste gas 8 of the heat engine 4 to the steam 305, for example in a heat exchanger (not shown). The waste gas 8, which is slightly cooled in the heat exchanger, can be supplied to the flue gas 7, in particular upstream of an air preheater 7. This increases the efficiency of the entire power plant 1.

[0077] FIG. 7 schematically shows a further detail of a power plant 1 having a combustion appliance 9. Furthermore, a process medium preheater 13 is formed, by means of which a process medium 14, for example water and/or steam, can be heated up and/or overheated before passing through the combustion appliance 9. For this purpose, the waste gas 8 of the heat engine 4 simultaneously flows through the process medium preheater 13, which is designed as a heat exchanger here, such that the waste heat 12 of the waste gas 8 is used to heat the process medium 13. In addition, the waste gas 8, which is thereby cooled, can then be added to the flue gas 7 of the power plant upstream of an air preheater 11. This makes it possible to significantly increase the overall efficiency of the power plant 1.

[0078] FIG. 8 schematically shows a detail of a carbon dioxide separator 2 of a power plant, such as the carbon dioxide separator 2 shown in FIG. 2. Reference is made to the statements made there. Here, too, a reboiler 209 is formed, by means of which the solvent in the desorber 202 is heated. In addition, the reboiler 209 is also at least partly heated here, at least temporarily, by waste heat 12 from the heat engine 4. For this purpose, a heat exchanger (not shown here) is preferably designed, by means of which at least some of the waste heat 12 is transferred from the waste gas 8 to the steam 213, for example. The waste gas 8 cooled in this way can then, for example, be mixed with the flue gas 7 of the power plant 1 upstream of an air preheater 11 and/or a process medium preheater 13. As a result, the overall efficiency of the power plant 1 can be increased.

[0079] FIG. 9 shows, very schematically, a power plant 1 which is connected to a power grid 15 having a plurality of consumers 16. In principle, it is possible, on the basis of the carbon dioxide separated from the flue gas 7, to store energy during times of reduced load on the power grid 15 by a fuel such as DME being synthesized from the carbon dioxide and stored. If the load on the power grid 15 rises above a nominal value, this fuel is combusted in the heat engine 4 in order to generate electricity. If the waste gas 8 is now mixed with the flue gas 7 of the power plant 1 as described above upstream of the carbon dioxide separation system 2, the carbon dioxide of the waste gas 8 of the heat engine 4 can at least partly be separated again from said waste gas such that a carbon dioxide cycle can be created, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions and makes it possible to further increase the overall efficiency of the power plant 1.

[0080] FIG. 10 schematically shows a system 100 for operating a power plant 1, in particular proposed according to the method according to the invention, comprising the power plant 1, a carbon dioxide separator 2 and a synthesis installation 101 for synthesizing a fuel from carbon dioxide. The flue gas 7 is supplied to the carbon dioxide separator 2. The carbon dioxide 19 separated there is supplied to the synthesis installation 101. The fuel 20, for example DME, synthesized in the synthesis installation 101 is stored in a store 102. The system 100 further comprises a heat engine 4 by means of which the fuel 20 can be combusted while generating electrical energy and waste gas 8. The waste gas 8 can be supplied to a mixer 103 in which said waste gas can be mixed with the flue gas 7 directly downstream of the power plant 1 and/or with the flue gas 7 after it has left the carbon dioxide separator 2. The waste gas 8 can also initially serve as a heat source in the carbon dioxide separator 2 and then be conveyed into the mixer 103. The mixer 103 is preferably also operated in such a way that the mixture of flue gas 7 and waste gas 8 is finally supplied to the carbon dioxide separator 2 for separating the carbon dioxide.

[0081] The power plant 1 is supplied with dry lignite 307 which is combusted with combustion air 8 from a drying installation 3. The combustion air 8 is heated in an air preheater 11 which is at least partly heated by flue gas 7 and/or waste gas 8 emitted by the mixer 103. Furthermore, a process medium 14 such as water is supplied to the power plant 1 via a process medium preheater 13. In the process medium preheater 13, the process medium 13 is preheated at least partly by flue gas 7 and/or waste gas emitted by the mixer 103. The waste gas 8 can alternatively or additionally be passed through the drying installation 3 before it flows into the mixer 103.

[0082] Using the method according to the invention and the system 100 according to the invention, it is possible to increase the overall efficiency of the system 100 and the power plant 1 such that carbon dioxide emissions can be cut effectively. This can be increased if at least a partial carbon dioxide cycle is achieved in which the waste gas 8 is again mixed with the flue gas 7.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

[0083] 1 Power plant [0084] 2 Carbon dioxide separator [0085] 3 Drying installation [0086] 4 Heat engine [0087] 5 Turbine [0088] 6 Washing agent regeneration [0089] 7 Flue gas [0090] 8 Waste gas [0091] 9 Combustion appliance [0092] 10 Combustion air [0093] 11 Air preheater [0094] 12 Waste heat [0095] 13 Process medium preheater [0096] 14 Process medium [0097] 15 Power grid [0098] 16 Consumer [0099] 17 Uncompressed vapors [0100] 18 Compressed vapors [0101] 19 Carbon dioxide [0102] 20 Fuel [0103] 100 System [0104] 101 Synthesis installation [0105] 102 Store [0106] 103 Mixer [0107] 201 Absorber [0108] 202 Desorber [0109] 203 Waste gas [0110] 204 First solvent inflow [0111] 205 Second solvent outflow [0112] 206 Heat exchanger [0113] 207 Second solvent outflow [0114] 208 Second solvent inflow [0115] 209 Reboiler [0116] 210 Carbon dioxide flow [0117] 211 Cooler [0118] 212 Desorber vapors [0119] 213 Steam [0120] 214 Desorber bottom [0121] 301 Crude lignite [0122] 302 Crude lignite bunker [0123] 303 Mill [0124] 304 Dryer [0125] 305 Steam [0126] 306 Condensate [0127] 307 Dry lignite [0128] 308 Cooler [0129] 309 Mill [0130] 310 Vapors [0131] 311 Filter [0132] 312 Vapor condenser [0133] 313 Vapor condensate [0134] 314 Vapor compressor